?aoa?ao ia oaio:
Iie?oeea, iie?oe/i? a?aeiineie oa iie?oe/ia aeeooy noni?euenoaa
IEAI
Iioiaeaeaiiy oa i?e?iaea iie?oeee.
Aca?iiae?y iie?oeee c ?ioeie noa?aie noni?eueiiai aeeooy.
Iie?oe/ia aeeooy noni?euenoaa oa eiai iniaeeaino? a Oe?a?i?.
Iioiaeaeaiiy ? i?e?iaea iie?oeee.
No/ania ethaeeia iino?eii a?ae/oaa? ia nia? aieea iie?oeee. Aiia
iaiiaith? ona iaoa aeeooy. ?iiae? iaa?oue aeieea? a?ae/oooy, ui iie?oeea
?nioaaea caaaeaee, aea oea ia oae.
Ia ?aii?o noaae?yo ?icaeoeo ethaenueeiai noni?euenoaa, eiee ethaee aoee
c’?aeiai? e?iaii-?iaeeiieie ca’yceaie, iaiao?aeiino? o iie?oeoe? ia
aoei. Oea ia icia/a?, ui ona?aaeei? ?iae?a oa ieaiai ia ?nioaaei
aeaaeieo a?aeiinei: aeae?aeeny noa??eoeie, iaeenue ?aaee noa??eoei, aea
?o ae?yeuei?noue ia iiaeia a?aeiineoe aei iie?oe/ii? i?aeoeee. Iie?oeea
c’yaeeanue oiae?, eiee ieaiaia ia’?aeiaeeny o a?eueo aaeee? ni?eueiino?
– ia?iaeiino?.
Ona?aaeei? ieo aeae?eyeeny a?oie ethaeae ca iaeiiaeie iciaeaie oa
aeieeaea iaiao?aei?noue oeaooiaoaaoe eiioe?eoe ?c-ca iaoa??aeueieo
?ano?n?a.
Nii/aoeo iie?oe/i? ooieoe?? aoee c’?aeiai? c a?enueeiaeie, ? ethaee, ui
caeiaeeny o?eueee a?enueeiaeie ni?aaaie. Cae?enithaaee ? aeaaeo o
noni?euenoa?.
Caiaeii noi?ioaaany iniaeeaee oa? ethaeae, ui cae?enithaaee aeaaeo oa
oi?aae?iiy – /eiiaieoeoai, aai ath?ie?ao?y.
Iie?oeea aeieea? oiae?, eiee c’yaey?oueny niaoeeo?/iee aeae, caniiaaiee
ia i?aa? canoiniaoaaoe ianeeuenoai iaei??? a?oie ethaeae a?aeiinii ?ioi?
a?oie ca aeiiiiiaith aea?aeaae.
Oaea aeaaea iaea?aeaea iacao aea?aeaaii?.
Aea?aeaaia aeaaea aeaaaea iaai? ia?aaaae oei, ooi ?? iaa. Ethaee noaee
ai?ioeny ca ia? ? aeieeea nenoaia iie?oe/ieo a?aeiinei oa iie?oeee.
Ui ae oaea iie?oeea?
?nio? aaaaoi aecia/aiue iie?oeee oa aaaaoi i?aeoiae?a aei ?? aea/aiiy.
Nai oa?i?i «iie?oeea» aeiee ua o Aeaai?e A?aoe?? oa nii/aoeo icia/aa
??ci? oi?ie aea?aeaaiiai i?aae?iiy. Iaeiei c ia?oeo oai??a A?enoioaey
«La Politika» oae ? ia?aeeaaeaany ye «oa, ui ia? a?aeiioaiiy aei
aea?aeaae».
Ca aecia/aiiyi I.Aaaa?a, iie?oeea – oea noa?a ae?yeueiino?, yea «ia?
aeoaea oe?ieee ci?no oa ioiieth? on? aeaee ae?yeueiino? c
naiiae?yeueiiai ea?oaaiiy».
Aecia/ath/e niaoeeo?eo iie?oeee, a/ai? aeae?eythoue o?e iniiai?
aeii?iaioe:
1. Aeaaea. I?ae iie?oeeith ?icoi??oueny ae?yeuei?noue oa a?aeiineie ii
cae?eniaiith aeaaee o noni?euenoa?.
2. Aecia/aiiy nioe?aeueiiai ci?noo, aei?aaaeaiino? ?nioaaiiy iie?oeee
ia? aeaa iai?yiee :
ia’?aeiaiiy ethaeae aeey aeinyaiaiiy caaaeueiiai aeaaa;
caaacia/aiiy iaioaaiiy iaeieo iaae ?ioeie, ui aeneiaeth?oueny o
ai?iouea?.
3. Aeneiaeaiiy iie?oeee o ii?iioai?/ino?, o ae?yeueiino? ii oe??ieaiith
aai ci?i? a?aeiinei, aeinyaiaii? aeiiiaeaiino?.
Ioaea, iie?oe/ia noa?a aeeooy noni?euenoaa aeieea? o ca’yceo c
?aae?caoe??th oaeeo ?ioa?an?a a?oi, ui oi?eathoueny noni?eueiiai
iieiaeaiiy ?ioeo nioe?aeueieo oa iaoe?iiaeueieo ni?eueiinoae ? oiio
iio?aaothoue ao?o/aiiy aea?aeaaieo aai ?ioeo ?inoeooo?a i?eanaethaeii?
aeaaee.
Ioaea, iie?oeeo iiaeia aecia/eoe ye iaeanoue oe?eani?yiiaaieo a?aeiinei
i?ae a?oiaie c i?eaiaeo aeei?enoaiiy ?inoeooo?a i?eanaethaeii? aeaaee oa
?aae?caoe?? ?o iio?aa oa caieo?a.
Iie?oeea ia? aecia/aio no?oeoo?o:
1. Iie?oe/i? a?aeiineie.
Oea ??ciiiai?oi? aca?iiae?? ae?oe oa aeaeoi?aoo, e?aea??a oa a?oi
i?aeo?eiee, nioe?aeueieo oa iaoe?iiaeueieo ni?eueiinoae, a?oi ?ioa?an?a
oa iie?oe/ieo ?inoeooo?a.
Iie?oe/ia na?aeii?noue.
C oi/ee ci?o iie?oe/ii? na?aeiiino? iie?oeea – oea aacia?a?aia ao?eaiiy
iie?oe/ieo iiaeyae?a oa ?aeaae?a, oe?eae oa i?ia?ai, ii?i oa onoaiiaie o
iiaaae?ioe? ethaeae.
3. Noeoii?noue i?aai?a caeiiiaeaa/i?, aeeiiaa/i? oa noaeiai? aeaaee,
ia?o?ei? oa noni?eueii-iie?oe/i? ?inoeoooe, a?oie oeneo oa ?i.
Iayai?noue oa aca?iiae?y oeeo aeaiaio?a iaaeathoue iie?oeoe? oe?e?niino?
oa aeicaieythoue ?e aeeiioaaoe iaai? ooieoe??. Ooieoe?? iie?oeee
noaiaoe/ii cia?aaeai? ia ?en. 1.
Ooieoe?? iie?oeee
Iie?oeea
Ae?yeueiinoiee aniaeo
I?aai?caoe?eiee aniaeo
Oi?ie:
Iie?oe/ia nenoaia noni?euenoaa
aeoeaia
ianeaia
————————
aeiiii?/ia
nioe?aeueia
aaei?i?no?aoeaia
————————
Aeaee:
aioo??oiy
ciai?oiy
i?aeia?iaeia
Ooieoe??
Caaaeuei?:
nioe?ae?caoe?y
eiioi?eaoe?y
I?ioeanoaeuei?:
aeneiaeaiiy ?ioa?an?a
?ioaa?aoe?y ?ioa?an?a
ae?iaeaiiy iie?oeee (i?eeiyooy oa aeeiiaiiy ??oaiue)
?en. 1. Ooieoe?? iie?oeee
I?ae ooieoe?iioaaiiyi iie?oeee ?icoi?thoue noeoii?noue i?ioean?a, ui
aeneiaeththoue i?ecia/aiiy iie?oeee o noni?euenoa?.
Oaia? ?icaeyiaii aieiaio aeii?iaioo iie?oeee – aeaaeo.
A?eueo?noue iie?oieia?/ieo oe?e ?icoi?? i?ae aeaaeith cae?ai?noue
ie?aii? ethaeeie aai a?oie ethaeae noaa?aeaeoaaoe o noa?? nioe?aeueieo
a?aeiinei, ia aeeaey/enue ia ii??, aeanio aieth.
O oeueiio caaaeueiiio ci?no? iin?yie aeaaee ? aaoueee o ?iaeei?,
aee?aeoi?e ia i?aei?e?inoaao, io?oea?e a a?i??, ia?o?ei? e?aea?e o
ia?o??, aieiae o?yae?a oa oaea ?ioa.
Oea caaaeueiinioe?ieia?/ia aecia/aiiy aeaaee, o yeiio aeaaea
?icoi??oueny ye oi?iiy, cae?ai?noue ?aae?coaaoe ooieoe?th oi?aae?iiy.
Ia a?aei?io a?ae nioe?ieia?/ii? oai??? iie?oieia?y aeae?ey? c aeaaee
naia iie?oe/io aeaaeo.
A aeey iie?oe/ii? aeaaee iathoue cia/aiiy ia no?eueee ?ioa?ane i?eaaoieo
in?a aai a?oi, ne?eueee caaaeuei? ?ioa?ane on?o a?iiaaeyi noni?euenoaa.
Iie?oe/i?noue aeaaee icia/a?, ui iaioaaiiy, ianeeuenoai ye niaoeeo?/i?
caniae aeaaee iiiiiie?ciaai? oa cina?aaeaeai? o niaoe?aeueii noai?aieo
noni?euenoaii ?inoeoooao, i?aaiao oa onoaiiaao, ye? o noeoiiino?
neeaaeathoue aea?aeaao.
Iniiai? iciaee iie?oe/ii? aeaaee:
noaa?aii?noue;
a?aeia?aaeaiiy caaaeueieo ?ioa?an?a;
canoinoaaiiy i?eiooaiiy oa ianeeuenoaa;
eaa?oeii?noue;
i?eanaethaei?noue;
aeaea?aei (o aeaai?e – ?iae, o ia?eneno?a – eean, o aeaiie?ao?? –
ia?iae).
Aeaee aeaaee.
Aeiiii?/ia aeaaea – oea eiio?ieue iaae aeiiii?/ieie ?ano?naie,
aeani?noue ia ??ciiai ?iaeo iaoa??aeuei? oe?iiino?.
Nioe?aeueia aeaaea – ia?aaeaa/a? ?iciiae?e iieiaeaiiy o nioe?aeuei?e
no?oeoo??.
Aeooiaii-?ioi?iaoe?eia aeaaea – oea aeaaea iaae ethaeueie, ui
cae?enith?oueny ca aeiiiiiaith iaoeiaeo ciaiue oa ?ioi?iaoe??.
I?eioniaa aeaaea – nie?a?oueny ia neeia? ?ano?ne oa icia/a? eiio?ieue ca
ethaeueie ca aeiiiiiaith canoinoaaiiy o?ce/ii? neee.
A caeaaeiino? a?ae noa’?eo?a aeaaee aiia iiaea ?iciiae?eyoueny ia
aea?aeaaio, ia?o?eio, i?ioni?eeiao, a?i?enueeo, n?iaeio.
Aeaaea neeaaea?oueny c e?eueeio eiiiiiaio?a:
noa’?eo;
ia’?eo;
?ano?ne;
i?ioean.
Aeaaea i?eiee ia ? aeanoea?noth aai a?aeiineiith eeoa iaei??? ae?eiai?
iniae. Aeaaea – caaaeaee aeainoi?iii?, aneiao?e/ia, c ia?aaaaith aie?
aeanoeoaey aca?iiae?y ?? noa’?eoa oa ia’?eoa. Iaeaaaeeea?oith
nioe?aeueiith i?e/eiith i?aeeaaeino? iaeieo ethaeae ?ioei ? ia??aiee
?iciiae?e ?ano?n?a aeaaee.
?ano?ne aeaaee ii?yae ?c noa’?eoii oa ia’?eoii aenooiathoue iaei??th ?c
canaae aeaaee. Aiie iiaeooue aooe ??ciiiai?oieie oa iiae?eythoueny ia:
ooee?oa?i? (iaoa??aeuei? oa nioe?aeuei? aeaaa, ca aeiiiiiaith yeeo
aeaaea «eoio?» ia o?eueee ie?aieo iie?oee?a, a e oe?e? oa?e ianaeaiiy);
i?eionia? (caoiaee aaei?i?no?aoeaiiai iiea?aiiy);
ii?iaoeai? (caniae aieeao ia aioo??oi?e na?o, oe?ii?ni? i???ioaoe?? oa
ii?ie iiaaae?iee ethaeeie);
E??i oiai, ca noa?aie aeeoo?ae?yeueiino? ?ano?ne aeaaee
?iciiae?eythoueny ia:
aeiiii?/i? (iaoa??aeuei? oe?iiino?. Iaiao?aei? aeey noni?eueiiai
ae?iaieoeoaa oa niiaeeaaiiy);
nioe?aeuei? (caeaoi?noue i?aeaeuaiiy nioe?aeueiiai noaoono aai ?aiao,
i?noey o nioe?aeuei?e no?aoeo?eaoe??);
eoeueoo?ii-?ioi?iaoe?ei? (ciaiiy oa ?ioi?iaoe?y);
neeia? (ca?iy oa aia?ao o?ce/iiai i?eiooaiiy);
Iie?oe/ia iaioaaiiy oa iie?oe/ia eaa?oeii?noue
Iaioaaiiy – oea oi?ia noni?eueii? i?aai?caoe?? aeaaee.
Iaioaaiiy iie?oe/ia icia/a? i?aai?caoe?eia ioi?ieaiiy oa cae??ieaiiy
?iciiae?eo oi?aae?inueei? i?aoe? oa iia’ycaieo c iath nioe?aeueieo
i?ea?eae – c iaeiiai aieo, oa aeeiiaa/i? ae?yeueiino? – c ?ioiai.
Iaioaaiiy iiaea ii ??ciiio ioe?ithaaoeny a?iiaaeyiaie.
Iiceoeaia ioe?iea, i?eeiyooy ianaeaiiyi aeaaee, icia/a? ??
eaa?oeii?noue.
I.Aaaa? aeae?eya o?e oeie eaa?oeiiino? aeaaee:
1. O?aaeeoe?eia eaa?oeii?noue.
Ciaoiaeeoueny caaaeyee cae/ayi, cae/oe? nei?yoeny aeaae?, a??? o
ia?ooii?noue oa nayo?noue o?aaeeoe?eieo ii?yaee?a. O?aaeeoe?eia
eaa?oeii?noue a?ae??ciy?oueny i?oei?noth. I.Aaaa? aaaaeaa, ui aeey
noaa?eueii? aeaiie?ao?? ei?enii caa??aaoe iiia?o?th.
2. Oa?eciaoe/ia eaa?oeii?noue.
Caniiaaia ia a??? o aeeeth/i? yeino? (aiaeee aea?) ea??aieea.
3. Eaaaeueia eaa?oeii?noue (?aoe?iiaeueii-i?aaiaa).
Aeaea?aei – ?aoe?iiaeueii c?icoi?eee ?ioa?an, yeee niiioea? ethaeae
i?aeei?yoeny ??oaiiyi o?yaeo, coi?iiaaiiai ia canaae? aeaiie?aoe/ieo
i?ioeaaeo?.
2. Aca?iiae?y iie?oeee c ?ioeie noa?aie noni?eueiiai aeeooy.
Iie?oeea oa aeiiii?ea.
Aca?iiae?y oa aca?iiaieea aeiiii?ee oa iie?oeee iathoue aeainoi?iii?e
oa?aeoa?
C iaei??? noi?iie, aaaaea?oueny, ui neaai?icaeiooa aeiiii?ea ia?aaeaa/a?
oeaio?ae?caoe?th aeaaee, iineeth? aaoi?eoa?i? oaiaeaioe??. O oie aea /an
i?aeaeuaiiy aeia?iaooo ianaeaiiy ni?ey? ieth?ae?noe/i?e aeaiie?ao??.
O iie?oeee, a naith /a?ao, ? ?aaoethth/? cae?aiino? o a?aeiioaii? aei
aeiiii?ee, aea o?eueee oiae?, eiee yea-iaaoaeue ainiiaea?/a i?iaeaia
iaaoaa? cia/iiai nioe?aeueiiai oa?aeoa?o oa ii/eia? ca/?iaoe ?ioa?ane
onueiai noni?euenoaa. Oa?aeoa? oaeiai aieeao iiaea aooe iiceoeaiei,
iaaaoeaiei oa iaeo?aeueiei.
Aea o?aaa iai’yoaoe, ui iie?oeea oa aeiiii?ea ca’ycai? ia
aaciina?aaeiuei, a /a?ac noni?euei? a?aeiineie.
Iie?oeea oa i?aai.
I?aaiaa noa?a cae??ieth? o ae?th/iio caeiiiaeaanoa? iniiai? i?eioeeie
iie?oe/iiai iaioaaiiy oeo aai ?ioeo nee.
I?aai ? o??th nenoaiith aeiia aei ni?eueiiai ?nioaaiiy ethaeae, yea
aecia/aia naiith i?e?iaeith noni?euenoaa ? aac yei? iaiiaeeeaa ??
?nioaaiiy.
I?aai aecia/a? iaae? oa iiaeeeaino? ye iiiceoe??, oae ? i?aaey/eo
no?oeoo?.
O eiie?aoieo iie?oe/ieo nenoaiao a?aeiineie i?ae iie?oeeith oa i?aaii
aeinoaoiuei i?ioeeaaei? oa iaiaeiicia/i?.
A on?o noni?euenoaao (oioae?oa?ieo, aaoi?eoa?ieo, aeaiie?aoe/ieo)
iie?oe/ia ae?yeuei?noue noaaeoueny aeua caeiio, a caeii caaaeaee
a?aeiia?aea? i?aao.
Iie?oeea oa ii?aeue.
I?iaeaia ni?aa?aeiioaiiy iie?oeee oa ii?ae? caeia? ?icoi ieneeoae?a ia
i?ioyc? aaaaoueio noi??/. A oe?eiio a ?noi??? iie?oe/ii? aeoiee neeaeiny
o?e iniiai? i?aeoiaee aei ae??oaiiy oe??? i?iaeaie.
Aeaye? oai?aoeee (Iae?aaaee?, Iinea, I?oaeuen, Aaioe?) caia?a/othoue
yeo-iaaoaeue na?eicio ?ieue ii?ae? o iie?oeoe?.
?io? (Ieaoii, A?enoioaeue, O?iii, Oaenee), iaaiaee, i?aeoe/ii
?icoe?iththoue iie?oe/i? i?aeoiaee o ii?aeueii-aoe/ieo ioe?ieao.
O?ao? (Aaiae?, Oaaeoea?, Aiooaei) iaiieyaathoue ia ooeyoaoithaaii?
iie?oeee ii?aeeth.
Iaeiae, i?aeoe/iee aeina?ae iieaco?. Ui o iie?oeoe?, ye ? o ?ioeo noa?ao
noni?eueiiai aeeooy, i?ioean oi?ioaaiiy oa ?aae?caoe?? ?ioa?an?a
ca’ycaiee c ii?aeueiei aeai?ii ethaeeie, ?? oyaeaiiyie i?i
ni?aaaaeeea?noue nai?o aeiiaaaiue aeaaee, iaaeao naiaiaee oa ??aiino?.
Iie?oeea ii?aeio? o nia? aea? nenoaie eii?aeeiao: ei?eno? oa
ii?aeueiino?. ? yeui iie?oe/ia na?aeii?noue i?eiooo? ethaeeio
ioe?ithaaoe iiae?? oa a/eiee c oi/ee ci?o ei?eno? aai oeiaee, oi ii?aeue
ia?ai?uo? oe? ae ieoaiiy o ieine?noue aca?iia?aeiinei aeia?a oa cea.
3. Iie?oe/ia aeeooy noni?euenoaa oa eiai iniaeeaino? a Oe?a?i?.
Iie?oe/ia aeeooy – oea noeoii?noue on?o iie?oe/ieo yaeu, ui
ooieoe?iiothoue o noni?euenoa?.
Aiia aeeth/a?:
nioe?aeuei? noa’?eoe, ?o a?aeiineie oa ae?yeuei?noue
iie?oe/i? ?inoeoooe;
iie?oe/i? ii?ie oa i?eioeeie;
iie?oe/io na?aeii?noue oa eoeueoo?o;
iie?oe/io aeaaeo.
Iie?oe/ia aeeooy noni?euenoaa oa?aeoa?eco?oueny noia?a/eeaith ?aei?noth
noaa?eueiino? oa aeeiai?cio.
Noaa?e?coth/ei oaeoi?ii ooo ? iie?oe/i? a?aeiineie, a iie?oe/ia
ae?yeuei?noue ni?yiiaaia ia ?o ia?aoai?aiiy.
?icaeyaeath/e iniaeeaino? iie?oe/iiai aeeooy o no/ani?e Oe?a?i? iiaeia
aeae?eeoe aeae?eueea ?? iniaeeainoae:
Oe?a?ia ciaoiaeeoueny o ia?ao?aeiiio noai? a?ae oioae?oa?ii? aei
aeaiie?aoe/ii? nenoaie. Aiia – iinooioae?oa?ia noni?euenoai.
A Oe?a?i? iaia? ?aeiino? iaoe??. Noni?euenoai ?iceieioa c oaeeo ieoaiue
ye iacaeaaei?noue, aeaiie?ao?y, ?eiie, i?eaaoia aeani?noue, oi?ie
aea?aeaaiiai oi?aae?iiy, iiaa oa ?ioa.
Ia?aaaaeia a?eueo?noue oe?a?inueeeo iie?oee?a. sse? i?aaenoaaeythoue
a?eueoa 30 ia?o?e, oi?iaeueii i?iaieioothoue naith iaeaaei?noue aei
aeaiie?ao??. Aea, iaaeaeue, aiie ia aieiae?thoue a?aeiia?aeieie
canaaeaie eoeueoo?e eiii?ii?n?a, oi?iiyi ca’ycoaaoe ?ioa?ane on?o
iie?oe/ieo nee oa nioe?aeueieo a?oi, ui noiyoue ca ieie.
Iaia? ?aeeii? no?aoaa?? iiiaeaiiy noni?euenoaa. Iaaeinoaoi?e ??aaiue
iie?oe/ieo ciaiue.
? ni?iae ooo/iiai i?enei?aiiy i?ia?ano oe?a?inueeiai noni?euenoaa.
Aaaeea nioe?aeueii-aeiiii?/ia neooaoe?y a?aeaeaa?oueny o na?oiaeyae?
ethaeae. Aea, o naith /a?ao, i?ecaiaeeoue aei e?aoo ?aeaae?a, oe?eae,
a??e oiui.
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