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Морфологія, анатомія та фізіологія мікроорганізмів

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Ci?no caiyoue

?icae?e 1. I?e?ia?ieia?y

Oaia 1.1. Ii?oieia?y, aiaoii?y oa o?c?ieia?y i?e?ii?aai?ci?a

Eaai?aoi?ia caiyooy 1

1. Aoaeiaa iioe/iiai i?e?ineiia, i?aeaioiaea eiai aei ?iaioe.

2. I?eaiooaaiiy i?aia?ao?a ?c aeeaeo i?e?ii?aai?ci?a – ?ic/aaeaii?
e?aie? oa aeny/i? e?aie?.

3. I?eaiooaaiiy caaa?aeaieo i?aia?ao?a – i?inoa caaa?aeaiiy oa
caaa?aeaiiy aaeoa??e ca iaoiaeii A?aia.

Iaoa caiyooy: oi?ioaaiiy i?aeoe/ieo oi?iue ? iaae/ie i?eaiooaaiiy
i?aia?ao?a aeey i?e?ineiioaaiiy.

Iaoa??aeueii-oaoi?/ia caaacia/aiiy caiyooy: i?e?ineii, i?aaeiaoia neei,
aaeoa??ieia?/ia iaoey, i?iaoee, iie?eaia neei, neei ?c eoiith.

Iaoa??aee oa ?aaeoeae: aeine?aeaeoaaiee iaoa??ae, i’yni-iaioiiiee
aoeueeii, aacae?iiaa ianei, ?cioii?/iee ?ic/ei oei?eaeo iao??th,
aoeueeii, e?enoae?/iee o?ieaoiaee, ?ic/ei Ethaiey, 96 %-aee aoeeiaee
nie?o, ooenei.

E?oa?aoo?a: 1; 2; 10; 14.

II?ssAeIE AEEIIAIIss ?IAIOE

1. Aoaeiaa iioe/iiai i?e?ineiia, i?aeaioiaea eiai aei ?iaioe

Ne?ae iciaeiieoeny c aoaeiaith i?e?ineiia.

I?e?ineii – oea iioe/iee i?eeaae aeey io?eiaiiy ca?eueoaieo cia?aaeaiue
aeoaea iaeaiueeeo i?aaeiao?a.

I?e?ineiie na??? “A?ieai” ? i?eeeaaeii no/anii? iiaeae? a?ieia?/iiai
i?e?ineiia.

I?e?ineii (?en. 1) neeaaea?oueny ?c iioe/ii? nenoaie oa iaoai?/ii?
/anoeie. Iioe/ia nenoaia i?ecia/aia aeey ca?eueoaiiy cia?aaeaiiy
i?aaeiaoa. Aiia neeaaea?oueny c? ca?eueooaaeueii? (ia’?eoea ? ieoey?) oa
ina?oethaaeueii? nenoai (aeca?eaei ? eiiaeaini? c ??eniaith ae?ao?aaiith
oa a?aeeeaeiith e?icith).

Ia’?eoea – oea nenoaia e?ic, aiiioiaaieo o o?oaeo. OE i?e?ineiiao na???
“A?ieai” aeei?enoiaothoueny ia’?eoeae c? ca?eueoaiiyi oC, o5, o9, o10,
o20, o40, o60, o85, o90. Ia’?eoeae iaeiai ca?eueoaiiy (o3, o5, o8, o9)
canoiniaothoueny aeey iiia?aaeiueiai iaeyaeo i?aia?aoo; ia’?eoeae
na?aaeiueiai ca?eueoaiiy (o20, o40, o60) – aeey aea/aiiy aaeeeeo ee?oei
i?e?ii?aai?ci?a; ia’?eoeae aaeeeiai ca?eueoaiiy (o85, o90) – ?ia?n?ei? —
aeey aea/aiiy aioo??oi?o no?oeoo? ee?oei.

Ieoey? neoaeeoue aeey ca?eueoaiiy cia?aaeaiiy, io?eiaiiai a?ae
ia’?eoeaa. Cae/aeii ieoey?e iathoue ca?eueoaiiy o7, o10 ? o15.
Ca?eueoaiiy ia’?eoeaa e ieoey?a iaaiaeeoueny ia ?o ii?aa?. Caaaeueia
ca?eueoaiiy i?e?ineiia aei??aith? aeiaooeo ca?eueoaiue ieoey?a oa
ia’?eoeaa.

Ina?oethaaeueiee i?eno??e neeaaea?oueny ?c aeca?eaea ? eiiaeaini?a.
Aeca?eaei ia? ieineo oa aa?aiooo a?aeaeaath/? iiaa?oi?. Cae/aeii i?e
?iaio? aeca?eaei iiaa?iaii aei na?oea ieineith noi?iiith. Eiiaeaini?
neeaaea?oueny ?c aeaio e?ic. E?ice cae?athoue ia?aeaeuei? i?iiai?
na?oea, a?aeaeo? a?ae aeca?eaea, a iaeei io/ie o ieiuei?
aeine?aeaeoaaiiai i?aia?aoa. Eiiaeaini? cae??ieaii ia e?iiooaei?, ? a?i
iiaea ?ooaoeny aai?o ? aiec ?c aeiiiiiaith ?o/ee. Ia ieaei?e /anoei?
eiiaeaini?a ciaoiaeeoueny ??eniaa ae?ao?aaia, ?c aeiiiiiaith yei?
?aaoeth?oueny ?ioaineai?noue ina?oeaiiy i?aia?aoa.

Io/ie i?iiai?a a?ae aeaea?aea na?oea iio?aiey? ia aeca?eaei,
a?aeaeaa?oueny /a?ac ae?ao?aaio eiiaeaini?a, i?ioiaeeoue e??cue ia?,
aeae? – /a?ac aeine?aeaeoaaiee i?aia?ao ? ia?aoo? iio?aiey? a ia’?eoea.
Ia’?eoea aea? ca?eueoaia cia?aaeaiiy i?aia?aoa a ieiuei? ieoey?a.

Iaoai?/ia /anoeia i?e?ineiia neeaaea?oueny ?c iniiae oa ooaonio?eia/a,
ia yeiio cae??ieaii i?aaeiaoiee noieee, e?iiooaei eiiaeaini?a oa
aeca?eaei. O aa?oi?e /anoei? ciaoiaeyoueny aieiaea aeey ianaaeee c
ieoey?ii ? ?aaieueaa? ?c ia’?eoeaaie. I?aaeiaoiee noieee neoaeeoue aeey
cae??ieaiiy ia iueiio aeine?aeaeoaaiiai i?aia?aoo. Oieonoaaiiy
cae?enith?oueny i?e ia?ai?uaii? ooaona c aeiiiiiaith iaoai?cia, ui
i?eaiaeeoueny a ?oo aeaiia aaeioaie – iae?iiao?e/iei (a?oaa oieonoaaiiy)
? i?e?iiao?e/iei (oiiea oieonoaaiiy).

1. I?aeaioiaea i?e?ineiia aei ?iaioe

Nii/aoeo ne?ae iinoaaeoe ia’?eoea c iaeei ca?eueoaiiyi (o8) ? i?e
oeueiio ca?eueoaii? anoaiiaeoe iaee?aua ina?oeaiiy, ui aeinyaa?oueny
?aaoethaaiiyi iieiaeaiiy aeca?eaea, eiiaeaini?a oa ae?ao?aaie.

I?e iaeyae? iacaoa?aiaaieo i?aia?ao?a canoiniao?oueny caoaeaia
ae?ao?aaia oa iiouaiee eiiaeaini?; i?e iaeyae? caoa?aiaaieo i?aia?ao?a –
a?aee?eoa ae?ao?aaia ? i?aeiyoee eiiaeaini?.

Iio?i i?aia?ao ne?ae ?ici?noeoe ia i?aaeiaoiiio noieeeo i?e?ineiia, i?ae
ia’?eoea ? cae??ieoe caaeeiaie. Ia’?eoea (o8) iioneathoue ?c aeiiiiiaith
iae?iiao?e/iiai aaeioa oae, uia a?i iaeaea oi?eioany i?aaeiaoiiai
noieeea (ia a?aenoai? 0,5 ni a?ae iueiai).

Ne?ae iia?eueii iie?ooeoe iae?iaaeio i?ioe /aniai? no??eee aei iiyae
/?oeiai cia?aaeaiiy i?aia?aoa, i?ney oeueiai iio??aii iaaanoe ??ce?noue
i?e?iiao?e/iei aaeioii, iiaa?oath/e a iaaeao iaeiiai iai?ioo
iae?iaaeioa. Iiaa?ioaoe ?aaieueaa?, ne?ae onoaiiaeoe ia’?eoea ?c
na?aaei?i ca?eueoaiiyi (o20, o40 aai o60).

2. I?eaiooaaiiy i?aia?ao?a ?c aeeaeo i?e?ii?aai?ci?a – ?ic/aaeaii?
e?aie? oa aeny/i? e?aie?

Aeey aea/aiiy i?e?ii?aai?ci?a aioothoue i?aia?aoe ?ic/aaeaii? e?aie? oa
aeny/i? e?aie?.

– I?eaiooaaiiy aeny/i? e?aie?.

Iio??aii i?eaiooaaoe noniaic?th ?c aeine?aeaeoaaiiai iaoa??aeo ?
i’yniiaioiiiiai aoeueeiio. Aeey oeueiai ne?ae iaianoe aaeoa??ieia?/iith
iaoeath a oeaio? iie?eaiiai neea iaaaeeeo e?aieth i?eaioiaeaii?
noniaic??.

E?a? niaoe?aeueiiai neea c eoii/eith a oeaio?? iio??aii cianoeoe
aacae?iiaei ianeii, a eoii/eith i?aaeiaoiiai neea iae?eoe e?aieth
aeine?aeaeoaaiiai iaoa??aeo oae, uia e?aiey ciaoiaeeeany a oeaio??
eoii/ee. I?aaeiaoia neei ne?ae o?ioe i?eoeniooe oa oaeaeei ia?aaa?iooe
eiai. O ?ac? i?aaeeueii i?eaioiaeaiiai i?aia?aoa e?aiey “caaenaoeia” a
eoii/eo.

– I?eaiooaaiiy ?ic/aaeaii? e?aie?.

E?aieth i?eaioiaeaii? noniaic?? ne?ae iaianoe ia i?aaeiaoia neei, a
caa?oo ia i?aaeiaoia neei iieeanoe iie?eaia neei.

3. I?eaiooaaiiy caaa?aeaieo i?aia?ao?a – i?inoa caaa?aeaiiy oa
caaa?aeaiiy aaeoa??e ca iaoiaeii A?aia

Aeey aea/aiiy ii?oieia?? i?e?ii?aai?ci?a aeei?enoiaothoue iaoiaee
caaa?aeaiiy ai?e?iiaeie oa?aieeaie. Iaeiei ?c ieo ? caaa?aeaiiy ca
iaoiaeii A?aia. Oeae iaoiae aea? iiaeeea?noue ?aeaioeo?eoaaoe noiae? ca
?ici??aie oa oi?iith aaeoa???, ye? iaeaaeaoue aei ??cieo aeae?a ?
?iae?a.

– I?eaiooaaiiy o?eniaaiiai iacea.

Aeine?aeaeoaaiee iaoa??ae iio??aii ?icaanoe ?cioii?/iei ?ic/eiii
oei?eaeo iao??th aai aoeueeiiii. E?aieth ne?ae ?iciacaoe oiieei oa?ii ia
i?aaeiaoiiio nee? ia ieiuei? ae?aiao?ii 1 ni ? aenooeoe.

Iacie iio??aii cao?enoaaoe a iieoi’? iaeueieea.

– Caaa?aeaiiy i?e?ii?aai?ci?a.

Iacie ne?ae caaa?aethaaoe e?enoae?/iei o?ieaoiaei i?ioyaii 1-2 oa, a
iio?i – ?ic/eiii Ethaiey i?ioyaii 1-2 oa. On? i?e?ii?aai?cie, ui
ciaoiaeyoueny a iaceo, caoa?aothoueny a oaiio o?ieaoiaee eie??.

Iacie ne?ae ia?iaeyoe 96 %-aei aoeeiaei nie?oii i?ioyaii 0,5 -1 oa, a
caeeoee nie?oo – cieoe aiaeith.

I?ae ae??th nie?oo iaei? aaeoa??? ciaaa?aeththoueny (a?aiiaaaoeai?), a
?io? caa??aathoue o?ieaoiaa caaa?aeaiiy (a?aiiiceoeai?);

A?aiiaaaoeai? aaeoa??? caoa?aiaothoueny ooeneiii o /a?aiiee eie??.

4. Iaieo?oue ca?o i?i aeeiiaio ?iaioo.

Eiio?ieuei? caieoaiiy

1. sse? i?ecia/aiiy oa aoaeiaa i?e?ineiia?

2. sse i?eaiooaaoe i?aia?ao aeny/a e?aiey?

3. sse i?eaiooaaoe i?aia?ao ?ic/aaeaia e?aiey?

4. O yeee eie?? caoa?aiaothoueny ooeneiii a?aiiaaaoi??i? aaeoa????

5. sse aecia/eoe a?aiiiceoeai? aaeoa??? ca iaoiaeii A?aia?

Eaai?aoi?ia caiyooy 2

Oaia. Aea/aiiy ii?oieia?/ieo iciae aaeoa??e, ie?niyaeo a?ea?a ?
ae??aeaeae?a

Iaoa caiyooy: oi?ioaaiiy i?aeoe/ieo oi?iue ? iaae/ie i?e?ineiioaaiiy
aaeoa??e, ae??aeaeae?a ? i?e?ineii?/ieo a?ea?a.

Iaoa??aeueii-oaoi?/ia caaacia/aiiy caiyooy: i?e?ineii, nie?o?aea,
aaeoa??ieia?/i? iaoe?, i?aia?oaaeuei? aieee, i?iaoee, i?aaeiaoia oa
iie?eaia neei, e?aiaeueieoe? c aiaeith, o?eueo?oaaeueiee iai??.

E?oa?aoo?a: 1; 2; 10; 11.

II?ssAeIE AEEIIAIIss ?IAIOE

1. I?eaiooaaiiy i?aia?ao?a

Aeey i?e?ineiioaaiiy aaeoa??e ? ae??aeaeae?a ne?ae iaianoe ia /enoa
i?aaeiaoia neei e?aieth aeine?aeaeoaaii? eoeueoo?e oa iie?eaiei neeii
?iciacaoe e?aieth ia iiaa?oi? i?aaeiaoiiai neea. Iio?i iie?eaia neei
iio??aii iieeanoe ia cii/aio iiaa?oith i?aaeiaoiiai neea, a iaaeeeoie
??aeeie – aeaeaeeoe c aeiiiiiaith o?eueo?oaaeueiiai iaia?o.

Aeey i?e?ineiioaaiiy i?e?ineii?/ieo a?ea?a oiaoi/ie a?eaieoe? iio??aii
iieeanoe a e?aieth aiaee, iaianaio ia i?aaeiaoia neei, ? caa?oo iae?eoe
iie?eaiei neeii. Iaaeeeoie ??aeeie ne?ae aeaeaeeoe ?c aeiiiiiaith
o?eueo?oaaeueiiai iaia?o.

2. Aea/aiiy ii?oieia??

Aeae? iio??aii ?icaeeaeoeny i?ae i?e?ineiiii ? caiaethaaoe oi?io ee?oei
aaeoa??e, oi?io oa ?icoaooaaiiy ee?oei ae??aeaeae?a, aoaeiao a?eaieoe? e
i?aai?a ?iciiiaeaiiy i?e?ineii?/ieo a?ea?a.

3. Iaieo?oue ca?o i?i aeeiiaio ?iaioo.

Eiio?ieuei? caieoaiiy

1. sseo oi?io ee?oei iathoue oae? aaeoa???, ye no?aioieiee, noao?eieiee,
iaee/ee, a?a??iie oa ni??ioaoe?

2. sseo oi?io ee?oei iathoue ae??aeaeae??

3. ssea aoaeiaa ee?oeie i?e?ineii?/ieo i?oeae?aeueieo a?ea?a?

4. sse ?iciiiaeothoueny i?e?ineii?/i? a?eae?

Oaia 1.5. I?e?ia?ieia?y iaeaaaeeea?oeo oa?/iaeo i?iaeoeo?a

I?aeoe/ia caiyooy 1

Oaia. Iaoiaee aecia/aiiy i?e?ia?ieia?/ieo caoai?thaaiue ieiae?a ?
iai/?a.

Iaoa caiyooy: oi?ioaaiiy i?aeoe/ieo oi?iue ? iaae/ie aecia/aiiy
i?e?ia?ieia?/ieo caoai?thaaiue ieiae?a ? iai/?a.

Iaoa??aeueii-oaoi?/ia caaacia/aiiy caiyooy: i?e?ineii, iaoo?aeuei? iai/?
oa ieiaee, eioee, ia?iai? aeioee, iiae? oa i?aaeiaoia neei.

Iaoiaee/ia caaacia/aiiy caiyooy: Noaiaea?oe ia iai/?.

E?oa?aoo?a: 1; 2; 5; 8; 9; 11.

IAOIAeE*I? ?AEIIAIAeAOe??

Ii?aoeueiaoth/e aeaia ieoaiiy, ne?ae ciaoe, ui aeey ioe?iee
i?e?ia?ieia?/ieo iieaciee?a yeino? eoe?ia?ii? i?iaeoeoe?? (o oiio /ene?
e ieiae?a oa iai/?a) aeei?enoiaothoueny oi?o?eiaai? iaoiaee aiae?co,
ia?aaeaa/ai? a nai?oa?ii-a?a??i?/ieo oa
nai?oa?ii-i?ioe-ai?aeai?ieia?/ieo i?aaeeao ? ii?iao, iaoiaee/ieo
aeac?aeao ? ?aeiiaiaeaoe?yo i?aai?a Aea?aeeiinaiai?aeiaaeyaeo.

A?aea?? i?ia ? i?aeaioiaeo ?o aei aiae?co aeey i?e?ia?ieia?/ieo
aeine?aeaeaiue i?iaiaeyoue ca?aeii c AINOaie 9225, 26668 ? 26669.

O an?o i?iaeoeoao, e??i iiei/iieeneeo, aecia/athoue e?euee?noue
iacio?eueieo aa?iaieo ? oaeoeueoaoeaia aiaa?iaieo i?e?ii?aai?ci?a,
aaeoa??e a?oie eeoa/ieo iaee/ie, eiaaoeaciiiceoeaieo noao?eieie?a,
iaoiaaiieo i?e?ii?aai?ci?a, o oiio /ene? e naeueiiiae ? aaeoa??e ?iaeo
i?ioae a?aeiia?aeii aei AINO?a 9225, 9958, ?50480, 26972; iaoiaee/ieo
aeac?aie; i?e?ia?ieia?/ieo ii?iaoea?a – ca IAO 5061 aai a?aeiia?aeii aei
ii?iaoeaii? aeieoiaioaoe?? ia i?iaeoeoe?th.

I?e io?eiaii? iacaaeia?eueieo ?acoeueoao?a uiaei yeiai-iaaoaeue
iieacieea i?iaiaeyoue iiaoi?i? aeine?aeaeaiiy iiaeai?ii? e?eueeino?
c?ace?a, ocyoeo c o??? naii? ia?o??.

sse?noue ieiae?a ? iai/?a iiaeia aecia/aoe oaeiae i?aaiieaioe/iei ?
o?ceei-o?i?/iei iaoiaeaie. O?ceei-o?i?/i? iieacieee aecia/athoue ca
iaoiaeeeaie, aeeeaaeaieie a aea?aeaaieo noaiaea?oao.

Caoaeieeaie inoaaiiy ieiae?a ? iai/?a ? ie?niya? a?eae oa aeaye?
aaeoa???. ?icaeaath/enue ia ieiaeao ? iai/ao, ie?niya? a?eae
ooai?ththoue iooiano? iaeueioe ??ciiai eieuei?o. Niiaeeaath/e oa?/ia?
?a/iaeie noano?aoo, a?eae caaaeathoue aeeaieeo iaoieia?/ieo ci?i on?o
eiai neeaaeiaeo, aeae?eythoue ?c noano?aoo i?iaeoeoe nai??
aeeoo?ae?yeueiino?. A?ae oeueiai ieiaee iaaoaathoue niaoeeo?/ieo
ie?niyaeo caiao?a ? niaeo, a ?iiae? iaa?oue noathoue io?oeieie.

Aeei?enoaiiy a ?aeo ieiae?a ? iai/?a, o?aaeaieo ie?niyaeie a?eaaie,
iiaea aeeeeeaoe oyaee? caoai?thaaiiy.

Ie?niya? a?eae aeoeaii a?aaeathoue ? i?iaeoeoe c eeneei na?aaeiaeuai
(eaaoai? iai/?, o?oeoe).

I?eeeaaeii o?aaeaiiy iai/?a aaeoa??yie ? iie?a aieeue iai/?a (ea?oiie?,
ii?eae, oeeaoe?, ao?ye?a ? iii?aei??a).

Iie?o aieeue iai/?a aeeeeeathoue ??oioia? aaeoa??? a?oie inaaaeiiiian.
I?e oeueiio caoai?thaaii? eeoai? ia?aoai?ththoueny a iie?o, n??o
eaoeiiiae?aio iano c iai?e?iiei caiaoii.

I?e caa??aaii? iai/?a oai?iaa ia?aaea?oueny caei?iaei eeoaia- ?
ei?aiaieiaeai. O?aaeai? iai/? noathoue i’yeeie oa iaaoaathoue
iai?e?iiiai caiaoo.

I?e?ia?ieia?y eaaoaieo ieiae?a ? iai/?a i?aaenoaaeaia ia?aaaaeii ??cieie
iiei/iieeneeie aaeoa??yie. O aioiaeo i?iaeoeoao aeaeeaathoue eeoa
aiaa?iai? oa oaeoeueoaoeaii-aiaa?iai?, eeneioino?ee? oi?ie aaeoa??e
(ieaioa?oi, a?aa?n oa aeaye? ?io?). Inoaii? iaeaaeaoue aei
aaoa?ioa?iaioaoeaieo. Ooai?thth/e cia/i? e?eueeino? ioeoiai? oa iiei/ii?
eeneio, aoeeiaiai nie?oo, aoaeaeeneiai aaco, ao???a ? aeeaoeaoeeo, aiie
iaaeathoue eaaoaiei iai/ai i?e?iiiai niaeo.

O aeeaieeo oa?ao eaaoaieo iai/?a i?e i?aeaeuai?e oaiia?aoo?? caa??aaiiy
iiaeooue ?icaeaaoeny ianeyiieene? aaeoa???, ye? ?ici’yeoothoue
eiinenoaioe?th, iaaeathoue “aaaeeiai” caiaoo oa iai?e?iiiai niaeo.
Iiaa?oiaa? oa?e eaaoaieo iai/?a iiaeooue canaeyoeny ae??aeaeaeaie oa
ie?niyaeie a?eaaie. *a?ac oea ?icn?e ii??nith?oueny, a eiinenoaioe?y
?ici’yeoo?oueny. I?e ianiaiio ?icaeoeo a iiaa?oiaaiio oa?? eaaoaieo
iai/?a ie?niyaeo a?ea?a noai?ththoueny ni?eyoeea? oiiae aeey aieeueieo
aaeoa??e, ye? i?ecaiaeyoue aei neeueiiai inoaaiiy.

Ci?no caaaeaiue

Caaaeaiiy 1

Aecia/oa ye?noue iai/?a i?aaiieaioe/iei iaoiaeii. ?acoeueoaoe
aeine?aeaeaiue caieo?oue o oaaeeoeth.

I?aaiieaioe/ia ioe?iea yeino? iai/?a

? c/iIacaa iai/?aCiai?oi?e aeaeyae,
eiinenoaioe?yCaiaoEie??1Ea?oiiey2Ao?yee noieia?3Ii?eaa

Caaaeaiiy 2

Aeine?ae?oue i?ae i?e?ineiiii ii?oieia?th iaoiaaiii? i?e?ioei?e iai/?a ?
ieiae?a, o?aaeaieo iie?ith aieeeth.

II?ssAeIE AEEIIAIIss CAAAeAIIss

1. I?aeaiooaaoe i?e?ineii aei ?iaioe.

2. I?aeaiooaaoe i?aaeiaoia neei.

3. I?aeaiooaaoe a?aeaeoee ia i?aaeiaoiiio nee? c? noa?eeueii io?eiaiiai
c??co iai/?a.

4. ?icaeyiooe i?aeaioiaeai? a?aeaeoee i?ae i?e?ineiiii.

5. ?acoeueoaoe aeine?aeaeaiue caienaoe a oaaeeoeth.

? c/iIacaa iai/?aOi?ia ee?oei aaeoa??eOi?ia ee?oei
ae??aeaeae?a1Ea?oiiey2Ii?eaa

Ca ?acoeueoaoaie aeeiiaii? ?iaioe ioi?ieoe ca?o.

Eiio?ieuei? caieoaiiy:

1. Iaca?oue caoaeiee?a inoaaiiy ieiae?a ? iai/?a.

2. sse? iciaee a?aaeaiiy iai/?a iie?ith aieeeth?

3. sse? aaeoa??? aeeeeeathoue iie?o aieeue iai/?a?

4. sseith ? i?e?ia?ieia?y eaaoaieo iai/?a ? a?ea?a?

5. sse? aaeoa??? iiaeooue ?icaeaaoenue o eaaoai?e eaiono? i?e
i?aeaeuai?e oaiia?aoo?? caa??aaiiy?

I?aeoe/ia caiyooy 2

Oaia. Aecia/aiiy na?aeino? i’yna oa ?eae i?aaiieaioe/iei iaoiaeii

Iaoa caiyooy: oi?ioaaiiy i?aeoe/ieo oi?iue ? iaae/ie aecia/aiiy
na?aeino? i’yna oa ?eae.

Iaoa??aeueii-oaoi?/ia caaacia/aiiy caiyooy: ia?iai? aeioee, iiae? c
ia?eoaaiiyi “IN” ? “?N”, eioee, iaoo?aeuei? c?acee aeae?a i’yna oa ?eae.

Iaoiaee/ia caaacia/aiiy caiyooy: noaie oaa?oaaiiy i’yna caa?eieo oaa?ei;
noaiaea?oe ia i’yni.

E?oa?aoo?a: 1; 2; 8; 9; 11.

IAOIAeE*I? ?AEIIAIAeAOe??

Ii?aoeueiaoth/e aeaia ieoaiiy, ne?ae caa?iooe oaaao ia oa, ui a e?ia? oa
i’ycao caei?iaeo oaa?ei i?e?ii?aai?cie a?aenooi?. I’yni ian?iaiy?oueny
i?e?iaaie i?ae /an eiai ia?iaee.

Ona?aaeei? i’yc?a oa a e?ia? ciaoiaeyoueny i?e?iae o?eueee o oai?eo ?
ineaaeaieo oaa?ei.

Aeey caa?aaeaiiy yeino? i’yna aaaeeeaa cia/aiiy ia? e??i/ea i?aeneoaiiy
– ie?aea, ui ooai?th?oueny ia iiaa?oi? i’yna i?e caa??aaii?. sseui
ie?aea ia ii?ooaia, oi aiia cao?eio? i?iieeiaiiy i?e?ia?a ona?aaeeio
i’yna.

O i’yn?, ui ia? caiao inoaaiiy, aaeoa??? iiaeia aeyaeoe eeoa aei aeeaeie
1 ni. sseui o aioo??io?o oa?ao i’yna aeyaeaii aaaaoi i?e?ia?a, i?i ui
na?ae/eoue i?e?ineiioaaiiy ia i?aaeiaoiiio nee? a?aeaeoeo c? noa?eeueii
io?eiaiiai c??co, oi i’yni ne?ae aaaaeaoe iana?aeei.

*anoi inoaaiiy i’yna ye i?iaeoeoo a?eeiaiai neeaaeo a?aeaoaa?oueny o
oi?i? aa?iaiiai aai aiaa?iaiiai aieooy.

?c aa?iaieo i?e?ii?aai?ci?a o i?ioeanao aieooy i’yna /anoi aa?ooue
o/anoue:

– i?ei?aean – ??oioiaa aaoeeea, yea ?oeio? a?eee aac ooai?aiiy
n??eiaiaeith;

– n?iia iaee/ea – aeeeeea? aeeaiea ?oeioaaiiy a?ee?a;

– aaeoa??y i?iaeaa?icoi – ooai?th? e?eaaai-/a?aii? eieii?? aai
nooe?eueiee iae?o /a?aiiiai oa ?iaeaaiai eieuei??a ia ??cieo i?iaeoeoao;

– eeoa/ia iaee/ea oa iaee/ea i?ioay, ye? ? oiiaieie aiaa?iaaie ? oaeiae
?oeiothoue a?eeia? ?a/iaeie.

Na?aae aiaa?iaieo aaeoa??e aeoeaieie caoaeieeaie aieooy i’yna ?
ioo??aei?eon, nii?iaaian oa ?i.

Aea ia o?eueee aaeoa???, a e ie?niya? a?eae oa aeoeiii?oeaoe ?oeiothoue
a?eeia? ?a/iaeie.

??ci? na?oeeie ooai?ththoue ia i’yn? aeiao? ieyie, ?io? i?e?iae iiaeooue
iaaeaaaoe eiio neiueiai (neiueiai?eia iaee/ea) aai caeaioaaoiai
(aaeoa??y oethi?anoeain) eieuei??a.

Aeaye? i?e?iae aeeeeeathoue ineeciaiiy iiaa?oi? i’yna. Oeae aeaoaeo
aeieea? ia ia?iiio e ioieiaeaeaiiio i’yn?, a oaeiae i?e caa??aaii? a
i?ei?uaii? c aenieith aieia?noth. I’yni noa? eeieei ? ci?ith? eie??.
Oaea i’yni iai?eaeaoia aeey ?aae?caoe??.

Caaaeaiiy 1

Aecia/oa oa?i?/iee noai i’yna.

II?ssAeIE AEEIIAIIss CAAAeAIIss

Ei?enooth/eny noaiaea?oaie oa i?ae?o/ieeaie, aecia/oa oa?i?/iee noai
i’yna. ?acoeueoaoe caieo?oue o oaaeeoeth.

? c/iIacaa i’yna ca oa?i?/iei noaiaea?oiiIi??aiyeuei?
iciaeeoaiia?aoo?anoai

iiaa?oi?eie?? iiaa?oi? eiinenoaioe?yeie?? ia ?ic??c?caiao

C?ia?oue aeniiaee uiaei yeino? i’yna.

Caaaeaiiy 2

Aecia/oa ??ci? aeaee i’yna oa eiai na?ae?noue.

II?ssAeIE AEEIIAIIss CAAAeAIIss

Aea/?oue ??ci? aeaee i’yna caa?eieo oaa?ei. Ei?enooth/eny noaiaea?oii ia
i’yni, aecia/oa nooi?iue eiai na?aeino?.

?acoeueoaoe caieo?oue o oaaeeoeth.

Iacaa iieaciee?aOa?aeoa?enoeea iieaciee?aA?aeoeeaiiyAeniiaeeoaeoe/iica
noaiaea?oii

Caaaeaiiy 3

Ioe?i?oue ye?noue ?eae.

II?ssAeIE AEEIIAIIss CAAAeAIIss

Ei?enooth/eny noaiaea?oaie, c?ia?oue i?aaiieaioe/io ioe?ieo yeino?
iaoo?aeueieo c?ace?a ?eae. ?acoeueoaoe caieo?oue o oaaeeoeth.

? c/iIacaa ?eaeNiin?a ia?iaeeNiin?a ?icae?aiiyAeiiae noaiaea?ooAeniiaee

Eiio?ieuei? caieoaiiy

1. C?ia?oue aeniiaee uiaei nooiaiy na?aeino? yeiae/iai i’yna, yeui eiai
iiaa?oiy ae?eoa ie?niyaith, aiii iooea, caiao eeneee, a aoeueeii
eaeaiooiee.

2. I?ae /an iaeyaeo ooo? naeieie c’yniaaii, ui aiia ia? e??i/eo
i?aeneoaiiy ae?aei-/a?aiiiai eieuei?o, c ?ic??co no?ea? i’yniee
eaeaiooiee n?e; eiinenoaioe?y i’yna ia ?ic??c? i’yea, iaeii?oaeia; yiea
i?e iaoeniaii? ia ae??aith?oueny, caiao caooeee. C?ia?oue aeniiaee
uiaei nooiaiy na?aeino? i’yna.

3. *e iiaeia i?eeiaoe ia i?aei?e?inoai ?anoi?aiiiai ainiiaea?noaa i’yni
yeiae/eie ?c aeiaoeie ieyiaie?

4. I?i ui na?ae/aoue yne?aa? /a?aii? ieyie ia i’yn??

5. *e iiaeooue o?aaeaoe i’yni ie?niya? a?eae?

6. I?e ye?e oaiia?aoo?? ne?ae caa??aaoe ii?iaeaia i’yni?

7. sse? i?e?ii?aai?cie i?aeaeuothoue ?I i’yna?

Oaia 2.2. O?c?ieia?/ia ?ieue neeaaeiaeo /anoei ?ae?

I?aeoe/ia caiyooy 1

Oaia. Neeaaeaiiy oaaeeoeue a?aeiia?aeii aei caaaeaiue

Iaoa caiyooy: oi?ioaaiiy i?aeoe/ieo oi?iue ? iaae/ie aecia/aiiy iio?aa o
a?eeao, aee?ao ? aoaeaaiaeao aeey i?aoeacaeaoiiai ianaeaiiy.

E?oa?aoo?a: 4; 12; 13.

IAOIAeE*I? ?AEIIAIAeAOe??

I?e ii?aoethaaii? aeaiiai ieoaiiy ne?ae iciaeiieoeny c ii?iaie
o?c?ieia?/ieo iio?aa a aia?a?? oa oa?/iaeo ?a/iaeiao, aeeoa?aioe?eiaaieo
caeaaeii a?ae aia?aicao?ao.

Aeae?eaii i’youe a?oi ethaeae ?c ??ciith ?ioaineai?noth i?aoe?.

? a?oia – i?aoe?aieee ia?aaaaeii ?icoiiai? i?aoe? – aeoaea eaaea o?ce/ia
aeoeai?noue;

?? a?oia – ?ia?oieee, caeiyo? eaaeith i?aoeath, – eaaea o?ce/ia
aeoeai?noue;

III a?oia – ?ia?oieee na?aaeiuei? aaaeeino? i?aoe? – na?aaeiy o?ce/ia
aeoeai?noue;

IV a?oia – ?ia?oieee aaaeei? o?ce/ii? i?aoe? – aeniea o?ce/ia
aeoeai?noue;

V a?oia – ?ia?oieee iniaeeai aaaeei? o?ce/ii? i?aoe? – aeoaea aeniea
o?ce/ia aeoeai?noue.

Ci?no caaaeaiiy

Caiiai?oue oaaeeoeth “Aeiaia? ii?ie oa?/iaeo ?a/iaei aeey i’yoe a?oi
aei?ineiai i?aoeacaeaoiiai ianaeaiiy caeaaeii a?ae a?eo, noao? e
?ioaineaiino? i?aoe?”.

A?oiaEiao?oe??io o?ce/ii? aeoeaiino?Aia?a?y, eeaeA?eA?eee, aAEe?e,
aAoaea-aiaee, aOnueiaiO o./. oaa?eii?*ieia?ee?1,42450

2000

210018-29

30-39

40-5972

68

6540

37

3681

77

70358

335

303??1,62800

2650

250018-29

30-39

40-59???1,93300

3150

295018-29

30-39

40-59IV2,23850

3600

340018-29

30-39

40-59V2,54200

3950

375018-29

30-39

40-59AE?ieeI1,42000

1900

180018-29

30-39

40-5961

59

5834

33

32II1,62200

2150

210018-29

30-39

40-59III1,92600

2550

250018-29

30-39

40-59IV2,23050

2950

285018-29

30-39

40-59

Eiio?ieuei? caieoaiiy

1. sse? oaeoi?e aieeaathoue ia aia?aicao?aoe ethaeeie?

2. *e caeaaeaoue aeiaia? ii?ie niiaeeaaiiy oa?/iaeo i?iaeoeo?a a?ae
aia?aicao?ao ethaeeie?

3. sse aieeaa? a?e ethaeeie ia ii?ie niiaeeaaiiy a?ee?a?

4. sse aieeaa? noaoue ethaeeie ia ii?ie niiaeeaaiiy aee??a ?
aoaeaaiae?a?

I?aeoe/ia caiyooy 2

Oaia. Neeaaeaiiy oaaeeoeue a?aeiia?aeii aei caaaeaiue

Iaoa caiyooy: oi?ioaaiiy i?aeoe/ieo oi?iue ? iaae/ie aecia/aiiy aeiaiai?
iio?aae o a?oai?iao aeey i?aoeacaeaoiiai ianaeaiiy.

E?oa?aoo?a: 4; 11; 12.

IAOIAeE*I? ?AEIIAIAeAOe??

I?e ii?aoethaaii? aeaiiai ieoaiiy ne?ae ona?aeiieoe, ui iio?aaa o
a?oai?iao caeaaeeoue a?ae a?eo, noao?, oa?aeoa?o o?oaeiai? ae?yeueiino?,
ee?iaoe/iiai iiyno oa noaio caei?ia’y.

A?oai?ie iiaeii? iino?eii iaaeoiaeeoe c ?aeath, ine?eueee aiie ia
neioacothoueny a i?aai?ci?, a eeoa aeaye? aeaiiiothoueny a oeaieiao.
Iio?aaa o a?oai?iao ia/eneth?oueny a i?e?a?aiao ? iaa?oue o oeny/ieo
/anoeao i?e?a?aia (i?e?ia?aiao).

I?e aeao?oeeo? a?oai?i?a a i?aai?ci? ?icaeaathoueny a?iia?oai?iice.

Ia?aeii? a?iia?oai?iice iaoiiaeai? iecueeei ai?noii a?oai?i?a o oa?/iaeo
i?iaeoeoao.

Aoi?eii? a?iia?oai?iice a?aeaoaathoueny aiane?aeie ii?ooaiiy ooieoe??
i?aai?a nenoaie o?aaeaiiy, i?ae aieeaii ?ioaeoe?eieo aaaio?a,
caoai?thaaiue ia/?iee oa canoinoaaiiy aeayeeo e?eoaaeueieo cania?a.

I?e aaeeaaii? a?oai?i?a o aeicao, ui ia?aaeuothoue o?c?ieia?/i? ii?ie,
?icaeaathoueny a?ia?a?oai?iice.

Caaaeaiiy 1.

Caiiai?oue oaaeeoeth “Aeiaia? ii?ie o a?oai?iao aeey i?aoeacaeaoiiai
ianaeaiiy ca a?oiaie ?ioaineaiino? i?aoe?”.

A?oiaEiao?oe??io o?ce/ii? aeoeaiino?A?eA?eN, iaA, iea ?ao. Aea.A, ia
oie. aea.D, iea
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, ia
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, ia
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, iaIaoeei, ia i?aoe. aea.Oieao, iea
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, ia*ieia?eeI1,418-29

30-39

40-59270

->>-

->>-II70

->>-

->>-III80

->>-

->>-IV80

->>-

->>-V100

->>-

->>-AE?ieeI70

->>-

->>-II70

->>-

->>-III80

->>-

->>-IV80

->>-

->>-

Caaaeaiiy 2

Neeaae?oue oaaeeoeth “Iniiai? aeaea?aea a?oai?i?a”.

Iaeiaioaaiiy oa?/iaeo ?a/iaeiIniiai? aeaea?aea a?oai?i?a Anei?a?iiaa
eeneioa (a?oai?i N)Caeai? /anoeie ?ineei (e??i, iao?ooea, naeao, naea?a,
oeeaoey); iai/? (ia?aoeue, eaionoa, ea?oiiey, oiiaoe); yaiaee (/i?ia
nii?iaeeia, a??on, ai?iaeia, iae?ieoa, oeioeia); oeeo?onia?

Eiio?ieuei? caieoaiiy

1. *e neioacothoueny a?oai?ie a i?aai?ci??

2. sse? i?e/eie aeieeiaiiy a?iia?oai?iic?a o ethaeeie?

3. sse? i?e/eie aeieeiaiiy a?ia?a?oai?iic?a o ethaeeie?

4. A?ae /iai caeaaeeoue iio?aaa ethaeeie o a?oai?iao?

5. Iaca?oue aeaea?aea a?oai?io N.

6. Iaca?oue aeaea?aea a?oai?i?a a?oie A.

7. Iaca?oue aeaea?aea oie??ai? eeneioe.

8. ssea aeiaiaa iio?aaa ethaeeie a i?eioeiia?e eeneio? (i?aoeei, a?oai?i
??)?

9. ssea aeiaiaa iio?aaa ethaeeie a ?aoeiie? (a?oai?i A)?

10. Iaca?oue aeaea?aea a?oai?io A.

Oaia 2.3. Iai?i ?a/iaei oa aia?a??

I?aeoe/ia caiyooy

1. Aecia/aiiy oaeoi??a, ui aieeaathoue ia iai?i ?a/iaei.

2. Aecia/aiiy oiai, a?ae /iai caeaaeeoue aeiaiaa aeo?aoa aia?a??
ethaeeie.

3. Aecia/aiiy aeiaiaiai aeo?a/aiiy iniiaiiai iai?io a ethaeae ??ciiai
a?eo.

Iaoa caiyooy: oi?ioaaiiy i?aeoe/ieo oi?iue ? iaae/ie aecia/aiiy
iniiaiiai iai?io ethaeeie.

E?oa?aoo?a: 4; 11; 12.

IAOIAeE*I? ?AEIIAIAeAOe??

Ii?aoeueiaoth/e aeaia ieoaiiy, ne?ae ciaoe, ui ethaeeia yaey? niaith
a?aee?eoo oa?iiaeeiai?/io nenoaio, yea iiaea caa??aaoe naith
oe?e?ni?noue ? caeaoi?noue aei naiia?aeoai?aiiy caaaeyee iino?eiiio
iai?io ?a/iaei ?c ciai?oi?i na?aaeiaeuai. Inoaii? ? aeaea?aeii
ieanoe/ieo oa aia?aaoe/ieo ?ano?n?a o aeaeyae? ?ae?, ui
ia?aoai?ththoueny a i?aai?ci? ia aeani? no?oeoo?e ee?oei, oiaoi
caciathoue i?ioean?a anei?eyoe??. ?acii c oeei o ?acoeueoao? ieeniiai
?oeioaaiiy o?i?/ieo ca’yce?a i?aai?/ieo ?a/iaei o ee?oeiao
a?aeaoaa?oueny ca?eueiaiiy aia?a?? (?? aeaea?aeaie ? a?eee, aee?e oa
aoaeaaiaee), oiaoi i?ioean aeenei?eyoe??. Aia?a?y aeo?a/a?oueny ia
a?aeiiaeaiiy ? neioac no?oeoo? ee?oei, ?oi? ?iciiiaeaiiy oa ??ci?
i?ioeane aeeoo?ae?yeueiino?.

O caei?iai? ethaeeie a c??eiio a?oe? i?e aaeeaaii? aeinoaoiuei?
e?eueeino? iaiao?aeieo ?a/iaei c ?aeath i?ioeane anei?eyoe?? oa
aeenei?eyoe?? ia?aaoaathoue o a?aeiini?e ??aiiaac?; aiia caaacia/o?oueny
ae?yeuei?noth iae?iaoii?aeueii? nenoaie, ni?yiiaaii? ia i?aeo?eiaiiy
iino?eiino? neeaaeo i?aai?cio.

E?euee?noue aia?a??, ui aeo?a/a?oueny, caeaaeeoue a?ae noao? ethaeeie,
?? a?eo, c?inoo, ia’?io iiaa?oi? o?ea, eiinoeoooe??, noaio caei?ia’y,
??aiy aeoeaiino? iae?iaiaeie?eiii? nenoaie, ?ioaineaiino? oa o?eaaeino?
i’yciai? ae?yeueiino?, oa?aeoa?o oa?/oaaiiy, ee?iaoo, iaoai?ieia?/ieo
oaeoi??a, ii?e ?ieo e /ano aeiae.

AE?iee ii??aiyii c /ieia?eaie ao?a/athoue aia?a?? iaioa a na?aaeiueiio
ia 15 %. I?aai?ci, yeee ?inoa, iio?aao? a?eueoi? e?eueeino? aia?a?? ia
iaeeieoeth iane o?ea, i?ae o aei?ineeo ethaeae, oiane?aeie aeei?enoaiiy
?? ia i?ioeane ?inoo oa ?icaeoeo i?aai?a ? oeaiei. O ethaeae a?eii 30-39
?ie?a aeo?aoe aia?a?? ia 4-5 % ieae/? i?ae o 18 – 29-e?oi?o, a o 40 –
59-e?oi?o ieae/? aae ia 9-10 %.

Iio?aaa a aia?a?? caeaaeeoue a?ae oaiia?aoo?e iia?o?y. ?c ?? cieaeaiiyi
ia 10 °N aia?aiaeo?aoe i?aai?cio ca?eueoothoueny ia 10 %.

Caoaeaeaiiy iae?iaiaeie?eiii? nenoaie i?aeaeuo? aeo?aoo aia?a??.

Iaea?eueoith i??ith ia iio?aao i?aai?cio a aia?a?? aieeaathoue i’yce, ui
noaiiaeyoue 42 % a?ae on??? iane o?ea ethaeeie. Iaa?oue o niiei? ia
i’yciao nenoaio i?eiaaea? iaea?eueoee ia’?i aia?aiaeo?ao.

*anoea aeiaiai? aeo?aoe aia?a?? ia ae?yeuei?noue aioo??oi?o i?aai?a o
noai? niieith iaceaa?oueny iniiaiei iai?iii (II). Eiai aecia/athoue
iaouana?oea a iieiaeaii? eaaea/e i?e oaiia?aoo?? iia?o?y 18-20 °N.

Ca oeeo oiia aia?a?y aeo?a/a?oueny ia aacia?a?aiee iai?i ?a/iaei ?
o?c?ieia?/i? ooieoe??: aeeoaiiy, e?iaiia?a, i?aeo?eiaiiy i’yciaiai
oiiono oiui. O na?aaeiueiio cia/aiiy II o aei?ineeo ethaeae noaiiaeoue 1
eeae/aiae ia 1 ea iane o?ea. O i?ae?inoath/iai i?aai?cio oeae iieaciee
oei aeuee, /ei iieiaeoa aeeoeia. O thiae?a 14-17 ?ie?a II aei??aith? 1,7
eeae, o ae?a/ao oeueiai naiiai a?eo – 1,2 eeae. O 40 – 50 ?ie?a II
cieaeo?oueny ia 4-5 %, o ua noa?oiio a?oe? – ia 10 % ii??aiyii c
ethaeueie 18-30 ?ie?a.

Cia/aiiy II ? i?ae aeo?aeiei ??aiai aia?aiaeo?ao; ?o ca?eueoaiiy
a?aeaoaa?oueny i?e ??cieo aeaeao ae?yeueiino?.

Aieea ?ae? ia aeo?aoo aia?a??

I?ioeane aaeeaaiiy ?ae? ? o?aaeaiiy ca?eueoothoue iai?i ?a/iaei ua aei
aniieooaaiiy ioo???io?a. Eiaeia oa?/iaa ?a/iaeia aeyaey? niaoeeo?/iee
aieea. Oae, ca a?aenooiino? aoaeaaiae?a ? aee??a niiaeeaaiiy a?ee?a
i?aeaeuo? aeo?aoe aia?a?? ia 30-40 %. Oaeo aeanoea?noue a?ee?a
iicia/athoue ye niaoeeo?/io aeeiai?/io ae?th oa aeei?enoiaothoue i?ae
/an neeaaeaiiy iaith aeayeeo ?icaaioaaeoaaeueieo ae??o aeey e?eoaaiiy
iaee??iiy. AEe?e oa aoaeaaiaee ca?eueoothoue aia?aiaeo?aoe ia 7 %.

I?ae /an niiaeeaaiiy ci?oaii? ?ae? aeo?aoe aia?a?? i?aeaeuothoueny ia
10%. ??cea i?aeaeuaiiy aia?aiaeo?ao a?aeaoaa?oueny i?ae /an oiae?iiy,
a?ao oa o?ce/ii? ?iaioe.

Caaaeuei? aeo?aoe aia?a?? ca aeiao noaiiaeyoue noio aia?aiaeo?ao
iniiaiiai iai?io, niaoeeo?/ii aeeiai?/ii? ae?? ?ae? oa aeo?ao aia?a?? ia
aeeiiaiiy ??cieo aeae?a ae?yeueiino?.

Ci?no caaaeaiue

Caaaeaiiy 1

Caiiai?oue oaaeeoeth “Oaeoi?e, ui aieeaathoue ia ia’?i aia?aiaeo?ao
ethaeeie”.

Ia’?i aia?ai-aeo?aoOaeoi?e, ui aieeaathoue ia ia’?i aia?aiaeo?ao
ethaeeie NoaoueA?e

Caaaeaiiy 2

Caiiai?oue oaaeeoeth “Aeiaiaa aeo?a/aiiy iniiaiiai iai?io a ethaeae
??ciiai a?eo”.

A?oia ?ioaineaiino? i?aoe? A?eiaa a?oia*ieia?ee (iana 70 ea), aia?a?y,
eeaeAE?iee (iana 60 ea), aia?a?y, eeae ?18-29

30-39

40-592450

2300

21002000

1900

1800??18-29

30-39

40-59???18-29

30-39

40-59?V18-29

30-39

40-59V18-29

30-39

40-59

Eiio?ieuei? caieoaiiy:

1. sse? oaeoi?e aieeaathoue ia iio?aao ethaeeie a aia?a???

2. O ethaeae yeiai a?eo aeo?aoe ethaeae a?eueo?: a?eii 40 – 45 ?ie?a aai
20 – 25 ?ie?a?

3. *e caeaaeaoue aeo?aoe aia?a?? ethaeeie a?ae ieiu? iiaa?oi? o?ea?

4. sse aieeaa? aiaeie?eiia nenoaia ia aeo?aoe aia?a?? ethaeeie?

5. Aeaeoa aecia/aiiy iiiyooy “iniiaiee iai?i”.

6. ssea cia/aiiy iniiaiiai iai?io a aei?inei? ethaeeie?

7. sse aieeaa? niiaeeaaiiy a?ee?a ia aeo?aoe aia?a???

8. sse aieeaathoue aee?e oa aoaeaaiaee ia aia?aiaeo?aoe ethaeeie?

9. sse aieeaa? o?ce/ia iaaaioaaeaiiy ia aia?aiaeo?aoe ethaeeie?

10. Ui ? iniiaith aeey aecia/aiiy ii?i oa?/oaaiiy ??cieo a?oi ianaeaiiy?

Oaia 2.4. Iniiae ?aoe?iiaeueiiai oa?/oaaiiy

I?aeoe/ia caiyooy

Oaia. Neeaaeaiiy iaith aeiaiaiai ?aoe?iio /ioe?e?aciaiai oa?/oaaiiy aeey
??cieo a?oi ianaeaiiy caeaaeii a?ae a?eo, noao?, oa i?ioan??,
a?aoiaoth/e aeiaia? aia?aiaeo?aoe e o?c?ieia?/io iio?aao a oa?/iaeo
?a/iaeiao

Iaoa caiyooy: oi?ioaaiiy i?aeoe/ieo oi?iue ? iaae/ie neeaaeaiiy iaith
aeiaiaiai ?aoe?iio aeey ??cieo a?oi ianaeaiiy.

E?oa?aoo?a: 3; 4; 9; 12; 13.

IAOIAeE*I? ?AEIIAIAeAOe??

I?e ii?aoethaaii? aeaiiai ieoaiiy ne?ae aea/eoe e?eoa??? aeey ioe?iee
?aoe?ii?a oa?/oaaiiy.

1. A?aeiia?aei?noue aia?aaoe/ii? oe?iiino? ?ae? aeo?aoai aia?a?? ia an?
aeaee aeeoo?ae?yeueiino? i?aai?cio.

2. Iayai?noue o ?ae? an?o iacai?iieo oa?/iaeo ?a/iaei o e?eueeinoyo, ui
caaeiaieueiythoue iio?aao i?aai?cio.

3. Iioeiaeueia ni?aa?aeiioaiiy i?ae ie?aieie eiiiiiaioaie ?ae?
a?aeiia?aeii aei iio?aa aeaiiai ?iaeea?aeooia /e a?oie ianaeaiiy.

4. Iayai?noue caoenieo eiiiiiaio?a ?ae?.

5. Caaacia/aiiy i?aaiieaioe/ieo iiceoeaieo yeinoae ?ae?, ui
ni?eythoue ?? ia?ao?aaeaiith oa canai?iith.

6. Canoinoaaiiy iaoiae?a oaoiieia?/ii? ia?iaee, ui caaacia/othoue
aeaeaeaiiy oe?aeeeaeo ?a/iaei ? ia aeeeeeathoue ciaioaiiy a?ieia?/ii?
oe?iiino? ?ae?, a oaeiae ooai?aiiy oiene/ieo niieoe.

7. ?iciiae?e ?ae? ca i?eeiiaie i?ioyaii aeiae a?aeiia?aeii aei
a?i?eoi?a, ?aaeeio oa oa?aeoa?o o?oaeiai? e ?ioeo aeae?a ae?yeueiino?.

Iaea?eueo ?aoe?iiaeueiei aeciaii /ioe?e?aciaa i?eeiaiiy ?ae?.
Iioeiaeueia o?eaae?noue ia?a?a i?ae ?aeath – 4-5 aiaeei. Aii/? iiaeiai
aooe 8 – 10-aiaeeiiee i?ii?aeie /ano i?ae i?eeiaiiyi ?ae?.

O na?aaeiueiio a aei?ineeo ethaeae i?e /ioe?e?aciaiio oa?/oaaii? ia?oee
ni?aeaiie iiaeiai caaeiaieueiyoe ca neeaaeii 20 – 25 % aeiaiai? iio?aae
a ioo???ioao, ae?oaee ni?aeaiie aai iieoaeaiie -10-15, ia?ae – 40 – 45,
aa/a?y – 20 – 25 %.

Iiaeeea? e ?io? aa??aioe oa?/oaaiiy caeaaeii a?ae oiia ae?iaie/i?
ae?yeueiino? oa naciio ?ieo.

Canai?iith ?ae? ni?ey? i?aaeeueia iine?aeiai?noue aaeeaaiiy
a?aeiia?aeieo no?aa.

Iaea?eueo aeinooiiei ? oaeee ii?yaeie, iai?eeeaae, aeey ia?aeo –
nii/aoeo niiaeeaathoueny caeonea aai naeao, iio?i ia?oa ??aeea no?aaa.
Aiie i?noyoue ?a/iaeie, ui caoaeaeothoue aiaoeo, oiaoi aeeeeeathoue
nae?aoe?th o?aaieo nie?a.

Ae?oaa no?aaa iiaeiia aooe iniiaiei aeaea?aeii ieanoe/ieo oa
aia?aaoe/ieo ?ano?n?a, ui iio?aieythoue aei aaea i?aeaioiaeaieo o?aaieo
i?aai?a.

O?aoy no?aaa – nieiaeea. Aiia “ianoeoue” niae (?.I. Iaaeia), iaaeath/e
caaeiaieaiiy, ? iiaea ae caaaeueioaaoe o?aaeaiiy i?ae /an aaeeaaiiy aei
i?eeiaiiy ?ioeo no?aa.

Eiaeia iniiaia i?eeiaiiy ?ae? (ni?aeaiie, ia?ae, aa/a?y) iiaeiii aooe
caaeainiaaiei ca an?ia iacai?iieie oa?/iaeie ?a/iaeiaie.

Aeey o?c?ieia?/iiai aoaeoo ?ae?, ui aaeeaa?oueny a ??ciee /an aeiae, ia?
oaeiae cia/aiiy oaoiieia?/ia ia?iaea ne?iaeie. Ine?eueee niaaeai? no?aae
oa ii?oe?eia i’yni aeiaoa cao?eiothoueny a oeoieo, oi ?o ne?ae aaeeaaoe
i?ae /an ni?aeaieo aai ia?aeo, aea ia aeeth/aoe aei iaith aa/a??. Ia?o?
no?aae (noie) iiaeii? aoiaeeoe aei aeaiiiai ?aoe?iio eeoa iaeei ?ac –
i?ae /an ia?aeo a e?eueeino? 250 – 500 a.

Ni?aeaiie aeioe?eueii ii/eiaoe ?c caeonee aai naeaoo, ui caoaeaeothoue
nae?aoe?th o?aaieo nie?a; iio?i aei iaith iiaeiia aeeth/aoeny no?aaa,
yea ? iniiaiei aeaea?aeii aia?a?? oa iacai?iieo oa?/iaeo ?a/iaei, ui ia
iio?aao? o?eaaeiai i?eaiooaaiiy; ni?aeaiie cae?i/o?oueny oii?coth/ei
iaii?i (/ae, eaeai, eaaa – iii??ii? i?oeiino?).

Ia?ae iiaeiai neeaaeaoeny c? no?aa, neeaae yeeo iiaea caaacia/eoe
eiiiainaoe?th aia?aiaeo?ao, ae?iaeaieo ca /an o?oaeiai? ae?yeueiino?.

O iaith aa/a?? ne?ae aaiaeeoe no?aae, ui eaaei ia?ao?aaeththoueny (?c
?eae, iiei/ieo i?iaeoeo?a, y?oeue), a oaeiae iaii?, ui ia caoaeaeothoue
oeaio?aeueio ia?aiao nenoaio (OeIN). Iniaeeai aaaeeeai ia aaeeaaoe i?ae
/an aa/a?? aeoaea aee?io ?aeo. Aa/a?th ne?ae aaeeaaoe ia i?ci?oa, i?ae
ca 2-3 aiaeeie aei nio.

I?e ?iaio? a i?/io ci?io “a?aeii/eiie” i?aai?a o?aaeaiiy a?aeaoaa?oueny
a ia??iae aeaiiiai nio. I?ae /an ia?a?ae ia ?iaio? iio??aii aaiaeeoe aei
iaith no?aae, ui eaaei ia?ao?aaeththoueny oa i?noyoue ?a/iaeie, ui
caoaeaeothoue OeIN, a oaeiae oii?coth/? iaii?. Ia ne?ae o oeae /an aeiae
aaeeaaoe aee?io ?aeo, ine?eueee aiia aeeeeea? niieea?noue.

Ae?oaee ni?aeaiie (iieoaeaiie) iiaeiai i?noeoe aooa?a?iae, iai?e aai
na?ae? o?oeoe /e yaiaee, ine?eueee aaeeaaiiy nooi? ?ae? iaaaoeaii
aieeaa? ia ooieoe?th o?aaieo i?aai?a.

Oeiiieaeoiaai? ?aoe?iie oa?/oaaiiy ne?ae i?aeae?aoe oae, uia ?o neeaae
caaeiaieueiya iio?aae aeaii? a?oie ianaeaiiy a on?o ioo???ioao. Aei
iaith iaiao?aeii ai?uoaaoe aeiaeaoeiai 5-10 a ie?? a iaoo?aeueiiio
aeaeyae? (o naeaoao), uia iiiiaieoe ?? iaaeinoaoith e?euee?noue.

??aee? ia?o? no?aae c e?oiaie aai iaea?iiieie ae?iaaie aeioe?eueii
ii?aeioaaoe a iaith ?c caeoneaie aai naeaoaie, ui i?noyoue yeoey, i’yni,
ne? ? ?eao.

Ae?oa? no?aae c i’yna I ? O eaoaai??e, aaaaoiai ia niieo/io oeaieio,
iiaeii? iiiiaithaaoeny aeaea?aeaie a?ieia?/ii oe?iieo a?ee?a. Iai/aa?
ae?oa? no?aae ne?ae ii?aeioaaoe ?c noiaie-ith?a, iiei/ieie oa ?eaieie
noiaie, ui i?noyoue aaeeeo e?euee?noue a?ee?a, aai caeoneaie, ui
i?noyoue yeoey oa ?i.

Aa?i??e aei ae?oaeo no?aa iiaeii? aooe neeaaeieie. O ieo iathoue
ii?aeioaaoeny ??ci? iai/? oa e?oie, a oaeiae aiaia?.

Aei neeaaeo oeiiieaeoiaaieo ia?ae?a iiaeii? aoiaeeoe aeaea?aea
a?ieia?/ii oe?iieo a?ee?a (ne?, aoeyo ? a?oooaen n?/aiee ?c yeoeai);
e?iieaai? eeneioe (ie?y); ??cieo a?oai?i?a; i?ia?aeueieo ?a/iaei (naeao,
noi ?c aiaiaeie), o oiio /ene? e eaeueoe?th oa oinoi?o a i?eeiyoiiio
ni?aa?aeiioaii? (ne?); oa?/iaeo aieieii (aiaia?, een?eue ?c yaeoe,
oe?a).

I?eeeaae neeaaeaiiy iaith aeiaiaiai ?aoe?iio aeey i?aoe?aiee?a ?icoiiai?
i?aoe? (? a?oia ?ioaineaiino? i?aoe?; a?e 30-39 ?ie?a).

Niiaeeaaiiy aia?a??:

– /ieia?ee – 2300 eeae/aeiao,

– ae?iee – 1900 eeae/aeiao.

O?c?ieia?/i? iio?aae a oa?/iaeo ?a/iaeiao

NoaoueA?eee, a/aeiaoAEe?e, a/aeiaoAoaeaaiaee,
a/aeiao*ieia?ee6877335AE?iee5963274

Iaith aeiaiaiai ?aoe?iio

Iacaa no?aaeAeo?ae,

aA?eeeAEe?e, aAoaea-aiaee, aEaei-??ei?noue, eeaeOnueiaio o./.

oaa?eii?Onueiaio o. /. oaa?eii?o o./.

?ineeii?Ni?aeaiie Naeao ?c a?eiea/aiii?
eaionoe1001,5-5,0-5,010,089,1Eioeaoe ?c
yeiae/eie50/46,55,89,83,1-4,5142,5Ea?oiieyia
ith?a1002,090,43,2–17,3101,9Iieiei2005,65,66,4–9,4116,0Oe?a aeeoi?e,
ioaie/iee25/304,1-0,50,5-26,3121,1Onueiai570,6Ia?ae Naeao ?c na?aeeo
iii?aei??a c ie??th1000,5-5,0-5,04,163,8

Noi ?c iai/?a3002,60,37,8–15,6150,0sseiae/eia
a?aeaa?aia75/622,822,819,5—264,0Iaea?iie
a?aeaa?ai?1505,7-3,75–38,3206,2N?e aa?eeiniaee2001,0—-28,0112,0Oe?a
aeeoi?e, ioaie/iee25/304,1-0,50,5-26,3121,1Onueiai917,2Iieoaeaiie
Aeiia?aae na?aeee2000,8—-35,0138,0ssaeoea
na?ae?2000,833,992Onueiai230,0Aa/a?y ?eaa
niaaeaia10023,422,88,46,0-4,1186,2Ea?oiiey
a?aeaa?aia811,6-2,3–10,23,7Ith?a ?c ao?ye?a861,6-2,3–10,23,7Iieao,
oa?oe?iaaiee aeaeaiii655,55,57,3–11,6132,5Oe?a aeeoi?e,
ioaie/iee25/304,1-0,50,5-26,3121,1*ae ?c
aa?aiiyi2000,1—-14,656,6Onueiai586,1?acii 2309,9

Ci?no caaaeaiiy

CAAAeAIIss

Neeaae?oue iaith ia?aeo aeey i?aoe?aiee?a II a?oie ?ioaineaiino? i?aoe?
a?eii 40-50 ?ie?a, a?aoiaoth/e aeiaia? aia?ai-aeo?aoe oa o?c?ieia?/io
iio?aao a oa?/iaeo ?a/iaeiao.

Eiio?ieuei? caieoaiiy:

1. Iaca?oue e?eoa??? ioe?iee ?aoe?ii?a oa?/oaaiiy.

2. ssea iioeiaeueia o?eaae?noue ia?a?a i?ae i?eeiaiiyi ?ae??

3. sseo /anoeio aeiaiaiai ?aoe?iio o a?aenioeao noaiiaeoue ia?ae i?e
/ioe?e?aciaiio oa?/oaaii? aei?ineeo ethaeae?

4. sseith ? iine?aeiai?noue aaeeaaiiy no?aa i?ae /an ni?aeaieo?

5. sseith ? iine?aeiai?noue aaeeaaiiy no?aa i?ae /an ia?aeo?

6. ssea cia/aiiy ia? oaoiieia?/ia ia?iaea ne?iaeie a ?aoe?iiaeueiiio
oa?/oaaii??

7. sse? no?aae ne?ae aaiaeeoe aei iaith aa/a???

8. Iaca?oue aeiiae aei neeaaeo aeiiieaeoiaaieo ia?ae?a.

9. sse? oaeoi?e ne?ae a?aoiaoaaoe i?ae /an neeaaeaiiy ?aoe?ii?a aeey
??cieo a?oi ianaeaiiy?

10. sse? iane?aeee ii?ooaiiy ?aaeeio oa?/oaaiiy?

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