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Структурно-діяльний аналіз організаційних форм і методів навчання молодших школярів (кваліфікаційна робота)

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I?i?noa?noai ina?oe oa iaoee Oe?a?ie

*a?i?aaoeueeee aea?aeaaiee oi?aa?neoao ?i. TH.Oaaeueeiae/a

Eaoaae?a iaaeaaia?ee

Iae?e/oe Oaoyia Ieoaee?aia

No?oeoo?ii-ae?yeueiee aiae?c

i?aai?caoe?eieo oi?i ? iaoiae?a iaa/aiiy

iieiaeoeo oeiey??a

(Eaae?o?eaoe?eia ?iaioa)

Iaoeiaee ea??aiee:

aeioeaio eaoaae?e iaaeaaia?ee

Ae?en??iei O.A.

Aei caoenoo aeiionea?oueny

I?ioieie can?aeaiiy

eaoaae?e ? _____ a?ae_____

*a?i?aoe? – 2000

Ieai

Anooi

?icae?e ?. Aiae?c i?aai?caoe?eieo oi?i ? iaoiae?a iaa/aiiy oeiey??a.

1.1. Oi?ie i?aai?caoe?? iaa/aeueii-aeoiaiiai i?ioeano iieiaeoeo
oeiey??a.

1.2. Oai?aoe/iee aiae?c nenoai iaoiae?a iaa/aeueii-aeoiaiiai i?ioeano
iieiaeoeo oeiey??a.

?icae?e ??. No?oeoo?ii-ae?yeueiee aiae?c oi?i ? iaoiae?a iaa/aiiy o/i?a
iieiaeoeo eean?a.

2.1. I?aai?caoe?ei? oi?ie, ui aeei?enoiaothoueny a/eoaeyie iieiaeoeo
eean?a caaaeueiiina?oiuei? oeiee.

2.2. Nenoaie iaoiae?a iaa/aiiy, ui aeei?enoiaothoueny a/eoaeyie
ii/aoeiaeo eean?a caaaeueiiina?oiuei? oeiee.

2.3. Ii??aiyeueiee aiae?c ?aeiiaiaeiaaieo ? ?aaeueieo oi?i ? iaoiae?a
iaa/aiiy, ui aeei?enoiaothoueny a
caaaeueiiina?oi?e oeie?.

Aeniiaee

Nienie aeei?enoaii? e?oa?aoo?e.

?icae?e ?. Aiae?c i?aai?caoe?eieo oi?i ? iaoiae?a iaa/aiiy oeiey??a

1.1. Oi?ie i?aai?caoe?? iaa/aeueii-aeoiaiiai i?ioeano iieiaeoeo
oeiey??a.

Aeeneon?? iaaeiei i?iaeaie oi?i i?aai?caoe?? iaa/aeueiiai i?ioeano a
oeie? ia caoeoathoue ia noi??ieao iaaeaaia?/ii? e?oa?aoo?e. ? oea ia
aeiaaeeiai. *?oeiai aecia/aiiy a iaaeaaia?/i?e iaooe? iiiyoue “oi?ia
i?aai?caoe?? iaa/aiiy” /e “i?aai?caoe?ei? oi?ie iaa/aiiy”, ye ? iiiyooy
“oi?ie iaa/aeueii? ?iaioe” ye iaaeaaia?/ieo eaoaai??e iiee ui iaia?.
?.O.Oa?eaiia i?aaee, eiinoaooth/e, ui

“ia aeaeue, oea iiiyooy ia ia? a aeeaeaeoeoe? /?oeiai aecia/aiiy”, ? ui
“a?eueo?noue a/aieo i?inoi iaoiaeyoue oea ieoaiiy ? iaiaaeothoueny
aoaeaiieie oyaeaiiyie i?i nooi?noue aeaii? eaoaai???”. ?aoaeueiee aiae?c
??cieo iiceoe?e o aecia/aii? aeaiiai iiiyooy, aaeeoee ?.I. *a?aaeiaei,
na?ae/eoue i?i oa, ui a?eueo?noue a/aieo-iaaeaaia?a aeathoue oeueiio
iiiyooth caiaaeoi caaaeueia aecia/aiiy. I?eaiaeii aei oaeiai aeniiaeo
iineoaeeei aecia/aiiy oeueiai iiiyooy ?.ss.Ea?ia?ii. A?i ieoa:
“I?aai?caoe?eio oi?io iaa/aiiy ie aecia/a?ii ye aca?iiae?th a/eoaey ?
o/i?a. Ui ?aaoeth?oueny iaaiei, cacaeaeaa?aeue anoaiiaeaiei ?aaeeiii ?
ii?yaeeii”. I?e?iaeiuei iinoa? caieoaiiy: ui oaea oi?ia i?aai?caoe??
iaa/aiiy? A /iio ?? nooue? Ui oaea “i?aai?caoe?y” a aeaiiio eiioaeno??

A iaooe? iiiyooy “oi?ia” ?iceyaea?oueny ye c iiceoe?? e?iaa?noe/ii?,
oae ? c o?einionueei?. A oeoia/iiio neiaieeo N.?.Iaeiaiaa iiiyooy
“oi?ia” o?aeoo?oueny ye aeae, i?eno??e, oei, no?oeoo?a, eiino?oeoe?y
/iai-iaaoaeue, iaoiiaeai? iaaiei ci?noii.

Oi?ia – oea aeae cciai?, oea ciai?oi? ie?aneaiiy, iaaiee anoaiiaeaiee
ii?yaeie.

Oi?ia aoaeue-yeiai i?aaeiaoa, i?ioeano, yaeua coiiaeaia eiai ci?noii ?,
a naith /a?ao, aeyaey? ia iueiai i?ioeeaaeiee aieea.

O “O?einionuee?e aioeeeeiiaae??” iiiyooy “oi?ia” aecia/a?oueny oae:
“Oi?ia ? aioo??oiueith i?aai?caoe??th ci?noo… Oi?ia ia?eia? nenoaio
no?eeeo ca’yce?a i?aaeiaoa”. ? oei naiei ae?aaea? aioo??oi?e ca’ycie ?
niin?a i?aai?caoe??, aca?iiae?th aeaiaio?a ? i?ioean?a yaeu ye i?ae
niaith, oae ? ?c ciai?oi?ie oiiaaie. Oi?ia aieiae?? a?aeiiniith
naiino?ei?noth, ui oei a?eueoa i?aeneeth?oueny, /ei a?eueoo ?noi??th ia?
aeaia oi?ia.

C aieo iaa/aiiy, oi?ia – oea niaoe?aeueia eiino?oeoe?y i?ioeano
iaa/aiiy. Oa?aeoa? oe??? eiino?oeoe?? coiiaeaiee ci?noii i?ioeano
iaa/aiiy, iaoiaeaie, i?eeiiaie, caniaaie, aeaeaie ae?yeueiino? o/i?a.
Oey eiino?oeoe?y iaa/aiiy i?aaenoaaey? niaith aioo??oith i?aai?caoe?th
ci?noo, yeee a ?aaeuei?e… iaaeaaia?/i?e ae?eniino? aenooia? i?ioean
aca?iiae??, ni?eeoaaiiy a/eoaey c o/iyie i?e ?iaio? iaae iaaiei
iaa/aeueiei iaoa??aeii.

A?aeiia?aeii oi?io iaa/aiiy iio??aii ?icoi?oe ye eiino?oeoe?th
a?ae??ce?a, oeeee?a i?ioeano iaa/aiiy, ui ?aae?cothoueny a ca’yceo
ea?oth/i? ae?yeueiino? a/eoaey ? iaa/aeueii? ae?yeueiino? o/i?a, ui
ea?o?oueny canai?iiyi iaaiiai ci?noo iaa/aeueiiai iaoa??aeo ? niinia?a
ae?yeueiino?. I?aaenoaaeyth/e niaith aeae cciai?, ciai?oi? ie?aneaiiy
a?ae??ce?a – oeeee?a iaa/aiiy, oi?ia a?aeia?aaea? nenoaio no?eeeo
ca’yce?a eiiiiiaio?a ana?aaeei? eiaeiiai oeeeeo iaa/aiiy ? ye
aeeaeaeoe/ia eaoaai??y iicia/a? ciai?oith noi?iio i?aai?caoe??
iaa/aeueiiai i?ioeano, yea iia’ycaia c e?euee?noth o/i?a, ui
iaa/athoueny, /anii ? i?noeai iaa/aiiy, a oaeiae ii?yaeeii eiai
cae?eniaiiy.

I?e oeueiio aeaye? a/ai? iaaeaaiae, a naia I.?.Iaoiooia, aaaaea?, ui a
iaaeaaia?oe? ? iaiao?aei?noue aeacaoe ia ??cieoeth aeaio oa?i?i?a,
aeeth/ath/e neiai “oi?ia” – “oi?ia iaa/aiiy”. A ia?o?e nai?e
a?aei?iiino? “oi?ia iaa/aiiy” icia/a? eieaeoeaio, o?iioaeueio oa
?iaeea?aeoaeueio ?iaioo o/i?a ia o?ioe?. A oeueiio cia/aii? oa?i?i
“oi?ia iaa/aiiy” a?ae??ciy?oueny a?ae oa?i?io “oi?ia i?aai?caoe??
iaa/aiiy”, ui icia/a? yeee-iaaoaeue aeae caiyooy – o?ie, i?aaeiaoiee
ao?oie ? o.i.

Ui ae ?icoi??oueny i?ae oa?i?iii “i?aai?caoe?y” acaaae? ? a /iio nooue
iaaeaaia?/ii? o?aeoiaee oeueiai oa?i?io?

?.I.*a?aaeia ni?aaaaeeeai eiinoaoo?, ui oi?ia i?aai?caoe?? iaa/aiiy
coiiaeth? “oii?yaeeoaaiiy, iaeaaiaeaeaiiy, i?eaaaeaiiy a nenoaio”
aca?iiae?? o/eoaey c o/iyie i?e ?iaio? iaae iaaiei ci?noii iaoa??aeo.
I?aai?caoe?y iaa/aiiy ia?ane?aeo? iaoo caaacia/eoe iioeiaeueia
ooieoe?iioaaiiy i?ioeano oi?aae?iiy iaa/aeueii? ae?yeueiino? c? noi?iie
a/eoaey.

Inue iaeei ?c i?eeeaae?a oaei? i?aai?caoe??.

Iaa/aeueia caiyooy ii/eia?oueny c /eoaiiy o/iyie ia?aa?aoa i?ae?o/ieea
i?ae eooii ci?o yeiai-iaaoaeue caaaeaiiy, aeienoaaiiy nai?o caieoaiue.
A/eoaeue a naith /a?ao cae?a? oe? ieoaiiyy. Eeaneo?eo?, aeae?ey? ye?noue
ieoaiue, ?c aeeaeio, ci?noiai?noue, anoaiiaeth? ?o ca’ycie c
iiia?aaeiueith oaiith, ?ioeie iaa/aeueieie i?aaeiaoaie, aeooaeueieie
i?iaeaiaie ae?iaieoeoaa, aeiiii?ee, eoeueoo?e, aeeooy.

I?ney oiai, ye eiaeai o/aiue iiciaeiieany c iiaei iaoa??aeii,
ooi/iththoueny ? ?icaeyaeathoueny ieoaiiy o/i?a. Ia ieo a?aeiia?aeathoue
iaea?eueo i?aeaioiaeai? oeiey??. A/eoaeue ii i??? iaiao?aeiino?
ooi/ith?, aeiiiaith? a?aeiia?ae? o/i?a, a?aeiia?aea? ia iaeaaae/?
caieoaiiy, aeei?enoiaoth/e iaea?aeii?o? eiio iaoiaee ? i?eeiie iaa/aiiy.
Iio?i ii/eiathoueny i?aeoe/i? caiyooy – ai?aae, ?ica’ycoaaiiy caaea/,
eaai?aoi?i? ?iaioe.

Ooo o/eoaeue ioe?ith? oaea ia o?eueee ciaiiy, aea ? ai?iiy ?o
aeei?enoiaoaaoe. I?e oeueiio a?i iiaea caeo/aoe neeuei?oeo o/i?a ia
aeiiiiiao neaaoei, noai?thth/e oai?/? a?oie, ?icoe?thth/e iano?eueee
iaiao?aeia a oeueiio a?oe? ae?eiaa ni?eeoaaiiy. Ca i?aenoieaie
i?aeoe/ieo ?ia?o aenoaaeythoueny ioe?iee. O?, ui ia aii?aeeny ?c
caaaeaiiy, iiaoi?ii i?aoeththoue iaae iaoa??aeii o??? oaie, ui
aea/a?oueny a iicao?i/iee /an ?acii ?c a/eoaoai oa neeueieie o/iyie.

Ia iith aeoieo, iaaaaeaiee i?eeeaae i?aai?caoe?? iaa/aeueii? ?iaioe
icia/a? ui iaeia ? oa ae oi?ia iaa/aiiy (iai?eeeaae, o?ie) iiaea iaoe
??cio iiaeeo?eaoe?th ? no?oeoo?o a caeaaeiino? a?ae caaaeaiue ? iaoiae?a
iaa/aeueii? ?iaioe, i?aai?ciaaii? o/eoaeai. I?i oea aiaaiaii na?ae/eoue
?noi??y ?icaeoeo i?aai?caoe?eieo oi?i iaa/aiiy.

A ?noi??? na?oiai? iaaeaaia?/ii? aeoiee oa i?aeoeoe? iaa/aiiy a?aeii?
iae??ciiiai?oi?o? oi?ie i?aai?caoe?? iaa/aiiy. ?o aeieeiaiiy, ?icaeoie,
aaeineiiaeaiiy ? iinooiiaa a?aeie?aiiy ie?aieo ?c ieo iia’ycaia c
aeiiaaie ? iio?aaaie noni?euenoaa, ui ?icaeaa?oueny. Eiaeiee iiaee
?noi?e/iee aoai a ?icaeoeo noni?euenoaa iaeeaaea? na?e a?aeaeoie ? ia
i?aai?caoe?th iaa/aiiy.

A ?acoeueoao? iaaeaaia?/ia iaoea iaeiie/eea cia/iee aii??e/iee iaoa??ae
a oe?e aaeoc?.

Iinoa? caieoaiiy i?i iaiao?aei?noue nenoaiaoecaoe?? ??ciiiai?oiino?
oi?i i?aai?caoe?? iaa/aiiy, aeae?eaiiy iaea?eueo aoaeoeaieo,
a?aeiia?aeieo aeooo /ano, ?noi?e/ii? aiioe.

sse iai? a?aeiii, a ca’yceo c oeei, a/aieie aeae?eai? oae? i?aenoaae
aeey eeaneo?eaoe?? oi?i i?aai?caoe?? iaa/aiiy: e?euee?noue ? neeaae
o/i?a, i?noea iaa/aiiy, i?ioyaei?noue iaa/aeueii? ?iaioe. Ia oeeo
i?aenoaaao oi?ie iaa/aiiy ae?eyoueny a?aeiia?aeii ia ?iaeea?aeoaeuei?,
?iaeea?aeoaeueii-a?oiia?, eieaeoeai?, eeani? ? iicaeeani?, oe?euei? ?
iicaoe?euei?. Iii?oeii, ui oey eeaneo?eaoe?y ia ? no?iai iaoeiaith ?
aecia?oueny aeaeaei ia an?ia a/aieie-iaaeaaiaaie. ?acii c oeei o?aaa
aeciaoe, ui oaeee i?aeo?ae aei eeaneo?eaoe?o oi?i i?aai?caoe?? iaa/aiiy
aeicaiey? o?ioe oii?yaeeoaaoe ?o ??ciiiai?oi?noue.

sseui y ia iiieeythny, iaenoa??oith oi?iith iaa/aeueiiai i?ioeano, ui
aa?a na?e ii/aoie c aeeaiei? aeaaieie, ? ?iaeea?aeoaeueia oi?ia
iaa/aiiy.

?? nooue iieyaa? a oiio, ui o/i? aeeiiothoue caaaeaiiy
?iaeea?aeoaeueii. A aeii? o/eoaey aai o/iy. Aeiiiiiaa a/eoaey aenooiaea
aai aaciina?aaeiuei, aai /a?ac aea/aiiy o/iai i?ae?o/ieea, aaoi?ii yeiai
yaey?oueny nai o/eoaeue. ss aaaaeath, ui i?eeeaaeii aaciina?aaei?o oa
?iaeea?aeoaeueieo eiioaeo?a o/eoaey ? o/iy a no/anieo oiiaao ?
?aiaoeoi?noai.

sse y aeia?aeaeanue, ?iaeea?aeoaeueia oi?ia i?aai?caoe?? iaa/aiiy aoea
?aeeiith a aioe/iee /an, a ia??iae Na?aaeiueia?//y, a a aeayeeo e?a?iao
oe?iei aeei?enoiaoaaeanue aei OV??? noie?ooy. A iiaeaeueo? ia??iaee
?icaeoeo noni?euenoaa aiia aeii?ioaaea a i?aeoeoe? n?iaeiiai aeoiaaiiy
caiiaeieo aa?noa ianaeaiiy

( iai?eeeaae, o aeai?yinueeeo n?i’yo, a caiiaeieo n?i’yo ?ioeo aa?noa
ianaeaiiy).

sse? ae aeinoi?inoaa oa aaaee oe??? oi?ie i?aai?caoe?? iaa/aiiy, ui, c
iaei??? noi?iie, iineoaeeee i?aenoaaith aeey oiai, ui o oi?i?
?aiaoeoi?noaa aiia caa?aaeanue ? a iao /an ?, c ae?oai?,- oaea a OV??
noie?oo? a ianiaiio ianooaa? caeeoeea i?noea iiaei oi?iai i?aai?caoe??
iaa/aeueiiai i?ioeano?

ss aaaaeath, ui aieiaieie aeinoi?inoaii ?iaeea?aeoaeueiiai iaa/aiiy ?
oa, ui aiii aeicaiey? iiai?noth ?iaeea?aeoae?coaaoe ci?no, iaoiaee ?
oaiie iaa/aeueii? ae?yeueiino? aeeoeie, ne?aeeoaaoe ca eiaeiith eiai
ae??th ? iia?aoe??th i?e ?ica’ycoaaii? eiie?aoieo caaaeaiue, ne?aeeoaaoe
ca eiai ?ooii a?ae iaciaiiy aei ciaiiy, a/anii aiineoe iaiao?aei?
ei?aeoeae ye a ae?yeuei?noue o/i?a, oae ? a iniaenoo ae?yeuei?noue
a/eoaey, i?ecae/athaaoe ?o aei neooaoe??, ui iino?eii ci?ith?oueny, aea
eiio?ieth?oueny c? noi?iie o/eoaey ? c? noi?iie o/iy. Ana oea aeicaiey?
o/iaa? i?aoethaaoe aeiiiiii, iino?eii eiio?iethaaoe aeo?aoe nai?o nee,
i?aoethaaoe a iioeiaeueiee aeey naaa /an, i?e?iaeiuei, aeicaiey?
aeinyaaoe aenieeo ?acoeueoao?a iaa/aiiy. Cae/aeii, ?iaeea?aeoaeueia
iaa/aiiy ia?aaeaa/a? iayai?noue a/eoaey c aenieith iaaeaaia?/iith
eaae?o?eaoe??th. Ii?yae c ia?a/eneaieie aeinoi?inoaaie ?iaeea?aeoaeueia
iaa/aiiy ia? ? ?yae iaaeie?e?a, ca ui aaea a OV? noie?oo? aiii aoei
??cei e?eoeeiaaia.

Aei ?o /enea ne?ae a?aeianoe eiai iaaeiiii?/i?noue, aeayeo
iaiaaeai?noue aieeao a/eoaey, aeeeeeaio oei, ui, ye i?aaeei, ooieoe?y
a/eoaey caiaeeeanue aei caaeaiiy caaaeaiiy o/ith ? ia?aa??ee eiai
aeeiiaiiy. Aaaeith oaeiae yaey?oueny iaiaaeai?noue ni?a?ia?oieoeoaa c
?ioeie o/iyie, ui iaaaoeaii aieeaaei ia i?ioean nioe?ae?caoe?? oa
oi?ioaaiiy ai?iith i?aoethaaoe a eieaeoea?. Inue /iio cia/aiiy
?iaeea?aeaeueiiai iaa/aiiy, ii/eiath/e oaea c OV? noie?ooy aeoaea
cieaeo?oueny ? iinooiiai ca?eueiy? i?noey ?iaeea?aeoaeueii-a?oiia?e
oi?i? i?aai?caoe?? iaa/aeueiiai i?ioeano. Nooue oe??? oi?ie
caeeth/a?oueny a oiio, ui a/eoaeue aaaea caiyooy aaea ia c iaeiei o/iai,
a c on??th a?oiith ??cieo ca a?eii ae?oae, ??aaiue i?aeaioiaee yeeo aoa
??ciee. A neeo oeueiai a/eoaeue a?a iaa/aeueio ?iaioo c eiaeiei o/iai
ie?aii. A?i ii /a?c? ieoaa o eiaeiiai o/iy aea/aiee iaoa??ae, iiynithaaa
eiaeiiio ie?aii iiaee iaoa??ae, aeaaaa ?iaeea?aeoaeuei? caaaeaiiy. ?aooa
o/i?a a oeae /an caeiaeeny nai?ie ni?aaaie. Oea aeicaieyei o/iyi
i?eoiaeeoe a oeieo a ??ciee /an – ia ii/aoeo, ana?aaeei? ? iaa?oue a
e?ioe? iaa/aeueiiai ?ieo ? a aoaeue-yeee /an aeiy.

A?aeiii, ui ye ?iaeea?aeoaeueia, oae ? ?iaeea?aeoaeueii-a?oiiaa oi?ie
i?aai?caoe?? iaa/aiiy aaea a e?ioe? OV? – ia ii/aoeo OV?? noie?oue ia
caaeia?eueiyee iio?aa noni?euenoaa ye a e?euee?niiio, oae ? a ye?niiio
ieai? i?aeaioiaee i?ae?inoath/eo iieie?iue. A?eueo?noue ae?oae
caeeoaeenue iaioiieaieie iaa/aiiyi, a o?, ye? aoee iei ioiieai?,
iaea?aeoaaee eeoa iaei?ino?o? iaae/ee /eoaiiy, ienueia, ?aooieo.

Ia ei?aeii? OV ? OV? noie?oue a ?a?ii? a?aeaoaa?oueny anieane iiaeo
iio?aa a ina?o?. Aiie aeeeeeai? ?icaeoeii ??ciiiai?oieo aaeocae, ?aianae
? oi?a?ae?, i?aeaeuaiiyi ?ie? aeooiaiiai aeeooy – a?ae?iaeaeaiiyi a
e?oa?aoo??, ienoaoeoa?, a?o?oaeoo??, iaooe?. Ana oea i?eaaei aei
aeieeiaiiy ianiaiai iaa/aiiy ae?oae. Aeieeea eiioeaioe?y eieaeoeaiiai
iaa/aiiy, yea aia?oa aoea aeei?enoaia a a?aonueeeo oeieao A?ei?on?? oa
Oe?a?ie ( OV? noie?ooy) ? noaea ca?aaeeii eeanii-o?i/ii? nenoaie
iaa/aiiy. Oai?aoe/ii oey nenoaia aoea caniiaaia ? oe?iei
iiioey?ecoaaeanue a OV?? noie?oo? ssiii Aiinii?? Eiiainueeei. A iao /an
oey oi?ia i?aai?caoe?? iaa/aiiy, ui aeoa?i?ea cia/io iiaeeo?eaoe?th oa
iiaea?i?caoe?th, yaey?oueny iaeiiioey?i?oith a oeieao na?oo,
iacaaaeath/e ia oa, ui eeano oa o?ieo ye aeeaeaeoe/iei iiiyooy oaea
a?eueoa 350 ?ie?a.

A /iio nooue eeanii-o?i/ii? nenoaie ye niaoeeo?/ii? oi?ie i?aai?caoe??
iaa/aeueii? ?iaioe? A?aeiia?aeue ia oea caieoaiiy i?noeoueny a oeo
iniaeeainoyo , ye? i?eoaiaii? oe?e nenoai?. Ia iith aeoieo,
iaeaaaeeea?oeie c ieo ?:

– o/i? i?eaeecii iaeiiai a?eo oa ??aiy i?aeaioiaee neeaaeathoue eean,
yeee caa??aa? a iniiaiiio iino?eiee neeaae ia aanue ia??iae oe?eueiiai
iaa/aiiy;

– eean i?aoeth? ca ?aeeiei ??/iei ieaiii ? i?ia?aiith ca?aeii c
iino?eiei ?iceeaaeii. Aiane?aeie oeueiai ae?oe iiaeii? i?eoiaeeoe aei
oeiee a iaeei ? oie aea /an ?ieo ? a cacaeaeaa?aeue aecia/ai? aiaeeie
aeiy;

– iniiaiith iaeeieoeath caiyoue ? o?ie;

– o?ie, ye i?aaeei, i?enay/aiee iaeiiio iaa/aeueiiio i?aaeiaoo, oai?, a
neeo /iai o/i? eeano i?aoeththoue iaae iaeiei ? oei aea iaoa??aeii;

– ?iaioith o/i?a ia o?ioe? ea?o? o/eoaeue, a?i ioe?ith? ?acoeueoaoe
iaa/aiiy naiai i?aaeiaoo, ??aaiue ciaiue eiaeiiai o/iy ie?aii ? a e?ioe?
iaa/aeueiiai ?ieo i?eeia? ??oaiiy i?i ia?aa?ae o/i?a a ianooiiee eean.

Iaa/aeueiee ??e, iaa/aeueiee aeaiue, ?iceeaae o?ie?a, iaa/aeuei?
eai?eoee, ia?aai???, oi/i?oa, ia?a?ae i?ae o?ieaie – oea oaae i?eciaee
eeanii-o?i/ii? nenoaie.

?? aeinoi?inoaa: /?oea i?aai?caoe?eia no?oeoo?a, ui caaacia/o?
aii?yaeeiaai?noue anueiai iaa/aeueii-aeoiaiiai i?ioeano; i?inoa
oi?aae?iiy iei; iiaeeea?noue aca?iiae?? ae?oae i?ae niaith a i?ioean?
eieaeoeaiiai iaaiai?aiiy i?iaeai. Eieaeoeaiiai iiooeo ?ica’ycoaaiiy
caaea/; iino?eiee aiioe?eiee aieea iniaenoino? a/eoaey ia o/i?a, ?o
aeoiaaiiy a i?ioean? iaa/aiiy, aeiiii?/i?noue iaa/aiiy, ine?eueee
a/eoaeue i?aoeth? iaeii/anii c aeinoaoiuei aaeeeith a?oiith o/i?a,
noai?th? oiiae aeey i?eianaiiy aeooo ciaaaiue a iaa/aeueio ae?yeuei?noue
oeiey??a ? a oie aea /an caaacia/o? nenoaiaoe/i?noue ? iine?aeiai?noue a
?o ?on? a?ae iaciaiiy aei ciaiiy.

Aeae?eyth/e oe? aeinoi?inoaa, ia iiaeia ia aa/eoe a oe?e nenoai? ? ?yae
nooo?aeo aaae, a naia: eeanii-o?i/ia nenoaia i???ioiaaia a iniiaiiio ia
na?aaeiueiai o/iy, noai?th? iaiineeuei? o?oaeiiu? aeey neaaoiai ?
cao?eio? ?icaeoie cae?aiinoae o a?eueo neeueieo; noai?th? aeey a/eoaey
o?oaeiiu? i?e o?aooaaii? ?iaeea?aeoaeueieo iniaeeainoae o/i?a a
i?aai?caoe?eii ?iaeea?aeoaeuei?e ?iaio? c ieie ye ca ci?noii, oae ? ca
oaiiaie ? iaoiaeaie iaa/aiiy; ia caaacia/o? i?aai?ciaaia ni?eeoaaiiy
i?ae noa?oeie ? iieiaeoeie o/iyie oa ?i.

Eeanii-o?i/ia nenoaia iaa’yco? o/iyi ooo/io i?aai?caoe?th ?iaioe,
i?ecaiaeeoue aei /anoi? ci?ie i?aaeiao?a ca ei?ioe? a?ae??cee /ano, a
?acoeueoao? /iai o/i? ia iiaeooue aeiaanoe ?icii/ao? ni?aae aei e?ioey,
i?iaeoiaoe ?o, iiaeeaeoe nai? ciaiiy. Aeca?iie, oeae oeiiaee ao?eaoo
eeanii-o?i/ii? nenoaie, ia o?eueee aecia/a? /an ?iaioe ? a?aeii/eieo,
aea ? a e?ioe? ?ieo aei??y? /an, ca yeee aiie iiaeii? coi?oe aeaoe ca?o
i?i nai? oni?oe ca oe?eee ??e iaa/aiiy. A e?ioe? e?ioe?a o/i?
ia?aaiaeyoueny a ianooiiee eean, a ?io? – iaoae neaao? o?eueee c
yeiai-iaaoaeue iaeiiai i?aaeiaoa – caeeoathoueny ia ae?oaee ??e, oi/a
i?e e?au?e i?aai?caoe?? ?iaioe aiie iiaee a c oni?oii caiiaieoe
i?iaaeeie o nai?o ciaiiyo.

Aac noii?ao, e?eoe/i? aeneiaethaaiiy ia aae?ano eeanii-o?i/ii? nenoaie,
ui iniaeeai iineeeeeny c e?ioey ieioeiai noie?ooy, a nai?e iniia?
ni?aaaaeeea? ? iineoaeeee iniiaith aaaaoi/eneaiieo iiooe?a ? oai?aoee?a
iaaeaaia?ee ? a/eoae?a-i?aeoee?a, c iaei??? noi?iie iiaeo nenoai
iaa/aiiy, c ?ioi? – oeyo?a aaeineiiaeaiiy, iiaeeo?eaoe?? ?
iiaea?i?caoe?? eeanii-o?i/ii? nenoaie, i?aai?caoe?? iaa/aiiy o
a?aeiia?aeiino? c iiaeie iio?aaaie noni?euenoaa, ui ?icaeaa?oueny ?
aeinyaiaiiyie ineoieiai-iaaeaaia?/ii? iaoee.

Ia?oo ni?iao iiaea?i?caoe?? eeanii-o?i/ii? nenoaie i?aai?caoe??
iaa/aiiy aeei?enoaee a e?ioe? OV??? – ii/aoeo O?O noie?oue aiae?enueeee
nayuaiee A.Aaee ? o/eoaeue Aeaeii Eaieanoa?. Iiooiaoii aei oeueiai
aeyaeany ia?ao?ae a?ae iaiooaeoo?e aei e?oiii? iaoeiii? ?iaeono???, ui
iio?aaoaaee aaeeei? e?eueeino? ?iai/eo, ye? aieiae?ee oi/a a
aeaiaioa?iith a?aiioi?noth. Aeey ?o i?aeaioiaee iaiao?aeii aoei
ca?eueoeoe e?euee?noue oe?e, a a?aeiia?aeii, ? eiioeiaaio o/eoae?a, ye?
a iaa/aee cia/ii a?eueoo e?euee?noue o/i?a.Oae aeieeea iiaeeo?eiaaia
eeanii-o?i/ia nenoaia i?aai?caoe?? iaa/aiiy i?ae iacaith
aaee-eaieanoa?nueea nenoaia aca?iiiai iaa/aiiy, iacaaia ca ?iaiaie ??
caniiaiee?a ? aeei?enoaia?? aeacaieie aaoi?aie a Aiae?? oa ?iae??. Nooue
oe??? nenoaie iieyaaea a oiio, ui noa?o? o/i? nii/aoeo i?ae
ea??aieoeoaii a/eoaey nai? aea/aee iaoa??ae, a iio?i, iaea?aeaaoe
a?aeiia?aeio ?ino?oeoe?th, iaa/aee oeo, ooi cia? iaioa. Oea aeicaieyei
iaeiiio o/eoaeth iaa/aoe a?ae?aco aaaaoueio ae?oae, cae?enithaaoe ?o
ianiaa iaa/aiiy, oa naia ye?noue oeueiai iaa/aiiy aoea aeoaea iecueeith.
Oeei ? iiynith?oueny oa, ui aaee-eaieanoa?nueea nenoaia ia iaea?aeaea
oe?ieiai ?iciianthaeaeaiiy.

A e?ioe? O?O – ia ii/aoeo OO noie?oue iniaeeai aeooaeueiith a
iiaeaeueo?e ?ic?iaoe? i?aai?caoe?eieo oi?i iaa/aiiy noa? ieoaiiy
?iaeea?aeoae?caoe?? iaa/aiiy o/i?a c a?aei?iiinoyie a ?o ?icoiiaiio
?icaeoeo.

C’yaeythoueny ? a?aeiia?aei? oi?ie aea??eiaiai iaa/aiiy. A NOA aoea
caniiaaia oae caaia aao?anueea nenoaia, yea ae?eeeenue ia aea? /anoeie.
Ia?oa /anoeia – oea o?i/ia ?iaioa c eeanii a oe?eiio, a ae?oaa –
?iaeea?aeoaeuei? caiyooy c oeie o/iyie, ye? aeyaeyee iio?aao a oaeeo
caiyooyo, aai aeey oiai, uia ia a?aenoaoe a?ae aeuai?eeiyoeo ii?i, aai c
oeie, ooi aeyaeya aaaeaiiy iiaeeaeoe nai? ciaiiy, oiaoi c oeie, ooi
ae??ciyany ii??aiyii ?icaeiaieie cae?aiinoyie. C inoaiiueith eaoaai???th
i?aoethaaa o/eoaeue, a c iaio cae?aieie o/iyie ? c oeie, ui
a?aenoathoue o iaa/aii?, caeiaany iii?/iee o/eoaey. Iaeii/anii a ?a?ii?
ii/aea noai?thaaoeny oae caaia iaiiaaeinueea nenoaia.

Iaiiaaeinueea nenoaia, iacaaia oae ca iaeiaioaaiiyi i?noa Iaiiaaei, aea
aiia aia?oa aoea aeei?enoaia, oa?aeoa?eco?oueny oei, ui i?e caa?aaeaii?
eeanii-o?i/ii? nenoaie i?aai?caoe?? iaa/aiiy, o/i?, a caeaaeiino? a?ae
?o cae?aiinoae, ??aiy ?ioaeaeooaeueiiai ?icaeoeo ? nooiaiy i?aeaioiaee,
ae?eeeeny ca eeanaie ia neaaoeo, na?aaei?o ? neeueieo.

Caniiaiee oe??? nenoaie, Eicao C?eeaiaa? (1858-1930 ??.) i?iiiioaaa
/ioe?e eeane. A?aeiia?aeii aei cae?aiinoae o/i?a:

1. Iniiai? eeane – aeey ae?oae, ui iathoue na?aaei? cae?aiino?.

2. Aeey iaio cae?aieo ae?oae, ye? “cae/aeii ia cae?i/othoue oeieo”.

3. Aeiiii?aei? eeane – aeey ?icoiiai a?aenoaeeo ae?oae.

4. Eeane ?iicaiieo iia aai “ia?ao?aei?” eeane aeey iaea?eueo cae?aieo
o/i?a, ye? iiaeooue i?iaeiaaeoaaoe iaa/aiiy a na?aaei?o iaa/aeueieo
caeeaaeao. A?aea?? a eeane a?aeaoaaany ia iniia? ?acoeueoao?a
ineoiiao?e/ieo ianoaaeaiue, oa?aeoa?enoee o/eoae?a ? aecaiai?a.
C?eeaaia? aaaaeaa, ui a caeaaeiino? a?ae oni?o?a o/i? ciiaeooue
ia?aoiaeeoe ?c iaei??? iine?aeiaiino? eean?a aei ?ioi?, aea oeueiai
iaeaea ia a?aeaoaaeiny, ine?eueee nenoaia ia aeaaaea iiaeeeaino? neaaoei
o/iyi aeinyaaoe aenieiai ??aiy. I?ia?aii? a?aei?iiino? a oaeeo eeanao ia
ni?eyee noai?aiith ?aaeueieo oiia aeey oaeeo ia?aoiae?a.

Iaiiaaeinueea nenoaia iaa/aiiy iaea aaaaoi i?eoeeueiee?a, iniaeeai a
I?ia//ei? a ia??iae aei ia?oi? na?oiai? a?eie. Aeaye? iieiaeaiiy oe???
nenoaie aoee iiceoeaii ni?eeiyo? o O?aioe??, ?in??, NOA, Aaeuea?? oa a
?ioeo e?a?iao na?oo. Aeaiaioe oe??? nenoaie caa?aaeeny ? nueiaiaei? a
i?aeoeoe? ?iaioe no/anii? oeiee a Aano?ae??, NOA oa Aiae??. Oae, a
Aano?ae?? ?niothoue eeane aeey a?eueo-iaio cae?aieo o/i?a; a NOA
i?aeoeeothoueny eeane aeey o/i?a, ui iia?eueii iaa/athoueny, ? aeey
cae?aieo o/i?a; a Aiae?? iaiiaaeinueea nenoaia neoaeeoue iniiaith aeey
noai?aiiy oe?e, a yeeo eiioeiaaio o/i?a eiiieaeoo?oueny ia iniia?
oanooaaiiy aeioneiee?a ii/aoeiaeo eean?a.

A oe?eiio ae oai?aoe/i? iinooeaoe oe??? nenoaie a iao /an i?aeeyaathoue
ni?aaaaeeea?e e?eoeoe?, iaaee?aneth?oueny, ui aiia iiaoaeiaaia ia
iiieeeiaiio oyaeaii? i?i ae??ooth/ee aieea a?iineoieia?/ieo oaeoi??a ia
e?ioeaa? ?acoeueoaoe ?icaeoeo o/i?a; ui aiia cieaeo? aieea
oe?eani?yiiaaii? aeoiaii? ae?yeueiino? ia oi?ioaaiiy iniaenoino? o/iy,
?oeio? iiaeeeaino? ?icaeoeo o iueiai nioe?aeueii iaoiiaeaieo iio?aa oa
?ioa?an?a. Eiioeaioe?y C?eeaiaa?a ? caniiaaia iei iaiiaaeinueea nenoaia
i?aai?caoe?? iaa/aiiy aeyaeeanue yaii iaiiaeeeaith, yeui a?aoe ?? ye
oe?e?nio.

?aeeiei aeaiaioii oe??? nenoaie, i?eeiyoiei aeey iniaeeainoae no/aniiai
?icaeoeo ineoieiai-iaaeaaia?/ii? iaoee ? i?aeoeee ?iaioe ia?aaeiaeo
oe?e, yaey?oueny oae caaia niaoe?ae?ciaaia iaa/aiiy. A ?aaeuei?e
iaaeaaia?/i?e ae?eniino? aiii ao?eth?oueny o aeaeyae? niaoe?ae?ciaaieo
oe?e aeeeth/ii aeey iaaea?iaaieo ae?oae, aeyaeyth/eo cae?aiino? aei
iiaeeaeaiiai aea/aiiy i?aaeiao?a iaaieo aaeocae ciaiue – aoiai?oa?ieo,
iaoaiaoe/ieo ? o.i. A ?a?ii? ? a NOA ia ii/aoeo OO noie?ooy aoei
aei?iaoaaii aaaaoi nenoai iaa/aiiy, iai?aaeaieo ia caaacia/iiy
?iaeea?aeoaeueii? aeoeaii? naiino?eii? iaa/aeueii? ?iaioe oeiey??a.
Iaea?eueo ?aaeeeaeueiith na?aae ieo aoea nenoaia ?iaeea?aeoae?ciaaiiai
iaa/aiiy, aia?oa aeei?enoaia a/eoaeueeith ?eaiith Ia?eoa?no a ia?oiio
aeanyoe??//? OO noie?ooy a i?no? Aeaeueoii (ooao Iana/onaon). Oey
nenoaia aa?eoea a ?noi??th iaaeaaia?ee oa oeiee i?ae iacaith
Aeaeueoii-ieai. ?? ae ia??aeei iaceaathoue eaai?aoi?iith aai nenoaiith
iaenoa?aiue.

Iaaeaaia?/ia e?aaei aaoi?a oe??? nenoaie, ?.Ia?eoa?no, caiaeeeinue aei
ianooiiiai: oni?o iaa/aeueii? ae?yeueiino? caeaaeeoue a?ae i?enoinoaaiiy
oaiio ?iaioe a oeie? aei iiaeeeainoae eiaeiiai o/iy, eiai cae?aiinoae;
o?aaeeoe?eia i?aai?caoe?y iaa/aiiy, a ye?e ea?oth/ith ? ae?yeuei?noue
aeeeaaeaiiy iaae ae?yeuei?noth aea/aiiy, cai?ith?oueny i?aai?caoe??th,
aea oeaio?aeueiith yaey?oueny naiino?eia iaa/aeueia ae?yeuei?noue o/i?a,
a ooieoe?? a/eoaey caiaeyoueny o?eueee aei oaeoiaii? i?aai?caoe?? ?o
ae?yeueiino?. Eeane ye oae? cai?iththoueny eaai?aoi??yie aai
i?aaeiaoieie iaenoa?iyie, o?iee a?aei?iythoueny , a?aei?iy?oueny
iiyniaiiy a/eoaeai iiaiai iaoa??aeo. O/aiue caeia?oueny a eaai?aoi??yo
aai iaenoa?iyo ?iaeea?aeoaeueii ia iniia? iaea?aeaiiai caaaeaiiy a?ae
o/eoaey ? i?e iaiao?aeiino? caa?oa?oueny ca aeiiiiiaith aei a/eoaey,
yeee iino?eii ciaoiaeeoueny a oeeo eaai?aoi??yo aai iaenoa?iyo.

Caaaeaiiy aeaaaeenue o/iyi ia ??e c eiaeiiai i?aaeiaoo ia ii/aoeo
iaa/aeueiiai ?ieo. ??/i? caaaeaiiy iio?i eiie?aoecoaaeeny o aeaeyae?
uii?ny/ieo caaaeaiue ? o/i? ca?ooaaeeny ca ieie o anoaiiaeai? no?iee.

Iaea?aeaaoe ??/i? oa i?ny/i? caaaeaiiy, o/i? ienueiiai ciaia’ycoaaeeny
aeeiiaoe ?o o aeacai? no?iee. Aeey oni?oii? iaa/aeueii? ?iaioe o/i?
iniauoaaeeny an?ia iaiao?aeieie iaa/aeueieie iin?aieeaie, ?ino?oeoe?yie,
a yeeo ai?uoaaeenue iaoiaee/i? aeac?aee noiniaii oiai, ye ne?ae
aeeiioaaoe caaaeaiiy, a oaeiae ei?enooaaeeny eiinoeueoaoe?yie o/eoaey –
niaoe?ae?noa c iaaiiai iaa/aeueiiai i?aaeiaoo. ?aeeiiai aeey an?o
?iceeaaeo caiyoue ia aoei. Eieaeoeaia ?iaioa aaeany iaeio aiaeeio ia
aeaiue, ?aooa /ano – ?iaeea?aeoaeueia ?iaioa a i?aaeiaoieo iaenoa?iyo,
eaai?aoi??yo. Uiae noeioethaaoe ?iaioo o/i?a, aeaoe ?i iiaeeea?noue
ii??aiyoe nai? aeinyaiaiiy ?c aeinyaiaiiyie ?ioeo o/i?a o/eoaeue
neeaaeaa niaoe?aeuei? oaaeeoe?, a yeeo uii?nyoey a?aei?/aa o?ae
aeeiiaiiy o/iyie aeaieo caaaeaiue.

Aeaeueoii-ieai iaea?aeaa aenieo ioe?ieo i?ia?aeieo aia?eeainueeeo
iaaeaaia?a – iiae?oaeaey Aeueth? ? oaeaeei ii/aa ?iciianthaeaeoaaoeny a
i?aeoeoe? ?iaioe oe?e aaaaoueio e?a?i, oa i?eaeeoeny eiio ia noaeeeiny
i? a iaei?e e?a?i? na?oo.

Oae, a N?N? a 20-o? ?iee aeei?enoiaoaaeanue iiaeeo?eaoe?y
Aeaeueoii-ieaio i?ae iacaith a?eaaaeii-eaai?aoi?ii? nenoaie. Caaaeaiiy c
aea/aiiy eo?no, oaie a?aea a?oia o/i?a (a?eaaaea). Aiie i?aoethaaee
naiino?eii a eaai?aoi??yo ? c eiinoeueoaoe?yie o/eoaey, ca?ooaaeenue
eieaeoeaii. Iaeiae aeoaea oaeaeei oey nenoaia i?iaeaiiino?oaaea naith
iai?aeoe/i?noue. ??aaiue i?aeaioiaee o/i?a iaaieiii cieaeoaaany, ?o
a?aeiia?aeaeuei?noue ca ?acoeueoaoe iaa/aiiy iaaeaea ia?o ca ana oiio,
ui ?i aoei ia i?ae neeo aeeiioaaoe caaaeaiiy aac iiyniaiiy a/eoaey. Ana
oea ? i?eaaei aei oiai, ui ?nioaaiiy a N?N? oe??? nenoaie i?aai?caoe?? a
1932 ?ioe? caaa?oeeany.

*e cia/eoue oea, ui Aeaeueoii-ieaio ia aenoa/aei ie?aieo aeinoi?inoa?
I?! Aei eiai aeinoi?inoa ne?ae a?aeianoe ia?o ca ana oa, ui a?i
aeicaieya i?enoinoaaoe oaii iaa/aiiy aei ?aaeueieo iiaeeeainoae o/i?a,
i?ea/aa ?o aei naiino?eiino?, ?icaeaaa ?i?oe?aoeao, caie?eaa aei iiooe?a
?aoe?iiaeueieo iaoiae?a ?iaioe oa ?i. I?ioa, ye ni?aaaaeeeai
noaa?aeaeoaaa o na?e /an a?aeiiee iaaeaaia E.Ae.Ooeinueeee – ii?iaeiy
aieiaa ia ieneeoue. A y aaaaeath, ui Aeaeueoii-ieai iaei ni?eya
nenoaiaoe/iiio iaieiae?iith o/iyie nenoaie ciaiue. Aiie aoee o ieo
o?aaiaioa?ieie, ia ioiiethaaee anueiai ia’?io iaiao?aeii? ? aeinoaoiuei?
?ioi?iaoe?? i?i i?e?iaeo, noni?euenoai, oaoi?eo ? eoeueoo?o. E??i oiai,
Aeaeueoii-ieai ii?iaeaeoaaa iacaei?iao ai?iaeia/o i?ae o/iyie,
i?ecaiaeea aei cao?aoe aaeeei? e?eueeino? /ano ia aeeiiaiiy caaaeaiue.
Ana oea coiiaeei oa, ui a iaaeaaia?/i?e ae?eniino? a?i ia iaea?aeaa
oe?ieiai ?iciianthaeaeaiiy iaa?oue a ia??iae eiai ?ioaineaii?
iiioey?ecaoe?? Aeae.Aeueth?, a a?aoo? ? acaaae? aoa a?aeoi?aiooee.
A?aeaieine eiai i?iiaaaiaee ii/aeeny ciiao o?eueee a 50-60 ?iee iaoiai
noie?ooy o aeaeyae? ieaio O?ai?ia, ?ic?iaeaiiai i?ioani?ii Eeieaeii
O?aiiii.

Nooue ieaio O?aiia ye nenoaie i?aai?caoe?eieo oi?i iaa/aiiy caiaeeeanue
aei oiai, uiae iaeneiaeueii noeioethaaoe ?iaeea?aeoaeueia iaa/aiiy c
aeiiiiiaith aio/eino? oi?i eiai i?aai?caoe??. I?e oaeiio iaa/aii?
ii?aeiothoueny caiyooy o aaeeeeo aoaeeoi??yo, a iaeeo a?oiao c
?iaeea?aeoaeueieie caiyooyie. Eaeoe?? c aeei?enoaiiyi no/anieo oaoi?/ieo
cania?a aeey aaeeeeo a?oi ia 100-1500? /ieia?e /eoathoue
aenieieaae?o?eiaai? aeeeaaea/?, i?ioani?e. Iae? a?oie ia 10-15 /ieia?e
iaaiai?ththoue iaoa??aee eaeoe??, aaaeooue aeeneon??. Ooo ?iaeyoueny
aeiiiaiaiiy aei oiai, ui aoei ii/ooi ia eaeoe??. Caiyooy a iaeeo a?oiao
aaaeooue aai ?yaeiaee o/eoaeue, aai e?auee o/aiue a?oie.
?iaeea?aeoaeueia ?iaioa i?iaiaeeoueny a oe?eueieo eaa?iaoao,
eaai?aoi??yo. *an i?iaaaeaiiy aeacaieo aeae?a caiyoue ?iciiae?ey?oueny
oae: ia eaeoe?ei? caiyooy a?aeaiaeeoueny 40% iaa/aeueiiai /ano; ia
caiyooy a iaeeo a?oiao – 20%; ia ?iaeea?aeoaeueio ?iaioo a eaa?iaoao ?
eaai?aoi??yo – 40 %. Eeane ye oae? a?aei?iythoueny, neeaae iaeeo a?oi
iino?eii ci?ith?oueny. Nenoaia iio?aao? ocaiaeaeaii? ?iaioe o/eoae?a,
/?oei? i?aai?caoe??, iaoa??aeueiiai caaacia/aiiy.

Ieai O?aiia noaa oe?iei a?aeiiei caaaeyee aeoeai?e ?aeeai?. ? oei ia
iaioa ca oeei ieaiii i?aoeth? iaaaeeea e?euee?noue aenia?eiaioeaeueieo
oe?e. Iania? oeiee aeei?enoiaothoue o nai?e ?iaio? eeoa ie?ai? aeaiaioe
oeueiai ieaio: iaa/aiiy a?eaaaeith a/eoae?a, aeei?enoaiiy iii?/iee?a
o/eoae?a. Ui ia iathoue iaaeaaia?/ii? ina?oe, caiyooy o aaeeeeo
aoaeeoi??yo, i?aai?caoe?y naiino?eii? ?iaioe o/i?a o eaa?iaoao.

Nueiaiaei?, ye aa/eii, a?aeaoaathoueny ni?iae aaeineiiaeaiiy
eeanii-o?i/ii? nenoaie oa ?ioeo nenoai i?aai?caoe?? iaa/aiiy,
a?aeaoaathoueny iiooee oi?i iaa/aiiy o iai?yieo ?iaeea?aeoae?caoe??,
oaoi?caoe?? iaa/aiiy.

Oaea ?noi??y ?icaeoeo i?aai?caoe?ieo oi?i iaa/aiiy. ?c oeueiai ei?ioeiai
?noi?e/iiai aiae?co iiaeia eiinoaooaaoe, ui iaea?eueo no?eeith
aeyaeeanue eeanii-o?i/ia nenoaia ? ui aiia ae?enii yaey?oueny oe?iiei
caaithaaiiyi iaaeaaia?/ii? aeoiee ? ia?aaeiai? i?aeoeee ?iaioe ianiai?
oeiee.

1.2. Oai?aoe/iee aiae?c nenoai iaoiae?a iaa/aeueii-aeoiaiiai

i?ioeano iieiaeoeo oeiey??a

Iaoiae (a?ae a?. methodos) – oeyo aei /iainue, niin?a i?ciaiiy. Iaoiae
iaa/aiiy – oeyo iaa/aeueii-i?ciaaaeueii? ae?yeueiino? o/i?a aei
?acoeueoao?a, aecia/aieo caaaeaiiyie iaa/aiiy.

I?ioean iaa/aiiy ?aae?co?oueny oeyoii aca?iiae?? ae?yeueiino? o/eoaey
(aeeeaaeaiiy) ? ae?yeueiino? o/iy (o/?iiy). O/eoaeue cae?enith?
??ciiiai?oi? ni?iae, ye? aeiiiiaaathoue o/iyi canai?oe iaa/aeueiee
iaoa??ae, ni?ey? aeoea?caoe?? iaa/aeueiiai i?ioeano, o/aiue ni?eeia?,
inieneth?, caiai’yoiao? oiui oeae iaoa??ae. Iaoiae i?e oeueiio aenooia?
ye oii?yaeeiaaia aca?iiae?y, ni?a?ia?oieoeoai, ia?oia?noai. Oea
aeicaiey? c?iaeoe aeniiaie i?i oa, ui i?ae iaoiaeii iaa/aiiy ne?ae
?icoi?oe niin?a oii?yaeeiaaii?, aca?iica’ycaii? ae?yeueiino? o/eoaey e
o/i?a, ni?yiiaaii? ia aeinyaiaiiy caaaeaiue ina?oe, ?icaeoeo ? aeoiaaiiy
a i?ioean? iaa/aiiy.

Iaoiaee iaa/aiiy ? iaeiei c iaeaaaeeea?oeo eiiiiiaio?a iaa/aeueiiai
i?ioeano. Aac i?ia?aeieo iaoiae?a ae?yeueiino? iaiiaeeeai ?aae?coaaoe
oe?e? ? caaaeaiiy iaa/aiiy, aeinyaiooe a?aeiia?aeieo ?acoeueoao?a.

O i?ioean? iaa/aiiy ca’ycie iaoiaeo c ?ioeie eiiiiiaioaie
aca?iicai?ioiee: iaoiae ? iio?aeiei a?ae oe?eae, caaaeaiue, ci?noo, oi?i
iaa/aiiy; aiaeii/an a?i nooo?ai aieeaa? ia iiaeeeaino? ?o i?aeoe/ii?
?aae?caoe??. Iaa/aiiy i?ia?ano? iano?eueee, iane?eueee aeicaieythoue
eiio ?ooaoenue oia?aae canoiniaai? iaoiaee.

O no?oeoo?? iaoiae?a aeae?eythoueny i?eeiie. I?eeii – oea aeaiaio
iaoiaeo. Aeaiaioe iaoiae?a ? ia cae/aeiith noiith ie?aieo /anoei
oe?eiai, a nenoaiith, ia’?aeiaiith eia?eith aeeaeaeoe/iiai caaaeaiiy.
Cie?aia, yeui iaaiee niin?a iaa/aiiy iaaeaaia aeei?enoiao? ia o?ioe?
o?eueee aeey oiai, uia cina?aaeeoe oaaao ia yeiionue ieoaii? ci?noo
iaoa??aeo, oi oeae niin?a a?ae?a?aaaoeia ?ieue aeeaeaeoe/iiai i?eeiio. A
yeui niin?a iaa/aiiy aeei?enoiao?oueny aeey c’ynoaaiiy noo? ieoaiiy,
aeey ?ice?eooy ci?noo iaoa??aeo, oi oea aaea aoaea ia i?eeii, a iaoiae.
Iaoiae ? niinia ae?yeueiino?, ui ioiieth? aanue ?? oeyo. I?eeii – oea
ie?aiee e?ie, oaciaa ae?y a ?aae?caoe?? iaoiaeo.

Iaoiae iaa/aiiy ia? aea? neeaaeia? /anoeie: ia’?eoeaio ? noa’?eoeaio.
Ia’?eoeaia /anoeia iaoiaeo iaoiiaeaia oeie iino?eieie iieiaeaiiyie, ye?
iaia’yceiai i?enooi? a aoaeue-yeiio iaoiae?, iacaeaaeii a?ae oiai, yeee
o/eoaeue eiai aeei?enoiao?. O i?e a?aeia?aaeai? iaecaaaeuei?o? aeiiae
caeii?a ? caeiiii??iinoae, i?eioeei?a ? i?aaee, a oaeiae oe?eue,
caaaeaiiy, ci?no, oi?ie iaa/aeueii? ae?yeueiino?. Noa’?eoeaia /anoeia
iaoiaeo iaoiiaeaia iniaeno?noth iaaeaaiai, eiai oai?/?noth,
iaenoa?i?noth, iniaeeainoyie o/i?a, eiie?aoieie oiiaaie. Ieoaiiy i?i
ni?aa?aeiioaiiy ia’?eoeaiiai ? noa’?eoeaiiai a iaoiae? ae??oaia ia aei
e?ioey: iaei? aaoi?e aaaaeathoue, ui iaoiae ? eeoa ia’?eoeaiei
ooai?aiiyi, ?io?, iaaiaee, – oai??iiy iaaeaaiaa. Aacia?a/iei ? oa, ui
ia’?eoeaia /anoeia aeicaiey? aeeaeaeoai ?ic?iaeyoe oai??th iaoiae?a,
?aeiiaiaeoaaoe iaaeaaiaai oeyoe ?o aoaeoeaii? ?aae?caoe??. C ?ioiai
aieo, naia iaoiaee ? noa?ith i?iyao aenieiai iaaeaaia?/iiai ienoaoeoaa.

Iaoiae iaa/aiiy ? aeineoue neeaaeiei ooai?aiiyi. Ia? aaaaoi noi??i. Ca
eiaeiith c yeeo iaoiaee iiaeia a?oioaaoe a neniaie. Ia oe?e i?aenoaa?
noai?ththoueny eeaneo?eaoe?? iaoiae?a.

Eeaneo?eaoe?y iaoiae?a iaa/aiiy – oea aii?yaeeiaaia ca iaaiith iciaeith
?o nenoaia.

I?ioean iaa/aiiy ? o?e?aeeiei, iaaecae/aeii ?ooeeaei i?ioeanii. Aeey
oiai, uia a?aeia?aaeaoe oeth aaaaoia?aii?noue ? aeeiai?ci, o?aoiaoaaoe
ci?ie, ye? iino?eii a?aeaoaathoueny a i?aeoeoe? canoinoaaiiy iaoiae?a,
ia iiaeia eeaneo?eoaaoe iaoiaee ?aeeii ? iaci?iii. Oe?e?niee iaa/aeueiee
i?ioean o no/ani?e oeie? cae?enith?oueny ca aeiiiiiaith oe?eiai ?yaeo
eeaneo?eaoe?e, ye? a ?aeiino? a?aeia?aaeathoue caaaeaiiy ? ci?no
aeeaeaeoe/ieo iaoiae?a. I?e oeueiio eiaeia eeaneo?eaoe?y iaoiae?a
a?oioo?oueny ia iaei?e aai e?eueeio ?noioieo iciaeao, i?ioa an?
eeaneo?eaoe?? caiaeyoueny aei nenoaie.

Iaoiaeieia?y oe?e?niiai i?aeoiaeo aei aca?iiiia’ycaii? ae?yeueiino?
a/eoaey ? o/i?a o iaa/aii? ia?aaeaa/a? aeae?eaiiy iaoiae?a iaa/aiiy o
aaeee? a?oie:

– iaoiaee i?aai?caoe?? ? naiii?aai?caoe?? iaa/aeueii-i?ciaaaeueii?
ae?yeueiino?;

– iaoiaee noeioethaaiiy ? iioeaaoe?? o/?iiy;

– iaoiaee eiio?ieth ? naiieiio?ieth o iaa/aii?;

– a?ia?i? iaoiaee iaa/aiiy.

Ona?aeiieaiiy a/eoaeai noo? e iniaeeainoae oe?e?nii? eeaneo?eaoe??
iaoiae?a aeicaieeoue eiio cae?enieoe oe?e?nio i?ioeaaeo?o ?o aeai?o.

?icae?e ??. No?oeoo?ii-ae?yeueiee aiae?c oi?i ? iaoiae?a iaa/aiiy o/i?a
iieiaeoeo eean?a.

2.1. I?aai?caoe?ei? oi?ie, ui aeei?enoiaothoueny a/eoaeyie iieiaeoeo
eean?a caaaeueiiina?oiuei? oeiee.

A?eueo-iaio cae?i/aiee a?ae??cie iaaeaaia?/iiai i?ioeano a
eeanii-o?i/i?e nenoai? iaa/aiiy – oea o?ie.

Ui oaea o?ie? A?aeiia?noe ia oea caieoaiiy aeineoue aaaeei ia
nueiaiaei?oi?e aeaiue! Aei oeueiai /ano a iaaeaaia?/i?e iaooe? ea??aiith
? aeoiea, ca?aeii c yeith o?ie – oea oi?ia i?aai?caoe?? ae?yeueiino?
a/eoae?a oa o/i?a o iaaiee a?ae??cie /ano, yea nenoaiaoe/ii
aeei?enoiao?oueny aeey ae??oaiiy i?iaeai iaa/aiiy, aeoiaaiiy oa ?icaeoeo
o/i?a.

O?ie – oea oi?ia i?aai?caoe?? iaa/aiiy c a?oiith o/i?a iaeiiai a?eo,
iino?eiiai neeaaeo, caiyooy ca oaa?aeei ?iceeaaeii ? c ?aeeiith aeey
an?o i?ia?aiith iaa/aiiy. A oe?e oi?i? i?aaenoaaeai? on? eiiiiiaioe
iaa/aeueii-aeoiaiiai i?ioeano: iaoa, ci?no, caniae, iaoiaee,
ae?yeuei?noue ii i?aai?caoe?? oa oi?aae?iith ? an? eiai aeeaeaeoe/i?
aeaiaioe. Nooi?noue ? i?ecia/aiiy o?ieo a i?ioean? iaa/aiiy ye oe?e?nii?
aeeiai?/ii? nenoaie caiaeeoueny oaeei /eiii aei
eieaeoeaii-?iaeea?aeoaeueii? aca?iiae?? o/eoaey oa o/i?a.

Ae?oaee aniaeo iiiyooy “o?ie” – oea aeeiai?/ia ? aa??aoeaia oi?ia
i?aai?caoe?? i?ioeano oe?eani?yiiaaii? aca?iiae?? (ae?yeueiino? oa
ni?eeoaaiiy) iaaiiai neeaaeo a/eoae?a oa o/i?a, ui aeeth/a? ci?no,
oi?ie, iaoiaee ? caniae iaa/aiiy oa nenoaiaoe/ii aeei?enoiao?oueny (a
iaeiaeia? a?ae??cee /ano) aeey ae??oaiiy caaaeaiue iaa/aiiy, ?icaeoeo ?
aeoiaaiiy a i?ioean? iaa/aiiy.Ooieoe?y o?ieo ye i?aai?caoe?eii? oi?ie
iaa/aiiy iieyaa? a aeinyaiaii? caaa?oaii?, aea /anoeiai? iaoe, yea,
iai?eeeaae, a iaeiiio aeiaaeeo, caeeth/a?oueny a canai?ii? iiaiai,
oe?e?niiai ci?noo, a ae?oaiio – a /anoeiaiio canai?ii? ia ??ai?
na?aeiiiai ni?eeiyooy ? caiai’yoiaoaaiiy (cae??ieaiiy). A ia?oiio
aeiaaeeo no?oeoo?a o?ieo ye oe?e?nia nenoaia aoaea iiaoi?thaaoe a
iniiaiiio no?oeoo?o iaa/aiiy ye oe?e?niiai i?ioeano, ii-ae?oaa, – eeoa
/anoeiai a?aeia?aceoue oe?e?niee i?ioean iaa/aiiy. Oea aiai?eoue i?i oa,
ui iniaeeaino? o?ieo ye i?aai?caoe?eii? oi?ie iaa/aiiy coiiaeai? iaoith
? i?noeai eiaeiiai ie?aii acyoiai o?ieo a oe?e?ni?e nenoai? iaa/aeueiiai
i?ioeano ? caieoaiiy i?i oa, /e iio??aai i?aiiiaio ? a /iio a?i
iieyaa?, /e caaaeaee iio??aia iieooaaiiy, /e iaia’yceiaa aeiiaoi?
caaaeaiiy, ye e?aua i?aai?coaaoe eieaeoeaio /e a?oiiao ?iaioo, ye
a?aooaaoe ?iaeea?aeoaeuei? iniaeeaino? o/i?a, ye iia’ycaoe o?ie c
iiia?aaei?ie ? ianooiieie o?ieaie oa ?io?, ye? c iiceoe?? ?icaeyaeo
i?ioeano iaa/aiiy ia yaeythoueny nooo?aeie. Aiie iathoue cia/aiiy
o?eueee i?e ae??oaii? caaaeaiue iioeiaeueii? i?aai?caoe?? iaa/aiiy ?
ieoaiiy i?i no?oeoo?o ? oeie o?ie?a. Oaeei /eiii o?ie aaaaoia?aiiee oa
aaaaoiieaiiaee. Ae??ooth/e eiie?aoi? caaaeaiiy a eiaeiiio ie?aii acyoiio
oei/aniaiio a?ae??ceo iaa/aeueiiai i?ioeano, o?ie aeyaey?oueny /anoeiith
oaie, eo?no iaa/aeueiiai i?aaeiaoo ? a?aeiia?aeii caeia? nai? i?noea a
nenoai? iaa/aeueiiai i?aaeiaoo, oaie i?ia?aie ? ae??oo? aeanoea? eiio ia
aeaiee iiiaio aeeaeaeoe/i? oe?e?.

Ia?iaeaeaiiy aoaeue-yeiai o?ieo ii/eia?oueny c ona?aeiieaiiy ?
i?aaeeueiiai, /?oeiai aecia/aiiy eiai e?ioeaai? iaoe – /iai o/eoaeue
oi/a aeinyaoe; iio?i anoaiiaeaiiy cania?a – ui aeiiiiiaea o/eoaeth a
aeinyaiaii? iaoe, a aaea iio?i aecia/aiiy niiniao – ye o/eoaeue aoaea
ae?yoe, uiae iaoa aoea aeinyaiooa.

Ui ae oaea iaoa, eiee ? yeo iaoo o?ieo noaaeoue o/eoaeue?

Caaaeueiii?eeiyoi a iaooe?, ui iaoa, oe?eue – oea cacaeaeaa?aeue
nieaiiaaiee ?acoeueoao ae?yeueiino? c ia?aoai?aiiy yeiai-iaaoaeue
ia’?eoo. A iaaeaaia?/i?e ae?yeueiino? ia’?eoii ia?aoai?aiiy yaey?oueny
ae?yeuei?noue o/iy, a ?acoeueoaoii – ??aaiue ciaiue, ?icaeoeo ?
aeoiaaiino? o/iy. Oiio iaoa o?ieo noaaeoueny o a?aeiia?aeiino? c iaoith
iaa/aiiy ? ina?oe ye nenoaie a?eueo aenieiai ii?yaeeo ? ia iiaeooue
caiaeeoeny, ye oea aoei a ia??iae, eiee ae?yeuei?noue aeeeaaeaiiy
?icaeyaeaeanue o?eueee ye ia?aaea/a o/iyi aioiaeo aeniiae?a iaoee ?
“oe?eyi i?aai?caoe??” caiyoue – “aea/eoe oaeee-oi ia’?i iiaiai
iaoa??aeo”, “iiaoi?eoe oae?-oi ?icae?ee i?ia?aie” ? o.i.

Oaea iinoaiiaea iaoe o?ieo a no/ani?e oeie? ia a?aeaoaa?oueny.

Iaoa o?ieo a no/ani?e oeie? iiaeiia a?ae??ciyoeny eiie?aoi?noth, c
aeacaieie caniaaie ?? aeinyaiaiiy ? ?? ia?aaiaeii a eiie?aoi?
aeeaeaeoe/i? caaaeaiiy. Aeey oiai, uiae aeinyaoe iaoe o?ieo, iai?eeeaae,
c iaoaiaoeee, iaiao?aeii ae??oeoe o?e iniiai? aeeaeaeoe/i? caaaeaiiy:
aeooae?coaaoe iiia?aaei? ciaiiy, ai?iiy ? iaae/ee, aaciina?aaeiuei
iia’ycai? ?c oaiith o?ieo; noi?ioaaoe a o/i?a iia? iiiyooy ? niiniae
ae??; i?aai?coaaoe aeei?enoaiiy o/iyie ciaiue ? aeina?aeo ae?yeueiino? c
iaoith oi?ioaaiiy o ieo iiaeo iaa/aeueieo oa i?ciaaaeueieo oi?iue ?
iaae/ie, iiaiai aeina?aeo i?ciaaaeueii? ae?yeueiino?.

Aeeaeaeoe/i? caaea/? o?ieo ?aae?cothoueny a ?aaeuei?e iaaeaaia?/i?e
ae?yeueiino? /a?ac o/aia? caaea/? (caaea/? aeey o/i?a). Oea ae??oaiiy
o/iyie a?eoiaoe/ieo caaea/, aeeiiaiiy anaiiaeeeaeo ai?aa, ?ica??
?a/aiue, neeaaeaiiy ieaio ia?aeaco ? o.i. Oe? caaea/? a?aeia?aaeathoue
iaa/aeueio ae?yeuei?noue o/i?a a eiie?aoieo iaa/aeueieo neooaoe?yo.
Aeeaeaeoe/i? ? o/aia? caaea/? a oe?e?ni?e no?oeoo?? o?ieo aenooiathoue
oaeei /eiii iniiaiei caniaii aeinyaiaiiy iaoe ? oiiaith a?aeai?o,
eiino?othaaiiy niiniao ae?? ye o/eoaey, oae ? o/i?a.

ssea ae no?oeoo?a o?ieo ? ye aiia aieeaa? ia aecia/aiiy oeiieia??
o?ie?a?

No?oeoo?a o?ieo ? oi?ie i?aai?caoe?? iaa/aeueii? ?iaioe ia iueiio
iathoue i?eioeeiiaa cia/aiiy a oai??? ? i?aeoeoe? no/aniiai o?ieo,
ine?eueee a cia/i?e i??? aecia/athoue aoaeoeai?noue iaa/aiiy, eiai
?acoeueoaoeai?noue.

sse? ae aeaiaioe ? /anoeie o?ieo aaaaeathoueny no?oeoo?ieie, a ye? i??
?aeeii? aeoiee c oeueiai ieoaiiy ia nueiaiaei?oi?e aeaiue a
iaaeaaia?/i?e iaooe? iaia?. Iaei? noeeuei? aeae?eyoe a yeino? aeaiaio?a
o?ieo oa, ui iaea?eueo /anoi cono??/a?oueny a i?aeoeoe? – a naia: 1)
aea/aiiy iiaiai iaoa??aeo; 2) cae??ieaiiy aea/aiiai; 3) eiio?ieue ?
ioe?iea ciaiue o/i?a; 4) aeiiaoi? caaaeaiiy; 5) ocaaaeueiaiiy oa
nenoaiaoecaoe?y ciaiue. ?io? – iaoo o?ieo, ci?no iaa/aeueiiai iaoa??aeo,
iaoiaee ? i?eeiie iaa/aiiy, niiniae i?aai?caoe?? iaa/aeueii?
ae?yeueiino?. Ia iiaeia iaiaaeeoe iaa/aeueiee i?ioean ? a/eoaey iaei??th
iino?eiith noaiith o?ieo, oiio ui oea iaiana caeoie iaa/aeueiiio
i?ioeano a oe?eiio. A?i aoaea aeeeeeaiee iaa?aoiaai?noth ??ciiaeaeiino?
ci?noo, a?aeiia?aeieo niinia?a eiai canai?iiy, iaoiae?a iaa/aiiy,
i?ieeaei /a?aoaaiiyi oa?aeoa?o iaa/aeueiiai iaoa??aeo.

Oae, a o?ie aeeth/ai? ci?no iaoa??aeo, iaoiaee ? oi?ie iaa/aiiy, iaoiaee
oi?aae?iiy ? eiio?ieth iaa/aeueii? ae?yeueiino?, oaoi?/i? caniae,
iaa/aeuei? caniae, aeeaeeeoe/i? iaoa??aee aeey naiino?eii? ?iaioe, oi?ie
i?aai?caoe?? iaa/aeueii? ae?yeueiino? o/i?a, iniaeno?noue o/eoaey.Oa /e
yaeythoueny aiie eiiiiiaioaie o?ieo? Cae/aeii, i?! Oae ye ia ?
eiiiiiaioii o?ieo ? iaoa o?ieo. Ia iiaeia iiaiaeeoenue ? c oaa?aeaeaiiyi
i?i oa, ui ia ?nio? ia’?eoeaii iino?eii? no?oeoo?e o?ieo. Ooo ia? i?noea
ieooaiiy no?oeoo?e o?ieo c? noaiith o?ieo, yea aeiaoee /an aoea
canoeeith iino?eiith noaiith eiia?iiaaiiai o?ieo, ui no?eioaaea a
i?aeoeoe? ?iaioe oeiee aoaeue-yea oai?/a ii/eiaiiy o/eoaey.

?acii c oei, a/ai?-iaaeaaiae ?aeei? a oiio, ui no?oeoo?a o?ieo ia iiaea
aooe aaceeeith, aeiaaeeiaith, ui aiia iiaeiia a?aeia?aaeaoe
caeiiii??iino? i?ioeano iaa/aiiy ye yaeua ae?eniino?, eia?eo i?ioeano
iaa/aiiy; caeiiii??iino? i?ioeano canai?iiy, eia?eo canai?iiy iiaeo
ciaiue ye aioo??oiueiai ineoieia?/iiai yaeua; caeiiii??iino? naiino?eii?
?icoiiai? ae?yeueiino? o/iy ye niinia?a eiai ?iaeea?aeoaeueiiai
i?ciaiiy, a?aeia?aaeath/e eia?eo i?ciaaaeueii? ae?yeueiino? ethaeeie;
eia?eo aeeeaaeaiiy; aeaee ae?yeueiino? o/eoaey ? o/i?a ye ciai?o?i?
oi?ie i?iyao nooiino? iaaeaaia?/iiai i?ioeano. Aeaiaioaie o?ieo, ye? i?e
nai?io aca?iiiia’ycaiiio ooieoe?iioaaii? a?aeia?aaeathoue oe?
caeiiii??iino?, yaeythoueny aeooae?caoe?y, oi?ioaaiiy iiaeo iiiyoue ?
niinia?a ae?e ? aeei?enoaiiy canai?iiai.

A ?aaeueiiio iaaeaaia?/iiio i?ioean? aiie aenooiathoue ? ye aoaie
i?ioeano iaa/aiiy ? ye iniiai?, iaci?ii?, iaia’yceiai i?enooi? ia
eiaeiiio o?ioe? ocaaaeueiai? aeeaeaeoe/i? caaaeaiiy ? ye eiiiiiaioe
aeeaeaeoe/ii? no?oeoo?e o?ieo. Naia oe? eiiiiiaioe caaacia/othoue ia
o?ioe? iaiao?aei? ? aeinoaoi? oiiae aeey canai?iiy o/iyie i?ia?aiiiai
iaoa??aeo, oi?ioaaiiy o ieo ciaiue, oi?iue ? iaae/ie, aeoea?caoe??
?icoiiai? ae?yeueiino? o/i?a i?e aeeiiaii? naiino?eieo ?ia?o, ?icaeoie
?o ?ioaeaeooaeueieo cae?eai?inoae.

Aca?iiae?y no?oeoo?ieo eiiiiiaio?a o?ieo ia’?eoeaia. Iaeiae i?ioean
iaa/aiiy aoaeoeaiee eeoa oiae?, eiee a/eoaeue i?aaeeueii ?icoi??
?aeeinoai ooieoe?e eiaeiiai eiiiiiaioa ie?aii ? eiai no?oeoo?ii?
aca?iiae?? c ?ioeie eiiiiiaioaie o?ieo, eiee a?i ona?aeiieth?, ui
eiaeiee ?c eiiiiiaio?a aeeaeaeoe/ii? no?oeoo?e o?ieo iia’ycaiee c
iiia?aaei?ie. Oi?ioaaiiy iiaeo ciaiue iiaea aooe oni?oiei o?eueee c
iii?ith ia aaea iaea?aeai? ciaiiy, a a?aei?aoethaaiiy iaae/ie ? ai?iue
oni?oii a?aeaoaa?oueny i?ney canai?iiy iiaiai. I?e oeueiio ?o
iine?aeiai?noue ia oiio /e ?ioiio o?ioe? iiaea aooe ??cia: a iaeiiio
aeiaaeeo o?ie iiaea ii/eiaoeny ia c aeooae?caoe??, a ?c aaaaeaiiy iiaiai
iiiyooy oeyoii iiyniaiiy a/eoaey aai noai?aiiy i?iaeaiii? neooaoe?? /e
aenoiaiiy a?iioac i?i niiniae ae??oaiiy cacaeaeaa?aeue iinoaaeaii?
i?iaeaie.

Ia ii/aoeo o?ieo iiaea aooe eiio?ieueia ?iaioa ia aeei?enoaiiy ciaiue,
iaea?aeaieo ia iiia?aaeiueiio o?ioe? ? o.ae.. Oaea aeeaeaeoe/ia
no?oeoo?a o?ieo.

Aeacaiee i?aeo?ae aei no?oeoo?e o?ieo oieea? oaaeiiiino? a i?iaaaeaii?
o?ie?a, ?aoeaioeai?noue a ae?yeueiino? a/eoaey, ?icoe?th? ?aiee oai?/i?
iaenoa?iino? o/eoaey i?e ?ic?iaoe? iaoiaee/ii? i?aeno?oeoo?e eiaeiiai
ie?aii acyoiai o?ieo.

Iaoiaee/ia i?aeno?oeoo?a o?ieo, ui ?ic?iaey?oueny o/eoaeai ia iniia?
aeeaeaeoe/ii? no?oeoo?e, oa?aeoa?eco?oueny a?eueoith aa??aoeai?noth. Oae
ia iaeiiio o?ioe? aiia iiaea i?iiiioaaoe ?iciia?aeue o/eoaey, iinoaiiaeo
caieoaiue aeey ia?aa??ee ni?eeiyoiai, aeeiiaiiy ai?aa ca c?aceii,
ae??oaiiy caaea/ oa ?i.; ia ?ioiio – iieac niinia?a ae?yeueiino?, eiai
a?aeoai?aiiy o/iyie, ?ica’ycoaaiiy caaea/ c aeei?enoaiiyi oeueiai ae
niiniao a iiaeo, ianoaiaea?oieo neooaoe?yo oa ?i.; ia o?aoueiio –
?ica’ycoaaiiy iiooeiaeo caaea/, c aeiiiiiaith yeeo iaea?aeothoueny iia?
ciaiiy, ocaaaeueiaiiy a/eoaey ? o.ae.

Ana oea na?ae/eoue i?i oa, ui i?aeoe/ii iaiiaeeeai aeaoe ?aeeio noaio
aeey an?o o?ie?a c on?o iaa/aeueieo i?aaeiao?a, ui aea/athoueny a oeie?.
Iaoiaee/ia i?aeno?oeoo?a o?ieo ia a?aei?io a?ae aeeaeaeoe/ii? – aaee/eia
ci?iia. *enei aeaiaio?a a i?e, ?o iiiaieeaoo?a ? iine?aeiai?noue
aecia/athoueny o/eoaeai, aeoiaey/e ?c caaaeueii? aeeaeaeoe/ii? no?oeoo?e
o?ieo ? iaoe ina?oe, ?icaeoeo ? aeoiaaiiy o/i?a. Iaoiaee/ia
i?aeno?oeoo?a o?ieo a?aeia?aaea? iniiai? aoaie iaa/aiiy ? oa?aeoa?
i?aai?caoe?? o?ieo.

Oaeei /eiii, yeui aeeaeaeoe/ia no?oeoo?a o?ieo yaey?oueny iino?eiith ?
a ae?yeueiino? a/eoaey aenooia? o aeaeyae? caaaeueiiai aeai?eoio
i?aai?caoe?? o?ieo, oi iaoiaee/ia i?aeno?oeoo?a ciaia’yco? eiai
ieaioaaoe eiie?aoi? aeaee ae?yeueiino?: aeeiiaiiy ai?aa, ae??oaiiy
caaea/, a?aeiia?ae? o/i?a; iiyniaiiy iaoa??aeo c aeei?enoaiiyi
aaeaeaaoieo iaoiae?a ? cania?a; ?ica’ycoaaiiy i?aeoe/ieo ? iaa/aeueieo
caaea/ i?ae ea??aieoeoaii o/eoaey ? naiino?eii. I?e noai?aii?
iaoiaee/iiai i?iaeoo o?ieo o/eoaeue aeoiaeeoue ?c i?eioeeio
iioeiaeueiiai aeinyaiaiiy iaoe, aea iaiaeo ?ieue a caaacia/aii?
oni?oiino? iaa/aeueii-i?ciaaaeueiiai i?ioeano a?ae?a?athoue: noai?aiiy
iioeaaoe??, ineoieiae/iiai eiioi?oo, a?aooaaiiy a?eiaeo oa
?iaeea?aeoaeueieo iniaeeainoae ae?oae .

Oeiieia?? o?ie?a i?enay/aii aaaaoi iaoeiaeo ?ia?o. ? oei ia iaioa ia
nueiaiaei?oi?e aeaiue oey i?iaeaia caeeoa?oueny ni??iith a no/ani?e
aeeaeaeoeoe?. ?nio? e?eueea i?aeoiae?a aei eeaneo?eaoe?? o?ie?a, eiaeiee
c yeeo a?ae??ciy?oueny iaaiith iciaeith. Iai?eeeaae, o?iee
eeaneo?eothoue aeoiaey/e ?c aeeaeaeoe/ii? iaoe; iaoe i?aai?caoe??
caiyoue, ci?noo ? niinia?a i?iaaaeaiiy o?ieo; iniiaieo aoai?a
iaa/aeueiiai i?ioeano; aeeaeaeoe/ieo caaea/, ui ae??oothoueny ia o?ioe?;
iaoiae?a iaa/aiiy; niinia?a i?aai?caoe?? iaa/aeueii? ae?yeueiino? o/i?a.

O a?aeiia?aeiino? ?c oeei i?aeoiaeii aeae?eythoueny ianooii? i’youe
oei?a o?ie?a: o?iee aea/aiiy iiaiai iaa/aeueiiai iaoa??aeo (1-ee oei);
o?iee aaeineiiaeaiiy ciaiue, oi?iue ? iaae/ie (nthaee aoiaeyoue o?iee
oi?ioaaiiy ai?iue ? iaae/ie oa ?i.) (2-ee oei o?ieo); o?iee
ocaaaeueiaiiy ? nenoaiaoecaoe?? (3-e oei); eiia?iiaai? o?iee (4 oei);
o?iee eiio?ieth oa ei?aeoe?? ciaiue, oi?iue ? iaae/ie (5 oei). Oey
eeaneo?eaoe?y yaey?oueny aeineoue ia?niaeoeaiith, oi/a ? iai?eciaiith
an?ia oai?aoeeaie-aeeaeaeoeeaie.

Ei?ioei coieieiiny ia oa?aeoa?enoeoe? eiaeiiai ie?aiiai oeio o?ie?a.

Iaoith o?ieo aea/aiiy iiaiai iaoa??aeo ? iaieiae?iiy o/iyie iiaei
iaoa??aeii. Aeey oeueiai oeiey?? iiaeii? i?aeeeth/aoeny aei ae??oiaiiy
oaeeo aeeaeaeoe/ieo caaea/ ye canai?iiy iiaeo iiiyoue ? niinia?a ae?e,
naiino?eii? iiooeiai? ae?yeueiino?, oi?ioaaiith nenoaie oe?ii?nieo
i???ioaoe?e.

Oae? o?iee iaea?eueo aeei?enoiaothoueny a ?iaio? c? oeiey?aie
na?aaeiueiai oa noa?oiai a?eo, oae ye naia a na?aaei?o ? noa?oeo eeanao
aea/a?onuey aeineoue ia’?iiee iaoa??ae, aeei?enoiao?oueny e?oiiiaeieiaee
niin?a eiai aea/aiiy. Oi?ie oaeiai aea/aiiy iiaeooue aooe
iae??ciiiai?oi?oeie: eaeoe?y, iiyniaiiy a/eoaey ?c caioi/aiiyi o/i?a aei
iaaiai?aiiy ie?aieo ieoaiue, iieiaeaiue, aa?enoe/ia aan?aea, naiino?eia
?iaioa c i?ae?o/ieeii, ?ioeie aeaea?aeaie, iinoaiiaea ? i?iaaaeaiiy
aenia?eiaio?a, aeine?ae?a ? o.ae. Ca?aene ? aeaee o?ie?a, ui
canoiniaothoueny a ?aieao oeueiai oeio o?ie?a, yaeythoueny aeineoue
??ciiiai?oieie: o?ie-eaeoe?y, o?ie-nai?ia?, e?iio?ie, o?ie oai?aoe/ieo ?
i?aeoe/ieo naiino?eieo ?ia?o (aeine?aeieoeueiai oeio), o?ie ci?oaiee
(noeoii?noue ??cieo aeae?a o?ie?a ia iaeiiio o?ioe?). Ni?eueiei aeey
an?o oeeo aeae?a o?ie?a yaey?oueny oa, ui /an o?ieo a?aeaiaeeoueny ia
?iaioo o/i?a c iiaei iaoa??aeii, a oiae? yei? aeei?enoiaothoueny an?
iiaeeea? i?eeiie aeoea?caoe?? i?ciaaaeueii? ae?yeueiino? oeiey??a:
iaaeaiiy aeeeaaeo iiaiai iaoa??aeo i?iaeaiiiai oa?aeoa?o, aeei?enoaiiy
o/eoaeai yne?aaeo i?eeeaae?a, oaeo?a, i?aeeeth/aiiy o/i?a aei ?o
iaaiai?aiiy, i?aee??ieaiiy oeo /e ?ioeo oai?aoe/ieo iieiaeaiue
iniaenoeie i?eeeaaeaie ? oaeoaie, aeei?enoaiiy iai/ii-ia?aciiai
iaoa??aeo ? oaoi?/ieo cania?a iaa/aiiy. Ana oea ni?yiiaaia ia ci?noiaia
? aeeaiea ?ic’yniaiiy iiaiai iaoa??aeo o/eoaeai ? ai?iiy i?aeo?eioaaoe
oaaao ? ?icoiiao aeoeai?noue o/i?a i?e ?iaio? c iei. E??i oiai,
ni?eueiei yaey?oueny ? oa, ui ia o?ioe? a oiae? aea/aiiy iiaiai
iaoa??aeo, eaea ?iaioa ? ii oii?yaeeoaaiith oa cae??ieaiith ?ai?oa
canai?iiai. Iaiiaeeeai aea/aoe iiaee iaoa??ae, ia caaaeoth/e, ia
aiae?coth/e, ia iie?ath/enue ia oaea i?ieaeaiee iaoa??ae, ia
aeei?enoiaoth/e eiai i?e aeniiaeao yeeoinue iiaeo iieiaeaiue.

Aeey a/eoaey ae?ae aaaeeeai, ?icoi?th/e ia’?eoeaio aaaaoiieaiia?noue
i?ioean?a ia o?ioe?, ia caaeia?eueiyoeny ?o noeo?eiei oiaeii, a iino?eii
ooeaoe ? ciaoiaeeoe iioeiaeuei? aa??aioe aca?iiae?? aeaiaio?a o?ieo
iaeei c iaeiei.

Iniiai? aeeaeaeoe/i? caaaeaiiy, ye? ae??oothoueny ia o?ieao
aaeineiiaeaiiy ciaiue, oi?iue ? iaae/ie, a iniiaiiio caiaeyoueny aei
ianooiieo:

a) nenoaiaoecaoe?y ? ocaaaeueiaiiy iiaeo ciaiue;

a) iiaoi? ? cae??ieaiiy ?ai?oa canai?ieo ciaiue;

a) canoinoaaiiy ciaiue ia i?aeoeoe? aeey iiaeeaeaiiy ? ?icoe?aiiy ?ai?oa
canai?ieo ciaiue;

a) oi?ioaaiiy oi?iue ? iaae/ie;

ae) eiio?ieue ca oiaeii aea/aiiy iaa/aeueiiai iaoa??aeo ? aaeineiiaeaiiy
ciaiue, oi?iue ? iaae/ie.

A a?eueoino? eeaneo?eaoe?e oeae oei o?ieo ?icaeaathoue ia aeae?eueea
oei?a:

o?iee cae??ieaiiy iaoa??aeo, ui aea/a?oueny; o?iee iiaoi?aiiy; o?iee
eiiieaeniiai canoinoaaiiy ciaiue, oi?iue ? iaae/ie; o?iee oi?ioaaiiy
oi?iue ? iaae/ie oa ?i.

Iaeiae, a?aei?oeii, ui o?iee “/enoiai”, neaaeaii, iiaoi?o /e oi?ioaaiiy
oi?iue ? iaae/ie, ye cana?ae/o? ?aaeueia oe?eueia i?aeoeea, iaioa
aoaeoeai? ? oiio aiie aoiaeyoue aei neeaaeo o?ie?a aaeineiiaeaiiy
ciaiue, oi?iue ? iaae/ie. Aeaeaie oeueiai oeio o?ie?a yaeythoueny: a)
o?iee naiino?eieo ?ia?o (?ai?iaeoeoeaiiai oeio – onieo aai ienueiiaeo
ai?aa); a) o?ie – eaai?aoi?ia ?iaioa; a) o?ie i?aeoe/ieo ?ia?o; a) o?ie
– aeneo?n?y; ae) o?ie – nai?ia?.

Iaaaaeai? i?eeeaaee aeae?a o?ie?a aaeineiiaeaiiy ciaiue, oi?iue ?
iaae/ie na?ae/aoue i?i oa, ui i?aai?caoe?y iaa/aeueii? ae?yeueiino?
o/i?a ia o?ioe? iaeii/anii c iiaoi?ii cae?enith? ? canoinoaaiiy ciaiue a
aeaui ci?iai?e neooaoe??, ? nenoaiaoecaoe?th ciaiue ? cae??ieaiiy,
ci?oeiaiiy ai?iue ? iaae/ie ?o aaeineiiaeaiiy ia o?eueee a iaaeao oaie,
ui aea/a?oueny, aea ? ia i?aeoaiaoe/iiio ? i?aei?aaeiaoiiio ??ai?. I?e
ieaioaaii? o?ieo ?acii c iiaoi?ii iiaeia i?aai?coaaoe ? eiio?ieue, ?
nenoaiaoecaoe?th ciaiue. Ia aeeeth/aia iiaeeea?noue oaei? iiaoaeiae
o?ieo, eiee a/eoaeue ieaio? o?eueee iioi/iee iiaoi? a iaaeao oaie,
iai?eeeaae, ia?aae eiio?ieueiith ?iaioith. A?i iiaea aanue o?ie
cae??iethaaoe ye?-iaaoaeue iaae/ee, ui aoaea iniiaiith aeeaeaeoe/iith
iaoith. Iaeiae ia iiaeia i?aeoiaeeoe aei oeueiai caieoaiiy iaoai?/ii.
Aieiaia, uiae ia oeeo o?ieao i?aaeeueii iia’ycoaaeenue o?iioaeueia
iieooaaiiy oa ?iaeea?aeoaeueia iieooaaiiy o/i?a c ienueiiaeie, onieie ?
i?aeoe/ieie ai?aaaie, a oaeiae c i?aai?caoe??th naiino?eii? iaa/aeueii?
?iaioe.

O?ie ocaaaeueiaiiy ? nenoaiaoecaoe?? ciaiue ni?yiiaaiee ia ae??oaiiy
aeaio iniiaieo aeeaeaeoe/ieo caaea/ – anoaiiaeaiiy ??aiy iaieiae?iiy
o/iyie oai?aoe/ieie ciaiiyie ? iaoiaeaie i?ciaaaeueii? ae?yeueiino? ii
aoceiaei ieoaiiyi i?ia?aie, ui iathoue ae??ooth/a cia/aiiy aeey
iaieiae?iiy i?aaeiaoii a oe?eiio, ? ia?aa??ee oa ioe?iee ciaiue, oi?iue
? iaae/ie o/i?a ca an?i i?ia?aiiei iaoa??aeii, ui aea/a?oueny ia i?ioyc?
aeiaaeo ia??iae?a – /aa?o?, i?a??//y ? ca aanue ??e iaa/aiiy.

Ineoieia?/ii oae? o?iee noeioeththoue o/i?a aei nenoaiaoe/iiai
iiaoi?aiiy a?eueoeo ?icae?e?a, aaeeeeo aeie?a iaa/aeueiiai iaoa??aeo,
aeicaiey? ?i ona?aeiiethaaoe eiai nenoaiiee oa?aeoa?, ?ice?eaaoe niiniae
ae??oaiiy oeiiaeo caaea/ ? iinooiiai iaieiae?aaoe aeina?aeii ?o ia?aiino
a ianoaiaea?oi? neooaoe?? i?e ae??oaii? aeieeath/eo ia?aae ieie iiaeo
iacae/aeieo caaea/.

Niaoeeo?eith o?ie?a ocaaaeueiaiiy oa nenoaiaoecaoe?? ciaiue yaey?oueny
oa, ui o/eoaeue eiaeiiai ?aco i?e i?iaaaeaii? o?ieo cacaeaeaa?aeue
aecia/a? ieoaiiy-i?iaeaie aeey iiaoi?aiiy, cacaeaeaa?aeue aeaco?
aeaea?aea, yeeie iaiao?aeii ei?enooaaoeny o/iyi, i?e iaiao?aeiino?
i?iaiaeeoue iaeyaeia? eaeoe??, aea? o/iyi caaaeaiiy aeey ?o
eieaeoeaii-a?oiiaiai aeeiiaiiy iica o?ieii, i?iaiaeeoue ye a?oiia?, oae
? ?iaeea?aeoaeuei? eiinoeueoaoe??, ni?aaan?aee ii oiaeo i?aeaioiaee
o/i?a aei o?ieo, aea? ?aeiiaiaeaoe?? aeey naiino?eii? ?iaioe. A noa?oeo
eeanao iaea?eueo ?iciiathaeaeaiei aeaeii o?ie?a ocaaaeueiaiiy ?
nenoaiaoecaoe?? yaeythoueny o?iee, ia yeeo i?iaiaeyoueny i?iaeaii?
aeeneon??, aai o?iee – nai?ia?e, ia yeeo iiaeeaeth?oueny aai
nenoaiaoeco?oueny iaaiee ci?no aea/aiiai ?icae?eo i?ia?aie aai
i?ia?aiiiai iaoa??aeo a oe?eiio, a oaeiae o?iee, ia yeeo o/i?
oe?eani?yiiaaii (ie?aii aai a?oiaie) ae??oothoue oai?/? caaaeaiiy
oai?aoe/iiai aai i?aeoe/iiai oa?aeoa?o.

Eiia?iiaaiee o?ie – oea iaea?eueo iioe?aiee oei o?ieo a ?nioth/?e
i?aeoeoe? ?iaioe oeiee. Ia iueiio ae??oothoueny aeeaeaeoe/i? caaaeaiiy
an?o iiia?aaei?o o?ueio oei?a o?ie?a, iienaieo aeua. Ca?aene a?i ?
iaea?aeaa naith iacao – eiia?iiaaiee. A yeino? iniiaieo aeaiaio?a
oeueiai o?ieo , ui neeaaeathoue eiai iaoiaee/io i?aeno?oeoo?o,
yaeythoueny: a) i?aai?caoe?y o/i?a aei caiyoue; a) iiaoi? ? ia?aa??ea
ciaiue o/i?a, aeya aeeaeie ?icoi?iiy ? noaiai? i?oeiino? anueiai
aea/aiiai ia iiia?aaei?o caiyooyo ? aeooae?caoe?y iaiao?aeieo ciaiue ?
niinia?a ae?yeueiino? aeey ?iaioe iaae inieneaiiyi iaoa??aeo, ui ciiao
aea/a?oueny ia iioi/iiio o?ioe?; a) aaaaeaiiy o/eoaeai iiaiai iaoa??aeo
oa i?aai?caoe?y ?iaioe o/i?a iaae eiai inieneaiiyi ? canai?iiyi; a)
ia?aeiia cae??ieaiiy iiaiai iaoa??aeo oa i?aai?caoe?y ?iaioe iaae
ae?iaeaiiyi a o/i?a oi?iue ? iaae/ie canoinoaaiiy ciaiue ia i?aeoeoe?;
ae) aeiiaoi? caaaeaiiy oa ?ino?oeoaae ii eiai aeeiiaiith; a)
i?aeaaaeaiiy i?aenoie?a o?ieo c aenoaaeaiiyi iio?i/iiai aaeo, ioe?iee ca
?iaioo ie?aiei o/iyi ia i?ioyc? anueiai o?ieo.

Ia?a/eneai? eiiiiiaioe iaoiaee/ii? i?aeno?oeoo?e eiia?iiaaiiai o?ieo a
caeaaeiino? a?ae oa?aeoa?o iaa/aeueii? neooaoe?? ? iaaeaaia?/ii?
iaenoa?iino? o/eoaey aca?iiae?thoue i?ae niaith ? /anoi ia?aoiaeyoue
iaeei a iaeiiai, i?iythoue naith iine?aeiai?noue a caeaaeiino? a?ae
i?aai?caoe?? i?ciaaaeueiiai i?ioeano. A oaeeo aeiaaeeao no?oeoo?a
eiia?iiaaiiai o?ieo noa? aio/eith, ?ooiiith. Oea aeicaiey? a/eoaeth
oieeaoe a nai?e ?iaio? oaaeiio, oi?iae?cio. Oae, a aeina?ae? ia?aaeiaeo
o/eoae?a canai?iiy iiaeo ciaiue a?aeaoaa?oueny a i?ioean? aeeiiaiiy
naiino?eii? ?iaioe, a ia?aa??ea ciaiue aie?oa?oueny a i?aai?caoe?th
caiyoue ? aenooia? ye iieaciee aeoeaiino? oeiey??a a eiiaiooaaii? oiaeo
nai?? ?iaioe, ?o ciaiue.

A i?ioean? aea/aiiy iiaiai iaoa??aeo iiaeia a?ae?aco i?aai?coaaoe eiai
cae??ieaiiy oa canoinoaaiiy, a i?e cae??ieaii? cae?enieoe eiio?ieue
ciaiue, oi?iue ? iaae/ie ? ?icaeoie iaae/ie canoinoaaiiy oeeo ciaiue a
??ciiiai?oieo, a oiio /ene? ianoaiaea?oieo neooaoe?yo. Oaea eiiieaenia
aca?iiae?y i?ae no?oeoo?ieie aeaiaioaie eiia?iiaaiiai o?ieo ?iaeoue o?ie
aaaaoioe?eueiaei ? canoaaey? o/eoaey i?e i?iaaaeaii? o?ieo i?aaeeueii
?aaeaiaiooaaoe /an o?ieo ia eiai ie?ai? aoaie. Iaaeiionoeii, eiee
ia?aa??ea ciaiue o/i?a caeia? 20-25 , a oi ? an? 30 oaeeei, ? ia ?iaioo
c iiaith oaiith caeeoa?oueny 15-20 oaeeei. I?e?iaeiuei, c oaeiai o?ieo
o/i? ia?aiinyoue anth aaao ?iaioe ii canai?iith iiaiai iaoa??aeo ia
aeiiaoith ?iaioo.

Aoaeoeai?noue oa ?acoeueoaoeai?noue eiia?iiaaiiai o?ieo caeaaeeoue ia
a?ae aaniethoecoaaiiy eiai no?oeoo?e, a a?ae /?oeiai aecia/aiiy
oe?eueiaeo onoaiiaie o?ieo, ye a?aeiia?ae? a/eoaey ia caieoaiiy i?i oa,
/iio a?i ia? iaa/eoe o/i?a, ye aeei?enoiaoaaoe caiyooy aeey ?icoiii?
i?aai?caoe?? ?o ae?yeueiino?.

Cae?i/oth/e oa?aeoa?enoeeo eiia?iiaaiiai o?ieo a?aei?oeii, ui ie?ai?
eiiiiiaioe eiai iaoiaee/ii? i?aeno?oeoo?e aeanoea? ? iaoiaee/iei
i?aeno?oeoo?ai ia?oeo o?ueio oei?a o?ie?a, iienaieo aeua. Inue /iio aiie
ioa?aeoa?eciaai? a i?aeno?oeoo?? aeaiiai o?ieo.

O?iee eiio?ieth ? ei?aeoe?? ciaiue, oi?iue ? iaae/ie i?ecia/ai? aeey
ioe?iee ?acoeueoao?a iaa/aiiy, ??aiy canai?iiy o/iyie oai?aoe/iiai
iaoa??aeo, nenoaie iaoeiaeo iiiyoue, noi?iiaaiino? oi?iue ? iaae/ie.
Aeina?aeo iaa/aeueii-i?ciaaaeueii? ae?yeueiino? oeiey??a. Aeaeaie o?ieo
eiio?ieth oa ei?aeoe?? iiaeooue aooe: onia iieooaaiiy (o?iioaeueia,
?iaeea?aeoaeueia, a?oiiaa) ; ienueiiaa iieooaaiiy, aeeeoaioe,
?ica’ycoaaiiy caaea/ ? i?eeeaae?a ? o.ae.; cae?e, cae?eiaa i?aeoe/ia
(eaai?aoi?ia) ?iaioa; eiio?ieueia naiino?eia ?iaioa; aecaiaie oa ?i.
An? oe? oa ?io? aeaee o?ie?a i?iaiaeyoueny i?ney aea/aiiy oe?eeo
?icae?e?a, oai. Aeuith oi?iith ia?aa??ee oa ioe?iee ciaiue o/i?a, ??aiy
?o ciaiue ? aecaiai c eo?no a oe?eiio.

I?ney i?iaaaeaiiy o?ieo eiio?ieth i?iaiaeeoueny niaoe?aeueiee o?ie
aiae?co oa aeyeaaiiy oeiiaeo iiieeie, iaaeie?e?a o ciaiiyo, ai?iiyo ?
iaae/eao o/i?a, a i?aai?caoe?? ?o iaa/aeueii-i?ciaaaeueii? ae?yeueiino?.

Cae/aeii, a i?aeoeoe? ?iaioe oeiee iiaeeea? e ?io? oeie ? no?oeoo?i?
eiia?iaoe?? o?ie?a. E??i oiai ne?ae iaoe ia oaac?, ui ia?a?aoiaai? oeie
o?ie?a o “/enoiio” aeaeyae? ??aeei cono??/athoueny a i?aeoeoe? ?iaioe
o/eoaey. Oae /e ?iaeoa ooieoe?? iaeiiai oeio o?ieo /anoi aie?oathoueny a
no?oeoo?o ?ioiai oeio o?ieo. ??cieoey iieyaa? o?eueee a oiio, ui eiaeiee
ia?a?aoiaaiee oei o?ie?a a?ae??ciy?oueny aeii?ioaaiiyi iaaii? ooieoe??,
iai?eeeaae, iciaeiieaiiy oa aea/aiiy iiaiai iaoa??aeo aai eiio?ieue ?
ioe?iea, a ooieoe?? ?ioeo oei?a o?ie?a iinyoue aeiiii?aeiee oa?aeoa?.
Oiio eeaneo?eaoe?y o?ie?a i?iaeiaaeo? caeeoaoeny iaei??th ?c aeooaeueieo
i?iaeai aeeaeaeoeee.

2.2. Nenoaie iaoiae?a iaa/aiiy, ui aeei?enoiaothoueny a/eoaeyie
ii/aoeiaeo eean?a caaaeueiiina?oiuei? oeiee

Aeeaeaeoaie ?ic?iaeaii aeanyoee eeaneo?eaoe?e iaoiae?a iaa/aiiy.
O/eoaeth iio??ai? eeoa o?, ye? iiaiaeaeothoueny c i?aeoeeith iaa/aiiy ?
neoaothoue iniiaith aeey ?? aoaeoeaiino?. Iaea?eueo iioe?aiith a?oiith
iaoiae?a iaa/aiiy, ui aeei?enoiaothoueny a/eoaeyie ii/aoeiaeo eean?a
caaaeueiiina?oiuei? oeiee ? iaoiaee i?aai?caoe?? ? naiii?aai?caoe??
iaa/aeueii-i?ciaaaeueii? ae?yeueiino?. Aiie, a naith /a?ao, ae?eyoueny
ia i?aea?oie.

Ia?oa i?aea?oia – iaoiaee iaa/aiiy ca aeaea?aeii ia?aaea/? ? ni?eeiaiiy
?ioi?iaoe??. O eeaneo?eaoe?? aeae?eythoue iaoiaee: ?iciia?aeue, aan?aea,
eaeoe?y.

?iciia?aeue – oea iiiieia?/iee aeeeaae iaa/aeueiiai iaoa??aeo, yeee
aeei?enoiao?oueny aeey iine?aeiaiiai, nenoaiaoeciaaiiai, aeio?aeeeaiai,
aiioe?eiiai iia?aeiiaeaiiy ciaiue. Caeaa?eueoiai ?iciia?aeue
aeei?enoiao?oueny aeey aeeeaaeo iieniaiai iaa/aeueiiai iaoa??aeo. O
/enoiio aeaeyae? ?iciia?aeue aeei?enoiao?oueny ??aeei. Iae/ano?oa aiia
i?noeoue i??eoaaiiy o/eoaey, aiae?c oaeo?a, i?eeeaae?a, oiaoi
ii?aeio?oueny c iiyniaiiyi iaoa??aeo, yeee aea/a?oueny.

Aan?aea – ae?aeia?/iee iaoiae aeeeaaeo iaa/aeueiiai iaoa??aeo. Nooue
aan?aee a oiio, uia ca aeiiiiiaith oe?eani?yiiaaieo ? ai?ei iinoaaeaieo
ieoaiue niiioeaoe o/i?a aei aeooae?caoe?? aaea a?aeiieo ciaiue ?
aeinyaoe canai?iiy iiaeo ciaiue oeyoii naiino?eieo ?icaeoi?a, aeniiae?a
? ocaaaeueiaiue. Iaoiae iae/ano?oa canoiniao?oueny oiae?, eiee iiaa oaia
? ii??aiyii ia neeaaeiith, a a o/i?a oaea neeaeeny i?i ia? iaai?
oyaeaiiy aai onoaeeeeny aeeoo?a? niinoa?aaeaiiy, ye? aeicaieythoue
inieneeoe ? canai?oe ciaiiy aa??noe/iei oeyoii. Ca i?ecia/aiiyi
aeae?eythoue aan?aee anooii? aai i?aai?caoe?ei?, iia?aeiieaiiy iiaeo
ciaiue, neioacoth/? aai cae??iethth/?: eiio?ieueii-ei?aeooth/?.

A?ae ?ioeo iaoiae?a neiaaniiai aeeeaaeo eaeoe?y a?ae??ciy?oueny:

a) a?eueo no?iaith no?oeoo?ith;

a) eia?eith aeeeaaeo iaa/aeueiiai iaoa??aeo;

a) aaeeeei ianyaii ?ioi?iaoe??, yea iia?aeiiey?oueny;

a) nenoaiiei oa?aeoa?ii aeeeaaeo ciaiue.

I?aaeiaoii oe?eueii? eaeoe?? caeaa?eueoiai ? iien neeaaeieo nenoai,
yaeu, ia’?eo?a, i?ioean?a, iayaieo i?ae ieie ca’yce?a ? caeaaeiinoae,
aieiaiei /eiii, i?e/eiii-iane?aeeiaiai oa?aeoa?o. I/aaeaeii, ui eaeoe?y
aei?a/ia eeoa a noa?oeo eeanao, eiee o/i? aaea iathoue iaiao?aeiee aeey
ni?eeiaiiy ? inieneaiiy iaoa??aeo eaeoe?e ??aaiue i?aeaioiaee. Eaeoe?y
aeei?enoiao?oueny aeey aeeeaaeo a?eueoiai ca ianyaii iaoa??aeo, caeia?
oe?eee o?ie, a ?iiae? e caeai?i? o?iee.

Iai/i? iaoiaee: aeaiiino?aoe?y, ?ethno?aoe?y. Iaoiae aeaiiino?aoe??
iieyaa? a iai/ii-/ooo?aiio iciaeiieaii? o/i?a c yaeuaie, i?ioeanaie,
ia’?eoaie a ?o i?e?iaeiiio aeaeyae?. Aeei?enoiao?oueny aeey ?ice?eooy
aeeiai?ee yaeu, ye? aea/athoueny, a oaeiae aeey iciaeiieaiiy ?c
ciai?oi?i aeaeyaeii i?aaeiaoa, eiai aioo??oiueith aoaeiaith oa ?i. I?e
oeueiio oaaaa o/i?a eiioeaio?o?oueny ia nooo?aeo aeanoeainoyo
i?aaeiao?a, yaeu, i?ioean?a. Neiai a?ae?a?a? noi?ia?aeio ?ieue ?
neoaeeoue aeey aiae?co oiaeo niinoa?aaeiiy oa eiai ?acoeueoao?a. Aaeeeo
aeeaeaeoe/io oe?ii?noue ia? aeaiiino?aoe?y ?aaeueieo i?aaeiao?a, yaeu
aai i?ioean?a, ui i?io?eathoue o i?e?iaeieo oiiaao (niinoa?aaeaiiy ca
iiaiaeith) , aeaiiino?aoe?y iaoo?aeueieo i?aaeiao?a o ?iaeaiiio
na?aaeiaeu? (aeine?aee a oe?eueiee oaieeoe?), aeaiiino?aoe?y ooo/ieo
ia’?eo?a o i?e?iaeiiio na?aaeiaeu?.

?ethno?aoe?y ia?aaeaa/a? iieac ? ni?eeiaiiy i?aaeiao?a, i?ioean?a ?
yaeu o ?o neiaie?/iiio cia?aaeaii? ca aeiiiiiaith ea?o, ieaeao?a,
ii?o?ao?a, oioia?ao?e, iaethie?a, noai, ?ai?iaeoeoe?e oiui. Iaoiaee
aeaiiino?aoe?e oa ?ethno?aoe?? aeei?enoiaothoueny o aca?iica’yceo: yeui
aeei?enoiao?oueny aeaiiino?aoe?y; yeui ae iaiao?aeii ona?aeiieoe nooue
yaeua, aeei?enoiaothoue ?ethno?aoe?th. ?acoeueoaoeai?noue ?ethno?aoe??
caeaaeeoue a?ae iaoiaeeee iieaco. Aaeeea e?euee?noue ?ethno?aoe?e
a?aeaie?ea? o/i?a a?ae c’ynoaaiiy noo? yaeu, ui aea/athoueny. A ie?aieo
aeiaaeeao aeioe?eueii aeei?enoiaoaaoe ?icaeaoeiaee iaoa??ae. O no/ani?e
oeie? aeey caaacia/aiiy ye?nii? ?ethno?aoe?? aeei?enoiaothoueny ae?aii?
oaoi?/i? caniae.

I?aeoe/i? iaoiaee: ai?aae, eaai?aoi?iee iaoiae, iaa/aeueia i?aoey.

Nooue iaoiaeo ai?aae iieyaa? a oiio, ui o/i? aeeiiothoue aaaaoi?acia?
ae??, oiaoi o?aiothoueny o canoinoaaii? canai?iiai iaoa??aeo ia
i?aeoeoe?. Oeei oeyoii aiie iiaeeaeththoue nai? ciaiiy, oi?iothoue
a?aeiia?aei? oi?iiy ? iaae/ee, ?icaeaathoue nai? ieneaiiy ? oai?/?
cae?aiino?.

Na?aae ai?aa aeae?eythoue:

a) oni? ai?aae, ye? ni?eythoue iaieiae?iiy oaoi?eith ? eoeueoo?ith
/eoaiiy, oniiai ?aooaaiiy, ?iciia?ae?, eia?/iiai aeeeaaeo ciaiue oiui;

a) ienueiia? ai?aae – ?ica’ycoaaiiy caaea/, aeeeoaioe, oai?e oa ?i.;

a) eaai?aoi?ii-i?aeoe/i? ai?aae, ye? ni?eythoue iaieiae?iith iaae/eaie
ei?enooaaiiy cia?yaeaeyie i?aoe?;

a) ae?iaie/i-o?oaeia? ai?aae, ui neeaaeathoue nenoaio niaoe?aeueii
?ic?iaeaieo o?oaeiaeo ae?e iaa/aeueiiai oa ae?iaie/iai oa?aeoa?o.

Aoaeoeai?noue ai?aa caeaaeeoue a?ae na?aeiii? ni?yiiaaiino? o/iy ia
i?aeaeuaiiy yeino? ae?yeueiino?; ciaiiy i?aaee aeeiiaiiy ae?e;
na?aeiiiai a?aooaaiiy ? eiio?iethaaiiy oiia, o yeeo aiie aeeiiothoueny;
iae?eo iaea?aeaieo ?acoeueoao?a, ?iciiae?eo iiaoi?aiue o /an?.

Eaai?aoi?iee iaoiae /ano?oa aeei?enoiao?oueny o noa?oeo eeanao.

Nooue iaoiaeo iaa/aeueii? i?aoe? iieyaa? o canoinoaaii? io?eiaieo
ciaiue i?e ae??oaii? i?aeoe/ieo caaaeaiue, a oi?ii? aeei?enoioaoaaoe
oai??th ia i?aeoeoe?. A?i ni?ey? iiaeeaeaiith ciaiue, oi?iue,
noeioethaaiith i?ciaaaeueii? ae?yeueiino?, aeicaiey? i?iaanoe eiio?ieue
? ei?aeoe?th. Ia i?aeoe/ieo caiyooyo i?ciaaaeueia ae?yeuei?noue o/i?a
iiaeiia i?ieoe i’youe aoai?a:

1. Iiyniaiiy o/ioaey; nie?ath/enue ia canai?i? o/iyie oai?aoe/i? ciaiiy,
a?i iiynith? ?i iaoo ? caaaeaiiy i?aeoe/ii? ?iaioe, yea aoaea
i?iaaeeoeny.

2. Iieac; ?ino?oeoaae o/eoaey uiaei aeeiiaiiy iaaii? ae??.

3. I?iaa; aeeiiaiiy ?iaioe ie?aieie o/iyie, niinoa?aaeaiiy ? aeiiiiiaa
?ioei i?ae ea??aieoeoaii o/eoaey.

4. Aeeiiaiiy ?iaioe; naiino?eia aeeiiaiiy ?iaioe an?ia o/iyie. Aeiiiiiaa
a/eoaey oei o/iyi, ye? iiaaii ni?aaeythoueny ?c caaaeaiiyi.

5. Eiio?ieue; ioe?iea ?iaioe o/i?a: yeino? aeeiiaiiy, aa?aaeeeaiai
noaaeaiiy aei iaoa??ae?a, /ano, oaeaeeino? e i?aaeeueiiai aeeiiaiiy
caaaeaiue.

Iaa/aeueia i?aoey oi?io? a o/i?a oi?iiy i?aai?ciaoaaoe o?oaeiaee
i?ioean: inienethaaoe oe?e? iaeaooiuei? ?iaioe; aecia/eoe caaaeaiiy oa
oiiae ?o ae??oaiiy; neeaaeaoe ieai, i?ia?aio, a?ao?e aeeiiaiiy ?iaioe;
aiooaaoe iaoa??aee e ?ino?oiaioe, cae?enithaaoe naiieiio?ieue,
naiiioe?ieo yeino? aeeiiaiiy ?iaioe, aiineoe ei?aeoe?th. Iaoiae e?aua
?ioeo aeiiiiaaa? i?ea/eoe o/i?a aei aeia?inia?niiai aeeiiaiiy caaaeaiue,
ni?ey? oi?ioaaiith oaeeo yeinoae, ye iuaaeeea?oue, oacyeiiaeo?noue oiui.

?iaioa c eieaith ? iaeiei c iaeaaaeeea?oeo iaoiae?a iaa/aiiy. Aieiaia
ia?aaaaa iaoiaeo a oiio, ui o/aiue ia? iiaeeea?noue aaaaoi?aciai
ia?iaeoe iaa/aeueio ?ioi?iaoe?th a aeinooiiiio aeey iueiai oaii? oa a
c?o/iee /an. O/i? i?e oeueiio aaaaoi o/aoueny a?eueii /eoaoe ? ?icoi?oe
i?i/eoaia, oi?oe aeae?eyoe aieiaia o aeo/oaaiiio iaoa??ae?, aanoe
caiene, neeaaeaoe no?oeoo?i? ? eia?/i? noaie.

Iaoith naiino?eii? ?iaioe c eieaith iiaea aooe iciaeiieaiiy c ??
no?oeoo?ith, oaeaeeee ia?aaeyae, /eoaiiy ie?aieo ?icae?e?a, iiooe
a?aeiia?aeae ia iaai? ieoaiiy, aea/aiiy iaoa??aeo, ?aoa?oaaiiy aeayeeo
o?eae?a oaenoo aai an??? eieae, ae??oaiiy i?eeeaae?a ? caaea/, aeeiiaiiy
eiio?ieueieo oano?a, cao/oaaiiy iaoa??aeo iaiai’youe.

Iaeiioe?ai?oeie ? aeaa aeaee ?iaioe c eieaith: ia o?ioe? (i?ae
ea??aieoeoaii o/eoaey) ? aaeiia (naiino?eii), c iaoith cae??ieaiiy ?
?icoe?aiiy io?eiaieo ia o?ioe? ciaiue.

?iaioa c i?ae?o/ieeii ia o?ioe? aea? iaa/aeueiee aoaeo, yeui o/eoaeue
aeio?eio?oueny oaeeo i?aaee:

1) i?aaeeueii iae?a? iaoa??ae (oaie) aeey naiino?eiiai aea/aiiy ca
i?ae?o/ieeii, nie?ath/enue ia i?eioeei aeinooiiino?;

2) ia?aae naiino?eiith ?iaioith o/i?a c i?ae?o/ieeii i?iaiaeeoue
a?oioiaio anooiio aan?aeo, a ye?e aecia/a? oaio, caaaeueiee ci?no
iaoa??aeo, aeae?ey? ieoaiiy aeey canai?iiy, aea? eiie?aoi? ii?aaee uiaei
ii?yaeeo naiino?eii? ?iaioe ? naiieiio?ieth;

3) niinoa??aa? ca oiaeii naiino?eii? ?iaioe, aeiiiiaaa? ie?aiei o/iyi
?ic?a?aoeny a o?oaeiiuao;

4) i?eae?ey? na?eicio oaaao ae?iaeaiith a oeiey??a oi?iiy naiino?eii
inienethaaoe ? canaithaaoe iiaee iaoa??ae ca i?ae?o/ieeii;

5) aeey a?eueo aaeoieeaiai inieneaiiy aeei?enoiao? ia?aae naiino?eiith
?iaioith aeaiiino?aoe?th aeine?ae?a, iai/ieo iin?aiee?a, noai?th?
i?iaeaii? neooaoe?? oiui;

6) ?iaioo c i?ae?o/ieeii ii?aeio? ia o?ioe? c ?ioeie oi?iaie ? iaoiaeaie
iaa/aiiy: ia?aa??eith yeino? canai?iiy iaoa??aeo, yeee aea/aany, ai?aae,
iia’ycaieie c ae?iaeaiiyi oi?iue oa iaae/ie ? iiaeaeueoei iiaeeaeaiiyi
ciaiue o/i?a.

?iaioa o/i?a iaae oaenoii aaeiia ?icii/eia?oueny c a?aeoai?aiiy o
iai’yo? ciaiue, io?eiaieo ia o?ioe?.

Ianooiiee aoai – neioacoaaiiy iaa/aeueiiai iaoa??aeo, canai?iiai ia
o?ioe?, c oaenoii i?ae?o/ieea. Aeae? ae?iaeaiiy onoaiiaee ia
caiai’yoiaoaaiiy: neeaaeaiiy ieaio i?i/eoaiiai, oac, o?enaoe?y iniiaieo
iieiaeaiue o aeaeyae? no?oeoo?ii-eia?/ii? noaie.

Iaa/aiiy ?iaioe c eieaith ia?aaeaa/a? oi?ioaaiiy a o/i?a iaae/ie
naiieiio?ieth.

O ca’yceo c ?ioaineaiei i?iieeiaiiyi o oe?eueio i?aeoeeo iiaeo aeaea?ae
ae?aiii? ia?aaea/? ?ioi?iaoe?? – eiaeineii?a, i?iaeoi??a, e?iiaia?ao?a,
iaa/aeueiiai oaeaaa/aiiy, a?aeaii?ia?aaa/?a, a?aeaiiaai?oioii?a, a
oaeiae eiii’thoa??a c aeenieaeiei a?aeia?aaeaiiyi ?ioi?iaoe?? c’yaeany
ie?aiee iaoiae iaa/aiiy – a?aeaiiaoiae. A?i aaco?oueny ia?aaaaeii ia
iai/iiio ni?eeiaii? ?ioi?iaoe??, yea aoaeo/e aeinooiiith, eaaoa ?
oaeaeoa canaith?oueny. I?ioa e?iiae?ai ? oaeaa?ci? neaaei noeioeththoue
?icaeoie aano?aeoiiiai ieneaiiy, oai?/ino? oa naiino?eiino?.

A?aeaiiaoiae aeiaaa? /?oei?, i?iaeoiaii?, aeioe?eueii? i?aai?caoe??
iaa/aeueiiai i?ioeano; yeino? a?aeaiiin?aiee?a ? oaoi?/ieo cania?a.
O/eoaeue iiaeiai oi?oe caeo/aoe o/i?a aei eiea i?iaeai, ui aea/athoueny,
ni?yioaaoe ?o ae?yeuei?onue, ?iaeoe ocaaaeueithth/? aeniiaee.

Ae?oaa i?aea?oia – ca eia?eith ia?aaea/? ? ni?eeiaiiy iaa/aeueii?
?ioi?iaoe?? (N.A.Oaiiaaeaiei) iaoiaee iiae?eythoueny ia ?iaeoeoeai? oa
aeaaeoeoeai?.

Iiiyooy “?iaeoeoe?y” ( a?ae eao. inductio – caaaeaiiy) – oi?ia
oiiaeaiaeo, aea ia i?aenoaa? ciaiiy i?i ie?aia ?iaeoueny aeniiaie i?i
caaaeueia.

?iaeoeoeaiee iaoiae iaa/aiiy caaacia/o? ia?ao?ae a?ae iaeeie/iiai aei
caaaeueiiai aeniiaeo ia iniia? ciaiiy i?i i?aaeiaoe aeaiiai eeano. I?e
aeei?enoaii? ?iaeoeoeaiiai iaoiaeo iaa/aiiy ae?yeuei?noue a/eoaey ?
o/i?a cae?enith?oueny oae:

O/eoaeue O/i?

1-e aa??aio

Aeeeaaea? ? iiynith? oaeoe, iaaiaeeoue eiie?aoi? i?eeeaaee, aeaiiino?o?
aeine?aee, iai/i? iin?aieee, caaea? ai?aae, i?aeaiaey/e iinooiiai o/i?a
aei ocaaaeueiaiiy, aeaaaeaiiy i?aaee, caeii?a, iiaeo iiiyoue.

2-e aa??aio

Noaaeoue ia?aae o/iyie i?iaeaiio neooaoe?th, yea iio?aao? a?ae ieo
naiino?eieo ?ici??eiaoaaiue, ui aaaeooue ?o a?ae /anoeiaeo iieiaeaiue
aei ocaaaeueiaiiy, aeniiae?a. 1-e aa??aio

Nii/aoeo canaiththoue /anoeia? oaeoe, iio?i ?iaeyoue aeniiaee ?
ocaaaeueiaiiy iaoa??aeo.

2-e aa??aio

Naiino?eii ?ici??eiaothoue iaae oaeoaie ? ?iaeyoue aeinooii?
aeniiaee-ocaaaeueiaiiy

Aeinoi?inoaii ?iaeoeoeaiiai iaoiaeo iaa/aiiy ? oa, ui aeniiaee,
iaea?aeai? aiane?aeie aaciina?aaeiueiai ca’yceo c oaeoaie, ?
ia?aeiieeaeie, aeieaciaeie, aeinooiieie ? c?icoi?eeie. ?iaeoeoeaiee
iaoiae a/eoue o/i?a aeyaeyoe i?e/eiii-iane?aeeia? caeaaeiino?, aenoaaoe
i?iaeaie ? aeieaoe noia?a/iino?, ui aeieeathoue o i?ioean? ae??oaiiy
i?iaeaie, oiaoi ni?ey? ?icaeoeo ?oiueiai oai?/iai ieneaiiy.

Neaae?noth ?iaeoeoeaiiai iaoiaeo ? oa, ui a?i aeiaaa? a?eueoiai /ano ia
aea/aiiy iiaiai iaoa??aeo, i?ae aeaaeoeoeaiee. A oea ia??aeei
i?ecaiaeeoue aei ia?aaaioaaeaiiy o/i?a.

E??i oeueiai, a?i iaioith i??ith ni?ey? ?icaeoeo aano?aeoiiai ieneaiiy,
ai nie?a?oueny ia eiieo?aoi? oaeoe, iineeaiiy oa ?io? aeai?.

Aeaaeoeoe?y (a?ae eao. deductio – aeaaaeaiiy) ia?ao?ae a?ae caaaeueiiai
aei ie?aiiai. Ia i?ioeaaao ?iaeoeoe?? aeaaeoeoeaiee iaoiae aea/aiiy
iaa/aeueiiai iaoa??aeo caaacia/o? ia?ao?ae a?ae caaaeueiiai aei
iaeeie/iiai. Noaia ae?e o/eoaey ? o/i?a aeaeyaea? oae:

O/eoaeue O/i?

Nii/aeoo iia?aeiiey? caaaeueia iieiaeaiiy, oi?ioeo, caeii, a caiaeii –
iinooiiai ii/eia? i?aee??iethaaoe ?o eiie?aoieie i?eeeaaeaie, iaaiaeeoe
/anoeia? aeiaaeee, eiie?aoi? caaea/?. Ni?eeiathoue caaaeuei? iieiaeaiiy,
oi?ioee, caeiie, a iio?i canaiththoue aeniiaee, i?eaeoiothoue nai?
i?eeeaaee.

Aeaaeoeoieaiee iaoiae caaacia/o? nenoaiaoe/iee ? no?oieee aeeeaae
iaa/aeueiiai iaoa??aeo, o?niee aca?iica’ycie aeaiaio?a ciaiiy a eiai
nenoai?: oi?iiy aeaiaeeoe iaei? ciaiiy c ?ioeo, ca’ycoaaoe ?o,
aano?aaoth/enue a?ae eiie?aoiiai ci?noo, canoiniaoaaoe caeiaoo? ciaiiy a
aeeoo?a?e i?aeoeoe?. Iaoiae ca?eueiy? iaa/aeueiee i?ioean a?ae
iaaei??ii? oaeoieia??, aaeeei? e?eueeino? i?eeeaae?a, oiaoi ? iaaaaaoi
aeiiiii?oei ca ?iaeoeoeaiee.

Neaae?noth iaoiaeo ? iaaeinoaoiy ia?aeiieea?noue. A?i ia a/eoue noaaeoe
i?iaeaie, noai?thaaoe i?iaeaii? neooaoe??, ia iaoe?eth? o/i?a ia
ae??oaiiy noia?a/iinoae, ioaea, neaai ni?ey? ?icaeoeo oai?/iai ieneaiiy
o/i?a. Ca oiiae iai?aaeeueiiai canoinoaaiiy aeaaeoeoeaiee iaoiae
noaiaoeco? ? ni?iuo? iaa/aeueii-i?ciaaaeueiee i?ioean, caa?iaeo?
ae?iaeaiiyi a o/i?a cae/ee aei aeiaiaoe/ieo iieiaeaiue. Oiio a?ia?o?io?y
aeaaeoeoe??, oae naii ye ? ?iaeoeoe??, o iaaeaaia?oe? iaaeiionoeia.

O?aoy i?aea?oia – eeaneo?eaoe?y iaoiae?a ca ?aaiai naiino?eiino?
(iai?oaeaiino?) i?ciaaaeueii? ae?yeueiino?, yeiai aeinyaathoue o/i?,
i?aoethth/e ca noaiith iaa/aiiy, cai?iiiiiaaiith o/eoaeai ( I.I.Neioe?i.
?.ss.Ea?ia?). Iaoiaee: ?ai?iaeoeoeaiee, i?iaeaiiee, /anoeiai-iiooeiaee,
aeine?aeieoeueeee.

?ai?iaeoaeeoeaiee ( ?a + eao. productio – a?aeoai?aiiy) – a?aeoai?aiiy
aioiaeo c?ace?a. ?ai?iaeoeoeaiee iaoiae ia? oae? iciaee: 1) ciaiiy o/iyi
i?iiiiothoueny a “aioiaiio aeaeyae?; 2) o/eoaeue ia o?eueee iia?aeiiey?
ciaiiy, a e iiynith? ?o;

3) o/i? na?aeiii canaiththoueny ciaiiy, ?icoi?thoue ?o ?
caiai’yoiaothoue; e?eoa???i canai?iiy ? i?aaeeueia a?aeoai?aiiy
(?ai?iaeoeoe?y) ciaiue; 4) i?oei?noue canai?iiy caaacia/o?oueny oeyoii
aaaaoi?aciaiai iiaoi?aiiy ciaiue.

Aeinoi?inoaii aeaiiai iaoiaeo ? aeiiii?i?noue. A?i caaacia/o?
iiaeeea?noue ia?aaea/? cia/iiai ianyao ciaiue, oi?iue ca ei?ioeee /an ?
c iaaaeeeeie aeo?aoaie coneeue. Neaae?noth ? iecueeee ??aaiue
ieneaii?ai? aeoeaiino?. I?ciaaaeueia ae?yeuei?noue, aeoea?ciaaia
o/eoaeai, i?ecaiaeeoue eeoa aei caiai’yoiaoaaiiy aioiaeo ciaiue ?
ianooiiiai ?o aaciina?aaeiueiai a?aeoai?aiiy, yea iiaea aooe ?
iaona?aeiieaiei. I?ioa ?ai?iaeoeoeaia ae?yeuei?noue ia?aaeo? oai?/?e,
oiio ?aii?oaaoe ?? o iaa/aii? ia ne?ae, ye ? ia ne?ae caiaaeoi
caoiiethaaoeny iath. ?ai?iaeoeoeaiee iaoiae iiaeiai ii?aeioaaoeny c
?ioeie iaoiaeaie.

Iaoiae i?iaeaiiiai aeeeaaeo ciaiue ? ia?ao?aeiei a?ae aeeiiaa/i? aei
oai?/i? ae?yeueiino?. Iaoiae ia? oae? iciaee:

1. O/eoaeue iieaco? oeyo aeine?aeaeaiiy i?iaeaie. ?ice?eaath/e ??
ae??oaiiy c ii/aoeo aei e?ioey.

2. O/i?, niinoa??aath/e ca oiaeii i??eoaaiue, iaea?aeothoue i?eeeaae
ae??oaiiy i?ciaaaeueieo o?oaeiiu?a.

3. O/eoaeue caaino?th? noia?a/iino? i?ae ?ai?oa caeiaooeie ciaiiyie ?
iiaeie oaeoaie, i?ioeanaie, ye? o/i? niinoa??aathoue.

4. O/aiue ia a ciic? iiynieoe oe? oaeoe, i?ioeane /a?ac iaaeinoa/o
iayaieo o iueiai ciaiue. Aeieea? i?iaeaia a iiaeo ciaiiyo, yeo a?i
i?aaia caaeiaieueieoe.

5. O/aiue aeei?enoiao? niiniae ae??oaiiy i?iaeai o aeani?e iiooeia?e
?iaio?, i?iyaeyth/e i?e oeueiio aeoiai?noue ? naiino?ei?noue aeanii?
aeoiee a iaaeao oi?iaeueii-eia?/iiai ieneaiiy.

*anoeiai-iiooeiaee (aa?enoe/iee) iaoiae ia? oae? oa?aeoa?i? iciaee:

1. Ciaiiy o/iyi ia i?iiiiothoueny a “aioiaiio” aeaeyae?, ?o iio??aii
caeiaoaaoe naiino?eii.

2. O/eoaeue i?aai?ciao? ia iia?aeiieaiiy /e aeeeaae iiaeo ciaiue, a
iiooe ?o ca aeiiiiiaith ??ciiiai?oieo cania?a.

3. O/i? i?ae ea??aieoeoaii o/eoaey naiino?eii ieneyoue, ae??oothoue
i?ciaaaeuei? caaaeaiiy, ye? aeieeathoue, noai?ththoue ? ae??oothoue
i?iaeaii? neooaoe??, aiae?cothoue, ii??aiththoue, ocaaaeueiththoue,
?iaeyoue aeniiaee ? o.ae., a ?acoeueoao? /iai o ieo oi?iothoueny
ona?aeiieai? i?oei? ciaiiy.

Ioaea, iaa/aeueia ae?yeuei?noue ?icaeaa?oueny ca noaiith:
o/eoaeue-o/i?-o/eoaeue- o/i? ? o.ae. *anoeio ciaiue iia?aeiiey?
o/eoaeue, /anoeio o/i? caeiaoaathoue naiino?eii. A?aeiia?aeath/e ia
iinoaaeai? ieoaiiy /e ae??ooth/e i?iaeaii? caaaeaiiy. Ca?aene iaoiae
iaea?aeaa iacao /anoeiai-iiooeiaiai.

Aeine?aeieoeueeee iaoiae caiaeeoueny aei oiai, ui:

1. O/eoaeue ?acii c o/iyie oi?io? i?iaeaio, ae??oaiith yei?
i?enay/o?oueny i?ii?aeie iaa/aeueiiai /ano.

2. Ciaiiy o/iyi ia iia?aeiieythoueny. O/i? naiino?eii caeiaoaathoue ?o o
i?ioean? ae??oaiiy i?iaeaie, ii??aiyiiy ??cieo aa??aio?a a?aeiia?aeae.
Caniae aeey aeinyaiaiiy ?acoeueoao?a oaeiae aecia/athoue nai? o/i?.

3. Ae?yeuei?noue o/eoaey caiaeeoueny aei iia?aoeaiiai oi?aae?iiy
i?ioeanii ae??oaiiy i?iaeaiieo caaaeaiue.

4. Iaa/aeueiee i?ioean oa?aeoa?eco?oueny aenieith ?ioaineai?noth, o/?iiy
noi?iaiaeaeo?oueny i?aeaeuaiei ?ioa?anii, iaea?aeai? ciaiiy
ae??ciythoueny aeeaeiith, i?oei?noth, ae??a?noth.

Aeinoi?inoai iaoiaeo – oai?/a caeiaoooy ciaiue. Iaaeie?ee – cia/i?
aeo?aoe /ano oa aia?a?? o/eoae?a oa o/i?a.

Iaoiaee noeioethaaiiy ? iioeaaoe?? o/?iiy oaae ae?eyoueny ia i?aea?oie.

Ia?oa i?aea?oia – iaoiaee noeioethaaiiy ?ioa?ano aei iaa/aiiy.

Aeine?aeaeaiiy ineoieia?a na?ae/aoue, ui ?ioa?an, ye oaeoi?, ui
noeioeth? ae?yeuei?noue, o an?o eiai aeaeao ? ia an?o aoaiao ?icaeoeo
iaia’yceiai oa?aeoa?eco?oueny: 1) iiceoeaiith aiioe??th uiaei
ae?yeueiino? (“y ethaeth oeth i?aoeth”), 2) iayai?noue i?ciaaaeueii?
noi?iie oe??? aiioe?? (“iai? oe?eaai i?aoethaaoe”); 3) iayai?noth
aaciina?aaeiueiai iioeao, yeee aeieeaa? ?c naii? ae?yeueiino?. Ca?aene
i/aaeaeii, ui a i?ioean? iaa/aiiy aaaeeeai caaacia/eoe aeieeiaiiy
iiceoeaieo aiioe?e uiaei iaa/aeueii? ae?yeueiino?, eiai ci?noo, oi?i ?
iaoiae?a ?aae?caoe??. Aiioe?eiee noai ethaeeie caaaeaee iia’ycaiee c
iiaeeaii, ni?a/oooyi, ?aae?noth, ai?aii. Oiio aaaeeeai aei i?ioean?a
ni?eeiaiiy, inieneaiiy, caiai’yoiaoaaiiy i?aeeeth/eoe aeeaie? aioo??oi?
ia?aaeeaaiiy iniaenoino?.

Aeey ae??oaiiy oeueiai caaaeaiiy o/eoae? canoiniaothoue ??ci? i?eeiie:
noai?aiiy neooaoe?? iiaecie, aeooaeueiino?, ii?aeueiiai ia?aaeeaaiiy,
oe?eaaino?, iiaeeao, ia?aciino? oa ?i. Aiie ? ia?oei e?ieii aei
oi?ioaaiiy i?ciaaaeueiiai ?ioa?ano. Ae?oaei e?ieii ? niaoe?aeuei?
iaoiaee.

I?ciaaaeuei? (aeeaeaeoe/i?) ?a?e – oea niaoe?aeueii noai?ai? neooaoe??,
ye? iiaeaeththoue ?aaeuei?noue, c yei? o/iyi i?iiiio?oueny ciaeoe
aeo?ae. I?ciaaaeueiee ?ioa?an io?eio?oueny caaaeyee a??, a ye?e o/aiue
aenooia? aeoeaiei o/anieeii.

Iaoiae i?ciaaaeueieo ?ai? canoiniaoaaany ua a noa?iaeaai?o i?aeoe/ieo
nenoaiao. Aei iueiai iiaa?ioeeny a na?aaeei? 80-o ?ie?a, eiee a oeieo
ii/aee i?iieeaoe AII, ye? aeicaieythoue iiaeaethaaoe neeaaei? neooaoe??.
Iaa/aeuei? ?a?ia? i?ia?aie a eiiieaen? c oaoi?/ieie caniaaie ae??oothoue
i?iaaie:

1) caoaeaeaiiy ? i?aeo?eiee ?ioa?ano aei iaa/aiiy;

2) caeiaoaaiiy ciaiue ca ?aooiie aeanieo coneeue a i?ioean?
caoiiethth/iai ciaaaiiy c iaoeiith;

3) iia?aoeaiiai eiio?ieth ? ei?aeoe?? yeino? iaa/aiiy.

A?naiae ?ai? aaeeeee – ??ciiiai?oi? iaoaiaoe/i?, e?iaa?noe/i? ?a?e,
?a?e-iaiae?oaaiiy, ?a?e oeio aeaeo?iiieo a?eoi?ei, ?a?e c oaiaoe/ieie
iaai?aie “THiee o?i?e”, “Eiino?oeoi?”, “Oi?eaoeue” oa ?i.

Iaa/aeueia aeeneon?y iinooiiai aoiaeeoue a i?aeoeeo iaoi? oeiee. O
iaa/aeueieo caeeaaeao cao?aeiiai na?oo aiia aeaaii e oni?oii caaacia/o?
oi?io? ?acoeueoaoe oai, aea ?io? iaoiaee aeyaeythoueny iaio aoaeoeaieie.
Nooue aeaiiai iaoiaeo iieyaa? a iai?i? iiaeyaeaie c eiie?aoii? i?iaeaie,
noai?aii? neooaoe?? i?ciaaaeueiiai nii?o. Aeey oaeiai nii?o
aeei?enoiaothoueny oaeoe ai?ioueae ??cieo iaoeiaeo oi/ie ci?o c o??? /e
?ioi? i?iaeaie. Iai?eeeaae, o/i? aeneiaeththoue ??ci? aeoiee uiaei
i?e/ei ci?ie ee?iaoo ia Caie?, ??ci? eiioeaioe?? iioiaeaeaiiy ethaeeie ?
iiae. Neooaoe?y i?ioeeaaeieo aeoiie, iaoeiai? noia?a/ee ieiiaie?
i?eaa?oa? ?oith oaaao aei oaie. Ia oe?e iniia? aeieea? a?eueoee ?ioa?an
ye aei oaie, oae ? aei i?ia?ano o/?iiy. E??i oiai, ca aeiiiiiaith
aeeneon?? o/i? iaaoaathoue iiaeo ciaiue, a/aoueny ?o a?aenoithaaoe,
noaa?aeaeothoueny o aeani?e aeoioe?. Aaaeeeaith oiiaith aoaeoeaiino?
iaa/aeueii? aeeneon?? ? iiia?aaeiuei ci?noiaia i?aeaioiaea, yea iieyaa?
a iaeiie/aii? iaiao?aeieo ciaiue c oaie aeeneon??, a oaeiae oi?iaeueia
i?aeaioiaea – o oi?i? aeeeaaeo oeeo ciaiue. Aac oeueiai aeeneon?y noa?
aaci?aaeiaoiith, aacci?noiaiith, caieooaiith ? noia?a/eeaith. Aeeneon?th
canoiniaothoue i?e aea/aii? an?o iaa/aeueieo aeenoeeie?i, ii/eiath/e c
oeiee ae?oaiai nooiaiy, a iiaiiai ianyao ?? aeei?enoaiiy aeinyaathoue o
noa?oeo eeanao. O/i?a a/aoue ienoaoeoao aaaeaiiy aeeneon??.

Ae?oaa i?aea?oia – iaoiaee noeioethaaiiy iaia’yceo ?
a?aeiia?aeaeueiino?: ?ic’yniaiiy cia/eiino? o/?iiy, i?aae’yaeaiiy
iaa/aeueieo aeiia, caioi/aiiy ? iiea?aiiy a o/?ii?.

?ic’yniaiiy cia/eiino? o/?iiy – iaoiae noeioethaaiiy
iaa/aeueii-i?ciaaaeueii? ae?yeueiino? o/i?a c iaoith ?ic’yniaiiy oe?eae,
ye iniaenoeo, oae ? noni?eueieo, Iniaeeai aaaeei oi?ioaaoe a o/i?a
cia/ei?noue oni?oiiai iaa/aiiy c on?o i?aaeiao?a, iaaeeaeaieo aei
i?io?eth iaeaooiuei? niaoe?aeueiino?, oi cia/aiiy canai?iiy ?ioeo
i?aaeiao?a ?o iaiao?aeii ?ic’ynithaaoe. I?e oeueiio ne?ae ia?aeiiaoe, ui
a aeaiie?aoe/i?e Oe?a?i? eoeueoo?iee e?oaic?? noa? aaaeeeaith oiiaith
o?ce/iiai oa ineo?/iiai caei?ia’y, i???ioaoe?? a iaoe?iiaeueieo ?
caaaeueiiethaenueeeo oe?iiinoyo, eoeueoo?e ni?eeoaaiiy, aioiaiino? aei
i?aoe? a oiiaao ?eieo. Iniaeeai aaaeeeai ?ic’ynieoe noa?oieeanieeai
?ieue iiaiioe?iii? ina?oe a iaoe?iiaeueiiio a?ae?iaeaeaii?, noaiiaeaii?
aea?aeaaiino? oa aeaiie?aoecaoe?? noni?euenoaa a Oe?a?i?, a?aeoai?aii?
?ioaeaeooaeueiiai ? aeooiaiiai iioaioe?aeo ia?iaeo; ?ioaeaeooae?caoe??
i?aoe? a oe?eiio na?o?. Oea nooo?aee aeaiaio oi?ioaaiiy ?icoi?iiy
noni?eueii? cia/eiino? iaa/aeueii? i?aoe?. ?iciia?ae?, aan?aee, eaeoe??
a aeaiiio aeiaaeeo iaaoaathoue oa?aeoa?o iaoiae?a noeioethaaiiy
iaia’yceo a o/?ii?.

Iaoiae i?iae’yaeaiiy iaa/aeueieo aeiia aei o/i?a aecia/a?oueny
e?eoa??yie ioe?iee ciaiue c on?o i?aaeiao?a, i?aaeeaie aioo??oiueiai
?icii?yaeeo, Noaoooii oeiee. Ne?ae iaoe ia oaac?, ui iinoaiiaea
iaa/aeueieo aeiia iiaeiia ia?aeioaaoeny c iaoiaeaie i?ea/aiiy o/i?a aei
aeeiiaiiy iaa/aeueii? ?iaioe, iaa/aeueieo aeiia. A?aenooi?noue oaeeo
iaae/ie iiaea aeeeeeaoe a?aenoaaaiiy oeiey??a o iaa/aii?, ii?ooaiiy
aeenoeeie?ie, a ca ieie – iaaaoeaia noaaeaiiy aei
iaa/aeueii-i?ciaaaeueii? ae?yeueiino?.

Iaoiae caioi/aiiy o/i?a canoiniao?oueny c iaoith i?aeo?eiee ? ?icaeoeo
iiceoeaieo ia/ae o ?oi?e iiaaae?ioe?, iaa/aeuei?e ae?yeueiino?. Aieiaio
?ieue a?ae?a?a? ioe?iea o/iy ca oni?oe /e iaaeie?ee, aea /eiaei? aaae
iaaoaa? e onia noaaeaiiy /e inoae iaaeaaiaa. Canoinoaaiiy inoaeaeaiiy /e
?ioeo aeae?a iiea?aiiy ? aeiyoeii o oi?ioaaii? iioea?a o/?iiy ?
ianaiia?aae canoiniao?oueny o aeiooaieo neooaoe?yo.

Aieiaiith ooieoe??th iaoiae?a eiio?ieth ? naiieiio?ieth a iaa/aii? ?
eiio?ieueii-?aaoethaaeueia. Oea icia/a?, ui eiio?ieue ia iiaeiai
a?aeie?aiethaaoeny a?ae iaa/aeueiiai i?ioeano, a aooe eiiiiiaioii, yeee
aeeiio? iaa/aeuei?, aeoiai?, ?icaeaath/?, niiioeath/? ooieoe??.

Caeaaeii a?ae i?aai?caoe?? eiio?ieueieo c??c?a, aeaea?ae ?ioi?iaoe??,
niinia?a iaea?aeaiiy ? ia?iaee aeaieo oa ?i. a?aeie?aieththoue:

Iaoiae oniiai eiio?ieth – oniee eiio?ieue cae?enith?oueny oeyoii
?iaeea?aeoaeueiiai ? o?iioaeueiiai iieooaaiiy. I?e ?iaeea?aeoaeueiiio
iieooaaii? o/eoaeue noaaeoue ia?aae o/iai aeae?eueea caieoaiue, i?e
o?iioaeueiiio – na??th eia?/ii iia’ycaieo i?ae niaith ieoaiue ia?aae
on?i eeanii. I?aaeeuei?noue a?aeiia?aeae aecia/a?oueny o/eoaeai,
eiiaioo?oueny. Ca i?aenoieaie eiio?ieth aenoaaeythoueny ioe?iee.

Iaoiae ienueiiaiai eiio?ieth cae?enith?oueny ca aeiiiiiaith
eiio?ieueieo ?ia?o, oai??a, ia?aeac?a, aeeeoaio?a, ienueiiaeo cae?e?a ?
iiae.. ye? iiaeooue aooe ei?ioei/anieie (15-20 oa.) ? i?ioyaii onueiai
o?ieo. Ienueiiaee eiio?ieue a?ae??ciy?oueny oaeiae aeeaeiith
ae?aaiinoeee.

A iniia? iaoiaeo oanoiaiai eiio?ieth eaaeaoue oanoe – niaoe?aeuei?
caaaeaiiy, aeeiiaiiy (/e iaaeeiiaiiy ) yeeo na?ae/eoue i?i iayai?noue
(aai a?aenooi?noue) o oeiey??a iaaieo ciaiue, oi?iue.

Iaoiae naiieiio?ieth ia?aaeaa/a? oi?ioaaiiy a o/i?a oi?iiy naiino?eii
eiio?iethaaoe nooi?iue canai?iiy iaa/aeueiiai iaoa??aeo, ciaoiaeeoe
aeiiouai? iiieeee, iaoi/iino?, aecia/aoe niiniae e?ea?aeaoe?? aeyaeaieo
i?iaaeei.

?icaeyae iaa/aeueiiai i?ioeano ye ?aeeiiai oe?eiai iio?aao? aeae?eaiiy
ua iaei??? a?oie iaoiae?a – a?ia?ieo ( a?ae eao. binarius – iiaea?eiee,
oaeee, ui neeaaea?oueny c aeaio eiiiiiaio?a, /anoei oiui).

Oia?oa i?enooiea aei noai?aiiy a?ia?ii? eeaneo?eaoe?? iaoiae?a iaa/aiiy
a ae?oa?e iieiaei? 20-o ?ie?a A.I.I?ieaae/. A iniiao eeaneo?eaoe?? a?i
iieeaa ??ci? oeyoe iaieiae?iiy iaa/aeueiei iaoa??aeii (aeiaiaoe/iee,
?ethno?aoeaiee, aa?enoe/iee, aeine?aeieoeueeee) oa ??ci? oi?ie
i?aai?caoe?? iaa/aeueiiai i?ioeano (eean, eaai?aoi??y, ae?iaieoeoai,
aeneo?n?y) A ?acoeueoao? A.I.I?ieaae/ cai?iiiioaaa 12 iaoiae?a iaa/aiiy
(oi?i i?i?iaee iaoa??aeo): eeanii-aeiaiaoe/iee, eeanii-?ethno?aoeaiee,
eeanii-aa?anoe/iee, eaai?aoi?ii-?ethno?aoeaiee, eaai?aoi?ii-aa?enoe/iee,
eaai?aoi?ii-aeine?aeieoeueeee, aeneo?n?eii-?ethno?aoeaiee,
aeneo?n?eii-aeine?aeieoeueeee, ae?iaie/i-?ethno?aoeaiee,
ae?iaie/i-aa?enoe/iee, ae?iaie/i-aeine?aeieoeueeee.

O 40-o ?ieao A.?.?aeeia cai?iiiioaaa ?ic??ciyoe aeaa ?yaee iaoiae?a
iaa/aiiy i?e?iaeiciaanoao: 1 – a) neiaaniee (eieaeiee), a) iai/iee
(i?aaeiaoiee); a) iioi?iee (aeoeaii?ooiaee); 2 – a) ?ethno?aoeaiee, a)
aeine?aeieoeueeee.

O ?acoeueoao? ii?aeiaiiy iaoiae?a a?i aecia/ea:
iioi?ii-aeine?aeieoeueeee ? iioi?ii-?ethno?aoeaiee;
iai/ii-aeine?aeieoeueeee ? iai/ii-?ethno?aoeaiee;
neiaanii-aeine?aeieoeueeee ? neiaanii-?ethno?aoeaiee.

O 50-o ?ieao II.Aa?c?e?i oaeiae cai?iiiioaaa a?ia?io nenoaio iaoiae?a,
yea aaco?oueny ia ii?aeiaii? o?ueio iaoiae?a iaa/aiiy – neiaaniiai.
Iai/iiai ? i?aeoe/iiai oa aeaio eia?/ieo oeyo?a i?ciaiiy – ?iaeoeoeaiiai
? aeaaeoeoeaiiai. Ca Aa?c?e?iei iiaea aooe o?noue iaoiae?a iaa/aiiy:
neiaanii-?iaeoeoeaiee ? neiaanii-aeaaeoeoeaiee, iai/ii-?iaeoeoeaiee ?
iai/ii-aeaaeoeoeaiee, i?aeoe/ii-?iaeoeoeaiee ? i?aeoe/ii-aeaaeoeoeaiee.

A?o/eciyiee aeeaeaeo A.I.Aeaenthe aeaoaeueii iaa?oioiao? a?ia?io
eeaneo?eaoe?th iaoiae?a, a iniia? yei? eaaeaoue aea? iciaee: oa?aeoa? ?
??aaiue i?ciaaaeueii? naiino?eiino? oa aeoeaiino? o/i?a; aeaea?aea, c
yeeo o/i? iaaoaathoue ciaiue.

Eeaneo?eaoe?y aecia/a? /ioe?e ??ai? canoinoaaiiy iaoiae?a:

1) ia ?ioi?iaoe?eiiio ( aai aeiaiaoe/iiio ) ??ai? neiaania oi?ia iaaoaa?
a?ia?iiai oa?aeoa?o neiaanii-?ioi?iaoe?eiiai iaoiaeo;

2) ia i?iaeaiiiio ( aai aiae?oe/iiio) ??ai? neiaania oi?ia iaaoaa?
a?ia?iiai oa?aeoa?o neiaanii-i?iaeaiiiai iaoiaeo;

3) ia aa?enoe/iiio (iiooeiaiio) ??ai? neiaania oi?ia iaaoaa? a?ia?iiai
oa?aeoa?o neiaanii-aa?enoe/iiai iaoiaeo;

4) ia aeine?aeieoeueeiio ??ai? neiaania oi?ia iaaoaa? oa?aeoa?o
neiaanii-aeine?aeieoeueiai iaoiaeo.

Aiaeia?/iei oeyoii eeaneo?eothoueny a?ia?i? iaoiaee iai/ii? oi?ie (
iai/ii-?ioi?iaoe?eiee, iai/ii-i?iaeaiiee, iai/ii-i?aeoe/iee,
iai/ii-aa?enoe/iee, iai/ii-aeine?aeieoeueeee iaoiaee) oa i?aeoe/ii?
oi?ie (i?aeoe/ii-a?aenoe/iee ? i?aeoe/ii-i?iaeaiiee iaoiaee). Ia iacaaii
i?aeoe/ii-?ioi?iaoe?iiai iaoiaeo, i/aaeaeii, c i??eoaaiue, ui oaeiai
ia’?aeiaiiy oi?ie ? iaoiaeo ia aoaa?, iaoii?noue iaa?oioiao?oueny
i?aeoe/ii-aeine?aeieoeueeee iaoiae.

A?ia?ia eeaneo?eaoe?y ? iae?aaeuei?oith c on?o ?ioeo eeaneo?eaoe?e,
ine?eueee o/eoaeue ae?? eiiieaenii.

Neooaoe?eiee iaoiae – oea iaoiae, o aeai?? yeiai aieiaio ?ieue
a?ae?a?a? neooaoe?y. A?i canoiniao?oueny oiae?, eiee aeiaeai c a?aeiieo
?cieueiaaieo iaoiae?a ia aea? ciiae oaeaeei e aoaeoeaii aeinyaoe
iae?aneaieo caaaeaiue o iayaieo eiie?aoieo oiiaao. Ca neeaaeii
neooaoe?eiee iaoiae eiia?io?oueny c aaaaoueio oeyo?a ? niinia?a. O
iueiio ia?aie?oathoueny o?aaeeoe?ei? oa iia? oeyoe, niiniae, ?aea?.
Iaoiae aeicaiey? iae?aoe ianoaiaea?oi? ??oaiiy, oiio eiai e iaceaathoue
ianoaiaea?oiei oai?/ei. Aaaaeathoue, ui naia neooaoe?eiei iaoiaeii
aeinyaee cia/ieo oni?o?a o iaa/aii?, aeoiaaii? ? ?icaeoeo oeiey??a
a?aeii? iaaeaaiae-iiaaoi?e A.O.Oaoaeia, ?.I.?eue?i, I.I.Aoaecee,
?.I.Aieeia, N.I.Eenaieiaa oa ?i.

No?oeoo?a ? ci?no aeaiiai iaoiaeo ia noaa?euei?. Aiie ci?iththoueny ia
aeaniiio ?icoi?ii? iaaeaaia?/iiai i?ioeano. Eiai aa/aii? ? oiio ?
naiino?eiei ? oai?/ei aei?iaeii iaaeaaiaa.

2.3. Ii??aiyeueiee aiae?c ?aeiiaiaeiaaieo oa ?aaeueieo oi?i ? iaoiae?a
iaa/aiiy, ui aeei?enoiaothoueny a caaaeueiiina?oi?e oeie?.

Ne?ae cacia/eoe, ui ia an? i?aai?caoe?ei? oi?ie oa iaoiaee iaa/aiiy
aeei?enoiaothoueny a caaaeueiiina?oi?e oeie? ca iiaeaiei c?aceii.
A?eueo?noue c ieo canoiniaothoueny ?c iaaieie ci?iaie oa aeiiiaiaiiyie.

Iai?eeeaae, nenoaia o?ie?a, iienaieo aeua, a ?aaeuei?e iaaeaaia?i/?e
i?aeoeoe? aeiiiaith?oueny oe?eei ?yaeii ?ioeo oi?i i?aai?caoe??
iaa/aiiy. Aei ieo iiaeia a?aeianoe: aeneo?n??, aeine?aeieoeuee? a?oie,
eaai?aoi???, aeniaaeeoe??, ao?oee, eeoae, ie?ii?aaee, eiieo?ne,
aenoaaee, o?oaeia? iaoi?iaeuei? ia’?aeiaiiy, naeoe?? ?aoe?iiae?caoi??a,
thiiao?a, eiino?oeoi?nuee? ath?i, oeaoe ii aeaioiaeaiith iiaeaeae,
ia’?aeiaiiy ca ?ioa?anaie oa ?i. Ioa?aeoa?eco?ii aeaye? c ieo ?
iieaaeaii ?o ca’ycie ?c nenoaiith o?ie?a ca oaiith.

Aeneo?n?y – oea oaea oi?ia i?aai?caoe?? iaa/aiiy, yea ia’?aeio?
iaa/aeueiee i?ioean a oiee? c ?aaeueiei aeeooyi ? caaacia/o? o/iyi /a?ac
?o aaciina?aaei? niinoa?aaeaiiy ciaeiinoai c i?aaeiaoaie ? yaeuaie a ?o
i?e?iaeiueiio ioi/aii?. A nenoai? o?ie?a aeneo?n?y aeeiio? ?yae
aaaeeeaeo aeeaeaeoe/ieo ooieoe?e:

– ?aae?co? i?eioeei ii/iino? iaa/aiiy;

– i?aeaeuo? iaoeia?noue iaa/aiiy ? cae??ieth? eiai ca’ycie ?c aeeooyi,
i?aeoeeith;

– ?icoe?th? oaoiieia?/iee e?oaic?a o/i?a; ?i iaaea?oueny iiaeeea?noue
niinoa??aaoe ?aaeueia ae?iaieoeoai ? ciaeiieoeny c aeei?enoaiiyi
iaoeiaeo ciaiue a i?iieneiaiio ? n?euenueeiainiiaea?nueeiio
ae?iaieoeoa?;

– a?ae?a?athoue cia/io ?ieue o i?ioi???ioaoe?e ?iaio? oeiee.

A caeaaeiino? a?ae aeeaeaeoe/ii? iaoe aeneo?n?? aoaathoue: aa?aei? i?e
aea/aii? iiaiai iaoa??aeo; ye? noi?iaiaeaeothoue eiai aea/aiiy;
caeeth/i? i?e cae??ieaii? aea/aiiai.

*anoi aoaa? ? oae, ui iaeia aeneo?n?y iaeii/anii a nia? ii?aeio?
e?eueea iaa/aeueieo i?aaeiao?a. Oae? aeneo?n?? iaceaathoueny
eiiieaenieie. Ia oaeeo aeneo?n?yo o/i? io?eiothoue iiaeeea?noue
ciaeiieoeny ? aea/aoe ia’?eoe a ?o oe?e?niino?.

Aei oi?i i?aai?caoe?? iaa/aiiy, ye? aeiiiaiththoue o?ie, oaeiae
a?aeiinyoue ? eiinoeueoaoe??, oaeoeueoaoeae, ?iaeea?aeoaeuei? caiyooy c
o/iyie iica ?iceeaaeii o?ie?a, ?aiaoeoi?noai, a?oie ae??aithaaiiy.

Aeeaeaeoaie ?ic?iaeaii aeanyoee eeaneo?eaoe?e iaoiae?a iaa/aiiy.
O/eoaeth iio??ai? eeoa o?, ye? iiaiaeaeothoueny c i?aeoeeith iaa/aiiy ?
neoaothoue iniiaith aeey ?o aoaeoeaiino?.

Ciath/e a?naiae iaoiae?a iaa/aiiy, o/eoaeue, i?e?iaeii, ia?aaeeaa?
o?oaeiiu? o aeai?? iaoiae?a. O?oaeiiu? noiyoue ye ia?aae aea/aiiyi
onueiai eo?no a oe?eiio, oae ? ia?aae eiaeiei eiie?aoiei o?ieii.

O ineoieiai-iaaeaaia?/i?e e?oa?aoo?? aeae?eaii /eiaei i?e/ei, ye?
aieeaathoue ia aea?? iaoiae?a iaa/aiiy. Ia iniia? ?o ocaaaeueiaiiy
aeae?ey?oueny o?noue caaaeueieo oiia, ye? aecia/athoue aea?? iaoiaeo
iaa/aiiy:

1.Caeiiii??iino? oa i?eioeeie iaa/aiiy, ye? aeo?eathoue c ieo.

2. Ci?no ? iaoiaee iaaii? iaoee acaaae? oa i?aaeiaoa oaie cie?aia.

3. Oe?e? ? caaaeaiiy iaa/aiiy.

4. Iaa/aeuei? iiaeeeaino? o/i?a (a?eia?, ??aaiue i?aeaioiaee,
iniaeeaino? eeaniiai eieaeoeao).

5. Ciai?oi? oiiae (aaia?ao?/i?, ae?iaie/a ioi/aiiy) .

6. Iiaeeeaino? a/eoae?a (aeina?ae, ??aaiue i?aeaioiaee, ciaiiy oeiiaeo
neooaoe?e i?ioeano iaa/aiiy).

Iae?ath/e oie /e ?ioee iaoiae iaa/aiiy, o/eoaeth iaiao?aeii iaeii/anii
a?aoiaoaaoe aaaaoi caeaaeiinoae: iaoiaee, caaaeuei? oiiae, aeiaaeeia?
(iaa?aeii?) i?e/eie, aaee/eio ? ni?yiiaai?noue aieeao yeeo ia iiaeia
ia?aaeaa/eoe caa/anii. I?e ia?oiio iaaeeaeaii? aei i?iaeaie aeai?o
iaoiae?a inoaii?ie aeiaiaeeoueny ciaaaaeaoe, i?ioa ne?ae iai’yoaoe, ui
naia iayai?noth iaia?aaeaa/aieo i?e/ei coiiaeth?oueny iaae?ei?noue
i?iaiinoe/ieo aeniiae?a. Caaaeaiiy iioei?caoe?? iaoiae?a oi?ioeth?oueny
iaeiicia/ii: o eiie?aoieo oiiaao c aaaaoueio iaoiae?a ne?ae aeae?eeoe
o?, ye? caaacia/othoue iaeaeuo aoaeoeai?noue iaa/aiiy ca i?eeiyoeie
e?eoa??yie.

Oa?eaiia ?.O. Iaaeaaia?ea, 2-aa aeae., I. 1990, N.231-232.

Aeeaeaeoeea na?aaeiuei? oeiee i?ae ?aae. I.I.Neaoe?ia, 2-aa aeae. I.,
1982, N.223.

Iaoiooia I.?. No/ainee o?ie. I., 1985, N.49.

Ooeinueeee E.Ae. Oai?e a oanoe oiiao. – E.: ?aae. Oe., 1954. – o.1.

Aaaaineee TH.E. Iioeiecaoeey i?ioeanna iao/aiey. – I., 1977. – n.42.

Aaeoceinueeee A.I., ?aooo I.A. Iaaeiaia?ea: oai??y oa ?noi??y. – E.,
1995. – n.163-179.

Iaaeaaia?/ia aioeeeeiiaae?y. – I.: ?aaeyinueea aioeeeeiiaae?y, ?? o.,
1965.

Iaoiooia I.?. No/aniee o?ie: 2-aa aeae. I., 1985, n.44.

Iaaeaaia?/ia aioeeeeiiaae?y. – I.: ?aaeyinueea aioeeeeiiaae?y, ?? o,
1965.

Cioiai TH.A. I?aai?caoe?y no/aniiai o?ieo. – I., 1984.

Ee?eeia A.Ae. Oai??y ? i?aeoeea o?ieo a oiiaao ?icaeaath/iai iaa/aiiy.
– I., 1980.

Aeeaeaeoeea na?aaeiuei? oeiee: 2-aa aeae. – I., 1982. – n.230.

Iaoiooia I.?. No/aniee o?ie. – I., 1985. – N.92.

Iaoiooia I.?. No/aniee o?ie. – I.. 1985. – N.94.

Iaoiooia I.?. No/aniee o?ie. – I., 1985, ae. ???.

Iaaeaaia?ea: 2-aa aeae. – I., 1990. – n.245-266.

Iaaeaaiaeea / Iiae ?aae. THE.Aaaaineiai. – I., 1983. – N.188.

Iaaeaaiaeea / Iiae ?aae. TH.E.Aaaaineiai. – I., 1983. – N.188.

Auai? iaoiaeia iao/aiey a n?aaeiae oeiea / Iiae ?aae.
TH.E.Aaaaineueiai. – I., 1982. – n.35-36.

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