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ANOOI

I?ney ooai?aiiy noa?i?onueei? aea?aeaae ienaii?noue noaea iaiao?aeiiai
aeey aaaeaiiy eenooaaiiy c ?ioeie e?a?iaie, a oaeiae aeey oeeaaeaiiy
i?aeaea?aeaaieo aeiaiai??a. A oiiaao oi?ioaaiiy eeaniaiai noni?euenoaa
aeieeea iaiao?aei?noue a neeaaeaii? caiia?o?a, caienao i?i ai?ae,
aeniiaeo oi?a?aaeueieo eiio?aeo?a, a iaienao ia aacao i?i ?o i?ecia/aiiy
? oiio iiae?aia Aaaeeea? aeieoiaioe noa?i?onuee? eiyc? caa??aaee e?aua,
i?ae eiooiaiino?.

A?aeiii, ui ca /an?a ss?ineaaa Ioae?iai cai?e iaea?eueo aeaai?o a?aiio ?
aeiaiai??a ?on? caa??aaeeny a Ieoaee?anuee?e i?eaoaeia? Nio??anueeiai
niai?o. O/ai? aeiioneathoue, ui naia ooo aoee cina?aaeaeai? ? aeieoiaioe
aei aieiaeeie?nueeeo /an?a. Iaeiei c iaea?eueo a?aeiieo noiaeu ? oaeiae
Ee?ai-ia/a?nueeee iiianoe?, caniiaaiee aeo?aeoeai c *a?i?a?aueie
i?aiiaeiaiei Aioii??i ua i?e ss?ineaa? Ioae?iio.

?c-ca iiaeaae, eiycaaeo i?ae oniaeoeue ? iiiaiei-oaoa?nueei? iaaaee
aaeeea /anoeia iai’yoie noa?i?onueeeo /an?a iiaeaea. Aei iaoiai /ano
ae?eoee eeoa ie?ai? iai’yoee, aeiey yeeo aeyaeeany aaeae?oith.

Na?aae oeeo aeieoiaio?a iaea?eueo ae?aai? ?oeiieni? eieae
“aino?i-na?oiaee ?aaiaae??” 1056-1057 ??. ? “Ca??ea Nayoineaaa” 1073 ?
1076 ??. oai?o i?ea?iaeueii? noa?i?onueei? e?oa?aoo?e “Iia/aiiy aei
a?ao??” ?ieneiia Eoee, “Neiai i?i caeii ? aeaaiaeaoue” ia?oiai iaoiai
ieo?iiieeoa ?ea??iia, “AEeo?? Ai?ena ? Ae?aa” ? oiio iiae?aia An? aiie
ia nueiaiaei?oi?e aeaiue ? ia eeoa iai’yoieeaie ienaiiino? ? e?oa?aoo?e,
aea ? aeieoiaioaie o??? aiioe.

Iaeiei c ae?aai?o ? aaaeeeaeo aeieoiaio?a ii?i i?aaa ? “I?aaaea
?in?enueea” aai, ii i?eeiyo?e a iaooe? iaca?, “?in?enueea i?aaaea”
(oa?i?i “i?aaaea” ooo icia/a? caeii). Oeae aeieoiaio ia caa??any. Aei
iaoiai /ano ae?eoee eeoa aaaaoi/enaeuei? (aeecueei 300) nienee, oiaoi
eii??, c yeeo iaea?eueo noa?iaeii? aeaoothoueny XIII no.

Aaaeeeaeie aeieoiaioaie o??? aiioe aoee “eiycaa? noaoooe” ? “o?iee”, a
oaeiae oea?eiai? noaoooe. Eiycaa? noaoooe aoee iai?aaeai? ia aeiiiaiaiiy
aai ci?oeiaiiy aioo??oi?o aea?aeaaieo ii?i ? ii?yaee?a, ye, iai?eeeaae,
“Noaooo Aieiaeeie?a Iiiiiaoa”, yeee noaa aeiiiaiaiiyi ? nai???aeiith
/anoeiith “?onueei? i?aaaee”. I?ae “o?ieaie” iathoueny ia oaac?
iinoaiiae eiyc?a ia?aaaaeii o?iainiaiai oa?aeoa?o i?i iiaeaoee.
Oea?eiai? noaoooe iaee iaoo oii?yaeeoaaoe i?aaiaa iieiaeaiiy oea?eae a
aea?aeaa?, a oaeiae oea?eiai? noaee ? caaacia/eoe oea?eao iaoa??aeueii.
Caa?aaeeny oea?eiai? noaoooe eiyc?a Aieiaeeie?a ? ss?ineaaa. Ia?oee
a?aeiiee a eii?? XIII no, ae?oaa, — XIV no.

Iaea?eueo aaaeeeaei ?noi?e/iei aeieoiaioii ? “Iia?noue ieioeeo e?o”,
yeee ae?eoia aei ian ia a i?ea?iaeia?, a a i?ci?oeo nieneao. Iaeiei c
ieo ? Eaa?aio??anueeee nienie, iacaaiee ii ?iai? /aioey Eaa?aio?y, yeee
neeaa eiai a 1377 ?., ? ?iaoueaanueeee nienie (a?ae ?iaoueaanueeiai
iiianoe?y a Eino?ii?, aea a?i aoa ciaeaeaiee), aeaoiaaiee ii/aoeii XV a,
Naia a oeueiio e?oiien? i?noyoueny a?aeiiino? i?i ia?o? i?aeia?iaei?
aeoe — aeiaiai?e ?on? c ?iicaiieie aea?aeaaaie. Cie?aia, ooo ?
a?aeiiinoae i?i /ioe?e aeiaiai?e ?on? c iiaooiueith aea?aeaaith oiai
/ano — A?caio??th (oaiaee 907 ? 911 ??. eiycy Ieaaa, 947 ?. — eiycy
?ai?y ? 971 ?. — eiycy Nayoineaaa).

Aaea a o? aeaai? /ane aeieoiaio neoaeea aa?aio??th aeeiiaiiy iaia’yce?a
? eiio iaaeaaaeiny aaeeea cia/aiiy. O aeiaiai?? c A?caio??th (947 ?.)
/eoaiee: “A?aeiei? ae oae i?eoiaeyoue aei eiycy ?in?enueeiio c
a?aiioith, a ye?e na?ae/eoeiooue i?i nai? ie?i? iai??e… sseui ae
i?eeaeooue aac a?aiioe, oi oae i?noyoueny i?ae aa?oith, iiee ia
niia?noeii i?i ieo eiycy ?ai?y.

sseith ae oiae? aoea iiaa aeieoiaio?a? Aaeaea Ee?anueea ? Ia?ayneaanueea
caie? aaea a XII no ?iaiothoueny Oe?a?iith. Ua I. Iaeneiia?/ aeia?a, ui
iiaa naeyi Ee?aueie XIX no — oea ? iiaa ee?anueeeo eiyc?a. Iiaa
aeieoiaio?a Ee?anueei? ?on? — noa?ineia’yinueeee. sse na?ae/eoue
“Iia?noue ieioeeo ?ie?a”, aaeeea /anoeia oe?a?inueeeo ne?a e?euee?nii
ci?ooaaeany c ianeaii noa?ineia’yinueeeo ne?a.

AOAIE ?ICAEOEO Ae?EIAIAeNOAA

Aeoiaa ae?eiaiaenoai sse oi?io aaaeaiiy ae?eiaiaenoaa aeoia? eieae
ii/aee canoiniaoaaoe ia oa?eoi??? cao?aeieo neia’yinueeeo caiaeue aaea a
XIII noie?oo?. Ia cao?aeii-oe?a?inueeeo caieyo, ye a?aecia/aee a nai?o
?iaioao a?aeii? oe?a?inuee? ?noi?eee I.?. Eueia?oeeee ? A.I.
?iiaiianueeee”, aeoia? eieae c’yaeeeny a ae?oa?e iieiaei? XIV noie?ooy.
ss.?. Aeaoeaa?/” aaaaea?, ui i?e aea/aii? i?iaeaie aaiaceno oe??? oi?ie
ae?eiaiaenoaa ia iiaeia ?aii?oaaoe iayai?noue aeoiaeo eiea a
?oae?enueeeo, cao?aeiii?iaoeueeeo ? /anueei-ii?aanueeeo oeaio?ao, ye
iiaeeeaeo aei?iaao ?o i?iieeiaiiy aei Oe?a?ie.

Aaeeeee ianea aeoiaeo eiea c’yaeany a ?acoeueoao? ae?yeueiino?
a?iaenueeeo (iieuenuee. grod — oi?oaoey) ? cainueeeo noae?a. A?aeiii, ui
ia caieyo I?aaiaa?aaeii? Oe?a?ie, ye? iinooiiai aoiaeeee aei neeaaeo
Aaeeeiai Eiyc?anoaa Eeoianueeiai, noaeiaa ? aaei?i?no?aoeaia aeaaea aei
na?aaeeie XVI noie?ooy cae?enithaaeany /a?ac noa?ino ? ai?aiae. Ca?aeii
c Ia?oei Eeoianueeei Noaoooii 1529 ?. a?iaenueeee noae a?a noa?inoa a
eiaei?e aieino? ai?aiaenoaa a?ae ?iai? eiycy Eeoianueeiai.

O ca’yceo c iacaaeiaieai?noth aei?iaeia/ath oeueiai noaeo a 1564 ?. aoea
i?iaaaeaia noaeiaa ?aoi?ia, a?aeiia?aeii aei yei? any oa?eoi??y
Eiyc?anoaa aoea ?icae?eaia ia aieino? c /?oei iicia/aieie ei?aeiiaie. O
eiaei?e aieino? ae?yee ii o?e noaeia? onoaiiae: a?iaenueeee, cainueeee ?
iiaeeiii?iee noaee.

Cainueeee noae neeaaeaany c noaeae?, i?aenoaeea, iena?y ? iae?aany
iii?ueeaie. Iii?ueee iaee i?aai iae?aoe ii /ioe?e “aeaeoa” (eaiaeeaeaoa)
ia noaeae?anoai, iiaenoaenoai ? i?na?noai, c yeeo ei?ieue noaa?aeaeoaaa
ii iaeiiio eaiaeeaeaoia? ia a?aeiia?aeio iinaaeo. I?e noaeao ?nioaaea
oaeiae iinaaea “aiciiai”, iaia’yceii yeiai aoei a?o/aoe niia?uaiiy i?i
aeeeee aei noaeo ? aeeiioaaoe eiai ??oaiiy.

O Noaooo? 1588 ?. aoea aaaaeaia iinaaea “aiciiai aaia?aea” ye noa?oiai
iaae “aiciei”. Aea?aiee ia oeth iinaaeo aeaaaa i?enyao ei?ieth.

Nii/aoeo noaee iaee /?oei ae?aaeaiee e?oa nai?? ae?yeueiino?. Cainueeee
noae ?icaeyaeaa oeea?euei? ni?aae, eiai eaioeaey??y iaea oae caaia
“i?aai a?/iino?”, oiaoi i?aai aeiaeaiiy th?eaee/ii? neee ??ciei
aeieoiaioai (oiiaai iia?aoe??, eiio?aeoai, oanoaiaioai, eoi/ei ? oiio
iiae?aia). O eiiiaoaioe?th a?aaenueeiai noaeo aoiaeeee e?ei?iaeuei?
ni?aae. Iiaeeiii?ie? ae noaee caeiaeeny ae??oaiiyi a?aie/ieo noia?a/ie
caieaaeaniee?a.

Iaaeae? a i?aeoe/i?e ae?yeueiino? noae?a noaeiny ci?oaiiy ?o ooieoe?e.
Oae, naieoe?y iaeiiaeo ni?aa iinooiiai ia?aeoea aei a?iaenueeei noae?a,
oeueiio ni?eyea ? oa ianoaaeia, ui ae?yee aiie iino?eii a oie /an, ye
cainueeee can?aeaa eeoa o?e ?ace a ??e.

Ana, ui a?aeaoaaeiny a noaeao, caiineeiny a aeoia? eieae. Caeaaeii a?ae
oa?aeoa?o aeaieo ni?aa aiie ae?eeeeny ia: aeae?aoi?, caieni? ? iioi/i?.
O aeae?aoi? eieae, ye? aaeeny eeoa i?ae /an noaeiaeo nan?e, — “?i/eia”,
aiineee aeeeth/ii i?ioieiee e?ei?iaeueieo ? oeea?eueieo ni?aa. Caieni? —
iaee aeayeo aiaeia?th c iioa??aeueieie eieaaie. O ieo aiineee ??ci?
iniaiai-i?aaia? aeieoiaioe: aea?/?, eoi/?, ai?aia?, i?aeeoii?, a oaeiae
eiio?aeoe, oiiae ? oiio iiae?aia. O ieo aea, e??i oiai, aiineeeny
ei?ie?anuee? aea?/? a?aiioe ? “i??aee??”, naeiia? eiinoeoooe??,
ethno?aoe?? ? oiio iiae?aia Iioi/i? eieae i?ecia/aeeny aeey nea?a,
na?aeioeoa ? “?aeyoe?e” aicieo, caya, “i?ioanoaoeee” ? ?ioeo niia?uaiue
??ciiieaiiaiai oa?aeoa?o. A?eueo?noue eiea aaeeny ii iiaea?ei?e nenoai?:
nii/aoeo aeoe caienoaaeeny a “/a?iaoeo” — “i?ioieie”, nei?i/aii, aac
anooiieo ? caaa?oaeueieo oi?ioe, a iio?i ia?aienoaaeeny a /enoiaee —
“?iaeoeoo”. Aeoe, ye i?aaeei, aienoaaeeny a “naenoa?i?” — cioeoe,
neeaaeai? c 4-6 eeno?a iaia?e, ye? ca i?aenoieaie ?ieo coeaaeeny a
aeoia? eieae. sseui aeieoiaio?a aoei aaaaoi, eieae c ?o oaiaoeee
oi?ioaaeeny a oiie.

Aeey iieaaoaiiy iiooeo ? aii?yaeeoaaiiy eeno?a inoaii? neiai ia eiaeiiio
c ieo caiineeiny ia?oei ia iiaeaeueoiio. sseui ae ia noi??ioe?
caeeoaeiny a?eueia i?noea, ia i?i ienaeany aoeaa “Z” aai neiai “Vacua”.

I?aaeeuei?noue iaienaiiy aeo?a ia?aa??yeany, i?i ui aiai?youe
“ia?aeiae??” — a?aei?oee ia iieyo, iai?eeeaae: “Oie a?eoo ii?yaeiae
o?aaa a ia?aienaoe”. Ioia?aoe?y aeo?a (neia’yinueea ? a?aanueea)
i?iaiaeeeany ii i?nyoeyo; ioia?aoe?y noi??iie aoea aaaaeaia cia/ii
i?ci?oa.

Na?e iiaeaeueoee ?icaeoie aeoiaa ae?eiaiaenoai a noaeao io?eiaei ca?aeii
?c Noaoooii 1566 ?., yeee ia?aaeaa/aa aaaeaiiy an?o aeieoiaio?a “neiae
?in?yiaie”. O aeieoiaioao o??? ii?e i?ine?aeaeo?oueny i?aaiaiiy
aeio?eioaaoeny eaioeaey?nueeiai noeeth aeeeaaeo, oi/a ? cono??/athoueny
aeaiaioe aeeai? ?iciiaii? iiae, oa?aeoa?ii? aeey i?aaenoaaiee?a
oaiaeaeueiiai noni?euenoaa.

A?aoiaoth/e cia/ou?noue aeoiaeo eiea, caaaeaee i?eeiaeeny caoiaee aeey
?o caa?aaeaiiy. Noaooo ciaia’ycaa iii?uee?a eiaeiiai iia?oo “caoaeiaaoue
oaea i?noea, aea a caaaeaee eieae cainuee? aacia/ia a?ae anyei? i??aiaee
aoee aaoiaaie ? caa??aaeeny a “nuee?eiyo iioeieo ca o?ueiia-caieaie” .

Ia aeaeue, aaeeea /anoeia aeoiaeo eiea caaeioea. Iei? caaaeueio
e?euee?noue aeoiaeo eiea neeaaea? 7,5 oen. oii?a, ye? ai?uathoue
aeecueei 5 iei. “aeieoiaioia-cai?nae”. Aeoiaa ae?eiaiaenoai i?i?nioaaei
ia oa?eoi??? I?aaiaa?aaeii? Oe?a?ie aei e?ioey XVIII noie?ooy.

IAEACIAA Ae?EIAIAeNOAI

Aei XV noie?ooy a Iineianueeiio eiyc?anoa? nenoaia oi?aae?iiy iaea
iaeaoeiai-aio/eiiee oa?aeoa?. I?aaiaie oi?aae?iiy aea?aeaae aoee oae
caai? aei?iae: nieieueie/ee, eiaaoeueeee, eiitho, noieuei?/ee, /aoi?/ee.
Naii aea?aeaaa ae?eeeany ia iia?oe, noaie ? aieino? ia /ie? c
iai?nieeaie ? aieinieie, eiiiaoaioe?y yeeo iioe?thaaeany ? ia iainueeo
aio/eio. Ae?eiaiaenoai aaee aeyee, a i?e iai?nieeao — iena?? ? iiie.

Noai?aiiy ?in?enueei? oeaio?ae?ciaaii? aea?aeaae caaeaaeaei ?icaeiai?oeo
oi?i aea?aeaaiiai oi?aae?iiy. O ca’yceo c oeei a?aeaoaaeany iinooiiaa
ia?aaoaeiaa i?aai?a aaeeeieiyaeiai oi?aae?iiy. A e?ioe? XV — ii/aoeo XVI
noie?oue neeaeany nenoaia iaeac?a — oeaio?aeueieo i?aai?a aea?aeaaiiai
i?aae?iiy, ye? a?aeaee ie?aieie aaeocyie a yeino? a?aeii/eo onoaiia.
Oae, Iinieuenueeee iaeac a?aeaa ciai?oi?ie noinoieaie, ?ac?yaeiee—
a?enueeiaeie, Iiianoiee— caiaeueieie ni?aaaie; ?nioaaee Oieiinueeee,
ssiuee, ?ica?eiee ? ?io? iaeace. Eiee Oe?a?ia a 1654 ?. oa?eoea aei
neeaaeo ?in??, i?e Iinieuenueeiio iaeac? nii/aoeo aoea noai?aia
eaioeaey??y iaei?onueeeo ni?aa, a a 1663 ?. — Iaei?onueeee iaeac.

Anueiai aoei aeecueei 80 iaeac?a, eiaeai c yeeo iae?/oaaa a?ae 3 aei 400
“iaeaciaeo ethaeae”. Ia /ie? iaeaco noiya noaeaey, ui ea?oaaa ?acii c
“oiaa?eoaie” (canooiieeaie ? iii?/ieeaie) aeyeaie. Aeyee c i?inoeo
iena??a noaaaee ia/aeueieeaie iaeaciaeo eaioeaey??e ? caeiaeeny an?ia
iianyeaeaiieie ni?aaaie ? ae?eiaiaenoaii. Aeey oeueiai aiie iaee a
nai?io ?icii?yaeaeaii? “i?nueiiae? aieiae” ??cieo ?aia?a: /a?aiy-aeye?a
(noa?oeo, na?aaeiuei? ?oee ? iieiaeoeo), iena??a, ia?aienoaa/?a, a
oaeiae ia?aeeaaea/?a, noi?iae?a.

Eaioeaey??? ooieoe?iioaaee i?e eiaei?e aea?aeaai?e, aeooiai?e aai
oeea?euei?e onoaiia?, aeieoiaioe a ieo ioi?ieyeeny ii iaaieo caaaeueieo
i?aaeeao, ye? oniaaeeiaoaaeeny o?aaeeoe?eii.

Ae?yeuei?noue eaioeaey??e, ?iaioa ?o ie?aieo neoaeaiaoe?a ?c noai?aiiy
io?oe?eieo oaeno?a aeia?a aeaei? ii ?aea?ceoao noai?thaaieo aeieoiaio?a.
Oae, ia eiaeiiio aeieoiaio?, yeee aeinoaaeyany a iaeac, noaaeeany aeaoa
?a?no?aoe??. Aeye a iaiao?aeieo aeiaaeeao noaaea a?aei?oeo “aeienaoe”,
oiaoi iaaanoe aeia?aeeo. Ni?aao aiooaaee aei aeiiia?ae? ? iaaiai?thaaee,
i?ney /iai aeiineee “i??noae” ? ?icii?yaeaeaiiy i?i i?aeaioiaeo
eenoa-a?aeiia?ae?.

I?iaeo aeieoiaioa neeaaeaee ii aeac?aoe? aeyea noa?o? iiaeaeuey/ea. Aeye
?aaeaaoaaa oeae i?iaeo, ?iaey/e a?aei?oee ia iieyo aai cai?ioi?e noi?ii?
a?eooa. Aei?aaeaiee aeieoiaio iieiaeoee i?aeaeye ia?aienoaaa caiiai —
“a?eea” ? ia?aaeaaaa iiaeaeuey/aio, yeee ca??ya eiai c /a?iaoeith ?
a?coaaa: noaaea i?aeien ia cai?ioiiio aioe? a ieaei?e /anoei? a?eooa,
i?aeoaa?aeaeoth/e i?aaeeuei?noue iaienaiiai. Ia?aa??aiee aeieoiaio
i?aeienoaaany aeyeii ?icoyaiooi ii an?e eiai oe?ei?, iai?eeeaae: “A
a?aiioo ienaa aeye Naiai A?a/'” .

Ienaee ia aocueeeo (15-17 ni) nioaao iaia?e, ye? o ?ac? iio?aae
neeathaaee, caeeoath/e cai?ioio noi?iio /enoi?. Aei ia?oiai aeieoiaioa
i?aeeeathaaee iine?aeiaii ?io? ? aeiaao iaia?iao nioao cai?oaee a ?oeii.
I?e /eoaii? nioaa aiei/eeany; ca?aene ? c’yaeany ia?iaeiee aene?a —
oyaaieia, ui icia/a? iaa/ania ??oaiiy oiai aai ?ioiai ieoaiiy” .

O ae?yeueiino? iaeac?a XV-XVIII aa. ae?iaeany iaaiee i?ioean ?iaioe c
aeieoiaioaie, yeee ? io?eiaa iacao iaeaciaa ae?eiaiaenoai. O i?aeoeoe?
ae?yeueiino? iaeac?a c’yaeeeny iaai? oi?ioee neeaaeiaeo /anoei
aeieoiaio?a, ii?yaeie ?o ioi?ieaiiy ? ia?ai?uaiiy ye a naieo iaeacao,
oae ? i?ae ieie. Aeieoiaioe noaee ?icae?eyoe ia caeiiiaeaa/eo (oea?nuee?
oeace, ae??oaiiy Aiy?nueei? Aeoie) ? ?icii?yaeeeaeo (a?aiioe ? aeac?aee
i?aai?a aea?aeaaiiai i?aae?iiy). A?ae i?inoeo ethaeae a iaeace iinooiaee
/ieiaeoi?.

Oa?eoi??y E?aiaa?aaeii? Oe?a?ie, ui ia oie /an aoiaeeea aei neeaaeo
?in??, aoea ?icae?eaia ia 16 a?enueeiaeo ie?oa?a aai iiee?a, a yeeo
aaei?i?no?aoeaia, noaeiaa ? a?enueeiaa aeaaea iaeaaeaea iieeiaieeai.
Oa?eoi??y eiaeiiai iieeo ae?eeeany ia nioi? ia /ie? c nioieeaie.
I/iethaaee aea?aeaao aaoueiai ? Noa?oeinueea ?aaea, a ae?eiaiaenoaii
a?aeaa Aaia?aeueiee Iena? ?acii c Aaia?aeueiei Noaeaeath.

O o?aai? 1710 ?. aaoueiaiii aoa aea?aiee I?e?i I?eee, ui aoa aei oiai
aaia?aeueiei iena?ai ? aaoi?ii “Iaeo?a”, aai oae caaii? Eiinoeoooe?? ?
a?eueiinoae Caii??cueeiai a?enueea “Aaiaea?nueeie”. Oe?eaai, ui
aeo?aeiei iieiaeaiiyi oeueiai aeieoiaioa aoea oaca i?i iacaeaaei?noue
Oe?a?ie.

EIEAA?AEUeIA Ae?EIAIAeNOAI

sse aaea iaaieiooaaeiny a iiia?aaei?o noaooyo, ae?eiaiaenoai a onoaiiaao
?in?enueei? aea?aeaae aei XVIII noie?ooy aaeiny ca?aeii c
eaioeaey?nueeeie o?aaeeoe?yie ? caeiiiaeaanoaii ia ?aaoethaaeiny.

O 1717-1718 ??. ia ci?io canoa??e?e nenoai? iaeac?a aoei noai?aii 12
eieaa?e, eiaeia c yeeo aaea iaaio aaeocue ainiiaea?noaa aai noa?o
oi?aae?iiy ? aoea i?aeii?yaeeiaaia naiaoo. Inoaoi/ii no?oeoo?o eieaa?e
aecia/ea Aaia?aeueiee ?aaeaiaio aea?aeaaieo eieaa?e, i?aeienaiee 27
ethoiai 1720 ?.

Aaia?aeueiee ?aaeaiaio noaa iniiaith i?aai?caoe?? ae?eiaiaenoaa a
aea?aeaaieo onoaiiaao, ? a caeiiiaeaa/iio ii?yaeeo aoea ioi?ieaia iiaa
nenoaia aeieoiaiooaaiiy.

Oe?eaaa ?noi??y noai?aiiy Aaia?aeueiiai ?aaeaiaioo. Ua a 1715 ?. Iao?i I
iai?aaea nai?o i?aaenoaaiee?a aei Oaaoe??, Aeai?? ? I?ia//eie aeey
aea/aiiy eieaa?aeueii? nenoaie oi?aae?iiy ? iiaeeeaino? aaeeaaiiy ??, ui
?nioaaea o ieo, a ?in??. I?ney aea/aiiy iaoa??ae?a aoei i?eeiyoi ??oaiiy
aea?aoe oaaaenueeo iiaeaeue ?, a?aoiaoth/e iniaeeaino? ?in?enueeiai
aea?aeaaiiai eaaeo, iinooiiai aaiaeeoe na. Ia?oee aa??aio Aaia?aeueiiai
?aaeaiaioo aoa neeaaeaiee Aai??oii O?eii, i?ney /iai a?i iaa ua 12
?aaeaeoe?e.

O Aaia?aeueiiio ?aaeaiaio? aoee aeaoaeueii ?ice?eo? ooieoe?? eiaeiiai
i?ae?icae?eo eieaa??, o oiio /ene? aoa ?icae?e i?i no?oeoo?o ? ooieoe??
eaioeaey??? ? ?? nae?aoa?y.

Naia nae?aoa? neeaaeaa iaea?eueo aaaeeea? aeieoiaioe, an? ?io?
ioi?ieyeeny eaioeaey?enoaie ca eiai aei?o/aiiyi. Aeaye? aeieoiaioe
(aeeieiie, iaoaioe) neeaaeaeeny ii “aaia?aeueieo oi?ioey?ao”, oiaoi
iaaiei iaia’yceiaei oi?iai aeieoiaio?a.

O 1722 ?. aeoiaeeoue a na?o “Oaaaeue i?i ?aiae”. Naia oeae aeieoiaio
iieeaa ii/aoie nenoai? /ei?a, caaiue ? oeooe?a, ye? canoiniaoaaeeny a
ae?eiaiaenoa? aei 1917 ?. O oeae aea ia??iae aoea noai?aia i?aeoeea
io?oe?eiiai ae?eiaiaenoaa, ui ?nio? aei iaoeo aei?a.

O inoaoi/i?e oi?i? ieoaiiy aeieoiaioaoe?eiiai caaacia/aiiy oi?aae?iiy
aoee noi?iiaai? a “Onoaiiaao aeey oi?aae?iiy aoaa?i?yie” a?ae 7
eenoiiaaea 1775 ?. Ca?aeii c aeuacacia/aiei aeieoiaioii, i?ioeane
ae?eiaiaenoaa i?ae onoaiiaaie noaee ?eooaeii. Uia caeiyoe a?aeiia?aeia
i?noea a ath?ie?aoe/i?e nenoai? oi?aae?iiy, oeae ?eooae iio??aii aoei
aeia?a ciaoe.

Aeey noinoie?a i?ae aeuith aeaaeith ? aeaaeith ia i?noeyo aoee
anoaiiaeai? a?aeiia?aei? i?noeth eiaeii? onoaiiae aeaee aeieoiaio?a.
Aeu? onoaiiae aeaaaee aeac?aee, i?aeeaae? — ienaee “aeiiine” i?i ?o
aeeiiaiiy. Aoea noai?aia ia eeoa ???a?o?y onoaiia?, aea ? ???a?o?y
aeieoiaio?a.

Aanue i?ioean i?ioiaeaeaiiy aeieoiaio?a a onoaiiaao iaia’yceiai
?a?no?oaaany a aeo?iaeao, eieaao aai ?a?no?ao. Ia ao?aeieo aeieoiaioao o
aa?oiueiio i?aaiio eooeo noaaeee aeaoo anooio ? iiia? ca?aeii c
?a?no?ii. Ca?a?no?iaai? aeieoiaioe ?icaeyaeaeeny a?aeiia?aeieie
aeeiiaaoeyie ? caiineeeny a iano?eueiee ?a?no?. Aiaeia?/ii ?a?no?oaaeeny
aeo?aei? aeieoiaioe.

Aeey iieaaoaiiy ciaoiaeaeaiiy aeieoiaioa aei ?a?no??a neeaaeaee
aeoaa?oeo onoaiia ? in?a, ye? iaee aei oeueiai yea-iaaoaeue a?aeiioaiiy.
I?i aeeiiaio ?iaioo onoaiiae neeaaeaee ca?oe, a i?i e?euee?noue ? neeaae
ni?aa, ui caneooiaothoue, — oa?i?iia? caaaeaiiy.

Caeiiiaeaa/? ? ?icii?yaeeea? aeoe ioi?ieyeeny oeacaie, ?aaeaiaioaie,
?ino?oeoe?yie ? i?ioieieaie. C’yaeeany aace?/ oi?i eenooaaiiy: eenoe,
?aeyoe??, aeiiine, niia?uaiiy.

Naia a ia??iae eieaa?aeueiiai ae?eiaiaenoaa aoee anoaiiaeai? ii/aoee
i?aai?caoe?? iae?eo, i?ioiaeaeaiiy ? caa?aaeaiiy aeieoiaio?a, oiae? ae
aia?oa c’yaeany oa?i?i “a?o?a”.

?in?y ana a?eueoa iaiaaeoaaea naiia?yaei?noue a Oe?a?i?, oi/a ua
caeeoaeany aeaaea aaoueiaia. Aaoueiai aaciina?aaeiuei oi?aaeya
aea?aeaaith ca aeiiiiiaith aaia?aeueii? noa?oeie, cie?aia aaia?aeueiiai
iaiciiai (a?aeiia?aeaa ca a?oeea??th ? a?enueeia? caiane), aaia?aeueiiai
noaeae? (ea?oaaa noaei/einoaii), aaia?aeueiiai inaaoea, yeee aoa
iii?/ieeii o a?enueeiaeo ni?aaao, ? aaia?aeueiiai iena?y, ui i/iethaaa
aaoueiainueeo eaioeaey??th.

Aaoueiai aeaeaaaa oi?aa?naee — ienueiia? ?icii?yaeaeaii?, ye? iiaeii?
aoee aeeiioaaoeny an?i ia?iaeii Oe?a?ie.

Nai?o caeiiiee i?i aea?aeaaiee eaae, noae, i?aai ia caieth, aaaeaii?
ae?eiaiaenoaa a Oe?a?i? ?ic?iaeoe ia anoeaee. Noaeeee, ? iniiaiiio, ca
iieuenueeeie caeiiaie. A a N?/? aeeee ii nai?o, iaienaiei caeiiai.

Neiaieaie aaoueiainueei? aeaaee a aea?aeaa? aoee eeaeiiaee?” aoeaaa,
ei?iaae, aoi/oe ? eeoaa?e. Iniaeeaa cia/aiiy iaea ae?oe c aa?aii, ia
yeiio cia?aaeaany eicae c ?ooieoeath ia iea/?. Iaeii/anii aaoueiai
ei?enooaaany iniaenoei ae?oeii c oai?eueiei aa?aii.

I?ney ii?acee aaoueiaia Iacaie ?in?enuee? i?aaeoae? io?eiaee i?aai
iaaeyaeo iaae noaeaie ? iaa?oue eaioeaey???th aaoueiaia, caie?
?icaeaaaeeny ?in?enueeei aeai?yiai. O 1722 ?. a ?. Aeooiin aoea noai?aia
Iaei?onueea eieaa?y, yea iiia?ai?iii oi?aaeyea Oe?a?iith ia?oa c
aaoueiaiaie aei 1764 ?. O 1783 ?. IIMCCTO iieeiaiai ae?eaii? aoei
noai?aii o?e iai?nieooeoai (i?ci?oa — aoaa?i??) a oeaio?aie a Ee?a?,
*a?i?aia? ? N?aa?nueeiio aeey Iiaai?iaea, ye? ?acii neeaaeaee
Iaei?onueea aaia?ae-aoaa?iaoi?nueea. Oe?a?ia inoaoi/ii ao?aoeea nai?
i?aaa, naith aieth, cae?i/eea nai? ?nioaaiiy aieueii? Oe?a?inueei?
eicaoeueei? aea?aeaae.

AEEIIAA*A Ae?EIAIAeNOAI

*a?aia? ?aoi?ie ?in?enueeiai oeaio?aeueiiai aea?aeaaiiai aia?aoo aoee
i?iaaaeai? a 1810-1811 ??. ‘A 1810 ?. caoaa?aeaeaiee iaeaeuee
aea?aeaaiee i?aai — Aea?aeaaia ?aaea (Aeoia), a a 1811 ?. noai?ai?
oeaio?aeuei? i?aaie aea?aeaaiiai i?aae?iiy — i?i?noa?noaa. I?i?noa?noaa
iaee aaaaoinooi?i/anoo no?oeoo?o. Iieyaaee aiie c aeaia?oaiaio?a, ye?
ae?eeeeny ia a?aeae?ee, a a?aeae?ee — ia noiee.

Ea??aieee no?oeoo?ieo i?ae?icae?e?a iaee i?aai io?eioaaoe ? i?aeienoaaoe
aeieoiaioe a?aeiia?aeii iinaae? eiaeiiai. Aeieoiaioe iinooiaee caa?oo
aiec: a?ae oea?y — iai?oanoe, aenie? iaeace ? ?ane?eioe, a?ae naiaoo —
oeace ? ?icii?yaeaeaiiy. I?i?no?e ? ea??aieee aeaia?oaiaio?a
i?aeienoaaee oee?eoey?e ? iaeace, aoaa?inuee? aeano? — aeac?aee ? o.ae.

Noai?aiiy i?i?noa?noa caaa?oeei i?ioean /?oeiai ?icae?eaiiy aea?aeaaiiai
aia?aoo. Oea i?eaaei aei oaeaeeiai c?inoaiiy oa?oth/e
/eiiaiee?a-ath?ie?ao?a, ye? iiai?noth caeaaeaee a?ae ieeino? iaioth/e.
Aia?ao ana a?eueoa ?ic?inoaany /enaeueii ? i?aaioa caaacia/eoe nai?
i?aaa, a oaeiae iaoa??aeuei? ? ii?aeuei? i?ea?ea? ? ii/ano?.

O 1812 ?. aoei caoaa?aeaeaii aaea a?n?i i?i?noa?noa, ? ?o e?euee?noue
ca?eueooaaeany. Iinoaiiaith “Caaaeueia onoaiiaa i?i?noa?noa”
ia?aaeaa/aeany ?aei?noue noai?aiiy aeieoiaio?a ii i?eaaaeaieo c?aceao.
Eiaeai aaaeeeaee aeieoiaio neeaaeaany c o?ueio /anoei: aaaaeaiiy c
aeeeaaeii noo? ni?aae, iaa?oiooaaiiy ?c caneaiiyie ia caeiiiaeaanoai ?
ii?iaoeai? aeoe, eeiiioaiiy aai i?ioaiiy.

Ii?yaeie i?ioiaeaeaiiy – aeieoiaio?a ii ?inoaioe?yo no?iai
?aaeaiaiooaaany i?aaeeaie, ye? aeiaaaee, uia aeieoiaioe ia a?aeoeeyeeny
a?ae nai?? anoaiiaeaii? aei?iae. O eiaei?e onoaiia? ao?aei? ? aeo?eath/e
aeieoiaioe iiaeii? aoee ?a?no?oaaoeny a aeo?iaeao, ui neeaaeathoueny c
o?ueio /anoei: aeey ?a?no?aoe?? aeieoiaio?a aeui? aeaaee, aeey cae/aeieo
aeieoiaio?a ? aeey nae?aoieo. Iiae?ea, ye? ?icaeyaeaeeny a
aeaia?oaiaioao, ?icae?eyee oae? ia o?e eaoaai???: oa?i?iia?;
iaa?aeeeaaei?.

Aaaaoi oaaae ? coneeue i?eae?eya oe?e?niino? ae?eiaiaenoaa ? ca?oiino?
a?aeiiee aea?aeaaiee ae?y/ oiai /ano I.I. Nia?ainueeee, ?iaioe yeiai
aianee aaaiaeoee aeeaae aei oi?o?eaoe?? aeieoiaio?a.

A oeae aea /an aeieeea i?aeoeea neeaaeaiiy an?eyeeo i?nueiiaieeia, ui
noaee a?o/eciyiith o?aaeeoe??th. Iio??aii i?aee?aneeoe, ui, oi/a oe?
ca??ee ? iineee iacao i?nueiiaieeia, ai?uaee aiie an? aeaee aeieoiaio?a:
?icii?yaeaeaiiy, aeac?aee, oee?eoey?e ? o.i.

Aeineoue aoei ciaeoe a i?nueiiaieea c?acie iio??aiiai aeieoiaioa aai, ua
e?aua, cai?ieaoe i??caeua, aeaoo ? aae?ano, ia?aienaoe aeieoiaio caiiai.
Caaaeyee i?nueiiaieeo iiaeia aoei oaeiae, aeei?enoiaoth/e oeiia?
caa?iaiiy aai oi?ioey? iio??aiiai aeieoiaioa, neeanoe ii iueiio iiaee.

?aaeei Oei/aniaiai o?yaeo ?c-ca iao?eaaeino? naiai ?nioaaiiy ia ai?n
?noioieo ci?i aei i?aeoeee i?aeaioiaee aeieoiaio?a. O i?aeoeoe?
aeieoiaioaoe?eiiai caaacia/aiiy oi?aae?iiy ua caeeoaany iiaiee ?eooae.
Ia?aae naiith ?aaiethoe??th a 1917 ?. aeeoea iinoaiiaa “I oaeineiiaeaii?
oi?i io?oe?eieo a?aeiioaii? ? iaia??a”, a yeiio aoee neaniaai?
“o?ooe??iaai?? ? caaa?oaeuei? oi?ioee aa?/eeaino? a ae?eiaeo eenoao”.

I?IOeAN NOAI?AIIss ?ICII?ssAe*EO AeIEOIAIO?A

I?ioeaaeo?a aeaeaiiy ?icii?yae/eo aeieoiaio?a a oiiaao iaeiiin?aiiai
ooaaeaiiy ??oaiue – iaeac?a, aeac?aie, ?icii?yaeaeaiue aeeth/a? ianooii?
noaae??:

1. ?i?oe?aoe?y ??oaiiy — ia??oiooaaiiy iaiao?aeiino? aeaeaiiy
?icii?yaeeeaiai aeieoiaioa.

2. Ca?? ? aiae?c ?ioi?iaoe?? c ieoaiiy.

3. I?aeaioiaea i?iaeoo ?icii?yaeeeaiai aeieoiaioa.

4. Ocaiaeaeaiiy i?iaeoo aeieoiaioa.

5. Aianaiiy i?iaeoo ?icii?yaeeeaiai aeieoiaioa ia ?icaeyae ea??aieoeoaa.

6. Ooaaeaiiy ??oaiiy (i?aeienaiiy aeieoiaioa).

7. Aeiaaaeaiiy ?icii?yaeeeaiai aeieoiaioa aei aeeiiaaoe?a.

I?ioeaaeo?a aeieoiaiooaaiiy aenooia? i?aai?coth/ei ia/aeii a
i?aeaioiaoe? ? aeaeaii? ?icii?yaeeeaiai aeieoiaioa ? iieeeeaia
caaacia/eoe eiai a?aeiia?aei?noue /eiiiio caeiiiaeaanoao.

I?iaeoe ?icii?yaeeeaeo aeieoiaio?a aioothoueny ia ieaiia?e iniia?
(a?aeiia?aeii aei ?ai?oa ?ic?iaeaiiai ieaio aai i?ia?aie), ca
aei?o/aiiyi ea??aieoeoaa i?aai?caoe??, ca ?i?oe?aoeaith ea??aiee?a
no?oeoo?ieo i?ae?icae?e?a aai i?aea?aeii/eo i?aai?caoe?e, a oaeiae
ie?aieo oao?aoe?a. Ia??oiooaaiiy iaiao?aeiino? aeaeaiiy ?icii?yaeeeaiai
aeieoiaioa iiaea aeeeaaeaoeny a aeiiia?aei?e caienoe?, neoaeaia?e
caienoe?, aeia?aeoe? aiae?oe/iiai aai ?ioi?iaoe?eiiai ai?noo,
i?iiiceoe??, aeniiaeo, aeo?, neoaeaiaiio eeno?. Oe? aeieoiaioe
aenooiathoue ye ?i?oe?ththoue ??oaiiy.

I?iaeoe ?icii?yaeeeaeo aeieoiaio?a aioothoueny oao?aoeyie no?oeoo?ieo
i?ae?icae?e?a. sseui i?iaeo aeieoiaioa ca/?ia? ?ioa?ane ??cieo
i?ae?icae?e?a, ca ??oaiiyi ea??aieoeoaa i?aai?caoe?? noai?th?oueny
oei/aniaa eii?n?y aai i?ecia/a?oueny a?oia i?aoe?aiee?a y i?aeaioiaee
i?iaeoo ?icii?yaeeeaiai aeieoiaioa.

Ia ae?oa?e noaae?? cae?enith?oueny ca?? ? aiae?c ?ioi?iaoe??,
iaiao?aeii? aeey ooaaeaiiy ye?niiai ??oaiiy. Iaeaaaeeea?oa oiiaa
aoaeoeaiino? oi?aae?inueeiai ??oaiiy – ia’?eoeai?noue, aeinoaoi?noue ?
nai?/ani?noue ?ioi?iaoe??, ia iniia? yei? aioo?oueny i?iaeo aeieoiaioa.
Aeey oeueiai iaiao?aeii aecia/eoe aeaea?aea oaei? ?ioi?iaoe??. Oea iiaea
aooe: iia?aoeaia aeieoiaioaoe?y onoaiiae; aeieoiaioe, ui iinooiathoue c
aeuanoiyueo ? i?aea?aeii/eo onoaiia; caeiiiaeaa/? aeoe, ii?iaoeaia
aeieoiaioaoe?y, iaoeia? aeai? ? ?i. I?aenoieii cai?o ? aiae?co
?ioi?iaoe?? c ieoaiiy ? ae?iaeaiiy oi?aae?inueeiai ??oaiiy, i?e/iio, ye
i?aaeei, a i?ioean? aiae?co ?ioi?iaoe?? ii?aoeueiaothoueny ??ci?
aa??aioe ??oaiue ? i?ney onanoi?iiiuei? ?o ioe?iee aeae?a?oueny iaeia,
iaea?eueo i?eeiyoia.

O?aoy noaae?y iieyaa? a ioi?ieaii? ae?iaeaiiai ??oaiiy o aeaeyae?
i?iaeoo ?icii?yaeeeaiai aeieoiaioa. Ioi?ieaiiy i?iaeoo cae?enith?oueny
ii oeo aea i?aaeeao, ye? ia?aaeaa/ai? aeey ioi?ieaiiy aeieoiaioa, aea ia
ia aeaieo, a ia noaiaea?oiiio a?eoo? iaia?o, c iaianaiiyi an?o
iaiao?aeieo ?aea?ceo?a ? i?inoaaeyiiyi ia aa?oiueiio iie? ni?aaa neiaa
«I?iaeo». Oaeno i?iaeoo ?icii?yaeeeaiai aeieoiaioa iiaeiai neeaaeaoeny
oae, ye yeae oea aoa inoaoi/iee aa??aio aeieoiaioa.

*aoaa?oa noaae?y — ocaiaeaeaiiy i?iaeoo aeieoiaioa — neeaaea?oueny c
a?coaaiiy (yeui aeey aeaeaiiy aeieoiaioa aeineoue aioo??oiueiai
ocaiaeaeaiiy) ? ciai?oiueiai ocaiaeaeaiiy, yeui iaiao?aeii i?iaanoe
aenia?oeco ??oaiiy a ?ioeo onoaiiaao. Cae/aeia ciai?oi? ocaiaeaeaiiy
i?iaiaeeoueny i?e i?aeaioiaoe? ?icii?yaeeeaeo aeieoiaio?a iaeaeueie ?
oaaea?aeueieie i?aaiaie aeeiiaa/i? aeaaee. Ciai?oi? ocaiaeaeaiiy i?iaeoo
?icii?yaeeeaiai aeieoiaioa i?iaiaeeoueny ia ie?aiiio a?eoo? — «A?eoo?
ocaiaeaeaiiy».

Aioo??oi? ocaiaeaeaiiy (a?coaaiiy) i?iaiaeeoueny c ea??aieeaie an?o
caoe?eaaeaieo i?ae?icae?e?a i?aai?caoe??, aieiaieie ? i?ia?aeieie
oao?aoeyie, yeui ?icii?yaeeeaee aeieoiaio noino?oueny ieoaiue ?o
ae?yeueiino?; c i?ioni?eeiaith i?aai?caoe??th, yeui a i?iaeo? aeieoiaioa
ca/?iathoueny ieoaiiy i?aoe? ? eaae??a i?aai?caoe??; c aieiaiei
aooaaeoa?ii, yeui eaeaoueny i?i o?iainiaeo ieoaiiyo; c th?eaee/iith
neoaeaith — ia i?aaeiao a?aeiia?aeiino? i?iaeoo aeieoiaioa /eiiiio
caeiiiaeaanoao, a oaeiae ?c canooiieeaie ea??aieea i?aai?caoe??.

A i?ioean? ocaiaeaeaiiy iiaeooue aooe aeneiaeai? caoaaaeaiiy ?
aeiiiaiaiiy aei i?iaeoo aeieoiaioa. Aiie iiaeooue aooe aianai?
aaciina?aaeiuei aei i?aaenoaaeaiiai i?iaeoo aeieoiaioa aai ioi?ieai? ia
ie?aiiio a?eoo? ye iniaeeaa aeoiea aai caoaaaeaiiy. O inoaiiueiio
aeiaaeeo i?e a?coaaii? ia i?iaeo? aeieoiaioa i?inoaaey?oueny a?aei?oea:
«Iniaeeaa aeoiea aeiaea?oueny» aai «Caoaaaeaiiy aeiaeathoueny». Iniaeeaa
aeoiea, ioi?ieaia ia ie?aiiio a?eoo?, i?eeeaaea?oueny aei i?iaeoo
aeieoiaioa ? iiaa?oa?oueny ?ic?iaieeai i?iaeoo ?icii?yaeeeaiai
aeieoiaioa. Oea iniaeeaa aeoiea iiaeiia iinooieoe ?acii c inoaoi/ii
ioi?ieaiei i?iaeoii aeieoiaioa ea??aieeia? ia i?aeienaiiy.

I’yoa noaae?y – aianaiiy i?iaeoo ?icii?yaeeeaiai aeieoiaioa ia ?icaeyae
ea??aieoeoaa – ia?aaeaa/a? aianaiiy caoaaaeaiue aei i?iaeoo aeieoiaioa
ca ?acoeueoaoaie ocaiaeaeaiiy, inoaoi/ia ioi?ieaiiy iiaiaeaeaiiai
i?iaeoo aeieoiaioa ia aeaieo i?aai?caoe?? ? i?aaenoaaeaiiy eiai
ea??aieeia? ia i?aeienaiiy. Oey noaae?y ia? iniaeeaa cia/aiiy, yeui
i?iaeo ?icii?yaeeeaiai aeieoiaioa aioo?oueny ca aei?o/aiiyi aeuanoiyui?
i?aai?caoe??. A oeueiio aeiaaeeo i?iaeo aeieoiaioa ioi?iey?oueny ia ia
aeaieo i?aai?caoe??, a ia noaiaea?oieo eenoao iaia?o ? i?yio? o
aeuanoiyuo i?aai?caoe?th c noi?ia?aeiei eenoii ? caieneith iiyniaiiy.

Ia oino?e noaae?? i?eeia?oueny ??oaiiy, ui ae?aaea?oueny a i?aeienaii?
?icii?yaeeeaiai aeieoiaioa ea??aieeii. Oea ae??oaeueia noaae?y
i?aeaioiaee ?icii?yaeeeaiai aeieoiaioa. I?aeien ea??aieea ia?aoai?th?
i?iaeo aeieoiaioa a iiaiioe?iiee, oaeee, ui aieiae?? th?eaee/iith neeith
aeieoiaioa.

Nueiia noaae?y iieeeeaia caaacia/eoe aeiaaaeaiiy ?icii?yaeeeaiai
aeieoiaioa aei aeeiiaaoe?a. Ia oe?e noaae?? i?iaiaeeoueny oe?aaeoaaiiy
aeieoiaioa, eiai ?icneeea aai ia?aaea/a an?i aeeiiaaoeyi. ?icneeea
?icii?yaeeeaiai aeieoiaioa iiaeiia i?iaiaeeoeny a iiaeeeai noene?
oa?i?ie.

INIIAI? NIINIAE AAEEAAIIss OAAEII?A I?E IOI?IEAII? AeIEOIAIO?A

Ae?eiaiaenoai – aaeocue oi?aae?inueei? ae?yeueiino?, iia’ycaia c
?iaioith iaae aeieoiaioaie. Caaaeaiiy ae?eiaiaenoaa iieyaathoue a:

• o?enaoe?? ?ioi?iaoe?? (noai?aii? oaenoiaeo aeieoiaio?a o noa??
oi?aae?iiy),

• i?aai?caoe?? ?iaioe c aeieoiaioaie(noai?aiiy oiia, ui caaacia/othoue
?oo, iiooe ? caa??aaiiy aeieoiaio?a a i?ioean? ae?eiaiaenoaa).

Ia?o? aeieoiaioe aeieeee ia oiio aoai? ?icaeoeo, eiee ethaeeia iaa/eeany
ienaoe. Aeieoiaio (a?ae eao?a.doceo- «o/o» aai «niia?uath») icia/a?
«aeieac», «na?aeioeoai».

«Aeieoiaio»

1. Ae?eiaee iai??, i?aeoaa?aeaeoth/ee yeee-iaaoaeue oaeo aai i?aai ia
ui-iaaoaeue.

2. Ienueiiaa na?aeioeoai yeeo aai ?noi?e/ieo iiae?e.»

A Iieue Ioea a eiec? «Ea??aieoeoai aei aaei?i?no?oaaiiy», aeaeaiith a
1924 ?. aea? oaea oi?ioethaaiiy: «Aeieoiaio – ana oa, ui neoaeeoue aeey
?a?no?aoe??, ia?aaea/? aai caa?aaeaiiy niiaaae?a.» Oae aai ?iaeoa c
iiyaith aeieoiaio?a ii/aeany ?aaeaiaioaoe?y ?iaioe c ieie, yeo ca?ac
i?eeiyoi iaceaaoe ae?eiaiaenoaii.

Eeaneo?eaoe?y aeieoiaio?a a?aeaoaa?oueny ii aaaaoueii /eiieeai: ii
aeaeao, oi?iith, ca ci?noii iioiaeaeaiith, ii nieao caa??aaiiy ? oae
aeae?. Eiaeai aeieoiaio ia? iaaio oi?io ? ?aea?ceoe, i?e/iio aeey
aaaaoueio aeieoiaio?a /enei ?aea?ceo?a no?iaa iaiaaeaii. Aeoaea iiaaaeii
i?aaeeueii ioi?ieoe aeieoiaio, ine?eueee a?aenooi?noue aai iai?aaeeueio
aeac?aeo ?aea?ceo?a ?iaeoue aeieoiaio iaae?eniith. I?aaeea neeaaeaiiy ?
ioi?ieaiiy ?aea?ceo?a aeeeaaeai? a Ainoa 6.38- 90, aea a iaai?e
iine?aeiaiino? ia?a?aoiaothoueny ?aea?ceoe, aeanoea? an?i aeaeai
aeieoiaio?a.

Aeiiia?aeia caienea — aeieoiaio, aae?aniaaiee ea??aieeia? aeaii? aai
aeuanoiyui? onoaiiae ? ui ?ioi?io? eiai i?i neooaoe?th, ui neeaeany, ui
iaa i?noea yaeu? aai oaeo?, i?i aeeiiaio ?iaioo, a oaeiae ui i?noeoue
aeaiaee ? i?iiiceoe?? oeeaaea/a. Aeiiia?aeia caienea aioo?oueny ye ca
?i?oe?aoeaith naiiai i?aoe?aieea, oae ? ii aeac?aoe? ea??aieoeoaa. Iaoa
?i?oe?aoeaii? aeiiia?aeii? caienee — niiioeaoe ea??aieea i?eeiyoe iaaia
??oaiiy. Oiio oaeno ?? /?oei ae?eeoueny ia aea? /anoeie. O ia?o?e,
eiinoaooth/?e (iieniaith), aeeeaaeathoueny oaeoe, ui iaee i?noea, aai
iieno?oueny neooaoe?y, a ae?oa?e aeeeaaeathoueny i?iiiceoe??, i?ioaiiy.
Aeiiia?aeieie caieneaie ?ioi?iothoue ea??aieea i?i o?ae ?ia?o. Oae?
caienee i?aaenoaaeythoueny ?aaoey?ii.

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