Othothiiiae?iiy
IEAI
1. Oi?ioaaiiy oe?aeeeai? cae/ee o ethaeeie.
2. ?noi??y othothio.
3. Iioe?aiiy othothiiiae?iiy.
4. Oe?aeeea?noue othothiiiae?iiy aeey i?aai?cio ethaeeie.
5. I?eioeiiaa caeaaei?noue.
6. E?eoaaiiy.
Oe?aeeeaa cae/ea – oea aeanoea?noue iiaaae?iee ethaeeie oa caeaaei?noue
i?aai?cio, aiane?aeie /iai ethaeeia ia eiio?ieth? naith iiaaae?ieo, a
nei??o aiia eiio?ieth? ??. Aa?oi eeoa noi?ioaaoeny oe?aeeea? cae/oe? ?
aiia ea?o? ethaeeiith. A?aeiia?aeii ia oea eaea /anoeia ?? a?ioae, ??
/ano, ?? aia?a??, ia caeoie /iionue a?eueo ei?eniiio. Ethaeeia ao?a/a?oa
naiiiiaaao, aeooaai? neee, ?oeio?oueny o?ce/ia oa aeooaaia caei?iay.
Aeayeeo oea a?aoo? – ?aoo oaeaa?.
Ie aeeaaii o neeaaeiiio na?o?, yeee iino?eii ian aei?iaiao? ia
i?oei?noue. Caei?iaa neeueia aeooii ethaeeia ?icoi?? ui aeeooy oea
ai?ioueaa ? noa?a?oueny ia?aai?thaaoe o?oaeiiu?. Aiioe?eii neaaea ?
aeooiaii iac??ea ethaeeia iai?eo? ia?aae i?iaeaiaie, a?ae/oaa? o?eaiao,
iaaiaaiai?noue ? oiio aeeiaieue, ia?eioeee a oaeiae othothi ?
oi?aa?naeueieie i?ioaeoi?aie: caeaaeii a?ae iio?aae ?icneaaeythoue aai
noeioeththoue ia?aiao nenoaio, i?aeaeuothoue noaeeiiee oiion, aeathoue
ii/oooy caaeiaieaiiy i?e/iio oaeueoea?.
Othothiiaee eou ?iaeii c Aia?eeainueeiai eiioeiaioo. A?i a?aeiineoueny
aei oiai ae n?iaenoaa, ui ? ea?oiiey oa ia?aoeue. Aaaaea?oueny, ui
othothi ae?iuoaaee ua o VI noie?oo? aei iaoi? a?e. ?noi?eee
noaa?aeaeothoue, ui oaea a ? noie?oo? aei iaoi? a?e ?iae?eoe? a
Oeaio?aeuei?e Aia?eoe? eo?eee othothi ia ?ae?a?eieo oea?aiii?yo. A
aeaai?e oeea?e?caoe?? othothiiaiio aeeio i?eienoaaeany iaa?/ia
e?eoaaeueia neea, a aaeeoaiiy eiai i?e??aithaaeiny aei ni?eeoaaiiy c
aiaaie. Othothiia? eenoe iaeeaaeaee ia ?aie ye ciaaiethth/ee can?a.
Aaaaeaeiny, ui aeoaaeueiee othothi ci?ia? coaiee a?eue.
Eaaaiaea ?iae?enueeiai ieaiai? ao?ii?a ?iceaco? i?i oa, ui eiee caiey
aoea ionoa, a ethaee aieiaeoaaee Aaeeeee aeoo iineaa ae?ieo, ui nianoe
ethaenoai. Aiia eoea ii na?oo ? anthaee, aea ?? i?aaa ?oea aeioi?eioeany
caie? ae?inea ea?oiiey, a oai aea ?? e?aa ?oea – eoeo?oaeca. ? eiee na?o
noaa aaaaoei ? ieiaeth/ei, aiia n?ea a?aeii/eoe. Eiee aiia anoaea, oi ia
oiio i?noe? ae??n othothi.
Iniiaiith i?e/eiith oaeaeeiai ?iciianthaeaeaiiy iiioey?iino? othothio
noaee eiai iai?aaaeea? e?eoaaeuei? aeanoeaino?. A 1560 ?ioe?
o?aioeocueeee iinie a Ii?ooaae?? AEai I?ei a?aei?aaea othothiiaa n?i’y
ei?ieaa? O?aioe?? Eaoa?ei? Iaaee/? oa ?aeiiaiaeoaaa ?o ye can?a a?ae
i?a?ai?. Caiaeii eiai ithoaeueia iiaea iioe?eeany ii an?e O?aioe??. Ia
/anoue I?ei ?ineeia caiaeii io?eiaia naith eaoeinueeo iacao i?eioei.
Na?aae a?enoie?ao?a aoei aeoaea aaaaoi y?eo i?eoeeueiee?a. AEiaeia
oea?aiii?y ia i?ioiaeeea aac aaeeaaiiy othothio o aeoaea aaeeeeo
e?eueeinoyo. ?c ?in?enueeeo oea??a ethaeoaeai othothio aoa o?eueee Iao?i
?.
Aea o othothio aoee ? nai? iiiiaioe. O 1610 ?ioe? ei?ieue ?niai?? O?e?i
??? aeaeaa oeac, yeee iaiaaeoaaa ae?iuoaaiiy othothio. A 1610 ?ioe?
O?ain?n Aaeii a?aecia/ea, ui eeoeoeny cae/ee eo?eoe ia aeoaea i?inoi. O
oeueiio ae ?ioe? a ssiii?? oaeiae aeaeaee oe?e ?yae oeac?a i?i caaiaiio
ae?iuoaaiiy oa aaeeaaiiy othothiiaiai aeeio. O Oo?oe?? eo?oe?a
iaeacoaaee o?ce/ii, i?iaiaeeee i?eieceea? caoiaee ? iaa?oue aeiineee ?i
nia?oaeueiee ae?ie. A ?in?? iao??a?o a?aei?n othothiiiae?iiy oa ithoaiiy
othothio aei eaoaai??? nia?oieo a??o?a. Oea? Ieoaeei ?iiaiia a 1634
?ioe? aeaeaa oeac, a?aeiia?aeii aei yeiai aia?oa ciaeaeaiiai eo?oey
i/?eoaaei iaeacaiiy o aeaeyae? 60 oaea??a iaeeaie, a i?e iiaoi?i?e
cono??/? oe??? oe?aeeeai? cae/ee ae?eaaee i?cae??, a iio?i caneeaee a
a?aeaeaeai? caie?.
Othothiiiae?iiy – iaeia c iaea?eueo iioe?aieo aeae?a iiaooiai?
oieneeiiai??, naia iaeiioe?ai?oa o anueiio na?o? oe?aeeeaa cae/ea.
Caeaaei?noue a?ae othothio aianaii a I?aeia?iaeio eeaneo?eaoe?th oai?ia.
I?eioei ? nai???aeiei noeioeyoi?ii ia?aiai? nenoaie, ui ia? iaoieia?/iee
aieea ia i?aai?ci iniaeeai o ?icaeoeo ?aeiaeo oai?ia. Cae?enith?oueny
iae?iiy – aaeeoaiiyi ??cieo oe?th/eo ?ineeiieo i?iaeoeo?a. Othothiiaee
aeei i?noeoue eaioea?iaaii? ?a/iaeie. A?i i?noeoue i?eioei, /aaeiee aac,
ai?ae, neieeueio eeneioo, oe?aienoee aiaeaiue, aoeaoii ? cia/io
e?euee?noue ?a/iaei, ye? ni?e/eiythoue ooai?aiiy ceiye?nieo iooeei.
Iae?iiyi ni?e/eiai? 30% on?o nia?oae a?ae iieieia?/ieo caoai?thaaiue.
Aiii coiiaeth? ?icaeoie ?aeo i?aaia aeeoaiiy, aeeth/ath/e ii?iaeieio
?ioa ? aa?oi?o aeeoaeueieo oeyo?a, no?aaioiaeo, i?aeoeoieiai? caeice.
Aeica i?eioeio 60ia-niao?aeueia, a iaei?e neaa?ao? a na?aaeiueiio 0,5
ia.
Ca aeaieie AIIC a na?o? iiiaae 1,1 ie?ae ethaeae, ui iathoue oeth
oe?aeeeao cae/eo. ?icaeiai? e?a?ie 76% othothio aenii?oothoue. I?e
oeueiio ae?iuothoue aeoaea aeaoaaee oa iaye?niee othothi. Neaa?aoe ?c
oeueiai othothio caaicyoue a Oe?a?io oa ?io? neaai?icaeioo? e?a?ie.
I?iaeaia othothiiiae?iiy ae?ae aeooaeueia aeey Oe?a?ie. Oe?a?ia
aoiaeeoue aei a?oie ?c 11 e?a?i ?a?iie c iaea?eueoei ??aiai iioe?aiino?
oe??? oe?aeeeai?, aeey caei?iay, cae/ee. O iao?e e?a?i? a 2003 ?ioe?
ia?aoiaoaaeiny a?eueoa 9,9 iei eo?oe?a – o?aoeia anueiai i?aoeacaeaoiiai
ianaeaiiy Oe?a?ie. Ca aeaieie 2000 ?ieo a i. Ee?a? iaeyoue 650 oeny/
/ieia?e?a ? 150 oeny/ ae?iie. Ca aeaieie aenia?o?a ui??/ii oe? oeeo?e
c?inoathoue o na?aaeiueiio ia 7-8 %. Iaea?eueoee a?aenioie in?a, ui
iaeyoue, i?eiaaea? ia a?eia? a?oie 20-29 ?ie?a (60% /ieia?e?a ? 19%
ae?iie) oa 30-39 ?ie?a (57% ? 22% a?aeiia?aeii). AEeoae? iaoi? e?a?ie
aeiaeththoue ia ??e i?eaeecii 234 ie?ae neaa?ao. E?euee?noue aeiaeaieo
neaa?ao ia ??e 1 ia?an?/iiai eo?oey neeaaeaea o 2001 ?ioe? a?eueoa 4300
neaa?ao, o 2002 4400 neaa?ao, o 2003 ?ioe?-4500 neaa?ao.
Ca aeaieie I?i?noa?noaa ioi?iie caei?ia’y Oe?a?ie a no/anieo oiiaao a
ae?ii/?e iiioeyoe?? iaoi? e?a?ie, eiaeia iyoa ae?iea-aeoeaiee eo?aoeue.
Iniaeeaa caiaiiei?ii?noue oei, ui oey oe?aeeeaa cae/ea i?eiaaea? ia a?e
aei 35 ?ie?a. Ca noaoenoeeith, ui??/ii a?ae caoai?thaaiue, ni?e/eiaieo
othothiieo??iiyi o na?o? iiie?a? iiiaae 4 iei ethaeae, a e?a?iao NIAe
500 oeny/, a Oe?a?i? 110 oeny/, a a i. Ee?a? 5,5 oeny/ in?a ye?
ianieiaeaeoaaeeny othothiiaei aeeiii.
Io?eiai? aeai? aeine?aeaeaiue i?i oa, ui ae?oe a 11-13 ?ie?a iaea?eueo
noeeuei? aei eo??iiy. Oea ? iaea?eueo ?eceeiaee ia??iae. Aeey ieo
eo??iiy – oea oi?ia naiiaecia/aiiy ? naiinoaa?aeaeaiiy (i?aoaic?y ia
aei?ine?noue). Oiio o a?oe? 15-17 ?ie?a eo??iiy aenooia? ye aaea
noi?iiaaia cae/ea Ia?aaaaeia e?euee?noue oeiey??a, ye? iathoue cae/eo
eo?eoe eo?youe ia?aae ii/aoeii iaa/aeueieo caiyoue, i?ae /an ia?a?a. Ca
aeaieie nioe?ieia?/ieo aeine?aeaeaiue a Oe?a?i? iaeeoue eiaeiee o?ao?e
i?aee?oie 12-14 ?ie?a. Aeoeaii iaeeoe ye oeiioe? oae ? ae?a/aoa
ii/eiathoue aei 14 ?ie?a, a ia?o? ni?iae eiaeai aeanyoee i?aee?oie
a?aei?/a? ua o a?oe? aei 10 ?ie?a. Naia o oeae ia??iae oi?io?oueny
?ai?iaeoeoeaia caei?iay, oiio othothiiiae?iiy i?eiineoue iaiii?aaio
oeiaeo. Oe?aeeeaee aieea i?eioeio ia noaoaao nenoaio i?iyaey?oueny o
aeaeyae? ??cieo ii?ooaiue iaino?oaeueiiai oeeeeo, a oiio /ene? ?
iaoi/ieo e?iaioa/.
Othothi – iaeaieiai?oee ? iaeaeiaaeuei?oee aaeaoey. Oiaoi eiaeieo 8
naeoiae ia caii?e eoe? iiie?a? ethaeeia c oe??? i?e/eie. sseui
a?aeiioaiiy aei othothiiiae?iiy ia ci?ieoueny, oi ca i?iaiicaie
aenia?o?a o 2030 ?ioe? c oe??? i?e/eie aoaea iiie?aoe iiiaae 10iei.
/ieia?e.
Othothiiiae?iiy aeoaea iaaaoeaii aieeaa? ia i?aai?ci:
1.Iaea?eueoa no?aaeaea? a?ae othothiiiae?iiy ?ai?iaeoeoeaia ooieoe?y
ethaeeie. Ca?aeii aeine?aeaeaiue aiae?enueeeo a/aieo 120 oeny/
aiae?eoe?a o a?oe? a?ae 30 aei 40 ?ie?a noaee ?iiioaioaie naia /a?ac
othothiiaee aeei. O n?iyo aea aaeeaaee othothi i?ae /an aaa?oiino? –
i?e?iaeaeai? eae?oeoaa o ae?oae o?aieythoueny aaea?/? /ano?oa,
ia?iaeaeothoueny iaiiaiioe?ii? oa ia?oaiia?iaeaeai? ae?oe oa aeeeaei?.
Iniaeeai aei 70% i?e?iaeaeaieo aaae oa aeaoaeo?a eeoey. Iathoue i?noea
aeine?aeaeaiiy a/aieo o aeine?aeaeaii? a?aeaeaeaieo iane?aee?a uiaei
caei?iay oa ?icaeoeo ae?oae. Iaoa?? ye? iaeeee i?ae /an aaa?oiino?
iathoue ae?oae c a?aeoeeaiith a?ae ii?ie iiaaae?ieith, oe? ae?oe a??oa
a/aoueny a oeie? ? /ano?oa ?icii/eiathoue aaeeaaiiy ia?eioe/ieo
i?aia?ao?a. Eo??iiy i?ae /an aaa?oiino? ca?eueoo? ?ecee aeeeaei?a,
cieaeo? iano o?ea iiaiia?iaeaeaieo, ca?eueoo? /anoioo
aioo??oiueioo?iaieo aeiaaee?a nia?o? ieiaeo, ? i?e/eiith aaeueioaaiiy
o?ce/iiai ? ?icoiiaiai ?icaeoeo iiaiia?iaeaeaii? aeeoeie. Aiii oaeiae
ciaioo? caeaoi?noue aei ae?oiia?iaeaeaiiy o ae?iie ? ii?ooo?
nia?iiooai?aiiy o /ieia?e?a.
2.Aaeeaaiiy othothio a?aeaoaa?oueny /a?ac i?aaie aeeoaiiy. Oiio ia?o ca
ana no?aaeaea? eaaaiaaa nenoaia: iia?o?yi? oeyoe ? eaaaiaaa oeaieia.
Eaaai? o 80% eo?oe?a /i?iiai eieuei?o. sseui ii/eiaoe eo?eoe o a?oe?
12-13 ?ie?a, oi o 67% o o?eaeoeyoe??/iiio a?oe? iiaeia iaoe oaea
caoai?thaaiiy ye aio?caia eaaai?a. Othothiiiae?iiy ? i?e/eiith 90% on?o
aeiaaee?a caoai?thaaiue ia ?ae eaaai?a.
3.Aeaye? ?ia?aae??ioe othothiiaiai aeeio ?ic/eiythoueny a neei? ? c iath
iio?aieythoue o oeoiie, oeei naiei aeeeeeath/e ae?aceo oeoiea (o 10
?ac?a /ano?oa) i?ae o oeo in?a, ui ia aaeeaathoue othothio.
4.Iniaeeai iaaaoeaii nenoaiaoe/ia io?o?iiy aieeaa? ia na?oeaai-noaeeiio
nenoaio. O an?o ooi iaeeoue /anoioa nei?i/aiue /ano?oa o 2-2,5 ?ace,
oaeei /eiii nei?i/o?oueny /an a?aeii/eieo aeey na?oey ? aiii nei??o
ciioo?oueny. O12-13 ?ac?a /ano?oa o?aieythoueny caoai?thaaiiy na?oey:
na?oeaaa iaaeinoaoi?noue, ?ioa?eo i?iea?aeo, noaiiea?ae?y, caoaeaiiy
noaeei. Aei 40% on?o nia?oieo aeiaaee?a a?ae ?oai?/ii? oai?iae na?oey,
?ioa?eoo oa ?inoeueoo iiaycai? c iae?iiyi neaa?ao.
5. Iae?iiy i?ecaiaeeoue aei ?oeioaaiiy aieiaiiai no?oeoo?iiai aeaiaioo
oe??e – eieaaaio. Ao?a/a? naith aeanoe/i?noue oe??a oa neecia? iaieiiee.
Cyaeythoueny cii?oee eeoea iaaoaa? aeaeyaeo aeaeaoiai eeiiio, aiein noa?
iecueeei oa o?eieei.
Iaaaoeaii aieeaa? ianeaia othothiiiae?iiy ia caei?iay ioi/oth/eo. A
i?ei?uaii? c eo?oeai i?ioyaii eeoa 1 aiaeeie ethaeeia, yea ia iaeeoue,
eiaeiiai ?aco niaeth? ii iieiaei? neaa?aoe. Othothiiaee aeei o oaeeo
aeiaaeeao ni?e/eiy? aieiaiee a?eue, iacaeoaeaiiy, cieaeaiiy
i?aoeacaeaoiino?, oaeaeeo aoiio, caaino?aiiy aa?oi?o aeeoaeueieo oeyo?a.
Iniaeeai iaaacia/ia ianeaia iae?iiy aeey ae?oae.
Othothiiiae?iiy cia/ii aieeaa? ia ye?noue aeeooy: ae?oe, ye?
ii/eiathoue eo?eoe c 8-10 ??/iiai a?eo, ia aeiaeeaooue aei iaae?
na?aaeiuei? o?eaaeino? aeeooy a na?aaeiueiio ia 6-8 ?ie?a; 35-??/ia
ae?iea, ui iaeeoue, i?iaeeaa ia 5 ?ie?a ca oo, yea ia ia? oaei? cae/ee;
35-??/iee eo?aoeue i?iaeeaa ia 7 ?ie?a iaioa, i?ae /ieia?e, yeee ia
iaeeoue.
A/aieie aeiaaaeaii ni?euei? ?ene i?ae ia?eioe/iith oa i?eioeiiaith
caeaaei?noth. Eiee i?eieiy?oueny aaaaeaiiy i?eioeio o i?aai?ci oi
?icaeaa?oueny aanoeiaioiee neiae?ii a?aei?ie, yeee oa?aeoa?eco?oueny ye
?icae?aoiaai?noue, noai caoaeaeaiiy, ii?ooo?ouey eiioeaio?aoe?y oaaae oa
cieaeaiiy i?aoeacaeaoiino?, o?eaiaa ii/oooy aieiaeo, ca?eueoaiiy iane
o?ea, ii?ooaiiy nio.
I?iaoeueeee i?ioani? Oaiiaiaa?a i?ae?aooaaa, ui o iao /an nia?oaeueiee
aeiaaeie ia i?eueeii /ieia?e aeieea? o ?acoeueoao?: aa?aeaoano?ioe –
iaeei ?ac ia 50 ?ie?a, a?ae aaeeaaiiy aeeiaieth – ?ac ia 4-5 aei?a, a?ae
aaoieaoano?ioe –?ac ia 2-3 aei?, a?ae iae?iiy- eiaei? 2-3 aiaeeie.
?c eiaeieo 100 eo?oe?a 53 iaiaaa?oueny eeiooe iaeeoe, aea eeoa 13 oea
aaea?oueny. Aeeo?thth/e ia/eo neaa?ao ia aeaiue ??aiioe?iii ui??/iiio
aeieaaiith eaaiai? /aoee i?eioeio.
I?eioeiiaa caeaaei?noue ia? o?e noaae??:
-ia?oa noaae?y ai?ciaee/ia iae?iiy ia a?eueoa 5 neaa?ao ia aeaiue, ui
aeeeeea? iacia/i? ci?ie o ae?yeueiino? ia?aiai? nenoaie;
– ae?oaa noaae?y – iino?eia iae?iiy a?ae 5 aei 15 neaa?ao ia aeaiue, i?e
oeueiio aeieea? iacia/ia o?ce/ia caeaaei?noue oa i?e i?eieiaii? iae?iiy
?icaeaa?oueny noai, aaaeeee ye o?ce/ii oae ? ineo?/ii, eiai ci?ia?
iae?iiy /a?aiai? neaa?aoe;
– o?aoy noaae?y-iino?eia aeeo?thaaiiy a?ae iaei??? aei i?aoi?e ia/ee ia
aeaiue, ae?iaey?oueny cae/ea iaeeoe iaouana?oea, a?ae?aco i?ney ?ae? aai
na?aae ii/?, caeeaiiy aeoaea neeueia. I?eieiaiiy iae?iiy aeeeeea?
oyaeeee noai, ae?aaeai? ci?ie o ia?aia?e nenoai? ? aioo??oi?o i?aaiao.
Oiene/ia ?oeioaaiiy i?aai?cio.
E?eoaaiiy:
1) Aaiia ei??iiy c aeyaaeth – oni?oii aeaiaeeoue i?eioei ?c i?aai?cio.
2)Oaaeaoee AOeOe cieaeo? oeiaeo, aaeaea aeiiiiaaa? aaaeothaaoe
oa?eioeiiy c a?iio?a.
3)“Ei?eaea iethn”-?aeeiee ?in?enueeee i?aia?ao i?ioe iae?iiy aac
i?ioeiieacaiue.
4) Eaca?ioa?ai?y.
5)ieeioeiia? ?iaaeyoue?e, ieanoe??,ni?a? a i?n,aeoaaeuei? aoiee
Iaee?au? e?ee neea aie? i?ioe oe??? oe?aeeeai? cae/ee.
Nienie aeei?enoaii? e?oa?aoo?e
1. E?anianueeee E.N., Aiae?a?aa O.? Othothi oa caei?ia’y, . Ee?a, 2004?
2. E?anianueeee E.N., Aiae?a?aa O.?, Iaoeye?anueeee I.I. Aeiiii?ea
eiio?ieth iaae othothiii a Oe?a?i? c iiaeyaeo noni?eueiiai caei?ia’y.
Ee?a, 2002?.
3. Eiaooiee ?.I., Aii/a?oe A.ss., Noaeueiauoe A.I. Othothi. Ae?iuoaaiiy.
Ia?a?iaea. Eai’yiaoeue – Iiae?euenueeee, Aaaoea. 2001?.
4. E?anianueeee E.N. – Eaaea a?aoiy aai ye othothiiaa ?iaeono??y
iaiaith? niiaeeaa/?a eaaeeo neaa?ao. Ee?a, 2001 ?.
5. Nieiaae.A.I. Aiiaa?a I.A. – Othothiiiae?iiy oa iaoieia?y oe??e.
Iineaa, 1998?.
6. Aiae?a?aa O.?. sseui iaeyoue aaoueee. Ee?a, 2003?.
7. Aiae?a?aa O.?. Nia?oue o eieenoe?. sse ?? oieeiooe. Ee?a, 2003?.
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