Iiooeiaa ?iaioa
C i?aaeiaoo “?ioaeoe?ei? oai?iae”
ia oaio:
“E?ea?? /aioe?. Aaai?o Ia/a?nueeee”
Ia i?ioyc? aaaaoueio noie?oue o?enoeyinoaa ia ?on? ieeina?aey, aeiiiiiaa
aeeaeiueiio aoee iaeiei c iaeaecia/i?oeo iiiaio?a a aeeoo? ianaeaiiy.
Nayo? Eicueia ? Aeai?ai, aaeeeiio/aiee ? oe?eeoaeue Iaioaeaeiii – oea
ethaee, ye? iaee aaeeeee Aiaeee aea? coe?ethaaoe ethaeae. Aiie nianee
a?ae oai?ia aaaaoueio, aea nai? aoee no?a/ai? ia nia?oue ca oa, ui
i?iiia?aeoaaee O?enoa, ca oa ui ne?aeoaaee ca Iei ? aeeee oae ye a/ea
Ainiiaeue. Naia oe? nayo? e?ea?? io?eiaee aaeeea oaioaaiiy na?aae
i?inoiai ? ciaoiiai ethaeo. ?acii ?c o?enoeyinoaii, ui i?eeoei ia ?onue
c A?caio?? iiiaae 1000 ?ie?a oiio, ie oniaaeeoaaee aenie? aeooiaii –
ii?aeuei? /aniioe, ye? ao?ethaaeenue a neoae?ii? aeeaeiueiio. A iao?e
Aaouee?auei?, ye ? acaaae? a na?o?, o?enoeyinoai io?eiaei ni?aao
e?eoaaiiy oai?eo i?ae na?e aaciina?aaei?e iaaeyae. Oea?eiaiee onoaa na.
eiycy Aieiaeeie?a iaieinea e?ea?i? oea?eiaieie caeeaaeaie, a “ea/oe?a”-
ethaeueie oea?eiaieie, i?aeeaaeeie ?ieneiio. Naiee eiycue, i?eeiyaoe
o?auaiiy, aoaeoaaa oea?eae oa e?ea?i?, anoaiiaea aeanyoeio aeey
aeaa?ae?a, ne??o oa oai?eo. sse cana?ae/othoue e?oiiene, eiycue
Aieiaeeie? caae?a ?icooeoaaoe ii i?noo oai?eo oa i?eiineoe ?i aeiaeiio
?aeo! Oaae naia ?iaeee eiyc? Aiae??e Aiaiethanueeee oa Einoyioei
Anaaieiaeiae/, ye? aoaeoaaee niaoe?aeuei? iaeaoe i?e oea?eaao, a yeeo
“iiei?ee” aaaeei oai?eo. C A?caio??, ?acii ?c o?enoeyinoaii, ia ?onue
i?eeoee e aeaye? iiaeyaee ia e?ea?nueeo ni?aao, cie?aia, ye ia i?aaeiao
aaciina?aaeiueiai a?aeiia Oea?eae.
C i?eeiyooyi o?enoeyinoaa ia ?on? ii/aee c”yaeyoeny “e?ea?? – /aioe?”.
Iiianoe?? noathoue a oeae /an ina?aaeeaie ?icaeoeo iaoe oa ienoaoeoa,
aecia/ieie eoeueoo?ieie, iie?oe/ieie, ina?oi?ie oeaio?aie. I?oei?thoue
iie?oe/i? oa eoeueoo?i? ca”ycee Oe?a?ie – ?on? c A?caio??th ye
i?aaineaaiith eaiii?/iith i?o?iiie??th. Ina?/ai? /aioe? aaea iiaeooue
ei?enooaaoeny iaaee/iith e?oa?aoo?ith ia a?aoeuee?e iia? “Anee?iiai oa
Aae?ia” (a?ae Aneeai?y oa Aaeaia). A?aeii? e ia?aeeaaee
noa?ineia’yinueeith, iai?eeeaae “Aae?iiaa ia ?iiie?ao?” – eiiaioa?
Aaeaia aei i?aoeue A?iiie?aoa. A ia?aeeaaeaie c ?iicaiieo iia caeiaeeny,
ye a?aeiii, oaae a iiianoe?yo.
A?aeiiee aeine?aeiee aeaaiuei?onueei? eoeueoo?e ieo?iiieeo Na?aoei
*e/aaia ienaa: “Ia?o? ca?iyoa iaaee/ieo ciaiue aoee caianai? a ?onue c
A?aoe?? c i?eeiyooyi o?enoeyinueei? ?ae?a??, e ia?oeie
?iciianthaeaeoaa/aie iaaeeoeeie o ian aoee /aioe?, ia?aaaaeii c
Aoiinueei? ai?e”.
C A?caio??, iaiaaii, iio?aieee a iao? iiianoe?? eieae c iaaeeoeeie. Oae,
a a?ae?ioaoe? Ee?eei – A?eica?nueeiai iiianoe?y na?aae eieaeie,
iaienaieo na. Ee?eeii, ciaoiaeeoueny i?aoey, aea iiyniththoueny aeaye?
i?e?iaei? yaeua – yaia caiice/aiiy c i?aoeue aeaaiuei?einueeiai e?ea?y
Aaeaia.
Aea iaeaaaii?oee aianie o ?icaeoie iaaeeoeeie aoa c?iaeaiee naia Ee?ai –
Ia/a?nueeith Eaa?ith. Iiianoe? oeae aoa caniiaaiee o 1051 ?ioe? i?i.
Aioii??i, yeee i?eeoia ?c nayoi? ai?e Aoii (A?aoe?y), aea aeaaaeoeyoue
?ie?a a?aeaeaa neoae?iith Aiaia? oa iaaoaaiith ina?oe. Oai, ia Aoii?,
na. Aoaian??i aoea caniiaaia “aieuei?oea aieueiuo ?aaee”, oai cae?aeeny
iaaee/i? ciaiiy. Nai Aioii?e iioiaeeoue c Ethaa/a, ui iiaeeco *a?i?aiaa.
Iiaeeeai naia a?i i?ei?n a Ee?a iaaee/i? ciaiiy, e?ee, e?oa?aoo?o c
iaaeeoeeie e i?aai?coaaa ia?oo iaaee/io aeiiiiiao a Ee?ai – Ia/a?nueeiio
iiianoe??. C “Ee?ai – Ia/a?nueeiai Iaoa?eea” a?aeiii, ui i?aiiaeiaiee
noa?aoeue Aioii?e nai aeiaeyaeaa ca oai?eie, aeaaineiaeya ?i, aeanii?o/
aeaioiaeai?, i?enoo?e oa aoaeaa?e, a ia?aaeon?i oai?ea iaae oe?ie e?eaie
iieeoao. I?ney coe?eaiiy o Aioii?y aaeeeee eiycue ee?anueeee ?cyneaa
iiaea?oaaa ia?oae? ai?o iaae ia/a?aie a “?aoiai aea e a?aoey caeiaeeea
oea?eiaue aaeeeo e iiianoe?ue”. Oae ii/eiaany Ia/a?nueeee iiianoe?,
cacia/a? e?oiienaoeue.
Aeae? ieoaoueny, ui i?iaeiaaeoaa/ai ni?aae Aioii?y Ia/a?nueeiai noa?
i?aiiaeiaiee Aaai?o. Oea iaea?aeii?oee oao?aaoeue a aaeoc? iaaeeoeeie
(ia ciaoa?noaa, a aaea ni?aaaeiuei? iaoee), yea ca?iaeaeoaaeany o O?
noie?oo?. Eiai nayo? iiu? aaea aeaa”youe noie?oue nii/eaathoue o
Aeeaei?o ia/a?ao Eaa?e.
Iai iaa?aeiii eiee ia?iaeeany Aaai?o, aea i?eeoia aei iiianoe?y iaeiei
?c ia?oeo ? iaa iino?ea a?ae naiiai i?i.Aioii?y. Coe?ethaaa ethaeae
Aaai?o Ia/a?nueeee iieeoaith ? c?eeyi.
O Iaoa?eeo /eoa?ii, ui i?i. Aaai?o aac iieeeeo eoia aei oai?eo.
Ainiiaeue a?aee?eaaa eiio oeo, ooi iio?aaoaaa e?ea?nueei? aeiiiiiae ?
iai?aaeya naia ooaee, aea a?ae aaaeei? iaaeoae no?aaeaeaee ethaee. Iaae
iiuaie i?aiiaeiaiiai o ia/a?ao aeneoue ?eiia c iaienii “I?i. Aaai?o ,
a?a/u aaciacaeiue”. Oeae nayoee e?ea? i?eiee ia a?aa o oai?iai a?ioae ca
nai? e?eoaaiiy, ai? c eiycy, ai? c aeaa?aea. Ai aoa a?i e?ea? Aiaeith
iee?noth! Naia a?i noiya o aeaea?ae a?o/eciyii? iaaeeoeeie, canioaaaoe
ia?oo oa?aiaaoe/io oeieo a iao?e Aaouee?auei?.
O oie /an aeea ? i?aeoeeoaaa i?e aeai?? eiycy e?ea? c A??iai??, a?aeiiee
ye “A??iaiei”.
Aea a?i aoa ia no?eueee e?ea?, ne?eueee aeo?i?e, yeee aeaioiaeya io?oei?
?a/iaeie. Iaeiiio ?c oai?eo a?i ia?aae??e oaeaeeo nia?oue, aea eiee
oeueiai oai?iai i?eaacee a Ia/a?nueeee iiianoe? aei Aaai?oa, inoaii?e
aeaa eiio c?eey, oiaoi e?e?a, “? cae?aa nioai?e aai. ? i?ii/any neaaa i
iai ii anee caie? oie”. Ia?aaeaiee oaeith iaaaea/ith naiai i?iaiico
A??iaiei iineea? ethaeeio aei iiianoe?y. Iaoa – aeaoe io?ooo, coe?eaiiio
Aaai?oii iaaic?. Iiaa/eaoe io?o?iiai, Aaai?o ciia aea? oai?iio yeanue
c?eey, ui iaaooue iaei aeanoeaino? aioeaeioo. ? ciiao coe?eth? eiai.
Oiae?, A??iaiei aaea?oueny aei iiinoe: a?i caneea? ethaeae c io?ooith
aei naiiai Aaai?oa. Aea oie i”? io?ooo ? caeeoa?oueny aeeaee!
Eiee aaaeei caoai??a /a?i?a?anueeee eiycue Aieiaeeie? Anaaieiaeiae/
Iiiiiao, oi oaae iieeeeaa aei naaa A??iaieia. Oie aeiaai ai?iany c
oai?iaith eiycy, aea ia ci?a iiaeieaoe iaaeoae. ?, aaea iiie?ath/e,
Aieiaeeie? Iiiiiao iineea? o Ee?a ca Aaai?oii. Oie, ae?ciaaoenue i?i
neiioiie caoai?thaaiiy, aeneooaaoe ?noi??th oai?iae, iae?aco ae iinoaaea
eiycth ae?aaiic ia a?aenoai? (per distantio). A oea, aei ?a/?, iciaea
aaeeeiai aeina?aeo a ae?aiinoeoe?, /iio iiaeooue iicacae?eoe /eiaei
no/anieo e?ea??a! I?aiiaeiaiee iaaeneea? /a?ac a?ioe?a c?eey aeey
oai?iai eiycy, ai “ciaa, eaeei cae?ai ea/eny eaeee iaaeoa”. Nai Aaai?o,
ine?eueee aoa /aioeai, ia iieeoaa iiianoe? iaa?oue eiee eiai aeeeeeaea
oaea aaeeea ethaeeia. E?eoaaa a?i aeeeth/ii a nai?e nayo?e iaeoae?.
Aeieaoe /a?ia/? e?ee, eiycue oaeaeei iaeoaeaa ? anoaa c? nia?oiiai
iae?o.
Eiycue Aieiaeeie? Iiiiiao ?aea a Ee?a aei Aaai?oa, uia a?aeaey/eoe ca
aeania coe?eaiiy ? iiaea?oaaoe iaeei ?c nai?o ia?oe?a. Ii/oaoe ca oeae
a?ceo, Aaai?o nionoeany o ia/a?e, aea ia?aaoaaa o iieeoa?. Eiycue eeoa
iai?aaea aiy?eia naiai o ia/a?o c aaeeeeie aea?aie e?ea?aa?. Ia oea
e?ea? a?aeiia?a: “I /aaei, ieeiee aea e ie io eiai aea /oi acyo, iuia ee
iiaoaeth icaeo naith ceaoa ?aaee, aai aea ia o?aaoth ie io eiai aea”.
Aaai?o iiaae?a ?icaeaoe oe? aea?e aeaa?aeai, a i?iaeoeoe a?aeianoe aei
iiianoe?nueei? o?aiacii? oa e?ea?i?. Aieiaeeie? Iiiiiao aeeiio?
iiaaaeaiiy naiai e?ea?y.
sseinue caoai??a nai Aaai?o. I?eeoia aei iueiai A??iaiei ? a?aeaoeany a
ieo ?iciiaa i?i ienoaoeoai e?eoaaiiy. ? acya A??iaiei ?oeo oai?iai
/aioey ? ca ioeuenii ia?aae??e eiio nia?oue ia o?ao?e aeaiue. Aei
oeueiai ua aeiaeaa, ui a ?ac? iiieeee, nai iieeia naith a??o ? i?aea o
/aioe?. Ia oea i?aiiaeiaiee eiio a?aeiia?a: “Na ee anoue oaiaai
a?a/aanoaa ?acoiu, nia?oue ie iiaaaeaaoe, a iiiiue ie ia iiaeaoe? Aua
ane oeo?, oi aeaaeaeue ie aeeaiou” Oeeie i?aaaeeaeie neiaaie aaeeeee
e?ea? i?aee?aneea, ui anoaiiaeoe ae?aaiic, oi eeoa /anoeia ni?aae, aei
coe?eaiiy – inue aei /iai o?aaa i?aaiooe! ? aeae? Aaai?o aeiaea?, ui
iii?a a?i ia a o?ao?e aeaiue, a a o?ao?e i?nyoeue. ? ae?enii oea oae ?
noaeiny 14 /a?aiy 1095 ?. Iioiaaee i?i.Aaai?oa o Aeeaei?o ia/a?ao.
I?ney eiai nia?o? A??iaiei i?eeoia aei ?aoiaia c cayaith, ui iieeaea?
a??iainueeo a??o e ?aea o Ia/a?nueeee iiianoe?. Ai aa/ea a?i nii, a
yeiio yaeany eiio Aaai?o ? iaaaaeaa i?i ia?oeyieo. Inue oae eieeoi?e
noi?ioeaiee Aaai?oa aeieo/eany aei eiai o/i?a ? iine?aeiaiee?a.
O eaa?nueeeo ia/a?ao i?aoethaaea aeine?aeieoeueea eii?n?y ii aea/aiith
ye naieo ia/a?, oae ? nayoeo iiu?a a ieo. Aaoi?o iiuanoeei i?aoethaaoe a
oe?e eii?n?? o 1988-90 ??. Aeine?aeaeaiiy oe? oi?eaeuei? ii nai?o
?acoeueoaoao. Oae ia aeieiiyo i?i. Aaai?oa Ia/a?nueeiai aoee ciaeaeai?
caeeoee i?ae? oa ieeie ?ineei c aa?aa?a eieeoiuei? A?caio??. Aacoiiaii,
ui oea neeaaeia? /anoeie e?e?a aeaeaoiiai e?ea?y Oe?a?ie – ?on?.
?noi?e/i? aeoiee iaoeiai? iaaeeoeeie oa iaaee/ii? ina?oe a Oe?a?i? nai?i
ei??iiyi nyaathoue /an?a Ee?anueei? ?on?. A?aeiii, ui ua a XI noie?oo?
ee?anueea eiyaeia Aiia Anaaieiae?aia, iioea ss?ineaaa Ioae?iai,
i?aai?coaaea a Ee?a? ia?oo oeieo aeey ae?a/ao i?e iiianoe??, a ye?e
aeeeaaeaee ? aeaye? ciaiiy c iaaeeoeeie.
? iaaeae? iaaee/ia ina?oa cina?aaeaeoaaeany o iiianoe?yo, cie?aia a
Ee?ai-Ia/a?nuee?e eaa??. Caniiaieee iiianoe?y aoee ia?oeie
?iciianthaeaeoaa/aie iaaee/ieo ciaiue, a “i?a/oaeiaee e?ea?” Aioii?e oa
i?ci?oa eaiii?ciaaiee nayoee Aaai?o Ia/a?nueeee, yeiai caaee
oe?a?inueeei A?iiie?aoii, i?ineaaeeeny ia eeoa e?ea?nueeei ienoaoeoaii,
a e ne?iii?noth ? aeia?i/eii?noth.
O?aaeeoe?? Ee?ai-Ia/a?nueeiai iiianoe?y ciaeoee nai? i?iaeiaaeaiiy o
Ee?ai-Iiaeeyinuee?e aeaaeai??, /eiaei aeioneiee?a yei? noaee a?aeiieie
a/aieie-iaaeeeaie. Ioaea, iiaeia noaa?aeaeoaaoe, ui ?noi??y iaoiai
iaa/aeueiiai caeeaaeo ia?aoiao? iiiaae 900 ?ie?a.
Ee?ai-Ia/a?nueea Eaa?a a?aeiia a onueiio na?o? ye cia/ia iai`yoea iaoi?
a?o?oaeoo?ii? oa ?noi?e/ii-eoeueoo?ii? niaaeueie. C`yaeaoenue o
na?aaeai? O? no. ye iaeei c ia?oeo iiianoe??a o?enoeyinueei? ?on?,
Ee?ai-Ia/a?nueeee iiianoe? iae?aco ae iaaoa noaoono a?aeiiiai ? iica
iaaeaie aea?aeaae iie?oe/iiai ? a?iiaaenueei-eoeueoo?iiai oeaio?o. A
iueiio aoee /aioeyie, i?aoethaaee e a ia/a?ao iioiaai? a?aeii? iie?oe/i?
ae?y/?, ae?y/? ienoaoeoaa, o?einioe, ia?o? e?oiienoe?, e?ea??,
?eiiiienoe?, a?o?oaeoi?e.
A Aeeaei?o ia/a?ao iioiaai? ia?o? ?onuee? ea/oe? – Aeai?ai-coe?eeoaeue,
Ae?ii?e Ia/a?nueeee, I?ioi?-eiaiaeiee oa ?i. A O? no. ooo aaea ?nioaaea
ia?oa ia ?on? aiaiae?eueiy, oa i?eooeie aeey ineo?/ieo oai?eo (“eae?y
a?nioaaoeo”) ui e aein? ?nio? o Aeeaei?o ia/a?ao.
Iaeiei c iaea?aeii?oeo oao?aoe?a o aaeoc? iaaeeoeeie, yea
ia?iaeaeoaaeany a O? no., aoa Nayoee Aaai?o Ia/a?nueeee, iaeei c ia?oeo
ia/a?nueeeo /aioe?a. Eiai iiu? aaea 9 noie?oue eaaeaoue o Aeeaei?o
ia/a?ao Ee?ai-Ia/a?nueei? Eaa?e.
I?i iueiai ie ae?cia?iiny c “Ee?ai-Ia/a?nueeiai Iaoa?eeo” –
na?aaeiueia?/io? ca??ee iiia?aeaiue i?i ii/aoie Ia/a?nueeiai iiianoe?y
oa eiai ia?oeo /aioe?a. Aeaeaoiee oe?a?inueeee ?noi?ee ? aea?aeaaiee
ae?y/ I. A?ooaanueeee aeaa aeoaea aenieo ioe?ieo “Iaoa?eeo”, iacaaaoe
eiai “cieioith eieaith” oe?a?inueeiai ienueiaiiiai ethaeo”. Iai
iaa?aeiii, eiee ia?iaeeany Aaai?o, aea i?eeoia a?i aei iiianoe?y iaeiei
c ia?oeo ? iaa iino?ea a?ae ia?oiai ia/a?nueeiai ?aoiaia Aioii?y.
Coe?eya a?i iieeoaith ? c?eeyi, caeaa?eueo aioo??oi? oai?iae. A?aeiii,
ui a?i /eoaa oai?e A?iie?aoa ? Aaeaia a?aoeueeith iiaith. Eiai iiaa ?i`y
Aaai?o a ia?aeeaae? c a?aoeueei? “aiaeanoaaiia ethaia”. Oea aeua ethaia,
oea ieeina?aey aei ciaaeieaieo, oai?eo oa eae?e.
O “Iaoa?eeo” /eoa?ii, ui Aaai?o aac iieeeeo eoia aei oai?eo, oiaoi
yeanue aioo??oi? /oooy i?aeeacoaaei aea iio??aia eiai aeiiiiiaa. Iaae
o?oiith Aaai?oa a ia/a?ao aeneoue ?eiia c iaienii “I?i. Aaai?o-a?a/
aaciacaeiee”, oiaoi aaceiooiaiee, a?i i?eiee ia a?aa a?ioae ca naith
i?aoeth, aoaeue oi oai?ei eiycue /e aeaa?ae. Ai a?i aoa e?ea? Aiae??th
iee?noth, ai?iaaaeiee iaaee/ii? aeiiiiiae na?aae ?on?a.
A oie /an caoai??a *a?i?a?anueeee eiycue Aieiaeeie? Anaaieiaeiae/
Iiiiiao. Iiie?ath/ee eiycue oea o Ee?a ca Aaai?oii. Oie, ae?ciaaoenue
i?i an? neiioiie oai?iae, aeneaa eiio c?eey, ai ciaa “eaeei caeeai
ea/eny eaeie iaaeoa”. Aeieaoe oe? e?ee eiycue oaeaeei iaeoaeaa ? anoaa
c? nia?oiiai iae?a.
I?ney an?o oeeo iiae?e Aieiaeeie? Iiiiiao ?aea a Ee?a aei Aaai?oa, uia
a?aeaey/eoe eiio ca nai? coe?eaiiy ? iiaea?oaaoe iaeei ?c nai?o ia?oe?a.
Ii/oaoe i?i oea, Aaai?o noiaaany o ia/a?ao o nai?e eae??. Eiycue oiae?
caneaa aiey?eia naiai o ia/a?o aei Aaai?oa c aaeeeeie aea?aie e?ea?th.
Aaai?o a?aeiiaeany ?o i?eeiyoe ? cai?iiiioaaa oe? aea?e ?icaeaoe
aeaa?aeai, a ?noeaia a?aeianoe aei iiianoe?nueei? e?ea?i?, ui ? aoei
aeeiiaii.
Oe?eaai, ui ia aeieiiyo Na. Aaai?oa aoee ciaeaeai? caeeoee i?ae? oa
ieeie ?ineei c aa?aa?a eieeoiuei? A?caio??. Aaaaea?oueny, ui oea ?
neeaaeia? /anoeie e?e?a noa?iaeaaiueiai oe?a?inueeiai e?ea?y.
I?iaaaeai? a/aieie aeaoaeuei? aeine?aeaeaiiy iiuae aeicaieeee anoaiiaeoe
c??no Aaai?oa (166 ni), a?e, a yeiio a?i iiia? (a?ey 60 ?ie?a), /an
iioiaaiiy (e?iaoeue O? noie?ooy, ui ca?aa?oueny c e?oiienieie aeaiieie).
Anoaiiaeaii oaeiae, ui i?e aeeoo? Na. Aaai?o no?aaeaeaa ia a?o?icia?o?eo
iiia?aeiai-a?oaeiiai a?aeae?eo o?aaaoiiai noiaia, niiiae?eia?o?eo,
ia?iaeiioic, iaeoeueaoaaa ia i?aao iiao; a?ae ia?iaeaeaiiy a iueiai ie
aoei i?ceiaoey ia e?a?e ?ooe?.
A 1995 ?ioe? aeiiaith?oueny 900 ?ie?a a?ae aeiy nia?o? ia?oiai e?ea?y ?
/an iiaeaaoe i?i aoaioaaiiy eiai iai`yo?. Ianaiia?aae eaeaoueny i?i
nii?oaeaeaiiy a Ee?a? iai`yoieea Aiai?oo Ia/a?nueeiio. ??oaiiy i?i oea
aaea i?eeiyoi. A?aeiia?aeia iinoaiiaa i?eeiyoa oaeiae i?i aoae?aieoeoai
aeaaeai?/iiai o?aio, yeee aoaea nii?oaeaeaiee a?ey o?ceei-o?i?/iiai
ei?iono Ee?anueeiai iaaee/iiai oi?aa?neoaoo. Ooo anoaiiaeaiee o?ano ?
iai`yoiee noaiae c iaienii i?i nii?oaeaeaiiy ia?oi? a Oe?a?i?
oi?aa?neoaonueei? oea?eae.
Ne?ae oaeiae neacaoe i?i oa, ui oao?aoe? oeiee Aa?aneiiaa a?aeoai?eee ca
/a?aiii ni?aaaei?e i?eaeeoo?aee aeaeyae ia?oiai e?ea?y. Oea neoeueioo?ia
iia?oaeaey Na. Aaai?oa caa??aa?oueny o a?aeae?e? ?noi??? ia/a?
Ee?ai-Ia/a?nueeiai aea?aeaaiiai ?noi?eei-eoeueoo?iiai caiia?aeieea ?
iiaeiii noaoe c?aceii aeey iaeaooiueiai iiioiaioo.
Ioaea, aiai?y/e i?i ?icaeoie iaaeeoeeie Ee?anueei? ?on?, ne?ae
cacia/eoe, ui aaea a XI—XII no. ia ?on? c’yaeeenue nai?
a/ai?-i?e?iaeiaeine?aeieee. Iai?eeeaae, ee?anueeee iiiao Aaai?o caeiaany
iaaeeoeeiith. A «Ee?ai-Ia/a?nueeiio iaoa?eeo» cacia/a?oueny, ui
Aaai?o-e?ea? e?eoaaa ia eeoa caiiaeieo ethaeae, cie?aia eiyc?a, aea e
i?inoeo, iacaiiaeieo. A?i coe?ethaaa caiaeaiiy, oe??yi? oai?iae, oe?iei
aeei?enoiaoth/e i?e oeueiio a?aeaa?e c o?aa ? ei?ai?a.
Aeei?enoaia e?oa?aoo?a:
1. ?noi??y iaaeeoeeie. – E., 1990.
2. ?noi??y oe?a?inueei? iaaeeoeeie. – E., 2000.
3. Oe?a?inueea oa ca?oa?aeia eoeueoo?a. – E., 2001.
4. I.Noaoaeueiee. ?noi??y Oe?a?ie. – E., 1996.
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