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Становлення та розвиток політичної думки в історії людства (реферат)

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?aoa?ao ia oaio:

Noaiiaeaiiy oa ?icaeoie iie?oe/ii? aeoiee a ?noi??? ethaenoaa

ANOOI

Iie?oe/ia aeoiea no/aniiai noni?euenoaa – ?acoeueoao o?eaaeiai ?icaeoeo
oa aca?iiae?? ?yaeo ?aeaeii-oai?aoe/ieo o?aaeeoe?e.

Ieneeoae? ??cieo e?a?i i?ioyaii an??? ?noi??? ethaenueei? oeea?e?caoe??
caienethaaeeny iaae i?iaeaiith iie?oe/iiai aeeooy noni?euenoaa, i?aaioee
c’ynoaaoe nooi?noue oa i?e?iaeo aea?aeaae, iaiaaaeenue a?aeiia?noe ia
iaeia c “a?/ieo” ieoaiue – yeei ia? aooe iaee?auee aea?aeaaiee ono??e?
Aiie noai?thaaee iie?oe/i? oai???, a?oiooth/enue ia ?noi?e/iiio
aeina?ae? ia?iae?a, ye? i?yii aai iiina?aaeeiaaii aieeaaee ia iie?oe/i?
i?ioeane.

Ia oae aaaaoi ia caie? ne?a c oaeith aeiaaith oa aaaaoia?aiiith
?noi???th, ye o a?aoeueeiai neiaa pol?t?ke – ienoaoeoai oi?aae?iiy
aea?aeaaith.

Niieiia?eo ethaee i?aaioee ?icoeo?oaaoe nooue iie?oe/iiai i?ioeano ?
iniaeeai iaoai?eo aeaaee, aeyaeoe caeiiii??iino?, yeei aiie
i?aeeyaathoue.

Ia?aae iaie aeineoue aaaeea caaaeaiiy. Ca ei?ioeee /an ?icaeyiooe
i?aeoe/ii ona ?icia?ooy iie?oe/ii? aeoiee ethaenoaa. Aeey oiai, uia oea
caaaeaiiy aeeiiaoe, ?icaeyiaii o eaeoe?? oae? caieoaiiy :

1. Iie?oe/ia aeoiea o eeaniaeo noni?euenoaao Aeaaiueiai na?oo.

2. Iie?oe/ia aeoiea ia??iaeo Na?aaeiueia?//y.

3. ?icaeoie nioe?aeueii-iie?oe/ii? aeoiee o ia??iae A?ae?iaeaeaiiy.

4. Iie?oe/i? ?aea? Iiaiai /ano (O?O – ii/. OO no.).

5. Noaiiaeaiiy iie?oe/ieo ?aeae o Ee?anuee?e ?on? o ?X – X?? no. oa ?o
iiaeaeueoee ?icaeoie ia aoai? oi?ioaaiiy oe?a?inueeiai ia?iaeo (OV? –
OV?? no.).

6. Iniiai? iai?yiee oa oaiaeaioe?? ?icaeoeo noni?eueii-iie?oe/ieo
iiaeyae?a a Oe?a?i? o O?O – ii/. OO no.

7.Iniiai? iaoe?iiaeuei? oeiee oa iai?yiee no/anii? iie?oieia??.

1 IIE?OE*IA AeOIEA O EEANIAEO NONI?EUeNOAAO AeAAIUeIAI NA?OO

Iie?oe/ia aeoiea aeaaieie iia’ycaia c aeieyie noa?iaeaai?o ia?iae?a
?aeioo, Aaaeeiio, ?iae??, Eeoath, Ia?n??, A?aoe??, ?eio. Ine?eueee on?
iie?oe/i? oai??? a?aeia?aaeathoue ?aaeuei? iie?oe/i? a?aeiineie
noni?euenoaa, oi e c’yaeoenue aiie iiaee eeoa c iiyaith iie?oe/iiai
aeeooy noni?euenoaa oa aea?aeaae.

No/ania iie?oieia?y aeae?ey? 5 iniiaieo iie?oieia?/ieo eiioeaioe?e, ye?
ae?iaeei ethaenoai ca anth ?noi??th naiai ?nioaaiiy, aai oi/i?oa, a
?aieao yeeo ?icaeaaeany iie?oe/ia aeoiea:

 i?oieia?/ia;

 o?einionueei-aoe/ia;

 ?ae?a?eia;

 a?iiaaeyinueea;

 nioe?aeueia.

Eiaei?e c oeeo eiioeaioe?e a?aeiia?aea? na?e /aniaee a?ae??cie oa na?e
aoai o ?icaeoeo ethaenueeiai noni?euenoaa.

Oai?oe? oa iin?? i?oieia?/ii? eiioeaioe?? iie?oeee – ia?iaee Aeaaiueiai
?aeioo, Aaaeeiio, ?iae??, Ia?n??. O ???-?? oen. aei i. a. o aeaeueoao
aaeeeeo ??e (Ieeo, Oea?o, ?ao?aoo, ?iaeo, Ooaioa) aeieeathoue iiaooi?
aea?aeaae – ?aeiao, Ooia?, Aeeaae, Aaaeeii, Ann???y, aeaaiuei?onuee? ?
aeaaiueieeoaenuee? aea?aeaae.

Iaiao?aei?noue iino?eii? i?aai?caoe?? neeaaeiiai ??eaaoe?eiiai
ainiiaea?noaa coiiaeea ?icaeoie oeeo noni?euenoa oeyoii oaa?aei?
aea?aeaaii? oeaio?ae?caoe??, ui i?ecaaei aei noai?aiiy iie?oe/ieo
no?oeoo? aeaniioe/iiai oeio. Oe? no?oeoo?e iaee iniiai? iniaeeaino?:

 aaei?i?no?aoeaii-eiiaiaeia oi?aae?iiy noni?euenoaii /a?ac i?oeiee
ath?ie?aoe/iee aia?ao;

 iiaeeiaiiy aea?aeaaith aeaniino? oa ainiiaea?/eo ooieoe?e ieciaeo
iaeeieoeue;

 oeaio?ae?ciaaiee ia?a?iciiae?e aea?aeaaith ?ano?n?a.

Nioe?aeueii-iie?oe/i? oyaeaiiy aeaaiueino?aeieo noni?euenoa iinyoue
ia?aaaaeii ?ae?a?eii-i?oieia?/iee oa?aeoa?, yeee i?aee?aneth?
aiaeanoaaiia aeieeiaiiy ?nioth/eo a?aeiinei aeaaee oa ii?yaeeo.

I?oieia?/ia o?aaeeoe?y noaaeth? ?nioth/ee ii?yaeie ? ? «oai?aoe/iei
aei?aaaeaiiyi eiai iaiao?aeiino?». Iai?eeeaae, o Aeaaiueiio ?aeio?
?aaiaeania ?aeaieia?y ciaeoea na?e ae?ac o oaeeo oai?ao ye «Iia/aiiy
aa?aee??iieuenueeiai oea?y nai?io neio» aea noaa?aeaeo?oueny
iaiao?aei?noue oe??ieaiiy aea?aeaaii? aeaaee oeyoii i?iaaaeaiiy
iie?oeee, ui ii?aeio? noai??noue aei iaeieo ? i?eoeeuei?noue aei ?ioeo.
O?, ui ia i?aeei?ythoueny aa?oiai?e aeaae? a?aei? o?ce/ii? ?ici?aae.

Iie?oe/i? ?aea? Aeaaiueiai Aaaeeiio yne?aai ia?aaeai? o caeiiao oea?y
Oaiio?ai? (XV??? co. aei i.a.). Oe??ieaiiy aeaaee ?aaiaeaniee?a ?
ioi?iia ?ioa?an?a neoaeaiaeo ethaeae – aieiaia c ieo.

Iie?oe/ia aeoiea Aeaaiuei? ?iae?? iineea a?aeia?aaeaiiy
?ae?a?eii-iie?oe/ii? ?aeaieia?? aoaeaeecio oa a?aoiaoecio. Iine?aeiaieee
aoaeaeecio aaaaeaee, ui na?oii i?aaeoue ia aia, a i?e?iaeiee caeii ?
ethaenuee? ni?aae caeaaeaoue a?ae aeanieo coneeue ethaeae. Aoaeaeeci
caniiaaiee ia aeciaii? ii?aeueii-aeooiaii? ??aiino? ethaeae. Naia oiio
aei iie?oe/ii? aeoiee Aeaaiuei? ?iae?? oa?aeoa?ia niieo/aiiy ?aea?
oaa?aei? aea?aeaaii? nenoaie c ?ae?a?eii-ii?aeueiei ?iaeea?aeoae?ciii.

Naia o Aeaai?e ?iae?? aaeaeiny aeaoaeueii ?ic?iaeoe eiioeaioe?th
ethaenueeeo iaia’yce?a ? i?aeoe/ii ia caeeoeoe i?noea aeey i?aa.

Iaaiee a?aeo?ae a?ae ?aii?o i?oieia?/ieo oyaeaiue a a?e ?aoe?iiaeueieo
a?aeaoany o Aeaai?e Ia?n?? ? iia’ycaii oea c ?i’yi Ca?aoono?e. Ca?aeii c
eiai a/aiiyi o na?o? ?aea ai?ioueaa aeia?a ? eeoa ? a e?ioeaaiio
i?aenoieo ia?aiiaea aeia?i . Aea?aeaaa iiaeiia aooe caiiei ao?eaiiyi
iaaaniiai oea?noaa, a iiia?o iiaeiai caoeuaoe i?aeaeaieo a?ae eeoa,
ai?ioeny i?ioe cea o aea?aeaa?. Eanoiaee ?iciiae?e noni?euenoaa
a?oioo?oueny ia a?eueiiio aeai?? eiaeiei oiai /e ?ioiai aeaeo caiyoue.

Aeania iie?oe/i? oai??? aa?iaeaniioe/ieo aea?aeaa, ye? iineee iiaee
?aoe?iiae?noe/iee oa?aeoa?, aoee noai?ai? o?eueee o ?aieao eeoaenueei?
noni?eueii? aeoiee. Aeaaiueieeoaenueeei o?einioai aaeaeiny ciaeoe
iniiaiee ia?aiaee aocie ?nioaaiiy ac?aonueeiai aeaniioecio – iiae?eaiiy
noni?euenoaa ia oeo, ooi ?iaeoue ? ooi ea?o?.

Aieiaiei ieoaiiyi aeey eeoaenueeeo o?einio?a aoea i?iaeaia aoaeoeaiiai
oi?aae?iiy noni?euenoaii. Aiie cai?iiiioaaee aeae?eueea aa??aio?a
??oaiiy oeueiai ieoaiiy: aeaa aieiaieo (Eiioooe?ainoai oa Eaa?ci ) ?
aeaa iia?/ieo (Ii?ci oa Aeaineci).

Eiioooe?ainueea ??oaiiy i?iaeaie neeaaea?oueny o ?ic?iaoe?
iao??a?oaeueii-iaoa?iae?nonueei? aa?n?? aeaniioe/ii? aea?aeaae.

Eiioooe?e (Eoi Oo-oece (551 – 479 ??. aei i.a.) aaaaeaa, ui iaeaeui?
aoaeoeaiino? oi?aae?iiy aea?aeaaith iiaeia aeinyaoe eeoa ia i?eioeeiao
iao??a?oaeueii-eeaiiai? oi?ie i?aeeaaeino? – ii noa?oeinoao a ?iaeei?.

Aea?aeaaa o Eiioooe?y – oea iaeia aaeeea ?iaeeia, aea aeaaea ?iia?aoi?a
– aeaaea aaoueea, a a?aeiineie i?aaeoae?a ? i?aeaeaieo – ?iaeeii?
a?aeiineie.

Eiioooe?e i?iiiio? aoaeoaaoe a?aeiineie o na?aaeei? aea?aeaae ia
canaaeao i?eioeei?a aeia?i/eiiino?, ye? caoi/ai? o nenoai? «i?aaee
iiaaae?iee» – ii?i oa ?eooae?a ”E?”.

Iie?oe/ia eiioeaioe?y Eiioooe?y aeeth/a? aei naiai neeaaeo oae? ?aea? :

 noai?ee ???a?o?/iee ?iciiae?e iaia’yce?a i?ae /eaiaie noni?euenoaa, a
n?i’?, a aea?aeaa? ca i?eioeeiii “i?aaeoaeue iiaeiai aooe i?aaeoaeai,
i?aeaeaiee – i?aeaeaiei”;

 eoeueo i?aaee?a, ioae?ino?, ciaiiy ;

 aeinyaiaiiy ethaeueie ??aiy “aeaai?iaeiiai ioaea”, yeee ? aeia?ei ?
ni?aaaaeeeaei aei ia?iaeo, oaiiaeeaei aei noa?oeo ? aeueo;

 i?aae?iiy ia??oie?ao?? (a?aeieo , oaeaiiaeoeo);

 anoaiiaeaiiy ?aeaaeueieo a?aeiinei a n?i’? oa aea?aeaa? a?aeiia?aeii
i?eioeeio “/iai ia aaaea?o nia?, oiai ia ?iaeo ?ioei”.

Eiioooe?ainoai ( a c V? no. i.a. – iaieiioooe?ainoai ) aoei ia o?eueee
iai?aiith ?aeaieia??th o Eeoa?, aea e io?eiaei ?iciianthaeaeaiiy a
ssiii??, Ei?a?, A’?oiai? oa ?ioeo e?a?iao.

Cian?i ?ioa ae??oaiiy i?iaeaie iaee?auiai aaei?i?no?oaaiiy cai?iiiioaaea
aeieo?eia eaa?cio, yea iaea?eueo iine?aeiaii aeeeaaeaia Oai ssiii (400 –
338 ??. aei i.a.). A?i iinoaaea i?ae noii?a i?aeoe/io aoaeoeai?noue
eiioooe?ainueeeo caeeee?a aei oi?aae?iiy ia canaae? aeia?i/aniino? ?
cai?iiiioaaa aeueoa?iaoeaiee aa??aio oi?aae?iiy ia canaae? oaa?aei?
nenoaie aaei?i?no?aoeaieo iaeac?a – caeii?a ”Oa”.

Oai ssi aaaaeaa, ui iniiaiee oaeoi?, ui i?ae?eaa? canaaee noni?euenoaa –
oea oi?a?aoe? oa ?ai?nieee, eio?? ciaoiaeyoueny iica nenoaiith
aaciina?aaeiueiai ath?ie?aoe/iiai eiio?ieth ? caaaa/othoue naaa, a ia
aea?aeaao. A?i a?aoiaoaaa, ui oea oeyo aei neeueiiai ia?iaeo ? neaaei?
aea?aeaae, a aeaniioeci iiaea ?nioaaoe o?eaaei o?eueee i?e cai?ioiiio
ni?aa?aeiioaii? – «neaaeee ia?iae» – «neeueia aea?aeaaa».

Neaaeei ia?iaeii iiaea aooe eeoa eiio?ieueiaaiee ia?iae, a?i iiaeiai
aooe iino?eii caeyeaiei oa aeenoeeie?iiaaiei. Iniiai? iaoiaee iiaoaeiae
aeaniioe/ii? aea?aeaae – iaoa??aeueia noeioethaaiiy i?eaaoieo aeaniee?a,
iaoiae «??aiyiiy iaeia» oiaoi caioi/aiiy a?aeieo aei iaaoooy aeaniino?,
a aaaaoeo – aei aeia?ia?eueii? a?aeaea/? /anoeie iaeia a?aeiei; iaoiae
iaai?iae oa iiea?aiue oiui.

Aea ?aae?caoe?y ?aeae eaa?cio i?ecaaea aei e?aoo aeeiano?? Oeeiue o
e?ioe? ?V no. aei i. a. Eiioooe?ainoai, a ia eaa?ci noaei io?oe?aeueiith
?aeaieia??th eeoaenueei? ?iia???.

Ie??i eiioooe?ainoaa oa eaa?cio , o iie?oe/i?e aeoioe? Eeoath o?aaa
aeae?eeoe ua aeaa aa??aioe ??oaiiy i?iaeaie noaa?e?caoe?? iie?oe/ieo
no?oeoo?.

1-e – ii??aiyeuei? ?aea? ii?cio, aenoioo? Ii-oece (479 – 400 ??. aei
i.a.). ?o nooi?noue – o ”eaca?iai?e” i?i?i?caoe?? niiaeeaaiiy. Ii-oece
iaeaaeeoue caeiaaaeea i?i aeiaia??ia iioiaeaeaiiy aea?aeaae.

2-e – aeaineci (a?ae eeo. aeai – oeyo) – nooue yeiai o a?aeiia? a?ae
ooo/ieo oi?i ni?aaeeooy oa iiaa?iaii? aei i?e?iaeii? i?inoioe oa
i?ei?oea?cio. Aea?aeaaa iiaeiia aooe iaeaiueeith aea?aeaaith – naeeuai,
a ia?iae – iaienueiaiiei, ui aeicaieeoue c?iaeoe aieiaieie iaoiaeaie
aea?aeaaiiai oi?aae?iiy “ioae??noue i?inoioe”, caniiaaio ia ia ciaiiyo,
a ia ?ioo?oe??.

Iniiaiei i?aenoieii eeoaenueei? iie?oe/ii? aeoiee aoea ?ic?iaea
oi?eaeueieo iaoiae?a ath?ie?aoe/iiai oi?aae?iiy noni?euenoaii.

A ?aeii? ia?eoa??eiiai Na?aaecaiiiii?’y aeiee aioe/iee aa??aio
iie?oe/iiai ?icaeoeo. Eiai ai?oeaio?ii noaea Aioe/ia A?aoe?y.
Eiioeaioe?y iie?oeee, cai?iiiiiaaia aioe/ieie o?einioaie iaaoea iacao
«o?einionueei-aoe/ia».

Aeeaaea aeaea ethaenoao aaaaoo aeooiaio niaaeueio, i?iiecaio aeooii
aoiai?cio, ?icoiii? i?aai?caoe?? noni?eueiiai aoooy. Oey ?icoiia
i?aai?caoe?y aoea ao?eaia o aeaaiueia?aoeueeeo iie?nao.

Ieneeoae? noa?iaeaaiuei? A?aoe?? oa noa?iaeaaiueiai ?eio o?aeooaaee
aea?aeaao o?einionueee: aea?aeaaa – iaea?eueoa ao?eaiiy ?icoio. A ?icoi
aeey o?einio?a oiai /ano – ia can?a, a iaoa o naiiio nia?. Ieneeoae?
oeueiai ia??iaeo iaiaaaeenue noai?eoe iiaeaeue aea?aeaae, ui oiniaeth?
?icoi.

Iaeaeuiai ?icaeoeo iie?oe/ia aeoiea aioe/iino? aeinyaea o a/aiiyo
aeaaiueia?aoeueeeo o?einio?a Ieaoiia oa A?enoioaey.

Ieaoii (427-347 ??. aei. i.a.) i?aeaeaaaa ??ce?e e?eoeoe? noni?eueiee oa
aea?aeaaiee ono??e naiai /ano. A?i i?iiiioaaa caoaeoaaoe oaeo aea?aeaao,
a ye?e iaioaaoeiooue ioae??noue oa ni?aaaaeeea?noue. Aieiaieie
iie?oieia?/ieie oai?aie Ieaoiia ? o?aeoaoe «Aea?aeaaa», «Caeiie»,
«Iie?oee» oa «E??o?e».

Ieaoii aoa ?aeaieiaii ao?inueei? ?aaiaeanieoeueei? a?enoie?ao??, ui
aeaeii c eiai i?iaeoo ?aeaaeueiiai noni?eueiiai ono?ith, yeee a?i
?ic?iaea o o?aeoao? “Aea?aeaaa”. Ca?aeii oeueiai i?iaeoo, a?euei?
a?iiaaeyie iiaeii? aooe ?iciiae?eai? ia i?aaeoae?a-o?einio?a,
no?aae?a-ai?i?a oa ?ai?niee?a-ae?iaiee?a.

Ieaoii iaeiei c ia?oeo caa?oa?oueny aei oa?aeoa?enoeee iie?oe/ieo oi?i
i?aae?iiy aea?aeaaith. A?i aaaaeaa iaaeineiiaeeie oi?iaie o?iie?ao?th
(aeaaeo /anoiethaoe?a), ie?aa?o?th (aeaaeo iaaaaaoueio), aeaiie?ao?th
(aeaaeo ia?iaeo), iaceaath/e inoaiith aieiaiei eeoii iie?oeee. Aeey
Ieaoiia aeaiie?ao?y – oea aeaaea iina?aaeiino?, yea iaieio/a i?ecaaaea
aei oe?ai?? a?eueoino?. E??i oiai, Ieaoii iiia?aaeaeaa, ui aeaiie?ao??,
cae/aeii, ei?ioei/ani? ? iaoiai aeoaea oaeaeei iinooia?oueny aeaaeith ia
ei?enoue oe?aio.

Ieaoii aaaaeaa i?aaeeueiei oeiii aea?aeaae – iiia?o?th, a iaee?auei
aea?aeaaiei ono?i?i – aea?aeaao ?icoio, a ye?e ii?aeiaia ana iaee?aua
a?ae ie?aa?o?? ? aeaiie?ao??, ia /ie? yei? noi?oue ae?oa, a?enoie?ao?y,
o?einioe. Aieiaiee i?eioeei a?iiaaeyinueeiai aeeooy – ni?aaaaeeea?noue .
Aiia iieyaa? a oiio, ui eiaeai a?iiaaeyiei caeia?oueny o??th ni?aaith,
yea iaea?eueo a?aeiia?aea? eiai iaoo??. A?iiaaeyie i?aeei?ythoue nai?
?iaeea?aeoaeuei? ?ioa?ane noni?eueiei. A noni?euenoa? iaia? aaaaoeo oa
a?aeieo. Iaoa ?aeaaeueii? aea?aeaae – caaacia/aiiy oaeeo oiia aeeooy, a
yeeo a?eueo?noue a?iiaaeyi ae?? ca i?eioeeiaie aeniei? ii?aeueiino?. A
iaea?eueoith ii?aeuei?noth oa ioae??noth aieiae?thoue
o?einioe-i?aaeoae?.

O o?einio?? Ieaoiia ciaoiaeyoueny aeoiee no/aniiai oioae?oa?ecio. O
i?aeaeaieo iaia i?/iai naiai – ona caaaeueia. Aea ? iaeaeuee noai
i?yeeie i?ea?eayie ia ei?enoo?oueny. No/ania iie?oieia?y ?icoe?ith?
ieaoii?anueeee i?iaeo aea?aeaae ye ooii?th. Ieaoii o?e/? iaiaaaany
?aae?coaaoe na?e i?iaeo ia i?aeoeoe?, aea ana a?eueoa ia?aeiioaaany o
oiio, ui o?einioa – i?aaeoaey ciaeoe iaiiaeeeai. Iiaeaeueoee ?icaeoie
iie?oe/ia aeoiea aioe/iino? iaaoaa? o oai?ao o/iy Ieaoiia – A?enoioaey
(384 – 322 ??. aei i.a.), iiaeyaee yeiai aeneiaethaaee ?ioa?ane
na?aaeiueiai i?ioa?eo eeano ?aaiaeaniee?a.

sse ? o Ieaoiia, o A?enoioaey iathoue i?noea oioae?oa?i? oaiaeaioe??. O
eiai ?icoi?ii? ethaeeia – /anoea aea?aeaae, a iniaeno? ?ioa?ane iiaeii?
i?aeeyaaoe aea?aeaaiei. Ia a?aei?io a?ae Ieaoiia A?enoioaeue aaaaeaa, ui
i?eaaoia aeani?noue – oea iaiao?aeia oiiaa ?nioaaiiy noni?euenoaa ye ?
n?i’y. A?enoioaeue e?eoeeoaaa a/aiiy Ieaoiia i?i aeineiiaeo aea?aeaao.
A?i aaaaeaa, ui o?aaa ooeaoe ia “aaniethoii iaee?auo aea?aeaao”, a oaeee
iie?oe/iee ono??e, yeee iiaeooue iaoe a?eueo?noue ?nioth/eo aea?aeaa.

A?enoioaeue iaceaaa a?iiaaeyi a?eueieie ethaeueie, aea naiaiaeo ?icoi?a
eeoa ye i?ioeeaaei?noue ?aanoao. A?iiaaeyie caeiathoueny o?eueee
a?enueeiaeie, caeiii?aaeieie oa noaeiaeie ni?aaaie. A?enoioaeaa?
iaeaaeeoue ioe?iea ?aaa, ye ?ino?oiaioo, yeee ia? aeooo.
N?euenueeiainiiaea?nueea oa i?iieneiaa ae?iaieoeoai – oea aeiey ?aa?a.
A?enoioaeue aaaaeaa ia??ai?noue – i?e/eiith iao?aiiy oa ia?aai?io?a, aea
iia’ycoaaa neanoaaiiy ?aaiaeanieoeoaa o?eueee c ?icaeoeii oaoi?ee. Oi?ie
aea?aeaaiiai ono?ith A?enoioaeue ?iciiae?ey? ii e?eueeino? i?aaeoae?a oa
iaae? i?aae?iiy ia “a??i?” oa ” iaa??i?”. A??iee – oea oaeee aea?aeaaiee
eaae, i?e yeiio ia?ane?aeo?oueny caaaeueia aeaai iacaeaaeii a?ae oiai,
i?aaeoue iaeei, iaaaaaoi, aai aaaaoi ethaeae. Aei oaeeo a?i a?aeiinea
iiia?o?th, a?enoie?ao?th, iie?o?th (ii?aeiaiiy ie?aa?o?? oa
aeaiie?ao??).

Iaa??iee – oea oaeee aea?aeaaiee eaae, i?e yeiio ia?ane?aeothoueny
i?eaaoi? oe?e? i?aaeoae?a. Aei oaeeo a?i a?aeiinea oe?ai?th, ie?aa?o?th
oa aeaiie?ao?th. Ia aeoieo A?enoioaey iaa??i? oi?ie ?icaeaathoueny ?c
a??ieo, eiee iaoa caaaeueiiai aeaaa cai?ith?oueny i?eaaoieie oe?eyie
iaeiiai, iaaaaaoueio aai aaaaoueio i?aaeoae?a. A?i aecia/aa aeaa
iiaeeeaeo oeie ?aeaaeueiiai aea?aeaaiiai ono?ith – a?enoie?ao?th ?
iie?o?th. I?e oeueiio aeey a?eueoino? iie?n?a naia iie?o?y, ai aiia
caaacia/o? iaea?eueoo noaa?euei?noue noni?euenoaa, ai a iueiio
aieiaea?ththoue na?aaei? aa?noae, a ia aaaao? aai a?aei?. Na?aaei?
aa?noae caaacia/othoue ??aiiaaao nee a iie?oe/iiio aeeoo?. Iie?oe/iee
?aeaae A?enoioaey i???iooaaany ia ia ieioea, a ia no/ani?noue ?
iaeaooi?. Noai?aiee iei eaoaai??aeueiee aia?ao, a oiio /ene? ? a
iie?oieia??, a cia/i?e i??? caa??a naith oe?ii?noue ? a iao /an.

Ia ci?io oeueiio ia??iaeo i?eeoia ia??iae ?icaeoeo O?enoeyinoaa. Aiii
oni?oii ia?aoai?thaaei aeoii/ai? ?aeaaee o?einio?a o eaaei canaithaai?
aeiaiaoe ?ae?a??. ?acoeueoaoii oaeiai ia?aoai?thaaiiy a iie?oeoe? noaea
?ae?a?eia eiioeaioe?y iie?oeee.

2 Iie?oe/ia aeoiea ia??iaeo Na?aaeiueia?//y

C naiiai ii/aoeo o?enoeyinoai ianei a nia? i??th i?eieaeaieo i?i
??ai?noue oa nioe?aeueio ni?aaaaeeea?noue. I?ioa, ?aaeuei?noue
oaiaeaeueiiai aeeooy aoea cian?i ia oaeith, yeith aiia aa/eeanue
ia?a?niio?enoeyinueeei i?i?ieai. Oea?eaa aeoeaii ao?o/aeanue a iie?oeeo.

Aa?ae?e Aaaono?i (354 – 430 ??.) oa Oiia Aea?inueeee (1226 – 1274 ??.) –
iniiai? oai?oe? o?enoeyinueei? iie?oe/ii? eiioeaioe??. O ?o a/aiiyo
o?enoeyinueea ia?aeiieea?noue, iaa?oue oaiaoeci, niieo/aeeny ?c
?aae?ciii oa iii??i?noth.

Aa?ae?e Aaaono?i ??cei i?ioenoaaeya oea?eao oa aea?aeaao. A?i
noaa?aeaeoaaa, ui aea?aeaaa iia’ycaia ?c oea?noaii aeeyaiea, aea a oie
aea /an iaaiai?thaaa ?aeath iiiaeaiiy «a?aaeo caiiiai» o ?one?
o?enoeyinueei? aeia?i/aniino?.

Oiia Aea?inueeee i?eeoia aei aeniiaeo, ui aea?aeaaa ia? iiceoeaio

oe?ii?noue. Aiia ia o?eueee caa??aa? ie?, aea ? ? aeyaii aiaeiai
i?iaeae?iiy oa aie? a ?i’y ethaeae. Iie?oeea ia eiai aeoieo icia/a?
ii?aeueio a?aeiia?aeaeuei?noue, ni?yioaaiiy aie? ethaeeie o an?o
nioe?aeueieo ae?yo. A ?iaio? «Noia oaieia??» O.Aea?inueeee ?icaeyaea?
a?/ia i?aai , aiaeanoaaiia i?aai, i?e?iaeia i?aai ,iiceoeaia i?aai.

A?/ia i?aai – ioae??noue aiaa, ye i?aaeoaey onueiai. C iueiai aeo?ea?
aiaeanoaaiia i?aai – caiia?ae?, ye? on?i a?aeii?, i?e?iaeia i?aai –
iaeaaeeoue ethaeyi ye na?aeiiei ii?aeueiei oa nioe?aeueiei ?noioai.
?nio? iaeei noaiaea?o ?noeie oa ni?aaaaeeeaino?, a?i i?e?iaeiee ? on?
eiai ciathoue.

Iiceoeaia i?aai ( oa, ui ?nio? iani?aaae?) iaiao?aeia, uia caaaaeaoe
ethaeyi ?iaeoe cei oa caaacia/oaaoe ie?. sseui iiceoeaia i?aai, yea oa?a
noaa?ai i?ioe??/eoue i?e?iaeiiio – aiii iacaeiiia ? o oeueiio aeiaaeeo
O.Aea?inueeee aeciaaaa i?aai ia?iaeo ia aenooi i?ioe iiia?oa o oiio
aeiaaeeo, eiee aeaaea aenooia? i?ioe aiaa oa ii?aeueieo i?eioeei?a, eiee
aeaaea ia?aaeuo? naith eiiiaoaioe?th, aai eiee i?aaeoaeue ii/eia? ae?yoe
iani?aaaaeeeai. Aea inoaoi/ia ??oaiiy i?i aeieth aeaaee, ia aeoieo
O.Aea?inueeiai caeaaeeoue a?ae oea?eae. Oae aeaeyaea? a/aiiy Oiie i?i
aea?aeaao.

Caaaeyee O?enoeyinoao iie?oe/ia aeoiea i?aeiyeanue ia iiaee ??aaiue.
Aiii noaa?aeaeoaaei, ui ethaeei? a?ae Aiaa aeaiee ?iaeea?aeoaeueiee
niin?a ?nioaaiiy oa i?aee?anethaaei ?? oe?ii?noue. Ii?yae c oeei
O?enoeyinoai a/eei ethaeeio ia aa/eoe a i?aeeaaeino? iaiaaeniiai oyaa?y,
a ni?eeiaoe aeaaeo o?eueee ye oyaa? a?aeiia?aeaeueiino?.

3 ?icaeoie nioe?aeueii-iie?oe/ii? aeoiee a ia??iae A?ae?iaeaeaiiy.

Oai?aoee?a oeueiai ia??iaeo a?eueoa oe?eaaeoue i?iaeaia iioiaeaeaiiy oa
canaae aea?aeaae, a ia eiai oe?e?. Iie?oe/ia aeoiea ca?eueiy?oueny a?ae
eieeoi?o ioo o?einio?? oa ?ae?a??. ?icoi ?icaeyaea?oueny ieie ye
?ino?oiaio, ?iaeoueny aeoeaio ia ie?nueeiio oa?aeoa?? caeii?a.

Aea?aeaaa ?icaeyaea?oueny ye oi?eaeueia iacaeaaeia i?aai?caoe?y, ui
iaiao?aeia aeey caoenoo oa aaciaee ethaeae. O aaeoc? iie?oeee aieiaia
a?aee?eooy A?ae?iaeaeaiiy: ethaeeia, a ia Aia – oeaio? Anana?oo –
aeneiaea I?eeiei Iae?aaaee? (1469 – 1527??.)

A?i ? aaoi?ii iiaiai iaoeiaiai iaoiaeo «aeieo?eie ii?aeueii?
aeioe?eueiino?», oai??? iie?oe/iiai ?anioae?eai?cio, ye? c?iaeee aaeeeee
aieea ia aiae?enueeo oa aia?eeainueeo iie?oe/io aeoieo OV oa XV??? no.

A iie?oe/ieo o?aeoaoao «Ainoaea?ue», «?icaeoie ia ia?oo aeaeaaeo O?oa
E?a?y» a?i noi?ioethaaa iniiai? iieiaeaiiy nai?? iie?oe/ii? eiioeaioe??
:

 iie?oeea iiaeiia ?icaeyaeaoeny ye naiino?eia yaeua, ui ia caeaaeeoue
a?ae ii?ae? ? ?ae?a??;

 aea?aeaaa ? aeuei i?iyaii ethaenueeiai aeooo, a neoae?iiy aea?aeaa? –
ci?noii, iaoith ? uanoyi ethaenueeiai aeeooy;

 iaee?aua oi?ia i?aae?iiy – ?anioae?ea, aeaiie?ao?y, yea caaacia/o?
naiaiaeo ethaeeie ? ?? a?aeiia?aeaeuei?noue ca nai? ae??;

 o a?iiaaeyi iiaeii? aooe ?icaeioo? a?iiaaeyinuee? /aniioe, a yeui ?o
iaia, oi noai?eoe neeueio aea?aeaao iiaeeeai ca aeiiiiiaith ?aeaaeueiiai
iiia?oa, i?e/iio aeey aeinyaiaiiy iie?oe/ii? iaoe a?i iiaea
aeei?enoiaoaaoe an? caniae, ia ?aooth/enue c aeiiaaie ii?ae?.

C Iae?aaaee? ii/eia?oueny oi?ioaaiiy ao?aeoacii? iie?oe/ii? aeoiee, yea
?icaeyaea? iie?oeeo ye naiino?eia yaeua, a?eueia a?ae ?ae?a??. I?ioa a?i
oa?eoia a ?noi??th ye caniiaiee iaee?aaae?cio – iie?oe/ii? ?aeaieia??,
yea iaooo? ii?iaie ii?ae? aeey aeinyaiaiiy iie?oe/ieo oe?eae.

4. Iie?oe/i? ?aea? Iiaiai /ano (O?O – ii/. OO no.).

Iiaeaeueoee ?icaeoie iie?oe/ii? oai??? o cao?aeieo e?a?iao i?ioiaeeoue
ia oii? ao?aeoacieo ?aaiethoe?e XV? – ia?oi? iieiaeie X?X no. a
I?aea?eaiaeao (1566 – 1609 ??.), Aiae?? (1640 – 1688 ??.), O?aioe??
(1789 – 1794 ??.), Aia?eoe? (1775 – 1783 ??.).

Aea aoei a aeoaea neeaaeii ooeaoe iaaeo i?ae iie?oe/iith aeoieith
A?ae?iaeaeaiiy oa Iiaiai /ano o aeaniiio ci?no?.

Iie?oe/i? ?aea? iiaiai eeano – ao?aeoac??, ye? ia?iaeaeoaaeeny o
iiia?aaei?e aiin?, io?eiathoue naith anaa?/io ?ic?iaeo o ianooiiee,
Iiaee /an. Ia eiai ii/aoeiaiio aoai? iniiaia cia/aiiy iaaoaathoue ?aea?
cieuaiiy iaiaaeoaaiue, ye? oaiaeaeueia aea?aeaaa iaeeaaea? ia aieth
?iaeea?aea.

O ianooiiiio a?iiaaenueea eiioeaioe?y iie?oeee iaaoaa? naiai eia?/iiai
i?iaeiaaeaiiy o nioe?aeuei?e eiioeaioe??, o ye?e aeoeaio c ?iaeea?aea
ia?aiineoueny ia nioe?aeuei? a?oie ye noa’?eoe iie?oeee.

Iie?oe/ia iaoea Iiaiai /ano iia’ycaia c ?iaiaie iaeaeaeaoi?oeo
ieneeoae?a ?yaeo e?a?i, aiia ia/a ia?ai?uo?oueny c iaei??? e?a?ie a
?ioo, ne?aeoth/e ca ao?oeeaeie noni?eueieie iiae?yie.

Iaeiei c oaeeo ieneeoae?a ? Oiian Aiaan (1588 – 1679??.), yeiai
aaaaeathoue aaoueeii no/anii? iie?oieia??. Nai? iie?oe/ia a/aiiy a?i
aeeeaa o o?einionuee?e i?aoe? «I?i a?iiaaeyieia» oa o?aeoao? «Eaa?aoai».

Aea?aeaao Aiaan ?icaeyaeaa ye ethaenueea, a ia aiaeanoaaiia
onoaoeoaaiiy. Ia eiai aeoieo aiia aeieeea ia canaae? noni?eueiiai
aeiaiai?o ?c ?noioiiai aeiaea?aeaaiiai noaio. O nai?e ?iaio? «Eaa?aoai»
O. Aiaan iieno? oain aeiaea?aeaaiiai noni?euenoaa, o yeiio aoea a?eia
on?o i?ioe on?o. Ethaee ooeaee ie?o ? ciaeoee eiai oeyoii noni?eueiiai
aeiaiai?o. Ia?oei noni?eueiei aeiaiai?ii, ia aeoieo Aiaana, aoa caiia?o
(nithc) i?ae Aiaii oa iao??a?oii Aa?aaiii, ca?aeii c yeei Aia ia?oeya
Aa?aaio na?e caoeno, a Aa?aai ciaia’ycaa naaa oa nai? iioiinoai
i?aeei?eoeny aae?iiyi, onoaaai oa caeiiai Aiaa.

Eiioeaioe?y noni?eueiiai aeiaiai?o aoea oaeiae oeaio?ii iiaoaeia Aeaeiia
Eieea (1632 – 1704??.), yeiai aaaaeathoue caniiaieeii e?aa?ae?cio.
E?aa?ae?ci – oea a/aiiy oa noni?eueii-iie?oe/ia oa/?y, yea i?noeoue o
nia? onoaiiao ia caaacia/aiiy aie? iniaenoino? oa ?ioeo a?iiaaeyinueeeo
oa iie?oe/ieo i?aa ?iaeea?aea oa iaiaaeaiiy noa?e ae?yeueiino?
aea?aeaae.

Ca?aeii c ?aeayie Aeae.Eieea, ethaeeia a?ae ia?iaeaeaiiy ia? ?noioi?
iaa?ae’?ii? i?aaa (aeeooy, aiey, aeani?noue). Aacia?a/iith caneoaith
Eieea ? aenoiaiiy ?aea? ?iciiae?eo aeaaee o aea?aeaa? i?ae ??cieie
i?aaiaie aeey oiai, uia ia i?eionoeoe ?? aeaniioe/iiai aeei?enoaiiy oa
ceiaaeeaaiiy iath.

E??i oiai, Eiee aaaaeaa, ui aea?aeaaa oa noni?euenoai – ia iaeia ? oaae,
? iaae?iiy aea?aeaae ia icia/a? e?ioey noni?euenoaa. Noni?euenoai iiaea
noai?eoe iiao aea?aeaao, yeui ?nioth/a eiai ia caaeiaieueiy? ,ai iniaa
noai?aia aeey aea?aeaae, a ia aea?aeaaa – aeey iniae.

Nooo?aee ?icaeoie iie?oe/i? ?aea? iaaoee o i?aoeyo ieneeoae?a
o?aioeocueei? I?ina?oe, iaeiei c yeeo aoa Oa?eue Eo? Iiioane’? (1689 –
1755 ??.). Aieiaiei aeinyaiaiiyi O.-E.Iiioane’? noaea oai??y ?iciiae?eo
aeaaee.

Aiae?coth/e a?eoainueeo iie?oe/io nenoaio, aea aiane?aeie noeo?eiiai
?icaeoeo aoa noai?aiee iaoai?ci ?iciiae?eo aeaaee, Iiioane’? oai?aoe/ii
ona?aeiiea eiai. Ca oai???th Iiioane’? iaioaaiiy i?aaa iiaea aooe
caaacia/aii o?eueee ?iciiae?eii aeaae ia caeiiiaeaa/o, aeeiiaa/o oa
noaeiao c oei, uia aiie aca?iii no?eioaaee iaeia iaeio.

Ua iaeia aeinyaiaiiy Iiioane’? – oai??y nioe?aeueiiai oa ?noi?e/iiai
aeaoa?i?i?cio. A?i aaaaeaa, ui aaaaoi ?a/ae oi?aaeythoue ethaeueie:
ee?iao, ?ae?a??, caeiie, i?eioeeie, i?aae. ? ye ?acoeueoao oeueiai
ooai?th?oueny ni?eueiee aeoo ia?iaeo.

?aea? Iiioane’? i?i ?iciiae?e aeaae iaaoee naiai ?icaeoeo o i?aoeyo
“aaouee?a-caniiaiee?a” NOA. Aiie i?oee aeaeaei oia?aae o ?ic?iaoe?
i?iaeai iie?oe/ii? ??aiino? oa aeaiie?ao?? ii??aiyii c ?oi?ie
iiia?aaeieeaie. Iaeei c ieo – Aeaei?aeae Iaae?nii (1751 – 1836 ??.) –
iaeaeaeaoi?oee c oai?aoee?a ?anioae?eai?cio. A?i aaaaeaa, ui ia?iae –
?aeeia aeaea?aei aeaaee, a aeai?e – oa?aeoa?ia ?ena ?anioae?eainueeiai
i?aae?iiy. Iaae?nii oai?/i i?ae?eoia aei oai??? ?iciiae?eo aeaaee. A?i
?ic?iaea oaeo nenoaio no?eiie oa i?ioeaaa, ca?aeii c yeith eiaeia c
o?ueio aeaae ? a?aeiinii ??aiith.

Nioe?aeueia eiioeaioe?y iie?oeee, ui i?eeoea ia ci?io a?iiaaeyinuee?e –
oea ?aaeoe?y ia aeinoaoith c??e?noue noaa?aiii? aea?aeaae. O
nioe?aeuei?e eiioeaioe?? ci?iththoueny aeoeaioe:

 a?aei?aaiith e?aieith ? ia ?iaeea?ae, a a?oia (eean, iaoe?y,
ethaenoai);

 o c’ynoaaii? oa?aeoa?o aea?aeaae oaaaa ia?aieea?oueny c caeiio ia
?noi??th, aea?aeaaa ?icaeyaea?oueny c oi/ee ci?o ?icaeoeo;

 aieiaia oaaaa i?eae?ey?oueny aeiiii?/iei i?iaeaiai aei yeeo aea?aeaaa
noa? i?e/aoiith. Iaea?eueo a?aeiiei i?aaenoaaieeii ?aaeeeaeueiiai,
?aaiethoe?eii-aeaiie?aoe/iiai iai?yieo a ?aieao nioe?aeueii? eiioeaioe??
iie?oeee aoa AEai-AEae ?onni (1712 – 1778 ??.).

Aieiaia a eiioeaioe?? ?onni – aaae?oa?eci, ?aeay iaeiiai?, nioe?aeueii?
? iie?oe/ii? ??aiino?. I?e/eie ia??aiino? i?ae ethaeueie a?i aa/ea o
i?eaaoi?e aeaniino?. Aaaaeaa, ui oeyo aei e?ea?aeaoe?? ia??aiino?, aei
ooai?aiiy ni?aaaaeeeaiai noni?eueiiai ono?ith – iaae?eaiiy an?o ethaeae
a?aeiinii ??aiith i?eaaoiith aeani?noth, c??aiyiiy o a?iiaaeyinueeeo oa
iie?oe/ieo i?aaao an?o a?iiaaeyi .Ia eiai aeoieo – iaee?auee aea?aeaaiee
ono??e – ?anioae?ea, a ye?e aa?oiaiee aeanoeoaeue – ia?iae, o/anoue a
oi?aae?ii? – a?iiaaeyinueeee iaia’ycie eiaeiiai, ni?eueia aiey
ae?aaea?oueny ??oaiiyi a?eueoino? a?iiaaeyi, aa?oiaia aeaaea –
iaiiae?eueia.

?aea? ?onni iaee aeeeth/iee aieea ia ae?y/?a Aaeeei? o?aioeocueei?
?aaiethoe??, a oaeiae eiai i?eoeeueiee?a a ?in?? oa Aia?eoe?.

Ia?aiiaa ao?aeoacieo ?aaiethoe?e a ?a?ii? ? I?ai?/i?e Aia?eoe? aeeeeeaea
a?aeiia?aeio ?aaeoe?th c aieo oaiaeaeueii-a?enoie?aoe/ieo aa?noa oa ?o
?aeaieia?a. ?o iie?oe/i? eiioeaioe?? yaeyee niaith i?eioeeiiai ?ioo
oa/?th iie?oe/ii? aeoiee OV??? – X?X no. – eiina?aaoeci.

Iaeiei ?c caniiaiee?a eiina?aaoecio aoa Aaeioiae Aa?e (1729 – 1797??.)
A?i e?eoe/ii noaaeoueny aei ?aea? ?noioieo i?aa ethaeeie. Aeey iueiai
aea?aeaaa oa noni?euenoai – oea ?acoeueoao i?e?iaeii? aaiethoe??, a ia
aeiao?ae ethaenueeiai ?icoio. Iniiaia iaoa aea?aeaae – ioi?iiyoe
ii?yaeie oa caeii. Aa?e ia aeia??ya ethaenuee?e i?e?iae? oa noii?aaany o
cae?aiinoyo ?icoio ethaeae iie?auoaaoe aeeooy. Eiina?aaoeaia iie?oe/ia
a/aiiy c’yaeeiny o ?acoeueoao? aeine?aeaeaiiy iei Aaeeei? o?aioeocueei?
?aaiethoe?? 1789?., noi?ioeaieeii yei? a?i aoa.

Ua iaeei noi?ioeaiee o?aioeocueei? ?aaiethoe?? – Aeaen?n Oiea?eue (1805
– 1859 ??.) A?i noai?ea cian?i ?ioo e?aa?aeueio iie?oe/io oai??th. ??
aieiaiei iineeaiiyi ? oa, ui aeaiie?aoe/i? ?aea? iaooeeueii i?iaeaathoue
nia? aei?iao o aaaaoueio e?a?iao. Aea aeaiie?ao?? i?eoaiaii? aeaa
iaaaaeaieo iane?aeee:

 aeaiie?ao?y ia aea? ia?iaeia? naiiai ai?aaiiai o?yaeo;

 aeaiie?ao?y – oea iie?oe/ia oe?ai?y a?eueoino?.

A.Oiea?eue aecia/ea oaeiae aea? iniiaieo ia?aaaae aeaiie?ao??:

 aeaiie?ao?y ni?ey? aeia?iaooo iaea?eueoi? e?eueeino? a?iiaaeyi;

 aeaiie?ao?y caaacia/o? iie?oe/i? naiaiaee oa oe?ieo o/anoue ian o
iie?oe/iiio aeeoo?.

Aea/ath/e nioe?aeueio eiioeaioe?th iie?oeee iaiiaeia ia caaaeaoe
???ai?th Aaioaia (1748-1832??.) ,ui ?ic?iaea oai??th ooee?oa?ecio (a?ae
ut?l?tar?s – ei?enoue). Ooee?oa?eci – oea oai??y, yea aecia? ei?eni?noue
a/eieo iiaiei e?eoa???i eiai ii?aeueiino?. Ia iiaeyae Aaioaia ethaeeia o
nai?o a/eieao ea?o?oueny i?eioeeiaie ei?eno? oa iniaenoi? aeaiaee.
A?eueia ?aae?caoe?y iniaenoeo ?ioa?an?a – oea iaeaeua aeaai oa caaea/a
ae?yeueiino? aea?aeaae.

Cia/i? caneoae o ?icaeoeo iie?oe/ieo ?aeae iaeaaeaoue i?iaoeueeei
ieneeoaeyi ?iiaio?eo Eaioo (1724 – 1804 ??.), Eiaaiio Aioe?ao O?ooa
(1762 – 1814 ??.), Aai?ao O??ae??oo Aaaaeth (1770 – 1831 ??.). ?.Eaio
caeeaa iniiae no/anii? eiioeaioe?? i?aaiai? aea?aeaae. Aea?aeaaa, ca
Eaioii – oea ia’?aeiaiiy aace?/? ethaeae, ye? i?aeeyaathoue i?aaiaei
caeiiai. Aea?aeaaa ae?? o?ueiia caniaaie:

 aeaea? caeiie;

 cae?enith? aeeiiaa/o oa ?iciiae?eueio ae?yeuei?noue;

 ae?iaey? th?enaeeeoe?iii? aeoe.

Ca?aene aeieea? ooieoe?iiaeueiee ?iciiae?e i?aai?a aeaaee ia
caeiiiaeaa/o, aeeiiaa/o oa noaeiao. O oai??? Eaioa ?iaeoueny ni?iaa
ii?aeiaiiy e?aa?aeueii?, ?aaeeeaeueii-aeaiie?aoe/ii? oa aaoi?eoa?ii?
e?i?? ?icaeoeo iie?oe/ii? aeoiee. Ii-ia?oa, a?i aaaaeaa, ui
oeaio?aeueiei ?inoeoooii i?eethaeiiai i?aaa ? i?a?iaaoeaa ia?iaeo
i?eeiaoe o/anoue o anoaiiaeaii? i?aaiii?yaeeo oeyoii i?eeiyooy
Eiinoeoooe??. Ii-ae?oaa, cai?noue «??aiiaaae» aeaae Eaio aenoaa?
i?eioeei ?o eii?aeeiaoe?? oa aca?iiaeiiiaiaiiy, i?e yeiio caeiiiaeaa/a
aeaaea caa??aa? iaaiee i??i?eoao iaae aeaaeith aeeiiaa/ith.

C oe??? iiceoe?? Eaio i?iaiaeeoue /?oea ?iciaaeoaaiiy aeaniioe/ieo oa
?anioae?eainueeeo oi?i i?aae?iiy. Aeaniioe/iei i?aae?iiyi iiaea aooe ?
aaniethoia iiia?o?y ? aeaiie?ao?y, ai o iaio aeiaaeeao noa’?eoe aeaaee
(iiia?o aai ia?iae) iaeii/anii noai?th? caeiie oa nai ?o aeeiio?.
?anioae?eainueeei i?aaeaiiyi iiaea aooe eiinoeoooe?eia iiia?o?y, yeui a
i?e aeeiiaa/a aeaaea a?aeae?eaia a?ae caeiiiaeaa/i?. Eaio aaaaeaa, ui
ci?ithaaoe aea?aeaaiee ono??e iiaeia o?eueee oeyoii eiinoeoooe?eieo
?aoi?i.

Aai?a A?eueaaeuei O??ae??o Aaaaeue (1770 – 1831??.) aeine?aeaeoaaa aeaa
aieiaieo iiiyooy – a?iiaaeyinueea noni?euenoai oa aea?aeaaa.
A?iiaaeyinueea noni?euenoai ia aeoieo Aaaaey – oea aecia/aia noeoii?noue
oi?iaeueii ??aieo ?iaeea?ae?a, i?eaaoiiaeanieoeuee? ?ioa?ane yeeo o?nii
ia?aieaoai? i?ae niaith. A a?iiaaeyinueea noni?euenoai – oea
aaciina?aaeiuei iaeiio?ieth?ia aea?aeaaith noa?a aeeoo?ae?yeueiino?
?iaeea?ae?a.

A?iiaaeyinueea noni?euenoai ? noa?ith nioe?aeueii-aeiiii?/ii?
ae?yeueiino?. Aea?aeaaa – noa?a iie?oe/ii? ae?yeueiino?. A?iiaaeyinueea
noni?euenoai i?aaenoaaey? nai? ?ioa?ane oa i?eeia? o/anoue o ni?aaao
aea?aeaae /a?ac caeiiiaeaa/? i?aaie (ia?eaiaio).

Ii?yae c iie?oe/ieie ?aeayie, ye? iaa?oioiaothoue aeieeiaiiy oa
caoaa?aeaeaiiy eai?oae?noe/ieo a?aeiinei (e?aa?ae?ci) aai a?aenoiththoue
aeaai? noni?euei? ii?yaeee (eiina?aaoeci), o XV? – ia?o?e iieiaei? X?X
no. o Cao?aei?e ?a?ii? ?icaeaaany iai?yiie noni?eueii-iie?oe/ii? aeoiee,
i?aaenoaaieee yeiai o nai?o i?aoeyo oe?eeii caia?a/oaaee ye aeaai?e,
oaiaeaeueiee, oae ? iiaee, ao?aeoaciee, nioe?aeueii-iie?oe/iee eaae,
aenooiath/e caoenieeaie ?ioa?an?a i?eai?/aieo ia?iaeieo iec?a.

O oaeeo oai?ao iaa?oioiaoaaeany iaiao?aei?noue i?eioeeiiai iiaeo
noni?eueieo ii?yaee?a, ye? caniiaai? ia ??aiino? on?o /eai?a
noni?euenoaa, eieaeoeai?e aeaniino?, iaia’yceia?e i?aoe? oa noni?eueiiio
naiia?yaeoaaii?. Oeae ii?yaeie io?eiaa iacao ooii?/iiai nioe?ae?cio.
Eiai iaea?aeii?oeie i?aaenoaaieeaie ? aiae??oeue Oiian Ii? (1478 – 1535
??.), ?oae??oeue Oiiiaci Eaiiaiaea (1568 – 1639 ??.), o?aioeoce AEai
Iaeue? (1664 – 1729 ??.), Ai?? aea Nai- N?iii (1760 – 1825 ??.), Oa?eue
Oo?’? (1772 – 1837 ??.) oa aiae??oeue ?iaa?o Ioai (1771 – 1858 ??.). O
oai?ao iaeieo nioe?ae?no?a-ooii?no?a iaeaooi? noni?euenoai iia’yco?oueny
?c ia?iaeiaeaaeaeyi, ?c oe?ieith o/anoth o?oaeyueo o ea?oaaii?
noni?eueieie ni?aaaie. Iai?eeeaae, a ?aeaaeuei?e aea?aeaa?, yea aoea
iienaia O. Ii?ii o eiec? “Ooii?y”, on? iinaaeia? iniae iae?athoueny
ia?iaeii, ae?thoue a ?ioa?anao ia?iaeo oa ca?oothoue ia?aae iei.

Ia /ie? I?noey Niioey – ?aeaaeueii? ?anioae?ee, ui aoea neiino?oeiaaia
O. Eaiiaiaeith o eiai iaeii?iaii?e eiec?, noi?oue iaeioae??oee oa ona
ciath/ee ia?ainayuaiee Niioea (a?i aea Iaoao?cee), yeiio i?aeeyaathoue
o?e ni?ai?aaeoae?: I?oeue, Ioae??noue oa Ethaia. Aiie iae?athoue ieciaeo
iinaaeiaeo in?a, iin??a ?noeiiiai ciaiiy.

Nioe?ae?noe-ooii?noe aaaaeaee, ui iaeaooiy aea?aeaaa ao?aoeoue
ianeeueieoeueeee oa?aeoa?, a aieiaiee ci?no aeaaee aoaea noaiiaeoe
i?aai?caoe?y ae?iaieoeoaa oa niiaeeaaiiy, ?icaeoie iaoee oa eoeueoo?e.
Nai-Neiii ienaa, ui o iiaeaeueoiio iie?oe/ia i?aae?iiy ethaeueie iiaeiii
ia?aoai?eoeny o ?icii?yaeaeaiiy ?a/aie oa ea??aieoeoai i?ioeanaie
ae?iaieoeoaa.

Caeiiiei niaaeei?ioeai oa i?iaeiaaeoaa/ai ?aaiethoe?eii-aeaiie?aoe/ieo
oa nioe?ae?noe/ieo o?aaeeoe?e cao?aeii?a?iiaenueei?
nioe?aeueii-iie?oe/ii? aeoiee Iiaiai /ano noaei a/aiiy E. Ia?ena (1818 –
1883??.) – ia?eneci.

Ia?eneci – ia i?inoa i?iaeiaaeaiiy iiia?aaei?o nioe?aeueii-iie?oe/ieo
?aeae. A?i yaey? niaith ni?iao aeaoe a?aeiia?ae? ia iia? ieoaiiy, ye?
iinoaaea o?ae ?noi??? o ia?o?e iieiaei? O?O no. Iaeaaaeeea?oei c ieo
aoei ieoaiiy i?i oeyoe caoaa?aeaeaiiy ?aeaaeo a?eueii? iniaenoino?, yeee
aoa i?iaieioaiee ua aiioith I?ina?oieoeoaa.

O oeaio?? oaaae ia?enecio noaei ieoaiiy i?i nooi?noue, oaiaeaioe??
?icaeoeo oa iaeaooi? ao?aeoaciiai noni?euenoaa, on?o eiai ?inoeooo?a c
oi/ee ci?o ?ioa?an?a ethaenueei? aie?. O eiioaeno? oeueiai aiae?co
ia?eneci ae?iaea iia? i?aeoiaee aei iiyniaiiy aea?aeaae, iie?oeee oa
i?aaa. Nooi?noue oeueiai i?aeoiaeo iieyaa? o
ae?aeaeoe/ii-iaoa??aeenoe/iiio ?icoi?ii? aea?aeaae, iie?oeee oa i?aaa, o
caoaa?aeaeaii? oiai, ui ?o aacith ? noeoii?noue iaioth/eo o eeaniaiio
noni?euenoa? ae?iaie/eo a?aeiinei, o ?ice?eoo? oa?aeoa?o aca?iiae?? aace
oa iie?oe/ii? iaaeaoaeiae. Ca Ia?enii, caii? iniiae aea?aeaae
ei??iyoueny o iaoa??aeueieo aeiiii?/ieo a?aeiineiao.

Aea?aeaaa ii?iaeaeo?oueny ia a?eueiith aieath ethaeae, a ? caeiiii??iei
?acoeueoaoii ?iciiae?eo i?aoe? oa iia’ycaiiai c iei ooai?aiiy
nioe?aeueieo eean?a. Aieiaiei o ia?enenonueeiio aiae?c? iie?oeee ye
noni?eueiiai yaeua aenooia? iieiaeaiiy i?i nooi?noue eeaniai? ai?ioueae
ye ai?ioueae iie?oe/ii?, ni?yiiaaii? ia caaithaaiiy oa oo?eiaiiy aeaaee.
?ai?oa ao?aeoaci? ieneeoae? oa nioe?ae?noe-ooii?noe oaeiae ciaee i?i
?nioaaiiy eeaniai? ai?ioueae, aea aiie ia ?icaeyaeaee ai?ioueao eean?a
ye ?oo?eio neeo ?noi???.

E.Ia?en oa O.Aiaaeuen c eeaniaeo iiceoe?e i?aeoiaeeee aei nooiino?
iie?oe/ii? aeaaee, aecia/ath/e ?? oae: «iie?oe/ia aeaaea o aeaniiio
?icoi?ii? neiaa – oea i?aai?ciaaia ianeeuenoai iaeiiai eeano aeey
i?eaeoooaaiiy ?ioiai». (E.Ia?en, O.Aiaaeuen ,Ni/.2-a ecae., o. 4, n.
477).

Aeiey ia?enenonueei? oai??? aaee/acia ? o?aa?/ia. Aiia iaea ? ia?
i?eoeeueiee?a i?aeoe/ii a on?o e?a?iao na?oo, ye? iaiaeii?aciai
iaiaaaeenue ao?eeoe ?? a aeeooy. Ea?oth/enue oe??th oai???th, ?in?enuee?
a?eueoiaeee caoiieee aeaaeo, oo?eioaaee ?? i?ioyaii aaaaoueio
aeanyoe??/, iaa’ycoaaee na?e “aeina?ae” ?ioei e?a?iai. I?ioa e?ao
oioae?oa?iiai ?aaeeio a 90-o ?ieao OO no. iioyaioa ca niaith e?eco
ia?enecio.

I?i cia/aiiy oai?aoe/ii? niaaeueie Ia?ena aeey no/aniiai iaoeiaiai
ciaiiy aeia?a neacaa Ea?e Iiiia? (1902- 1994 ??.), iaoeiaee e?eoee
ia?enecio: «A?i (Ia?en) aaaaoi ia ui a?aee?ea iai i/? oa caaino?ea iao
c??, aea iiaa?iaiiy aei aeiia?enenonei? noni?eueii? iaoee aaea
iaiiaeeeaa. On? no/ani? aeine?aeieee i?iaeai nioe?aeueii? o?einio??
ciaia’ycai? Ia?enia?, iaa?oue yeui aiie oeueiai ia ona?aeiieththoue. Oea
iniaeeai a??ii aeey oeo, ooi ia caiaeai c eiai oai??yie, ye, iai?eeeaae,
y. ? y c aioiai?noth aeciath, ui ii? o?aeooaaiiy Ieaoiia /e Aaaaey
iineoue ia nia? ia/aoeo Ia?eniaiai aieeao» (E. Iiiia?. Ioe?uoia iauanoai
e aai a?aae. A 2-o o., o.2, n. 98).

Oaeei /eiii, o oai?ao cao?aeii?a?iiaenueeeo ieneeoae?a aiioe
A?ae?iaeaeaiiy oa Iiaiai *ano caeeaaeai? canaaee oa ?ic?iaeai?
iaeaaaeeea?o? iieiaeaiiy iie?oe/ii? iaoee.

5 Noaiiaeaiiy iie?oe/ieo ?aeae o Ee?anuee?e ?on? o ?O – O?? no. oa ?o
iiaeaeueoee ?icaeoie ia aoai? oi?ioaaiiy oe?a?inueeiai ia?iaeo

(OV? – OV?? no.)

Iie?oe/i? ?aea? oa oai???, ye? noai?thaaeeny aeaeaoieie iie?oe/ieie
ae?y/aie, ieneeoaeyie Oe?a?ie, o?nii iia’ycai? c ?? ?noi???th,
a?aeaeaathoue iie?oe/i? i?ioeane ? ?o oaiaeaioe??.

Iiyaa aeaniino?, ?iciiae?e noni?euenoaa ia eeane, ai?ioueaa ca caieth oa
naia ?nioaaiiy c aeaiaie, aoiaie, aioaie, ia/ai?aaie, iieiaoeyie,
coiiaeee aeieeiaiiy o ?X no. aaeeei? oaiaeaeueii? aea?aeaae no?aeieo
neia’yi ?c oeaio?ii o Ee?a? – Ee?anueei? ?on?.

Ia??iaeecaoe?y ?icaeoeo iie?oe/ii? aeoiee ?in?? ni?aiaaea? c aoaiaie o
noaiiaeaii? oa ?icaeoeo ?in?enueei? aea?aeaaiino?. Ine?eueee Oe?a?ia
aeoaea aeiaai aoiaeeea o neeaae ?in??, oi e ?icaeoie oe?a?inueei?
iie?oe/ii? aeoiee o?nii iia’ycaiee c iie?oe/iith aeoieith ?in??. Iiaeae?
aoaeaii ?icaeyaeaoe iaeaeaa oe? iai?yiee ?acii.

Ioaea, aaee/acia cia/aiiy aeey ci?oeiaiiy oaiaeaeueiiai eaaeo, iineeaiiy
aeaaiuei?onueei? aea?aeaae oa eiyaei? aeaaee iaei i?eeiyooy o 988 ?.
O?enoeyinoaa. Aiii i?eeoei ia ci?io ?aeaieia?/iei oi?iai ia?a?niiai
noni?eueiiai eaaeo, aeneiaethth/e iio?aao noni?euenoaa o iiaiio oei?
?aeaieia?? oa na?oiaeyaeo. O?enoeyinoai caeo/eei aeaaiuei?onueeo
aea?aeaao aei iie?oe/iiai oa eoeueoo?iiai aeeooy ?a?iiaenueeeo ia?iae?a,
ni?eyei ?icaeoeo ienaiiino? oa ina?oe.

?acii c o?enoeyinueeei a/aiiyi o Aeaaith ?onue ii/aee i?iieeaoe iia?
iie?oe/i? iiiyooy, ca aeiiiiiaith yeeo ona?aeiiethaaeenue aeooaeuei?
ieoaiiy noni?eueiiai aeeooy. I?aaeiaoii iie?oe/ieo i??eoaaiue aoee oae?
i?iaeaie, ye iioiaeaeaiiy aea?aeaae, i?aaii??i?noue iaioaaiiy i?aaey/i?
aeeiano??, oeyo oe??ieaiiy eiyaei? aeaaee.

Aei iai’yoiee?a aeaaiuei?onueei? e?oa?aoo?e a yeeo a?aeia?aaeaia
aeooaeueia aeey oiai /ano iie?oe/ia i?iaeaiaoeea, a?aeiinyoueny «Neiai i
caeiia e aeaaiaeaoe» ee?anueeiai ieo?iiie?oa ?ea??iia (1049 ?.), e?oiien
«Iiaanoue a?aiaiiuo eao» (1113 ?.), «Iio/aiea Aeaaeeie?a Iiiiiaoa» (1125
?.), iiaia «Neiai i iieeo Eai?aaa» (X?? no.), «Iieaiey Aeaieeea
Caoi/ieea» (1229 ?.) oa ?i.

Aieiai? ?aea? oeeo oai??a – ??aiii?aai?noue ?in?enueeiai ia?iaeo c
?ioeie ?a?iiaenueeeie ia?iaeaie; – ?aei?noue ?in?enueei? caie?; – caoeno
i?aeeaaeeo a?ae ii?ooaiue caeii?a ana?aaeei? e?a?ie.

Iaea?eueoiai ?icaeoeo Aeaaiuei?onueea aea?aeaaa aeinyaea a O? no. ca
/an?a eiycthaaiiy ss?ineaaa Ioae?iai, aea i?ney iueiai ii/aeiny
ae?iaeaiiy aea?aeaae ? o ae?oa?e iieiaei? O?? no. aiia ?iciaeany ia
ie?ai? eiyc?anoaa.

O X?V-XV? no. ia ?on? eoia i?ioean e?ea?aeaoe?? oaiaeaeueii?
?icae?iaeaiino?, oeaio?ii ia’?aeiaiiy ?in?enueeeo caiaeue noaei
Iineianueea eiyc?anoai. O oeae ia??iae neeaaea?oueny iie?oe/ia
?aeaieia?y oeaio?ae?ciaaii? aea?aeaae, o ye?e iaea?eueoa cia/aiiy
iathoue i?iaeaia ci?oeiaiiy naiiaea?aeaanoaa oa ieoaiiy i?i ?ieue
?in?enueei? aea?aeaae na?aae na?oiaeo aea?aeaa.

I?aenoieii iiooe?a a?aeiia?ae? ia oea caieoaiiy noaea oai??y
«Iineaa-o?ao?e ?ei», ui aoea inoaoi/ii noi?ioeueiaaia o iineaiiyo
ineianueeiai /a?iaoey O?eioay. A?i aaaaeaa, ui ?noi??y ethaenoaa – oea
?noi??y aeieeiaiiy, ?icaeoeo oa caiaiaaeo na?oiaeo oea?noa, ui
ni?yiiaothoueny Aiaii.

Ia?oei na?oiaei oea?noaii aoa ?ei. Niaaeei?ioeai ?eia, aai ae?oaei
?eiii, noaea A?caio?y ?c noieeoeath o Eiinoaioeiiiie?. A?caio?y c?aaeeea
i?aaineaa’y ? ca oea iiea?aia Aiaii – caaeioea i?ae oeneii oo?ie o 1453
?. ?aeeiei iin??i i?aaineaa’y eeoeany ?in?enueeee ia?iae. A Iineaa noaea
o?ao?i ?eiii ? aoaea iei aei e?ioey na?oo. «Aeaa oai ?eia iaaeioa, a
o?aoee noieo, a /aoaa?oiio ia auoe» – ieoa O?eioae.

O O?? – OV? no. oe?a?inuee? caie? aoee ?ic’?aeiai? ? a?aaoaaeeny –
nii/aoeo oaoa?i-iiiaieuenueeith iaaaeith, a iio?i Eeoaith, Iieueuath,
Oai?ueiith, Iieaeaa??th, oo?eaie, e?einueeeie oaoa?aie. Aei na?aaeeie
OVII no. aeaaea a e?a?i? iaeaaeaea iieuenueeiio ei?ieaa?, a iio?i
?in?enueeiio oea?aa?. Ai?ioueaa oe?a?inueeiai ia?iaeo i?ioe
nioe?aeueiiai aiiaeaiiy, eieii?caoe?? oa ieaoiee/oaaiiy aeeeeanue o
oaeeth iianoaiue, a iio?i i?ecaaea aei ooai?aiiy Caii??cueei? N?/?, yeo
?noi?eee iaceaathoue o?enoeyinueei-aeaiie?aoe/iith ?anioae?eith c
/?oeith no?oeoo?ith a?iiaaenueeeo ?inoeooo?a oa a?enueeiaith
i?aai?caoe??th ia /ie? c aaoueiaiii.

Aei oeueiai ia??iaeo a?aeiineoueny aeaeaoiee iai’yoiee oe?a?inueei?
eoeueoo?e XV? no. «Ia?aniiieoeueea ?aaiaee??», ia yeiio i?enyaathoue ia
a??i?noue oe?a?inueeiio ia?iaeo no/ani? i?aceaeaioe Oe?a?ie. Iie?oe/ia
ai?ioueaa coiiaeea ?icaeoie iaoe?iiaeueii-eoeueoo?iiai ?ooo, iiyae
a?aonoa – aeia?ia?eueieo i?aaineaaieo oea?eiaieo ia’?aeiaiue.

Eoeueoo?iee i?aeeii a Oe?a?i? cia/ii iineeth?oueny o e?ioe? XV? – ii/.
XV?? no. ?c iiyaith a?aonoa. Oea aoee – noni?eueii-ina?oi? i?aaineaai?
ia’?aeiaiiy i?nueeiai ianaeaiiy.

Aei oeueiai ia??iaeo a?aeiineoueny oai?/?noue ienueiaiieea-aeaiie?aoa,
?aeaieiaa naeyinueeeo ian ?aaia Aeoainueeiai (1545 – 1620 ??.). Eiai
iie?oe/ia a/aiiy aoei ni?yiiaaia ia o?eueee i?ioe
iaoe?iiaeueii-?ae?a?eiiai i?eai?/aiiy, aea e i?ioe iie?oeei-i?aaiai?
nenoaie ??/? Iiniieeoi?. Eiai iiaeyaee aoee i?iiecai? ?aea?th ??aiino?
an?o ethaeae a?ae i?e?iaee.

O ae?oa?e iieiaei? XV?? no. aei a?aonoa aeeaathoueny aeu? aa?noae
oe?a?inueeiai noni?euenoaa ui ia i?eeiyee eaoieeoeoai oa i?e?aeio?oueny
eicaoeoai ia /ie? c aaoueiaiii I. Naaaeaea/iei. O?ioe i?ci?oa aoea
noai?aia Ee?ai-Iiaeeyinueea aeaaeai?y, ia?oee aeuee iaa/aeueiee caeeaae
ia /ie? c Iao?ii Iiaeeith. O i?aoeyo Iao?a Iiaeee iiaeia ciaeoe ?icaeoie
i?i na?onueeo aeaaeo, ui ia ni?acao/i? iaioaaiith aeaaee oea?eae. A?i
a?aeaiaeea aeey oea?eae ?ieue ?aaeieea, a ia iaia ? i??ya iaoe o iaee//?
oea?y ioae?iai i?aaeoaey, aaoueea i?aeaeaieo, aenooiaa i?ioe oi??
i?aaineaaii? oea?eae c eaoieeoeueeith.

Aeeeaaea/? aeaaeai??, ?ae?a?ei? oa a?iiaaenuee? ae?y/?: O.I?ieiiiae/,
?.Aaeyoianueeee, E.Aa?aiiae/ oa ?io? a?aenoithaaee ?aeath iacaeaaeiino?
Oe?a?ie a?ae Iieueu? ? nithc c ?in?enueeei ia?iaeii. Oaioai I?ieiiiae/
(1681 – 1736 ??.) aeoeaii i?iiaaoaaa ?aoi?ie Iao?a ?, noai?ea oai??th
ina?/aiiai aaniethoecio, ca?aeii yei? ina?/aiee iiia?o ? aa?oiaiei
iin??i aea?aeaaii? aeaaee ? ni?yiiao? naith ae?yeuei?noue ia caaaeueio
ei?enoue.

C ae?oai? iieiaeie XV??? no. o iaae?ao oaiaeaeueii-e??iinii? nenoaie
noaa ?icaeaaoeny eai?oae?noe/iee oeeaae. Aiaeii/an o iie?oe/i?e aeoioe?
ii/eia? oi?ioaaoeny i?ia?aneaiee oaiaeaeueiee oaa??. ?icaeaa?oueny
iie?oe/ia ?aeaieia?y i?ina?oieoeoaa. Aeey ia? oa?aeoa?i?: – ai?iaea
a?aeiioaiiy aei e??iiniiai i?aaa; – aeoeaiee caoeno ina?oe,
naiia?yaeoaaiiy, aie? oa ?a?iiaenueeeo oi?i aeeooy.

Aa?oeiith oeueiai iai?yieo a ?in?? noaee iiaeyaee A.I.?aaeeuaaa (1749 –
1802 ??.). A?i aaaaea?oueny ia?oei ?in?enueeei
ienueiaiieeii-?aaiethoe?iia?ii. O oai?? «Iooaoanoaea ec Iaoa?ao?aa a
Iineao» iieacaa aeiiii?/io, nioe?aeueio oa ii?aeueio caoai?noue
e??iiniiai i?aaa ? naiiaea?aeaanoaa. A?i aaaaeaa, ui aiie ?niothoue
?acii ? i?aeo?eiothoue iaeei iaeiiai.

A ?in?? oa Oe?a?i? i?iaeiaaeoaaany ?icaeoie eai?oae?noe/ieo a?aeiinei,
ui ni?eyei ?iciianthaeaeaiith e?aa?aeueieo iano?i?a o noni?euenoa? ?
ianaiia?aae na?aae /anoeie aeai?yinoaa.

6 Iniiai? iai?yiee oa oaiaeaioe?? ?icaeoeo nioe?aeueii-iie?oe/ieo
iiaeyae?a a Oe?a?i? o O?O – ii/. OO no.

Iie?oe/ia aeoiea ?in?? oa Oe?a?ie o X?X no. aaiethoe?iioaaea a aoiinoa??
e??iinieoeoaa, naiiaea?aeaanoaa ? iiaiiai iiiaaieaiiy oe?a?inueei?
iaoe??. Oea aecia/aei iniiai? iie?oe/i? ?aea? aeaeaoieo ieneeoae?a oiai
/ano.

?aeaieiae e?aa?aeueiiai aeai?yinoaa I.I.Nia?ainueeee (1772 – 1839 ??.),
I.A.Ea?aic?i (1766 – 1826 ??.), ?aaiethoe?iia?e-aeaeaa?enoe:
I.I.Aanooaeaa-?thi?i (1801 – 1826), I.?.Ianoaeue (1793 – 1826 ??.) oa
I.I.Io?aaeia (1795 – 1843 ??.) noai?thaaee ?yae i?iaeo?a e?aa?aeueieo
?aoi?i, ui noinoaaeeny noni?eueieo a?aeiinei oa ono?ith aea?aeaaii?
aeaaee.

Iaea?eueo ii?aoeueiaaiei c ieo aoa i?iaeo I.I.Nia?ainueeiai.
Iaiaaath/enue i?enoinoaaoe aei naiiaea?aeaaii? oi?ie i?aaeaiiy oai??th
?iciiae?eo aeaae, Nia?ainueeee aeaa ?e i?ea?iaeueia oeoia/aiiy.
Caeiiiaeaa/a, aeeiiaa/a oa noaeiaa aeaaee aenooiathoue o iueiai ye
i?iyae ?aeeii? «aea?aeaaii? aie?». ?iia?aoi? ? «aa?oiaiee
caeiiiaeaaaoeue», «aa?oiaiee aeeiiaaaoeue» oa «aa?oiaiee ioi?iiaoeue
i?aainoaeaey». Nia?ainueeee i?iiiioaaa canioaaoe Aea?aeaaio aeoio,
i?i?noa?noaa oa Naiao, ye i?aai noaeiai? aeaaee.

Iaea?eueo yne?aaei i?aaenoaaieeii ao?aeoaciiai i?ina?oieoeoaa a Oe?a?i?
aoa Na?a?e Aeanieoeueeee. A?i ia?oei a Oe?a?i? ni?iaoaaa ?icaeyiooe
ieoaiiy n?i’?, ?ae?a??, i?aaa, aeaniino? c oi/ee ci?o ?noi?e/iiai
?icaeoeo. Eiio iaeaaeeoue i?ea?iaeueia nioe?aeueii-iie?oe/ia eiioeaioe?y
noaae?eiiai ?icaeoeo ethaenueeiai noni?euenoaa. ?? aieiaia ?aeay –
aeoiea i?i oa, ui iniiaith i?ia?aneaiiai ?icaeoeo ?noi??? ? oa’yciaia o
nai?e ethaeei? i?aaiaiiy aei naiioaeineiiaethaaiiy.

O 40-o ?ieao X?X noi??//y a Oe?a?i? ioi?ieththoueny aeaa aieiaieo
iai?yiee nioe?aeueii-iie?oe/ii? aeoiee: e?aa?aeueii-aeaiie?aoe/iee oa
?aaiethoe?eii-aeaiie?aoe/iee.

Aei e?aa?aeueii – aeaiie?aoe/iiai iaeaaeaee I.Einoiia?ia, I.Eoe?o,
A.Aioiiiae/, I.Ae?aaiiaiia. Aei ?aaiethoe?eii-aeaiie?aoe/iiai –
O.Oaa/aiei, ?.O?aiei, E.Oe?a?iea oa ?i .

E?aa?aeuei? ?aea? a Oe?a?i? ia iaee oaeiai ?icaeoeo ye a e?a?iao
Cao?aeii? ?a?iie. Iia?eueia ni?eeiyooy e?aa?aeueieo ?aeae oe?a?inueeith
?ioae?aaioe??th oa oe?a?inueeei noni?euenoaii iaoiiaethaaeiny iayai?noth
aaoi?eoa?iiai oeio iie?oe/iiai ?aaeeio a Oe?a?i?, aei?noieei
i?eaeooaiiyi i?iya?a iaoe?iiaeueii-aecaieueiiai ?ooo ? aiane?aeie oiai –
caneeeyi oa iiioey?i?noth ?aaeeeaeueieo oa/?e.

No/ania iie?oieia?y ae??ciy? aea? ni?iae ?aoeaioe?? e?aa?ae?cio a
Oe?a?i?. Ia?oa c ieo aoea iia’ycaia c iaiaaaiiyi a?aeiiiai oe?a?inueeiai
ioae?oeenoa, ?noi?eea, o?einioa I.Ae?aaiiaiiaa (1841-1895 ??.) ia?aianoe
cao?aei? e?aa?aeuei? ?aea? a oe?a?inueea na?aaeiaeua. O nai?o aieiaieo
i?aoeyo «Ia?aaei? neiai aei «A?iiaaee» (1878 ?.), «E?aa?ae?ci ? cainoai
a ?in??» (1889 ?.), «Eenoe ia Iaaeaei?i?yinueeo Oe?a?io» (1893 ?.) a?i
iaiaaaany ii?aeiaoe ?aeath e?aa?aeueii? aeaiie?ao?? c ?aea?th iaaaciaee
o ?icaeoeo oi?oa?ieo aea?aeaaieo ath?ie?aoe/ieo no?oeoo?, aeueoa?iaoeao
yeeo aa/ea o niieo/aii? i?eioeei?a eeane/iiai e?aa?aeueiiai
ia?eaiaioa?ecio oa oaaea?aeueiiai aea?aeaaiiai ono?ith. E?eoeeoth/e
aaniethoecaoe?th ?ioa?an?a o?oaeiaiai ia?iaeo, I.Ae?aaiiaiia, aiaeii/an
i?iaeiaaeoaaa ia?iaeieoeueei-aeaiie?aoe/io o?aaeeoe?th i?ae i?aii?ii
a?iiaae?anoaa. Iaoith ia?aaeaoooaaiiy noni?euenoaa a?i i?iaieinea
«aacia/aeuenoai» – aia?oinioe?ae?ci i?oaeii?anueeiai c?aceo. Ca aeoieith
I.I. Ae?iaiiaiiaa aa?aio??th i?aa iniaenoino? iiaea aooe o?eueee a?eueia
naiia?yaeiaaia «a?iiaaea». Oaaea?aoeaiee nithc oaeeo a?iiaae ?
aeueoa?iaoeaith oi?oa?iei ath?ie?aoe/iei no?oeoo?ai aea?aeaae.

Nooue eiioeaioe??, ae?iaeaii? Ae?aaiiaiiaei, iieyaaea a caaacia/aii?
iaoe?iiaeueieo ?ioa?an?a Oe?a?ie /a?ac eiinoeoooe?eii-i?aaiao
?ai?aai?caoe?th ?in??, iaaeaiiy oaa?aeeo aa?aio?e eiinoeoooe?eieo i?aa
a?iiaaeyi, i?aaa naiia?yaeoaaiiy aeey ie?aieo ?aa?ii?a ?
iaoe?iiaeueiinoae oa caaacia/aiiy a?eueiiai ?icaeoeo oe?a?inueei?
eoeueoo?e.

A?i i?eioeeiiai oa iine?aeiaii aenooiaa i?ioe aoaeue-yei? oe?ai?? oa
aeeeoaoo?e, aoaeue aiia iiia?o?/ii-ath?ie?aoe/iiai aai ?aaiethoe?eiiai
iioiaeaeaiiy. Aiie iaeaea? caniiaai? ia oi?oa?ii-aeaiie?aoe/ieo
no?oeoo?ao aeaaee oa ianoi?ni? ?c i?aaaie ethaeeie oa naiaiaeith
ia?iaeo. Ae?aaiiaiia ??oo/a canoaeaeoaaa ?aea? oe?a?inueeiai
iaoe?iiae?cio, aea?aeaaiiai naia?aoecio. A?i aaaaeaa, ui iie?oe/ia ?
iaoe?iiaeueia aaoiiii?y iiaeeeaa ? aac iaoe?iiaeueii-aea?aeaaiiai
a?aeie?aieaiiy a?ae ?in??.

Ae?oaa ni?iaa ia?aiino e?aa?aeueieo ?aeae ia oe?a?inueeee a?oio iaea
ia?aaaaeii einiiiie?oe/ia caaa?aeaiiy ? aeyaeeany a ae?yeueiino?
i?aaenoaaiee?a ?in?enueei? e?aa?aeueii? oa/?? a Oe?a?i? e?ioey O?O –
ii/. OO no. A oeae /an iioe?aiith e?aa?aeueieo ?aeae a iao?e e?a?i?
ni?eyee ie??i I.Ae?aaiiaiiaa, A.E?noye?anueeee (1863 – 1920 ??.),
I.Ooaai-Aa?aiianueeee (1871 – 1919 ??.), I.Eiaaeaanueeee (1871 – 1916
??.) oa ?i.

Na?aae aieiaieo ?aeae oe?a?inueeiai e?aa?ae?cio iiaeia iacaaoe oae?:

 ?nioaaiiy aeaiie?aoe/ii? aea?aeaae iiaeeeaa eeoa ca oiiae iie?oe/ii?
naiaiaee;

 aieiaiith oe?ii?noth o noni?euenoa? ? ethaeeia iacaeaaeii a?ae noaoono;

 a nenoai? iie?oeei-aeiiii?/ieo eaoaai??e oeaio?aeueiith ? i?eaaoia
aeani?noue;

 aeciaiiy aa?oiaainoaa i?aaa a noni?eueiiio aeeoo?;

 i??i?eoao caaaeueiiethaenueeeo oe?iiinoae iaae nioe?aeueii-eeaniaeie /e
iaoe?iiaeueieie;

 aeaoeaio?ae?caoe?y aea?aeaae oa i?noeaaa naiia?yaeoaaiiy;
iiioey?ecaoe?y aoe/ieo canaae iie?oe/ii? ae?yeueiino?.

Iie?oe/iei ?aeaaeii ?aaiethoe?iia??a-aeaiie?ao?a aoea aeaiie?aoe/ia
oe?a?inueea aea?aeaaa, aea oeae ?aeaae, ia ?o aeoieo, iaiiaeeeaee aac
ia?aiiae nioe?ae?cio a ?ioeo e?a?iao, ia?o ca ana, a ?in??. Oiio
iaoe?iiaeueia oa nioe?aeueia aecaieaiiy oe?a?inueeiai ia?iaeo aiie
iia’ycoaaee c ?aaiethoe??th yea i?ecaaaea aei noni?euenoaa aac
aenieoaoaoe?? ? noni?eueii? ia??aiino? on?o ia?iae?a ?in??.

Iniiai? ?aea? oe?a?inueei? iie?oe/ii? aeoiee iaaoee ?icaeoeo o oai?/ino?
aeaeaoiiai a/aiiai, aioeeeeiiaaeenoa, ?noi?eea I.N.A?ooaanueeiai (1866 –
1934 ??.). Eiai iie?oe/i? ?aea? aacothoueny ia aeaio i?eioeeiiaeo
iiiaioao: i?aaenoaaieoeuee?e nenoai? i?aae?iiy oa oe?ie?e
aeaoeaio?ae?caoe?? aea?aeaae ia a?oio? iaoe?iiaeueii? oa ?aa?iiaeueii?
aaoiiii??.

Iie?oe/i? iiaeyaee A?ooaanueeiai aoee i?iaeiaaeaiiyi aeaiie?aoe/ieo
o?aaeeoe?e iie?oe/ii? aeoiee Oe?a?ie O?O no. A?i aaaaeaa, ui noai?aiiy
aea?aeaae iiaeiii aooe ni?aaith naiiai ia?iaeo. Aea?aeaaa ia? caoeuaoe
?ioa?ane ian, caaacia/oaaoe ?i naiaiaeo, ??aiii?aai?noue,
ni?aaaaeeea?noue. Aea?aeaaiee ono??e ia? aooe i?eioeeiiai iiaei, aac
aaniethoecio ? oeaio?ae?cio aeaaee. Iaeaooi? oe?a?inueeiai ia?iaeo oa
eiai aea?aeaae A?ooaanueeee aa/eoue ye eiai iaoe?iiaeueia aecaieaiiy,
noai?aiiy aeaniiai aeaiie?aoe/iiai aaoiiiiiiai aea?aeaaiiai
naiia?yaeoaaiiy oa ia’?aeiaiiy c oaeith ae aeaiie?aoe/iith ?in??th,
yeith aiia oaae ia? noaoe aiane?aeie nioe?aeueieo ia?aoai?aiue.

I?ea?iaeuei?noth a?aecia/athoueny ? iaoeia? ?ic?iaee, ui ia??ai? c
I.A?ooaanueeei cae?enithaaee o 1918 – 1939 ?ieao ?.Eauaiei (1878 – 1929
??.) oa N.Oaeoo?i (1864 – 1939 ??.). O nai?o i?aoeyo aiie iaa?oioiaoaaee
iiaeeea?noue ? aeioe?euei?noue oaaea?aoeaiiai aai eiioaaea?aoeaiiai
ia’?aeiaiiy c oeie e?a?iaie, c yeeie Oe?a?ia caaaeaee i?aeo?eioaaea
?noi?e/i? ca’ycee, cie?aia, c ?in??th (Eauaiei) oa *ao??th, Neiaai??th,
Na?a??th, Oi?aao??th (N.Oaeoo?i).

No?eaeiaaeie canaaeaie o na?oiaeyaei?e ieaooi?i? a/aieo-ia?iaeiee?a
aoee: ia?iaeii?aanoai; aaae?oa?eci oa ?aeay aaceeaniai? oe?a?inueei?
iaoe??; ?icoi?iiy ia?iaeo ye oa?eoi??aeueii?, a ia aoi?/ii? iaeeieoe?;
i??i?eoao i?aa ia?iaeo ia?aae i?aaaie aea?aeaae.

O 30 – 50-o ??. nioe?ae?noe/i? ?aea? iaia?enenonueeiai oa?aeoa?o a
ai?a?aoe?? iaiaaaeeny ?icaeaaoe A.Aeiie/aiei (1880 – 1951 ??.) oa ?.
Aaa?yiee (1906 – 1963 ??.). A.Aeiie/aiei o nai?e aieiai?e i?aoe?
«Eiiei?aeeci» ni?iaoaaa iaa?oiooaaoe iiaee noni?eueiee eaae, yeee ia?
ii?aeioaaoe e?au? caeiaooee eiioi?noe/ii? oa eai?oae?noe/ii? nenoai. Oea
aoa ia?oee oe?a?inueeee aa??aio aeieo?eie eiiaa?aaioe?? aeaio
i?ioeeaaeieo nenoai, yea aoea aenoiooa ia Caoiae? o?eueee o 50 – 60-o ?.
?.Aaa?yiee aaaaeaa, ui o?aaa a?aeiiaeoeny a?ae oioae?oa?ecio o an?o eiai
aeaeyaeao oa ia?ai???iooaaoe naith ae?yeuei?noue ia canai?iiy oa
iioe?aiiy aeaiie?aoe/ieo ?aeae.

A e?ioe? X?X no. a ?in?? oa ia Oe?a?i? c’yaey?oueny ia?enenonueeee
iai?yiie iie?oe/ii? aeoiee, yeee aoa i?aaenoaaeaiee oai?aie
A.A.Ie?oaiiaa (1856 – 1918 ??.), A.?. Eai?ia (1870 – 1924 ??.), I.A.
No?oaa (1870 – 1944 ??.), I.A.Aa?aey?aa (1874 – 1948 ??.) oa ?i.

Aieiaia i?noea o i?aoeyo, ye? a?aeiinyoueny aei oeueiai /ano, caeia?
e?eoeea ?aeae e?aa?aeueiiai ia?iaeieoeoaa, iniaeeai, iieiaeaiiy i?i
naiiaooi?e oeyo ?in?? aei nioe?ae?cio. Aiie aeiaiaeeee, ui e?a?ia
nooieea ia oeyo eai?oae?noe/iiai ?icaeoeo.

?in?enueeee ia?eneci c naiiai ii/aoeo ia aoa oe?eueiith oa iine?aeiaiith
?aeaeii-iie?oe/iith oa/??th. Aeoaea nei?i eiai i?aaenoaaieee
?iciiae?eeeenue ia ??ci? iie?oe/i? a?oie. Iai?eeeaae A.?.Eai?i noaa ia
/ie? a?eueoiaeoeueei? ia?o??, A.A.Ie?oaiia noaa ?aeaeiei e?aea?ii
iaioiaee?a, I.A.No?oaa oa I.A.Aa?aey?a ia?aeoee ia
e?aa?aeueii-aeaiie?aoe/i? iiceoe?? oa ?i.

Ia aoea iine?aeiaii ia?enenonueeith ? oaea ?aeaieia?/ia oa/?y ye
eai?i?ci. «?onueeee ia?eneci» o oi?i? eai?i?cio o cia/i?e i???
?icaeaaany oa ae?ya o ?aieao ia?iaeieoeueeeo eoeueoo?ii-o?einio?/ieo oa
aoe/ieo o?aaeeoe?e oa i?eioeei?a. Eai?i?ci, ye ? ia?iaeieoeoai
aeoiaeeoue c ?aeae naiiaooiueiai oeyoo ?in?? aei nioe?ae?cio, a o
iie?oe/ieo ae?yo a?i i???iooaaany ia iianoaiiy, caaa?aaiiy aeaaee,
aeeeoaoo?o. Iaea?eueo oi/ii ci?noiaiee ca’ycie eai?i?cio c
ia?iaeieoeoaii aeneiaea I.A.Aa?aey?a. A?i aeacoaaa, ui o aeieo?ei?
Eai?ia «a?aeaoeiny iaiii?oia c’?aeiaiiy o?aaeeoe?e noa?i? ?onueei?
?aaiethoe?eiino?, yea ia aaaeaea aeiionoeoe eai?oae?noe/ii? noaae?? o
?icaeoeo ?in??», ui Eai?i noai?ea aaiethoe?th «a ?i’y Ia?ena, aea ia ca
Ia?enii» (Aa?aey?a I.A. Enoiee e niune ?onneiai eiioiecia. I., 1990 a.).

OO no. a ?noi??? Oe?a?ie – noie?ooy ai?ioueae ca iaoe?iiaeueia ?
nioe?aeueia aecaieaiiy. A ?in?enuee?e ?iia??? a?aeaoeeny aea? aaeee?
nioe?aeuei? ?aaiethoe?? o 1905-1907 ??. ? o 1917 ?ioe?.

Ia ii/aoeo XX no. ia?aae iaoith e?a?iith a?aee?eeanue ia?niaeoeaa
ia?aoiaeo aei i?aaiaeo, aeaiie?aoe/ieo oi?i iie?oe/iiai aeeooy, aea oeae
oain ?aae?coaaoe ia aaeaeiny. Aeaiie?aoe/iei ii?iai ia aaaeaa ne?aeoaaoe
o?yae. Ia aoee caoe?eaaeai? o ?o noaiiaeaii? ? ?aaiethoe?iia?e. Ia?iae
nii/aoeo iia/aa, a iio?i noaa ae?yoe ii-nai?io, a ?acoeueoao? /iai
e?a?ia aoea aoyaiaia o a?iiaaeyinueeo a?eio.

A ia?o? aeaa aeanyoe??//y a Oe?a?i? noi?ioaaeenue ??ci?
?aeaeii-iie?oe/i? oa/??. Na?aae ieo iaea?eueo aieeaiaeie aoee :
iaoe?iiae?noe/ia, nioe?ae?noe/ia ? eiioi?noe/ia. ?aeay oe?a?inueei?
iaoe?iiaeueii? aea?aeaaiino? aoea i?ia?aeiith eiioeaioe??th
?ioaa?aeueiiai iaoe?iiae?cio I?oiianueeiai, Eeieinueeiai, Aeiioeiaa.
Iaoe?iiae?ci, ia ?o aeoieo – aaeaoainueea ? iaiiai?ia neea, yea ?aeia?,
niiioea? aei ai?ioueae ca naiino?eio aea?aeaao. Oey aea?aeaaa iaea
aoaeoaaoeny ia aeaai?o ia?iaeieo o?aaeeoe?yo ia aea?aeaaiiio aeina?ae?
eicaoeueei-aaoueiainueeeo /an?a. Ia?eaiaioa?eci ia i?eaeaoiee aei
Oe?a?ie. Oe?a?inueea aea?aeaaa aaa/aeanue ye neeueia aeaaea iaei???
iniae – aaoueiaia. Uiaei noinoie?a c ?in??th, oi aiie a?aeeeaeaee ?aeath
oaaea?ae?cio, e??i o?niiai aeiiii?/iiai ? a?enueeiaiai nithco.

Iaoe?iiaeueii-oia?i?noe/i? ?aea? ia iiae?eyee ia o?eueee eiioi?noe ?
nioe?ae?noe, a e oai?aoeee iaoe?iiaeueii? ?aea? I?oiianueeee, Aaiaea?a,
Aeiie/aiei, aeaye? ae?y/? IOI.

Aeoaea iaaeaaii?e?iiei aeey ?icaeoeo iie?oe/ii? iaoee aoa ianooiiee /an.
A e?a?i? i?eai?/oaaeanue ianoaiaea?oia, oai?/a aeoiea, a ?ieue ?aeeiiai
aaia?aoi?a nioe?aeueii-iie?oe/ieo ?aeae i?eaeaniea nia? E.A. Noae?i
(1878 – 1953 ??.). A?i aenoioa ?yae iie?oe/ieo iinooeao?a, iai?eeeaae
i?i caaino?aiiy eeaniai? ai?ioueae, i?i ia?ao?ae aei eiioi?cio o ie?aii
acyo?e e?a?i?, i?i cina?aaeaeaiiy aeaaee a ?oeao aeeiiaa/iai aia?aoo
aea?aeaae, ye? i?eaaee aei ianiaeo ?ai?an?e, a?ae/oaeaiith ia?iaeo a?ae
cania?a ae?iaieoeoaa oa aeaaee.

Oe?a?ia, ye ? ?io? /eaie N?N?, ia io?eiaea aea?aeaaii? iacaeaaeiino?,
ciaoiaeeeanue i?ae aeaaeith iineianueeiai oeaio?o. Aea ne?ae a?aeaeaoe
iaeaaeia ?aaeyinueeei eiioi?noai ca oa, ui aiie c?iaeee aeey
eiinie?aeaoe?? oe?a?inueei? iaoe??. I?ney ae?oai? na?oiai? a?eie Oe?a?ia
iiaa?ioea nia? iaoe?iiaeueio oe?e?ni?noue.

I?neynoae?inueeee ia??iae aei na?aaeeie 80-o ?ie?a aoa aecia/aiee
iie?oe/iei aeieo?eia?noaii, ?aeaieia?/iei aeiaiaoeciii, iaoi?iiyi oa
iaaaaeaiiyi ?aaeyinueeeo ea??aiee?a a?aoiaoaaoe a?o/eciyiee oa ?iicaiiee
aeina?ae iie?oe/ii? eoeueoo?e. Aea, neooii eaaeo/e, a e?a?i? ? a oeae
ia??iae aeeei oaa?aca e?eoe/ia ieneaiiy.

O 1955 ?. noai?th?oueny ?aaeyinueea anioe?aoe?y iie?oe/ieo iaoe, a c
ii/aoeo

90-o ?. ii/aany iiaee aoai ?icaeoeo iie?oe/ii? iaoee. Eiai iniaeea?noth
? iaa?oiooaaiiy oeyo?a noaiiaeaiiy aeaiie?aoe/iiai noni?euenoaa ia
canaaeao i?ciaiiy niaoeeo?ee nioe?aeueii-aeiiii?/ieo, iie?oe/ieo oa
?noi?e/ieo oiia aeeooy e?a?ie.

I?ney 1991 ?ieo, eiee Oe?a?ia noaea iacaeaaeiith, aiae?cii
nioe?aeueii-aeiiii?/ii? oa iie?oe/ii? neooaoe?? caeiaeeny oe?a?inuee?
oao?aoe? on?o iai?yie?a noni?euenoaiciaanoaa, iie?oe/i? e?aea?e oa
ea??aieee.

Ca?ac aaea iiaeia ae??cieoe aeaa iai?yiee o aeine?aeaeaiiyo no/anii?
iie?oe/ii? neooaoe?? oe?a?inueeeie iie?oieiaaie. Ia?oee c ieo e?eoeeo?
iaoe?iiae-e?aa?ae?ci ? i?iiiio? ia?aoe ca iniiao aea?aeaaii? no?aoaa??
e?aioeaio?enonueeo ?aeaieia?th. Aieiaieie neeaaeiaeie oe??? ?aeaieia?? ?
oae? iieiaeaiiy : oi?ioaaiiy aaoi?eoa?iiai ?aaeeio a iaaeao
i?aceaeaionueeiai i?aae?iiy; oaaea?ae?caoe?y Oe?a?ie; caeeaeaiiy c
?in??th; canoaeaeaiiy ?icaaeo N?N?; caa?aaeaiiy iiiiiieueieo iiceoe?e
aea?aeaaiiai naeoi?o aeiiii?ee.

Aiae?coth/e ?noi??th noaiiaeaiiy ? ?icaeoeo iie?oe/ii? aeoiee a Oe?a?i?,
iiaeia c?iaeoe aeniiaie, ui aiia aoea ? ? neeaaeiaith /anoeiith na?oiai?
iie?oe/ii? aeoiee. Aaoi?aie oeueiai iai?yieo ? Ae.Aeae??i, Ae.Oaaa/iee,
A.A?eiueia, A.Aea?ea/, A.??iiea?a.

Ae?oaee iai?yiie, i?aaenoaaieeaie yeiai ? ?.Aeno?eoeueeee, N.Iaea?a,
I.Oiiaiei, I.Aea?aa/ia . Aiie i?iiiiothoue a?aeiiaeoenue a?ae
aoaoenonueeiai eo?no a aea?aeaai?e iie?oeoe? oa a?aeaeathoue i??i?eoao
?ica’ycaiith i?iaeaie oi?ioaaiiy a Oe?a?i? a?iiaaeyinueeiai
noni?euenoaa.

I?ney caeiaoooy Oe?a?iith iacaeaaeiino? iaoe?iiaeueia oeiea iie?oieia??
aeoeaii ?icaeaa?oueny. ?ioaeaeooaeuei? neee iie?oieia?a cina?aaeaeai? o
i?ia?aeieo iaa/aeueieo caeeaaeao, iaoeiaeo onoaiiaao oa a?iiaaenueeeo
ia’?aeiaiiyo. Coneeey oe?a?inueeeo iie?oieia?a ni?yiiaai? ia
a?ae?iaeaeaiiy iaoe?iiaeueii? oa noaa?aeaeaiiy caaaeueiiethaenueei?
iie?oe/ii? eoeueoo?e, oi?ioaaiiy iaoe?iiaeueii? aeaiie?aoe/ii?
aeieo?eie.

7 Iniiai? iaoe?iiaeuei? oeiee oa iai?yiee no/anii? cao?aeii?
iie?oieia??.

?icaeyaeath/e aieiai? iai?yiee ?icaeoeo no/anii? iie?oe/ii? aeoiee o?aaa
iaoe oyaeaiiy i?i iniiai? iaoe?iiaeuei? iie?oieia?/i? oeiee oa i?iaeaii?
i?aeoiaee no/anii? cao?aeii? iie?oieia??.

Iniiaith no/anii? cao?aeii? iie?oieia?? ? aia?eeainueea iie?oe/ia iaoea.
Ca?ac o NOA ?nio? 5 oeny/ eieaaeae?a iie?oe/ieo iaoe ? a?eueoa 200 oeny/
oao?aoe?a o oe?e aaeoc?. Aia?eeainuee? iie?oieiae aaaaoi c?iaeee aeey
?icaeoeo iie?oe/ii? iaoee. Oae? a?aeii? iie?oieiae ye A.Aaioe? (1870 –
1957 ??.), *.Ia???ai (1874 – 1953 ??.), A.Eannoaee (1902 – 1979 ??.) oa
A.Ii?aaioao (1904 – 1980 ??.) noai?eee oeieo i?aaiaoecio oa iie?oe/iiai
?aae?cio. Aiie ca’ycaee c iie?oieia??th oae? iaoiaee aeine?aeaeaiue ye
a?oaa?i?eci oa ineoiaiae?c.

O iao /an aia?eeainueea iie?oieia?y i?iaiaeeoue iie?oieia?/i?
aeine?aeaeaiiy o oaeeo iai?yieao :

 aea/aiiy canaae oi?aae?iiy oa iie?oeee (caaaeueiiiaoe?iiaeueieo
iie?oe/ieo ?inoeooo?a, aeai?/eo oaoiieia?e, iie?oe/iiai e?aea?noaa,
iie?oe/ii? iiaaae?iee oiui;

 ii??aiyeueia iie?oeea, ui iia’ycaia c aeine?aeaeaiiyi iie?oe/ieo
i?iaeai o aaaaoueio e?a?iao;

 i?aeia?iaei? a?aeiineie oa na?oiaa iie?oeea ( aeine?aeaeaiiy i?iaeai
a?eie oa ie?o, ?iaioe i?aeia?iaeieo i?aai?caoe?e, eiio?ieth ca
?icca?i?iiyi, i?aeia?iaeieo noni?eueieo i?aai?caoe?e );

 iie?oe/ia o?einio?y oa iie?oe/ia iaoea ( ?ic?iaea oe?ieiai eiea i?iaeai
iie?oieia?? oa ?? o?einionueeeo ?ioa?i?aoaoe?e ).

 ?ic?iaea ci?noo oa iaoiae?a i?eeeaaeii? iie?oieia??, ui aea/a?
i?aeoe/i? aniaeoe iie?oeee ia ??cieo ??aiyo (iniaenoino?, nioe?aeueii?
a?oie, noni?euenoaa acaaae?).

Na?aae i?ia?aeieo no/anieo iie?oieia?a NOA iiaeia iacaaoe ?.Aeaey, Ae.
?noiia, ?. Oaea?a, C. Aaeaceinueeiai, O. Oaeaea, *. Ae?ioa.

O i?neyai?iiee /an a ?a?ii? oaae neeaeenue ? ?icaeaathoueny ??ci?
iaoe?iiaeuei? oeiee iie?oieia??. Aiie iathoue naith niaoeeo?eo oa
iniaeeaino?.

Iai?eeeaae a Aiae??, ia aac? aia?eeainueeeo aeine?aeaeaiue, aoei
noai?aii aeanio oai?aoeei-iaoiaeieia?/io iniiao iie?oe/ii? iaoee.

No/ania aiae?enueea iie?oieia?y caeia?oueny ianaiia?aae iiaaae?ieiaeie
aeine?aeaeaiiyie, o yeeo iiaeia aeae?eeoe aeaa aieiaieo iai?yiee :
aeiiii?/iee oa nioe?ieia?/iee. Aeiiii?/iee iai?yiie ?icaeyaea? iie?oeeo
ye noa?o ?aoe?iiaeueii? ae?yeueiino? ethaeae, ye? i?aaiooue iaoe
iaeneiaeueiee i?eaooie. Nioe?ieia?/iee iai?yiie aaaaea? iie?oe/io
iiaaae?ieo ethaeae ?acoeueoaoii aieeao eoeueoo?ieo o?aaeeoe?e oa nenoai
oe?iiinoae yeeo ethaeeia aeiaea?aeo?oueny o a?eueoino? aeiaaee?a
iana?aeiii.

Na?aae a?aeiieo aiae?enueeeo iie?oieia?a o?aaa iacaaoe ?.Aeaeioina,
Ae.Iaoea, A.Aa?ea?a, A.?iianeo, A.Eane?, E.Iiiia?a, Ae.?iaa?ona,
A.Iiooa?a oa ?i.

Iiyaa iie?oe/ii? iaoee o O?aioe?? iia’ycaia c ?iaiaie E.Aethae, I.I??o,
A.Aniaia iai?ee?ioe? O?O no. Aea iaea?aeii?oeie a/aieie na?aae
o?aioeocnueeeo iie?oieia?a ? ?aeiii A?ii (1905 – 1983??.) oa Ii?en
Aethaa?aea (ia?. o 1917 ??.), ye? iaea?eueoo oaaao o nai?o i?aoeyo
i?eae?eeee aeine?aeaeaiith i?iaeai ?iciiae?eo aeaaee, ni?aa?aeiioaiiy
aeaaee oa aaoi?eoaoo, e?aa?aeuei?e aeaiie?ao?? oa oaoiiaeaiie?ao??
iie?oe/ieo ia?o?e.

Iaea?eueo iioe?aiee iai?yiie iie?oieia?? o O?aioe?? – aea/aiiy
iiaaae?iee aeai?oe?a. Oeueiio ni?eyee o?aaiaa? aioeo?yaeia? aenooie
ia?iaeieo ian 1968 ?ieo oa i?aeienaiiy ni?eueii? o?yaeiai? i?ia?aie
e?aeo ia?o?e o 1972 ?ioe?, ui ci?ieei ?iciiae?e iie?oe/ieo nee a e?a?i?.
I?ney oeeo iiae?e o?aioeocueea iie?oieia?y ia?aeoea a?ae o?einionueeeo
oai?aoe/ieo ?ic?iaie aei aiae?co e?eciaiai noaio a e?a?i? ? ?ic?iaee
eiie?aoieo ?aeiiaiaeaoe?e uiaei ci?oeiaiiy ?nioth/iai iie?oe/iiai eaaeo.

Iaaaaaoi iaioa oaaae o?aioeocuee? aeine?aeieee i?eae?eythoue i?iaeaiai
ii??aiyeueii? iie?oieia??, iie?oe/ieo eiioi?eaoe?e, iie?oe/iiai
e?aea?noaa oiui. Ooo oe?iei aeine?aeaeo?oueny a?iiaaenueea aeoiea, aea
i?aeoe/ii iaia? aeine?aeaeaiue iie?oe/ii? eoeueoo?e. Iaeiae o?aaeeoe?eii
neeuei? iiceoe?? caeiathoue aeine?aeaeaiiy eiinoeoooe?eiiai i?aaa oa
aea?aeaaieo ?inoeooo?a.

Iie?oe/ia iaoea a I?ia//ei? ia? nai? niaoeeo?/i? ?ene. C iiiaioo ??
ca?iaeaeaiiy i?iaoeueea iie?oieia?y iineoue iie?oe/ii-o?einionueeee
oa?aeoa? ? oea iiaeia iiaa/eoe ia i?eeeaae? iaoeiaeo aeine?aeaeaiue
I.Aaaa?a (1864 – 1920 ??.) oa ?.I?oaeuena (1876 – 1936 ??.).

I.Aaaa? ?ic?iaea eiioeaioe?th «ieaa?noeeoa?ii? aiaeaeenonueei?
aeaiie?ao??». A?i aaaaeaa, ui aieiaia caa?ica aeaiie?aoe/i?e aeaae?
aeoiaeeoue c iineeaiiy ath?ie?aoecaoe?? aea?aeaae oa noni?euenoaa. Oiio
iaiao?aeia oaea oaoiieia?y a?aeai?o iie?oe/ii? ae?oe, yea aeaea a ciiao
i?aeei?eoe ath?ie?ao?th aeaiie?aoe/iei oe?eyi.

?.I?oaeuen a?aee?ea «cae?ciee caeii ie?aa?o?caoe??» aoaeue-yei?
aeaiie?aoe/ii? i?aai?caoe??. Ia eiai aeoieo, ia?aaeien aeaiie?ao??
iieyaa? a oiio, ui, c iaeiiai aieo , aeaiie?ao?y aac i?aai?caoe??
iaiiaeeeaa, a c ?ioiai – c iineeaiiyi i?aai?caoe?? aeaiie?ao?y ii/eia?
cieeaoe. *ei a?eueoa io?oe?eiee aia?ao aoaeue-yei? i?aai?caoe??, oei
iaioa a i?e aeaiie?ao??, oiio ie?aa?o?y – iaieio/ee i?aenoiie
aeaiie?ao??.

C 70-o ?. OO no. iie?oieia?/i? aeine?aeaeaiiy a I?ia//ei? ?icaeaathoueny
aeineoue ?ioaineaii. Ooo iiaeia aeae?eeoe oae? iniiai? iai?yiee :
ii?iaoea?nonueeo iie?oieia?th, yea a?oioo?oueny ia aiae?c? ii?aeueieo
ii?i iie?oe/ii? ae?yeueiino?; iiceoea?nonueei-a?oaa?i?enonueeo aii??e/io
nioe?ieia?th oa i?aeoe/ii – e?eoe/io iaoeo i?i nioe?aeueii – iie?oe/io
aeaaeo.

I?ia?aeieie iie?oieiaaie I?ia//eie ? ?.Aea?aiaei?o, E.Eaie, ?.Eai?ia,
?.Eain?on, E. oii Aaeia, O.Aaei?ii, O.Iieiai, A.Iae?? oa ?i.
I?iaeaiaoeea ?o aeine?aeaeaiue ioiieth? iie?oe/iee eaae, iie?oe/i?
ia?o?? oa a?iiaaenuee? i?aai?caoe??, aiae?c iie?oe/ii? iiaaae?iee,
iie?oe/io o?einio?th oa ?noi??th iie?oe/ieo ?aeae. No/ani? i?iaoeuee?
iie?oieiae iaiaaathoueny c?iaeoe naith iaoeo ?ioaa?aoeaiith iaaeaoe ?e
neioaoe/iiai oa?aeoa?o.

Aeineoue neeuei? iie?oieia?/i? oeiee neeaeeny a ?oae?? ? Eaiaae?.

A iaaeao nioe?ieia?/iiai iai?yieo a iie?oieia?? ?oae?eoe? A.Ia?aoi (1848
– 1920 ??.) oa A.Iinea (1858 – 1941 ??.) ?ic?iaeee iniiae no/anii?
eiioeaioe?? ae?oe. Aiie aaaaeaee ?noi?e/iith ?enith on?o ethaenueeeo
noni?euenoa ?o ?iciiae?e ia ae?oo oa iaae?oo, a eieiai?io ae?o ?o
noaa?e?caoe?th oa aeaa?aaeaoe?th – ?oo?eiith neeith noni?eueiiai
?icaeoeo. Ca?aeii c oe??th eiioeaioe??th ?iaeea?aee, ui iaae?eai? a?ae
i?e?iaee noeeuei?noth aei iai?ioethaaiiy ianaie ca aeiiiiiaith oeo?iu?a
oa iaaeo?aiiy (“eeneoe?”) aai cae?ai?noth aei canoinoaaiiy ianeeuenoaa
(“eaae”), noai?ththoue aeaa ??cieo oeie i?aae?iiy, ye? i?eoiaeyoue ia
ci?io iaeei iaeiiio.

E??i iacaaieo, aeoeaii i?aoeththoue iaoe?iiaeuei? anioe?aoe?? iie?oe/ieo
iaoe Aaeuea??, Aieeaiae??, Aeai??, Aano?ae??. C 1970 ?ieo ooieoe?iio?
?a?iiaenueeee eiini?oe?oi aeey iie?oe/ieo iaoe ? aeine?aeaeaiue.
Iie?oieiae Ii?aaa??, Oaaoe??, O?ieyiae?? ia’?aeiaeenue o Neaiaeeiaanueeo
anioe?aoe?th iie?oe/ieo iaoe.

Cia/iee aianie o ?icaeoie no/anii? iie?oieia?? ?iaeoue inoaii?i /anii
iieuenueea iaoe?iiaeueia oeiea. Iieuenuee? iie?oieiae aeine?aeaeothoue
aaeee? nioe?aeuei? a?oie, ca’ycee oa caeaaeiino? i?ae ieie. I?ia?aeieie
iie?oieiaaie Iieueu? ? A.Aiaeia?, ?.Ayo?, TH.Aaeaea, I.Ea?aao,
O.Eeaiaioiae/.

Na?aae aieiaieo i?iaeai, yeei i?eae?ey?oueny oaaaa o no/ani?e cao?aei?e
iie?oieia?? iiaeia aeae?eeoe : i?iaeaio aecia/aiiy i?aaeiaoo
iie?oieia??; – iaioaaiiy aeaiie?ao?? oa a?iiaaenueei? aeoiee; –
aeine?aeaeaiiy ieth?ae?noe/iiai oa?aeoa?o iie?oe/iiai i?ioeano; –
i??i?eoao i?aa ethaeeie ? a?iiaaeyieia ye iniiae naiaiaee.

Ui noino?oueny aecia/aiiy i?aaeiaoa no/anii? iie?oieia??, oi a cao?aei?e
iie?oieia?? iioe?eeinue oyaeaiiy i?i iie?oeeo, ye ae?yeuei?noue,
ni?yiiaaio ia i?eie?aiiy ??cieo ?ioa?an?a o iaaeao aea?aeaae. Oaea
oe?iea aecia/aiiy iie?oeee aaaea ca niaith ? oe?iea ?icoi?iiy iaoee
iie?oieia??, yea ia’?aeio? a nia? iie?oe/io o?einio?th oa iie?oe/io
oai??th, oai??th aea?aeaae oa i?aaa, iie?oe/io nioe?ieia?th oa oai??th
i?aaenoaaieoeoaa ? aeai??a, nioe?ieia?th iie?oe/ieo a?aeiinei oa
iie?oe/io aeiiii?th. E??i oiai cao?aei? aeine?aeieee /anoeiai
aeeth/athoue aei iie?oieia?? aeenoeeie?ie, ui aeieeathoue ia iniia?
i?aeaaeocaaeo ?ioaa?aoe?eieo iaoeiaeo i?ioean?a – iie?oe/io aaia?ao?th,
iie?oe/io a?ieia?th, iie?oe/io ineoieia?th.

I?aeaeuaia oaaaa aei i?iaeaie iaioaaiiy aeaiie?ao?? oa a?iiaaenueei?
aeoiee ? na?ae/aiiyi i?ioeano aeaiie?aoecaoe?? noni?eueiiai aeeooy o
an?o eiai i?iyaao. ?iaeono??aeueiee eai?oae?ci aeiaaa? iia?eueiiai oa
aeoeaiiai oeio iniaenoino?. A oeaio?aeueia aen?iia, ia yeo nie?a?oueny
cao?aeia nenoaia – oea noaa?ai?oao a?iiaaenueei? aeoiee. Aei ia?oi?
na?oiai? a?eie i?iaeaia a?iiaaenueei? aeoiee ?icaeaaeany a ?aieao oai???
ia?iaeiiai noaa?ai?oaoo. Oiae? aaaaeaeiny, ui a?iiaaenueea aeoiea iiaea
aooe aecia/aia a?iiaaenueeith, yeui ?? ao?eaiiy ni?eeia?oueny iaio?noth,
yea ?? ia noaaethaaea. I?ney ia?oi? na?oiai? a?eie ii/aany aoai
nioe?ieia?/iiai aeine?aeaeaiiy a?iiaaenueei? aeoiee oa noaiiaeaiiy
noni?eueieo ?inoeooo?a, iia’ycaieo ?c noaiiaeaiiyi ? ooieoe?iioaaiiyi
a?iiaaenueei? aeoiee ye iie?oe/ii? neee. Aieiaiei i?aeoe/iei ieoaiiyi
noaei, ye c?iaeoe oae, uia ethaee aeoiaee oae naia, a ia ?iaeoa? I?ney
ia?oeo aea ni?ia iai?ioethaaiiy a?iiaaenueeith aeoieith aeieeea iio?aaa
nioe?ieia?/iiai aeieaco noaa?ai?oaoo a?iiaaenueei? aeoiee oa ??
iiceoeaii? ?ie? o noni?euenoa?. Oe??th i?iaeaiith caeiaeenue O.E?iiiai
oa A.-E. Aa?iaen. A o 1935 ?ioe?

Aeae. Aaeeai i?aai?coaaa Aia?eeainueeee ?inoeooo a?iiaaenueei? aeoiee.
Oea aoa ii/aoie iiaiai aoaio aii??e/ieo aeine?aeaeaiue a?iiaaenueei?
aeoiee. ?inoeooo a?iiaaenueei? aeoiee noaa iaeiei c aieiaieo aeaiaio?a
iie?oe/ii? nenoaie noni?euenoaa.

A ?aieao aea/aiiy a?iiaaenueei? aeoiee ? ua iaeei iai?yiie – aea/aiiy
cania?a ianiai? ?ioi?iaoe?? oa ?oiueiai aieeao ia a?iiaaenueeo aeoieo.
Ooo aaeeeiai cia/aiiy iaaoee aeine?aeaeaiiy ?aaeoe?? a?iiaaenueei?
aeoiee ia i?aeia?iaei? iiae?? A.Aeiiiaea oa I.Oiaae?iey, aeine?aeaeaiiy
I.No?ioooa?a oa I.Eaca?noaeueaea i?i noaaeaiiy aei eiioi?cio, E.Aeie/a
i?i noaaeaiiy i?aaey/eo ae?o aei Aoeaioe/iiai Nithco oa ?i.

Ianooiiith i?iaeaiith no/anii? cao?aeii? iie?oieia?? ? aeine?aeaeaiiy
ieth?ae?noe/iiai oa?aeoa?o iie?oe/iiai i?ioeano. Iniiaia iaoa
ieth?ae?cio a iie?oeoe? – eaa?oeiaoe?y ??ciiiai?oiino?, ni?yiiaaia ia
caoaa?aeaeaiiy naiaiaee. Ieth?ae?ci ?icoi??oueny no/anieie iie?oieiaaie
ye oi?ia ae?aaeaiiy naiaiaee ae?aaeaoe e caoeuaoe nai? ?ioa?ane aeey
on?o nioe?aeueieo ? iie?oe/ieo a?oi, ae?th/eo a iaaeao eiinoeoooe??.
I?iaeaiith iie?oe/iiai ieth?ae?cio o ??ci? /ane caeiaeenue A.Aaioe?,
E.Ea??, O.Oa??anii, ?.I?naa?a, A.Iaeea?ae , Aeae.Aeaiei? oa ?i.

O no/aniiio e?aa?aeueii-aeaiie?aoe/iiio noni?euenoa? ieth?ae?ci ?
iniiaith aeey aeinyaiaiiy oaeeo aeaiie?aoe/ieo oe?iiinoae ye naiaiaea,
??ai?noue oa ni?aaaaeeea?noue. A?i ia? aaciina?aaei?e ca’ycie c
oe?iiinoyie ia?eaiaionueei? aeaiie?ao??, aeai?/ei i?aaii oa
ae?yeuei?noth i?ioni?eie. A no/aniiio noni?euenoa? ieth?ae?ci icia/a?
iaeoe?o? iiaeeeaino? o/ano? an?o a?iiaaeyi a oi?aae?ii? noni?euenoaii.
Naia oiio ieth?ae?noe/ia noni?euenoai ioioiaeith?oueny c aeaiie?aoe/iei
oa aoiai?noe/iei.

Inoaiiy c ia?a?aoiaaieo i?iaeai no/anii? iie?oieia?? – i?iaeaia
i??i?eoaoo i?aa ethaeeie e a?iiaaeyieia ye iniiaa naiaiaee.
Iaiao?aei?noue caaacia/aiiy i?aa ethaeeie a iaaeao
e?aa?aeueii-aeaiie?aoe/iiai noni?euenoaa i?ecaaea aei iiyae aeaio
iniiaieo ieoaiue : iane?eueee nioe?aeueiee eiio?ieue oa ieaioaaiiy
iiaeia ii?aeiaoe c aeaiie?ao??th oa yeei iiaeiii aooe ni?aa?aeiioaiiy
i?ae a?iiaaenueeeie naiaiaeaie oa aea?aeaaiith ? iaoe?iiaeueiith
eiyeuei?noth? A?aeiia?aeue ia ia?oa ieoaiiy iaiaaaeenue aeaoe
aia?eeainueeee oai?aoee A.?inn o eiec? «Nioe?aeueiee eiio?ieue» oa
Aeae.Eea?e o eiec? «Nioe?aeueiee eiio?ieue a?ciano». Ia iniia? ?o
aeine?aeaeaiue aeieeea oeiea aeaiie?aoe/iiai ieaioaaiiy oa aea?aeaaiiai
?aaoethaaiiy.

Ui ae noino?oueny ni?aa?aeiioaiiy a?iiaaenueeeo naiaiae oa eiyeueiino?,
– oi o no/aniiio cao?aeiiio noni?euenoa? iathoue i?noea iano?i? uiaei
i?aeei?aiiy a?iiaaenueeeo naiaiae iao??ioe/i?e eiyeueiino?. Aea
o?aaeeoe?? e?aa?ae?cio ia aeathoue iiaeeeaino? oaeei iano?iyi
?icaeiooenue. A?iiaaenuee? naiaiaee ciaoiaeyoueny o oeaio??
aeaiie?aoe/iiai ?aeaaeo ? ia iiaeooue aooe coiiaeai? ?ioa?anaie
iaoe?iiaeueii? aaciaee.

?AEIIAIAeIAAIA E?OA?AOO?A

1. Aaaeaeeaa E.N. Aaaaeaiea a iieeoe/aneoth iaoeo. – I., “Eiain”, 1997.

2. Ca?eei Ae.I. Iniiae iieeoieiaee. – ?-ia/Ae, “Oaieen” 1996.

3. Iieeoieiaey. O/aaiee. / Iiae ?aae. I.I.Ia?/aiei, – I., Ecae-ai IO,
1997.

4. Iaeueoeaa A.A. Iniiau iieeoieiaee. I., EO?E ?NII,1997.

5. Iie?oieia?y. / Ca ?aae. I.A.Aaae?ii?, A.I.Ai?aaoaiea. – E.:
Aeaeaaie/ee oeaio? “Aeaaeaiey”, 1998.

6. Iaeueiee A.A. Iieeoieiaey. – Iei., Auoaeoay oeiea, 1996.

7. Aioeeeeiiaaee/iee iie?oieia?/iee neiaiee. – E., Aeua oeiea, 1997.

8. Iaea??/aa A.N. Iinoiiaea?ieci e caiaaeiay iieeoe/aneay iaoea. //
Nioeeaeueii-iieeoe/aneee aeo?iae, 1996, ?3.

9. Oaa? I. Iieeoe/aneay iaoea ai O?aioeee. // Iieen, 1996, ?6.

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