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Рослинний та тваринний світ України

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?ineeiiee oa

oaa?eiiee na?o Oe?a?ie

IEAI

1. ?ineeiiee na?o.

a) Caaaeueia oa?aeoa?enoeea ?ineeiiiai na?oo Oe?a?ie.

a) ?noi??y ?icaeoeo ?ineeiiiai na?oo iaoi? aea?aeaae.

a) Aaiaioai?/ia ?aeiioaaiiy.

a) Ainiiaea?nueea cia/aiiy ?ineeiiino? Oe?a?ie.

2. Oaa?eiiee na?o.

a) Caaaeueia oa?aeoa?enoeea ?ineeiiiai na?oo Oe?a?ie.

a) ?noi??y ?icaeoeo iaoi? aaouee?aueie.

a) Ciiaaia?ao?/ia ?aeiioaaiiy nooiaeieo Oe?a?ie.

a) Oaa?eiiee na?o o aiaeieiao Oe?a?ie

ae) Ainiiaea?nueea cia/aiiy oaa?eiiiai na?oo.

?ineeiiee na?o Oe?a?ie aaaaoee oa ??ciiiai?oiee; oa?aeoa?eco?oueny
iaaiei oei?enoe/iei neeaaeii oa aoaeiaith ?ineeiiiai iie?eao. I?e?iaeia
oei?a Oe?a?ie iae?/o? aeecueei 30oeny/ aeae?a ieae/eo oa aeueo ?ineei. C
ieo aiaei?inoae aeecueei 4000 oeny/, a?ea?a oa i?enii?oeao?a – iiiaae 15
oeny/, eeoaeiee?a iiiaae 1 oeny/o, iioiiiae?aieo – aeecueei 800, a aeueo
noaeeiieo – 4523 aeaee. Aeaeiaee neeaae ?ineei iino?eii ooi/ith?oueny.
Oae, i?ioyaii 19-20 noie?oue iienaii 1180 aeae?a aeueo ?ineei,
ciaeaeaieo ia oa?eoi??? Oe?a?ie. C ieo ca ?iee ?aaeyinueei? aeaaee 840.
?ineeiiee na?o aea?aeaae iiiiaith?oueny ?io?iaeoeoe?eieie aeaeaie.

O oei?? aeueo noaeeiieo ?ineei Oe?a?ie ia?aoiao?oueny 76 aeae?a aea?aa,
270 aeae?a eou?a, 2856 aaaaoi??/ieo, 329 aeai??/ieo 984 iaeii??/ieo
o?aa’yienoeo ?ineei. C ieo aeecueei 600 aeae?a ?ineei aiaeai?/i? aeey
Oe?a?ie. Oaeiae 600 aeae?a ? ??aee?nieie, cieeath/eie oa iio?aaoth/eie
ioi?iie, a 151 aeae caianaii aei *a?aiii? Eieae Oe?a?ie.

I?ae aieeaii ainiiaea?nueei? ae?yeueiino? ethaeeie i?e?iaeiee ?ineeiiee
iie?ea cia/ii ci?ieany: (ne??cue ca aeeeth/aiiyi aeae?eueeio caiia?aeieo
ae?eyiie) ?ici?ai? noaie, ia cia/ieo ieiuao aeei?/oaai? oa cai?iai?
n?euenueeiainiiaea?nueeeie oa?aeaeyie e?ne, aenooaii aaaaoi aie?o.
I?e?iaeia ?ineeii?noue caa?aaea eeoa ia 19 iei.aa., aea e?ne caeiathoue
iiiaae 8 iei.aa., eoee – 7.7 iei.aa ? i?e?iaei? oa?aeaey iiiaae 3
iei.aa. Ia aeaiee /an a aea?aeaa? eoeueoeao?oueny iiiaae 1 oeny/a aeae?a
?ineei, a iiiaae 200 aeae?a ? aaeaaioeaieie ?ineeiaie, a 700 aeae?a
cono??/athoueny ye ao?’yie.

?iciiae?e aeae?a i?e?iaeii? oei?e ia oa?eoi??? Oe?a?ie.

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b020400020000000000bc02000000cc0102022253797374656d000000000000000000000
0000000000000000000000000000000040000002d010000040000002d010000040000000
20101001c000000fb02f4ff0000000000009001000000cc0440002243616c69627269000
00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000040000002d010100040000002
d010100040000002d010100050000000902000000020d000000320a0c000000010004000
000000000011d0120b10700040000002d010000040000002d010000030000000000

?noi??y ?icaeoeo ?ineeiiiai na?oo Oe?a?ie aa?a ii/aoie c aeaeaeiai
ieioeiai. No/aniee na?o ?ineei iaoi? aaouee?aueie noi?ioaaany o i?ioean?
aaiethoe?? eaeiicienueei? ?ineeiiino?, yea aoea o?nii iia’ycaia c
?noi?e/ieie ci?iaie i?e?iaeieo oiia. Ai?ioai?/? oaeoii?/i? i?ioeane,
iaiaeii?acia? o?aina?an?? iaeaiaaiiaeo oa iaiaaiiaeo ii??a, aio?iiiaaii?
ceaaeai?iiy a?ae?a?aee cia/io ?ieue o oi?ioaaii? no/anieo ?ineeiieo
oa?oiiaaiue oa ?o oa?eoi??aeueieo ?ici?uaiue. A i?ciueiio e?aeaeiaiio
ia??iae? c’yaeeeny iaeaeaai?o? i?aio?euei? iie?eoiian?ii?, ui
iciaiaioaaei ii/aoie eaeiio?oo. Oei?a i?ciueiai e?aeaeiaiai ia??iaeo –
iaeaioeaie, ca nai?i neeaaeii aoea ua aeoaea aeaeaea a?ae no/anii?, oi/
a?eueoa e?euee?noue e?aeaeiaeo iie?eoiian?iieo iaeaaeeoue aei ?nioth/eo
ca?ac n?iae oa iaa?oue ?iae?a. A aioeai? ?icaeaaeany a?/iicaeaia oei?a c
aaaaoueia iaeueiaie, eaa?iaeie, ie?oiaeie, i?ioaeieie, o?ii?/ieie
aeaeaie aeoa?a oa ?ioeo. ?ineeii?noue aea – ?iaea iaea ?ene
nea?io?eueiino?. A e?ioe? ie?aioeaio ii?yae c aaaaoi /enaeueieie
noao?ii?/ieie aeaiaioaie iai?aio ?ieue ii/eiathoue a?aaee oe?ieieeno?
eenoiiaaei? aea?aai? ?ineeie. Na?aae oaieieo aoee iioe?ai? i?aaenoaaieee
niniiaeo oa oaeni ae??aeo. Iii??ii oaieiethai? eenoiiaaei? e?ne noathoue
iai?aiei oeiii ?ineeiiino?. Ia ii/aoeo iaiaaiiaiai ia??iae ?ineeii?noue
iaaoaa? ?ene iii??ii? oe?ieieenoyii?, oe?ieieenoyii-oaieii? c aaeeeith
e?euee?noth eenoiiaaeieo oi?i, na?aae yeeo aeii?iothoue aeoae, aoee,
eaooaie, ai??oia?, aa?acia?; cono??/athoueny oaeiae otheueiaiia aea?aai,
eaa?, aaeie?o?y. A i?ioeai? ia Caoiae? Oe?a?ie oa E?eio iaaoee iioe?aiiy
eaa?ia?, a na?aae oaieieo – ninia, naeaiy, aieioiee eeia?en. A e?ioe?
i?ioeaio aeey ??aiei i?aaeiy Oe?a?ie aoea oa?aeoa?ia o?aa’yia
?ineeii?noue c aea?aaieie ca?inoyie a aeieeiao ??/ie. A ie?ioeai?
iii??ii oaieiethai? eenoiiaaei? e?ne caa?aaeeny a Ea?iaoao, a
i?ai?/ii-cao?aeieo ?aeiiao oa?eoi??? iaoi? A?o/ecie ?inee niniia? e?ne c
ia?aaaaeaiiyi oaiiioaieieo ii??ae oa aeii?oeith eenoiiaaeieo ii??ae. Ia
Noiae? Oe?a?ie ia ii/aoeo iiioe/iiai noie?ooy iaioaaea ?ineeii?noue
a?aee?eoeo i?inoi??a, a a ae?oa?e iieiaei? aeoaia? oa oaiei? e?ne. A
e?ioe? ae oeueiai /ano ooo ?icaeaaeany „e?ninoaiiaa” ?ineeii?noue c?
cia/iith aeii?oeith oaieiethaieo ?ineei. A e?ioe? ie?ioeaio ia cia/i?e
oa?eoi??? aea?aeaae, a iniaeeai o i?aaeaii?e /anoei? ii/aea ia?aaaaeaoe
o?aa’yienoa noaiiaa ?ineeii?noue, neeaae e?niai? ?ineeiiino? a?aei?oa?
oa iaaeeaea?oueny aei ?aiiueiai aio?iiiaaiiaiai, iaeiae o neeaae?
i?ciueiie?ioeaiiaeo e?niaeo oa?oiiaaiue ua caa??aa?oueny o iaaaeee?e
e?eueeino? ?ae?eoia? oi?ie (aieioiee eeia?en, aiuaiee, ai??oia?,
oooia?).

O aio?iiiaai? eaea oi?ioaaiiy no/anieo ae?eyiie oei?e oa ?ineeiiino?.
?icaeoie oa oi?ioaaiiy ?ineeiiino? ieaenoioeaio a?aeaoaaeeny i?ae
aieeaii ci?uaiiy eueiaeiaeea, naia oiio neeaae ieaenoioeaiiai?
?ineeiiino? /?oei a?aeia?aaea? oieiaei? oa oaie? oace. I?ae /an
iioieiaeaiue aoee iioe?aii? oae caai? oieiaei? noaie, ? cia/ieie
ae?eyieaie aa?aciai-niniiaeo e?n?a. Oe?ieieenoyi? oaieiethai? ii?iaee
caa??aaeenue o ni?eyoeeaeo aeey ?o c?inoaiiy i?noeyo. O oaie? oace
?aiiueiai oa na?aaeiueiai ieaenoioeaio ia oa?eoi??? aea?aeaae
?iciianthaeaeoaaeeny oe?ieieenoyi? oaiei? e?ne, a?eueo?noue oa?eoi???
aoea caeiyoa e?ninoaiiaith ?ineeii?noth, ia i?aaei? – ??ciio?aaii
ceaeiaeie noaiaie. O i?ciueiio ieaenoioeai? ciaioothoueny oa?eoi???,
caeiyo? e?niaith oa e?ninoaiiaith ?ineeii?noth, noaiia? oa?oiiaaiiy
iioe?ththoueny ia i?aaei? oa ia noiae? Oe?a?ie. O aaeaoeai? a?aeaoaaeiny
?icnaeaiiy e?niai? ?ineeiiino?, i?e /iio o ?aiiueiio ia??iae?
ia?aaaaeaee niniia? oa niniiai-aa?acia? e?ne, a na?aaeiueiio –
oe?ieieenoyi? ii?iaee, a i?ciueiio – aieiaiethai? ?ineeie. Oaeei /eiii,
i?ioyaii aieioeaio ?ineeii?noue iaaoea aeaeyaeo, ui aeecueeee aei
no/aniiai.

Iniiai? caeiiii??iino? oa?eoi??aeueiiai ?iciiae?eo ?ineeiiiai na?oo
aecia/a?oueny caaaeueii ee?iaoe/ieie oa aaeao?/ieie oiiaaie,
aaieia?/iith ?noi???th, iniaeeainoyie oei?iaaiaco oa ?ioeie oaeoi?aie. A
?ineeiiiio iie?ea? oa?eoi??? Oe?a?ie ae?aaeai? ianooii? ?ineeii? ciie:
e?niaa c i?aeciiaie ci?oaiei oa oe?ieieenoeo e?n?a, e?ninoaiiaa, noaiiaa
c i?aeciiaie ??ciio?aaii – oei/aeiai-eiaeeiaeo oa ceaeiai iieeiieo
noai?a oa na?aaecaiiiii?nueea e?niaa. ?iciiae?e ?ineeiiino? a
oe?a?inueeeo Ea?iaoao oa E?einueeeo ai?ao oa?aeoa?eco?oueny /?oei
ae?aaeaiith aenioiith iiyni?noth.

Ieai E?niaa ciiaE?ninoaiiaa ciia Noaiiaa ciia Aaia?ao?/ia iieiaeaiiy
Ioiieth? i?ai?/io /anoeio aea?aeaae oa ca aaiaioai?/iei ?aeiioaaiiyi
a?aeiineoueny aei ?a?iiaenueei? oe?ieieenoyii? iaeano?, No?aeii-
?a?iiaenueei? oe?ieieenoyii? i?ia?ioe?? ?icoaoiaaia i?aaeaii?oa e?niai?
a?ae Ii?ney oa Aei?no?a aei no?aeiiai ei?aeiio e?a?ie. Ca aaiaioai?/iei
?aeiioaaiiyi a?aeiineoueny aei ?a?iiaenueei Nea??nueei? e?ninoaiiai?
iaeano? No?aeii ?a?iiaenueei? i?ia?ioe??. ?icoaoiaaia ia i?aaeaiue a?ae
E?ninoaio aei aa?aa?a *i?iiai oa Acianueeiai ii??a oa ia?aaea??ue
E?einueeeo a??. Aiia ? /anoeiith No?aeii ?a?iiaenueei? aaiaioai?/ii?
i?ia?ioe?? noaiiai? iaeano?. ?ineeii?noueNiniia?, aeoaiai-niniia?,
a?aaiai-niniia?, a?eueoia?, aa?acia?, yeeieia?, aeoaia?, yaeeoea aoeia?
e?ne.Eiaeea, iniea, oaae?y, aaeii?n, aa?ii?ea; aeoaiai-a?aaia?,
eeaiiai-eeiia? niniia? e?ne; eou?. Eiaeea, eou?, a?anyieoey, iieeiue,
ceaee ? ??ciio?aa’y Aieea ae?yeueiino? ethaeeieAenooaiiy aie?o,
ae?oaoaaiiy e?n?a.?ici?thaaiiy caiaeue, ae?oaoaaiiy
e?ninioa.?ici?thaaiiy caiaeueI?e?iaei

ioi?iii? oa?eoi??? Oaaoeueeee iaoe?iiaeueiee i?e?iaei?e ia?e,
??aiainueeee i?e?iaeiee caiia?aeiee, Iie?nueeee i?e?iaeiee caiia?aeiee,
Aeaniyinueei-Noa?iaoaenueeee iaoe?iiaeueiee i?e?iaei?e ia?e,
*a?aienueeee i?e?iaeiee caiia?aeiee

I?e?iaeiee caiia?aeiee ?icoi//y, iaoe?iiaeueiee i?e?iaeiee ia?e
ssai??anueeee, i?e?iaeiee caiia?aeiee Iaaeiai?e, i?e?iaeiee ia?e
Iiae?euenueeee Oiao?e, Eai?anueeee caiia?aeiee, Ieoaee?anueea Oe?eeia
(caiia?aeiee) Oe?a?inueeee noaiiaee caiia?aeiee, Eoaainueeee
caiia?aeiee, *i?iiii?nueeee caiia?aeiee, Aneai?y – Iiaa,
Aei?i?ianueei-I??euenueeee caiia?aeiee, Aeoiaenueeee caiia?aeiee,
Aciai-Neaanueeee iaoe?iiaeueiee i?e?iaei?e ia?e.Aaiaioai?/ia
?aeiioaaiiy.

Oe?a?inuee? Ea?iaoeE?einuee? Ai?eAaia?ao?/ia iieiaeaiiy?acii c
Ia?aaeea?iaooyi Oe?a?inuee? Ea?iaoe ? i?ae i?ia?ioe??th Na?aaeiuei
-?a?iiaenueei? aaiaioai?/ii? i?ia?ioe??, oe?ieeieenoyii-eenoiai? ciie
?icoaoiaaii? ia Caoiae? Oe?a?ie.Oe? ai?e ? aaiaioai?/iith i?ae
i?ia?ioe??th Na?aaecaiiiii?nueei? e?niai? ciie. ?icoaoiaai? ia
E?einueeiio i?aino?ia? ? caeiathoue oa?eoi??th ieiuath 750 oeny/
aaeoa??a.?ineeii?noueOoo ia?aoiao?oueny aeecueei 2100 aeae?a noaeeiieo
?ineei. Ca aeeeth/aiiyi ieaeiueiai iiyno iaeaea iiai?noth ae?eo?
i?e?iaeiith ?ineeii?noth, ui iiae?eaia ia 5 iiyn?a: ia?aae a??nueeee
e?niaee (aeoaiaeo e?n?a), ieaeiueia??nueei-e?niaee (aoeiaeo e?n?a),
aa?oiuei-a??nueeie?niaee (yeeieiaeo e?n?a) , noaaeuei?enueeee oa
aeuei?enueeee.E?einuee? ai?e iaea?eueo aaaao? ca nai?i aeaeiaei neeaaeii
noaeeiieo ?ineei. Iaea?eueoa ieiua ae?eoa e?naie, a iaeiaioa – eoaiaeie
noaiaie oa ?ineeiaie eai’yieo a?aeneiiaiue. A a??nueeiio E?eio oaeiae
?inoa aaaaoi ??aee?nieo oa aiaeai?/ieo aeae?a.I?e?iaeiioi?iii?
oa?eoi???Ea?iaonueeee iaoe?iiaeueiee i?e?iaeiee ia?e Neiaae?,
Ea?iaonueeee a?inoa?iee caiia?aeiee , iaoe?iiaeueiee i?e?iaeiee ia?e
Aeaeieoeueeee, i?e?iaeiee caiia?aeiee Ai?aaaie, iaoe?iiaeueiee
i?e?iaeiee ia?e Neie?anuee? Aaneeaee, I?aeia?iaeiee a?inoa?iee
caiia?aeiee No?aei? Ea?iaoe, iaoe?iiaeueiee i?e?iaeiee ia?e
AooeoeueueiaE?einueeee i?e?iaeiee caiia?aeiee, yeoeinueeee
a??nueei-e?niaee caiia?aeiee, Ea?aaeanueeee i?e?iaeiee caiia?aeiee ,
i?e?iaeiee caiia?aeiee Ien Ia?oueyi, I?e?onueeee aioai?/iee naae.

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I?e?iaeia ?ineeii?noue Oe?a?ie ia? aaeeea ia?iaeiiainiiaea?nueea
cia/aiiy. E?ne a?ae?a?athoue aaaeeeao ee?iaoinoaa?e?coth/o,
aiaeiioi?iiio, i?ioea?ic?eio, nai?oa?ii-a?a??i?/io ?ieue, neoaothoue
aeaea?aeii aea?aaeie aeey aoae?aieoeoaa iaaeaai?, oeaetheicio –
iaia?iai? oa o?i?/ii? i?iieneiaino?. ?ineeii?noue caieaaieo oa
nooiae?eueieo eoe ? iieiiei ia? ei?iiaa cia/aiiy aeey oaa?eiieoeoaa.
Aieioa iathoue /eiaea aiaei?aaoethth/a cia/aiiy, ? aeaea?aeaie oi?oo.
I?e?iaei? ?ineeii? oa?oiiaaiiy aeei?enoiaothoueny ye aaca aeey
aaeae?eueieoeoaa, ieneea/iai ainiiaea?noaa oa caaio?ae? aeeei?ineeo
ei?enieo ?ineei. O neeaae? oei?e aea?aeaae ia?aoiaothoueny iiiaae 800
aeae?a e?ea?nueeeo ?ineei, ui aeei?enoiaothoueny a ia?iaei?e oa iaoeia?e
iaaeeoeei?. Iiiaae 250 aeae?a a?oai?iiiinieo a?eueo i?ae 200 aeae?a
aeeei?ineeo ieiaeiai-ya?aeieo, ai??oiie?aeieo, naeaoieo, i?yii niaeiaeo
?ineei. Oa?/iaeo ?ineei ia oa?eoi??? Oe?a?ie iiiaae 400 aeae?a (ie?eieo
iiiaae 300 ? iiiaae 100 oai?aeiiinieo). 25% a?ae caaaeueii? e?eueeino?
aeae?a on??? oei?e neeaaeathoue ei?iia? ?ineeie , i?eaeecii o oae?e aea
e?eueeino? i?aaenoaaeai? iaaeiiini? ?ineeie. O neeaae? oei?e ? aeecueei
600 aeae?a io?oeieo ?ineei, iiiaae 700 aeae?a ao?’yi?a, a oaeiae a?eae
ia?aceoe – caoaeieee oai?ia n?euenueeiainiiaea?nueeeo oaa?ei oa
ethaeeie.

Aaee/acia cia/aiiy ia? oei?a eoeueoo?ieo ?ineei, cie?aia
n?euenueeiainiiaea?nueeeo eoeueoo?, a oiio /ene? ca?iiaeo, oaoi?/ieo,
ieiaeiai-ya?aeieo, iai/aaeo, aaooaiieo. Iioe?th?oueny eoeueoeaoaaiiy
aeayeeo ieae/eo ?ineei oa a?ea?a, aiaei?inoae. I?iaeiaaeo?oueny
aeine?aeaeaiiy ei?enieo aeeei?ineeo ?ineei, ?o oei?e, caian?a, oeyo?a
?aoe?iiaeueiiai aeei?enoiaoaaiiy, a oaeiae aaaaeaiiy a eoeueoo?o
iaea?eueo oe?iieo o ainiiaea?nueeiio a?aeiioaii?.

I?iaeaie oei?e oa ?ineeiiino? ia Oe?a?i? ?ic?iaeythoue a ?inoeooo?
aioai?ee AIO, aioai?/ieo naaeao, ia eaoaae?ao oi?aa?neoaoo,
iaaeaaia?/ieo ?inoeooo?a.

Oaa?eiiee na?o aea?aeaae a?ae??ciy?oueny aaaaoei aeaeiaei neeaaeii, ui
aecia/a?oueny ??ciiiai?ooyi i?e?iaeieo oiia. A iaaeao Oe?a?ie ca
i?eaeecieie i?ae?aooieaie a?aeiii aeecueei 44800 aeae?a oaa?ei (
a?aoiaoth/e aeaaoi??? *i?iiai oa Acianueeiai ii??a).

*enaeuei?noue aeae?a oa iniaeeaino? oa?eoi??aeueiiai ?ici?uaiiy oaoie
aecia/a?oueny ia o?eueee ??ciiiai?ooyi no/anieo aeieia?/ieo oiia, aea ?
aaieia?/ii? ?noi??? aea?aeaae.

Oi?ioaaiiy iacaiii? oaoie ia oa?eoi??? Oe?a?ie iia’ycaia c? ci?iith
eaiaeoaoo?a ee?iaoo aaiethoe??th ??oioiaiai oa ?ineeiieo iie?ea?a.
Niaoeeo?/i? iniaeeaino? aeaeiaiai neeaaeo no/anii? oaoie oa ??
oa?eoi??aeueiiai ?ici?uaiiy /?oei i?iyaeeeny eeoa ia ii/aoeo
aieioeaiiai? aiioe, eiee ee?iao, ?aeue?o, caaaeueiee oa?aeoa?
a?ae?ia?ao?/ii? nenoaie oa ?ineeii?noue iaaoee no/anieo ?en. O
iaeaiaaiiaee ia??iae cia/ia oa?eoi??y Oe?a?ie aoea ae?eoa ii?ai,
Iiaeaeueoa o?aina?an?y yeiai a?aeaoaaeany a e?ioe? iaeaioeaiiai? oa
iniaeeai a aioeaiiao aiioo. Oae? oiiae ia ni?eyee ?icaeoeo iacaiii?
oaoie; ?? aeeiii? ?aooee iaeaea ia caa?aaeeny. Ia iniia? ocaaaeueiaiiy
aeaieo io?eiaieo i?e aea/ai? iaeaiciieia?/ieo iaoa??ae?a noi?aeieo
oa?eoi??e, noiaeeo ca o?ceei aaia?ao?/ieie oiiaaie, iiaeia
noaa?aeaeoaaoe, ui a aioeai? nnaaoe? aoee i?aaenoaaeai? i?ei?oeaieie
oi?iaie, ia?aaaaeii noi/aoaie. Ia oa?eoi??? no/anii? Aiea?eoe/ii?
a?inoa?ii? ae?eyiee aoee iioe?ai? i?ei?oeai? i?aaenoaaieee 15 ?yae?a
ieaoeaio ieo nnaaoe?a. C ieo 7 ?yae?a, i?ia?aneaii ?icaeaath/enue
caa?aaeenue aei iaoiai /ano (eiiaoi?aei?, oa?noie?ee?, i?eiaoe,
iaiiaiicoa?, caeoeaiiae?ai?, a?ecoie, oeaeaee). Aeia?ee oeae?
e?aiaeiioe, ia?a?ni? eiieoi?. A iaeaiaaiiaeo ii?yo, ui iie?eaaee
oa?eoi??th Oe?a?ie, iai?aia i?noea caeiaee oi?ai?i?oa?e oa ?aae?iey???.
Aaaaoi /enaeueieie aoee oaeiae /a?aaiiia? oa iniaeeai aeainooeeia?
iiethnee, ?aeiiiae?ai?, cie?aia aeanyoeiia?, a oaeiae ii?nuee? ?aeaee,
aeoei iiae?ai?, e?noeia? ?eae. A aioeaiiaeo a?aeeeaaeaiiyo ia ieieeoeyo
Eaiaaa oa Ee?aa ciaeaeai? caeeoee aeoei iiae?aieo oa e?noeiaeo ?ea,
e?ieiaeeea, ii?nueeeo /a?aiao, a oaeiae neaeao aaeaoainueeiai oeaeiai
eeoa – caiaeiaeiia. Aea/aiiy aeeiiii? oaoie ao?ooei?a c aioeaiiaeo
a?aeeeaaeaiue Oe?a?inueeiai Iie?nny na?ae/eoue i?i iioe?aiiy a oie /an
eiiao oa iaoe?a. A ie?aioeaiiao aiioo c? ca?eueoaiiyi ieiu? nooiaeieo
aaaaooa oa ??ciiiai?oi?oa noaaaa oaa?eiiee na?o. Iaeaiioieia?/i? aeai?
i?i iacaiio ie?aioeaiiao oaoio Oe?a?ie, a aieiaia, iaeaiioieia?/i?
iaoa??aee noi?aeieo oa?eoi??e, na?ae/aoue i?i oa, ui a oie /an ooo
?nioaaee nei?i?iie, n?iieine, ee?u?, aaaaoii?aeee, iacaii? iiethnee,
yu??ee, ioaoe, nnaaoe?.

A e?ioe? iaiaaiiaiai ia??iaeo aiane?aeie i?aeiyooy nooiaeieo oa
?aa?an?? ii?y oa?eoi??y Oe?a?ie aeinyaea iaeaea no/anieo ?ici???a.
Noaiia? i?inoi?e oa noi?aei? i?eaa?aaei? e?nenoi – aieioeno? a?ioiie
iaoi? aea?aeaae ianaeyee i?aaenoaaieee a?iia??iiiai? oaoie, a oiio /ene?
a?ia??iie oa ?io? i?aaenoaaieee ?iaeeie eiiy/eo, ianoiaeiioe,
iaeaio?aaone, aa?aie, aioeeiie, aeee oa ?io? aeaee ii?iaeienoi?iaeo. Ooo
oaeiae iaoeaee i?aaenoaaieee ?iaeei, iauaaeee yeeo ? ca?ac aiaeyoueny ia
oa?eoi??? Oe?a?ie /e ca ?? iaaeaie. Oace iioieiaeaiiy a e?ioe? iaiaaio
i?ecaaee aei aeie?aiiy ?ae?ea?a. Cai?noue ieo ?icaeaaeenue iia? oeiia?
aio?iiiaaiia? a?oie neii?a, ni?aaaei?o aee?a, iaeiiiaeeo ia?a?nieo eiiae
oa o?aai?aeieo oaa?ei, ui i?enoinoaaeeny aei oa?/oaaiiy noaiiaith
?ineeii?noth. I?ioyaii aio?iiiaaiiaiai ia??iaeo oaa?eiiee na?o Oe?a?ie
oaeiae i?aeaeaaaany cia/iei ci?iai. Aiane?aeie caaaeueiiai iioieiaeaiiy,
iniaeeai o ae?oa?e iieiaei? ieaenoioeaiiai? aiioe, a?aeaoaaeeny ci?ie
oa?aeoa?o ?ineeiiino?, ui i?ecaaei aei aeie?aiiy oaieiethaieo oaa?ei
iaiaaio oa aei iiyae oieiaeiethaieo oi?i. O na?aaeiueiio oa i?ciueiio
ieaenoioeai? aaeeea oa?eoi??y Oe?a?ie i?aaenoaaeyea niaith no?iao oa
nooo noaiiooiae?o, iaa?oue ?? i?aaeaii? ?aeiie iineee oa?aeoa?
oieiaeiiai ia?aaeaoe?aeueiiai noaio. Aei neeaaeo oaoie aoiaeeee
oieiaeino?ee? oaa?eie i?aaenoaaieee iaiiioiai? oaoie, oeiia? iaoeaioe?
no/anii? ooiae?e, a oaeiae e?nia?, e?ninoaiia?, noaiia? oaa?eie oa
aaaaoi iacaiieo iiethne?a. Oaoia ieanoioeaio ia’?aeioaaea a?eueo?noue
?iae?a oa /enaeuei? aeaee o?aaaoieo oa aaco?aaaoieo oaa?ei, ui
caa?aaeeny aei iaoiai /ano. A aieioeai? nooiae?e oa ii?y, ui iieaaee
aa?aae Oe?a?ie, iaaoee no/aniiai ia?eno, noi?ioaaeeny no/ani?
o?ceei-aaia?ao?/i? ciie. Oaa?eiiee na?o caa??aaa oa?aeoa? ca?aei?ei?
iaiiioiai? oaoie. Iaea?eueo iii?oieie i?aaenoaaieeaie yei? ia oie /an
aoee ia?aeiiee e?iue, eoeai, ia?aeiiee coa?, naeaae, aeaai?iaeiee
ieaiue. Aaiethoe?y i?e?iaeieo oiia, a oaeiae ??ae ia?iaeiianaeaiiy oa
a?aeiia?aeia c?inoaiiy aieeao aio?ii?/ieo oaeoi??a i?ecaaee aei
ia’?aeiaiiy aeaeiaiai neeaaeo ieneea/i-i?iieneiai? oaoie, iniaeeai
iii?oiiai c ia?oiai oeny/ie?ooy iaoi? a?e. Ua ia ii/aoeo oeueiai
oeny/ie?ooy i?ai?/iee ieaiue ia?anoaa caoiaeeoe ia Oe?a?io iaa?oue i?ae
/an ceiiaeo i?a?aoe?e; o 16 noie?oo? ooo ia noaei eoeaia; o 17 noie?oo?
aoa aeieuaiee oo? oa aeo?niaiee ca iaae Oe?a?ie coa?; o 19 – cieeee
eaoyaa, oa?iai, aeiaoee oia?ao, ?ioio?aaaoi?, cie?aia a Oe?a?inueeeo
Ea?iaoao – na?ia , aaeaae, ca?oeue a?eye, a?ea eo?iiaoaa, A A??nueeiio
E?eio – aeeeee eaaai; o 20 noie?oo? ia oa?eoi??? iaoi? aea?aeaae oaeiae
ia?anoaea cono??/aoeny ?iniiaoa. Ci?ie, aianai? aei ia?aeiieo a?ioeaiic
n?euenueeiainiiaea?nueeei ae?iaieoeoaii i?ecaaee ia o?eueee aei
cieeiaiiy aaaaoueio aeae?a aeeeeo oaa?ei, aea ? iiyae ?ioeo aeae?a,
cie?aia oe?aeiee?a eoeueoo?ieo ?ineei. Ca inoaii? noi??//y oe? i?ioeane
iineeeeenue. Aei ia?oiai aeaeaiiy *a?aiii? Eieae 1976 ?ieo aoei caianaii
29 aeae?a nnaaoe?a, 28 – ioao?a, 6- ieacoi?a, 4-caiiiaiaeieo, 18 aeae?a
eiiao.

A?eueoa /anoeia oa?eoi??? aea?aeaae ca a?ia?ao?/iei ?aeiioaaiiyi
iaeaaeeoue aei ?a?iiaenueei? i?ae iaeano? Aiea?eoe/ii? iaeano?; o?eueee
E?einuee? ai?e oa i?aaeaiia ocaa?aaeaey E?eio a?aeiinyoue aei
Na?aaecaiiiii?nueei? i?ae iaeano?. Ii??aiyeueiee aiae?c aeaeiaiai
neeaaeo no/anii? iacaiii? oaoie oa caeiiii??iinoae ?ici?uaiiy ie?aieo
oaenii?a oaa?ei aea? i?aenoaao aeae?eeoe ia oa?eoi??? Oe?a?ie 3
ciiaaia?ao?/ieo ie?oae – Iie?nueeee, Oe?a?inueeee e?ninoaiiaee oa
Oe?a?inueeee noaiiaee, ui eaaeaoue a ?aieao a?aeiia?aeieo
o?ceei-aaia?ao?/ieo cii oa o?e iica ciiaeueieo ciiaaia?ao?/ieo ie?oae –
Aciai – *i?iiii?nueeee i?eaa?aaeiee, E?einueeee a??nueeee oa
Ea?iaonueeee a??nueeee. Aei neeaaeo oaoie Oe?a?ie aoiaeyoue aaaaoi
aeae?a oaa?ei , iioe?aieo ia an?e aai iaeaea ia an?e oa?eoi???
aea?aeaae. Na?aae iaea?eueo a?aeiieo ?c nnaaoe?a – ?aeae cae/aeiee,
eanea, eeneoey, ca?oeue ?onae, oaoiy ieoa, einoey cae/aeia; c ioao?a –
ea/ea cae/aeia oa n??a, ai?eeoey cae/aeia, aieoa e?niaee, cicoey
cae/aeia, ceii?iaeie cae/aeiee, ai?iia n??a, aaeea, oiae, cyaeee,
ai?iaaoeue, neieoey aaeeea, ?aiac, nieiaae cae/aeiee, eano?aea cae/aeia;
c ieacoi?a – aoae cae/aeiee, i?aeyiea cae/aeia; c caiiiaiaeieo – aeaaa
ica?ia, aeaaa caeaia; c iiethne?a – yioa?ea cae/aeia, aeaye? aeaee
neecoi?a; c eiiao – aaaea ieinea , ei?iienei nei?, aaaeiaaeueea
cae/aeia, o?aaiaaee aeoe, iooa oaoiy, e?iieaieoey. A ??cieo
ciiaaia?ao?/ieo ie?oaao oa iaa?oue ?aeiiao aonoeia iiioeyoe?e
aeuacacia/aieo cae/aeieo aeae?a oaa?ei iaiaeiaeiaa oa neoaeeoue aeey
oa?aeoa?enoeee ie?oa?a.

Iie?nueeee ciiaaia?ao?/iee ie?oa

Aiane?aeie iineeaiiai n?euenueeiainiiaea?nueeiai inai?iiy oeueiai e?ath,
a oiio /ene? cai?ie noa?eo e?n?a iieiaeiyeaie, ae?oaee aeoieenoeo aea?aa
aeei?enoaiiy io?ooio?i?eao?a aeey ai?ioueae c? oe?aeieeaie i?e?iaei?
oiiae iano?eueee ci?ieeenue, ui oeiia? i?aaenoaaieee e?niaeo
a?ioeaiic?a, oa?aeoa?i? aeey ciiaaia?ao?/ii? i?ae iaeano? oaeae, noaee
??aeeeie oa aeiaaeeiaeie a Oe?a?inueeiio Iie?nn?. Ca?aei?iith ieneea/i
–i?iieneiai? oaoie ni?eyei oaeiae cia/ia iineeaiiy oaeoi?o caiaiiei?iiy
oaa?ei. Ci?ia a?ioeaiic?a a?aeaeeany ia oaeeo aeaeao ye a?eea, n??a oa
e?niaa nii?, aeyoee caeaiee oa neaiaieiaee. E?euee?noue aeayeeo ieneea/i
i?iieneiaeo oaa?ei ii/aea ooo ca?eueooaaoeny caaaeyee cae?eniaiith
i?e?iaeiioi?iiieo caoiae?a. A e?niaeo ianeaao, aiaeii aieioyieo a?ioiiao
oa ia ieoeueoo?aieo caieyo Iie?nny cono??/a?oueny oaeiae ai?iinoae,
ii?ea, neieoe? /i?ia oa /oaaoa, aeo?aaaeue n??ee, aaeueaeoiai, e?a/ea
a?eie?eea, aaaethea cae/aeia, aeaaa i/a?aoyia, iacaii? iiethnee, eiiaoe.

O Iie?nn? cono??/a?oueny oaeiae aaaaoi oaa?ei, ui oa?aeoa?i? aeey
E?ninoaio. *enei aeae?a e?ninoaiiai? oa iaa?oue noaiiai? oaoie cia/ii
i?aeaeueeinue o ca’yceo c ae?oaoaaiiyi e?n?a.

Oe?a?inueeee e?ninoaiiaee ciiaaia?ao?/iee ie?oa

Oaoia oeueiai ie?oao oa?aeoa?eco?oueny ci?ooaaiiyi e?niaeo oa noaiiaeo
oaa?ei. O e?ninoaiia?e cii? ? aaaaoi i?aaenoaaiee?a oaoie , ye? iioe?ai?
a iniiaiiio o i?e oa iaei /enaeuei? o ?io?e cii?. Oea e??o cae/aeiee,
caiea?eeee, ?aeae cae/aeiee, ca?oeue ?onae, iie?aea n??a, oii’ye
cae/aeiee, aieoa e?niaee, ?aieaa, i?no?ya? aeyoee na?aaei? oa iaeee,
/a?aiaoa ?a?iiaenueea, aeaaa n??a. Cae/aeieie eiiaoaie aeey oeueiai
ciiaaia?ao?/iiai ie?oao ? eaionoyiee eeii, o?ou?, a?eyiee, oiaeii?yaee,
aeee? aaeaeiee, ine, io?aoe oa eiia??. Aeey caea?iaonueei? ae?eyiee
e?ninoaio oa?aeoa?i? oaeiae i?uoaa ei?ioeiiaea, ai?eeoey e?eue/anoa, yea
ca inoaii? aeanyoe??//y ?icnaeeeany ? ia I?aaiaa?aaeaey. A E?ninoaio
Oe?a?ie i?ioiaeyoue ei?aeiie ?aae?a ?yaeo oaa?ei.

Oe?a?inueeee noaiiaee ciiaaia?ao?/iee ie?oa

Oeae ie?oa a?ae??ciy?oueny aaaaoei aeaeiaei neeaaeii oaa?ei; a oie aea
/an e?euee?noue niaoeeo?/ieo aeae?a ooo iaiaaeaia. C nnaaoe?a
cono??/athoueny ?aeae aooaoee, ai?noe noaiiaee, ia?aa’ycea. Na?aae
oe?aeeeaeo a?ecoi?a, ie??i oia?ao?a cono??/athoueny ieoa n??a, oii’ye
cae/aeiee, ye? i?e ianiaiio ?iciiiaeaii? iaiinyoue aaeeei? oeiaee
n?euenueeiio ainiiaea?noao. C ioao?a oa?aeoa?i? ae?ioaa, noaiiaee i?ae,
noaiiaee ni?ai/ee aeaeai?iiie, a?anyiea /a?aiiiaieiaa, ?iaeaaee oiae
noaiiaee.

Na?aae iioe?aieo ? a ?ioeo ciiao ioao?a cae/aei? noaiia?e cii?
eo?iiaoaa n??a, ia?aiae, a a ianaeaieo ioieoao – i?aaenoaaieee n?iaenoaa
ai?iiiaeo , ai?iaaoeue oa ne/ oaoi?e, oiae cae/aeiee, oa ?io? i?ee?
eiiaoi?aei? ioaoe. C ieacoi?a oa caiiiaiaeieo /ano?o ca ana
cono??/athoueny yu??ea caeaia oa e?einueea, aoae aiaeyiee , iieic
aeiaoi/a?aaee, aaaethea noaiiaa, aeaaa ica?ia oa aeaaa caeaia. Noaiiaa
oaoia iiethne?a i?aaenoaaeaia ie?aieie aeaeaie ?iae?a ?aaeee, aae?oeaea,
oiiae?eea, oaaa. Oa?aeoa?ieie eiiaoaie ? aaaaoi /enaeuei? na?aiia?,
na?aae yeeo iaiaei oe?aeiee?a n?euenueeiai ainiiaea?noaa; oaeiae aeoaea
oe?aeeea? eeii-/a?aiaoea, eoneoie, iceia niaea, eoaiaee iaoaeee oa
e?iaineni? aeaie?ee?. Cae/aei? e ei?eni? eiiaoe: aeee? aaeaeiee,
aeaei?eue noaiiaee, io?aoe. Aeey noaio E?eio, ye ? noaiiai? ciie a
oe?eiio oa?aeoa?i? oii’ye, iie?aee, ieoa n??a, ?aeae, eeneoey, noaiiaee
aeaeai?iiie, a?anyiee, ia?aiae, eo?iiaoaa n??a, ae?ioaa. Cono??/athoueny
aaaaoi aiaeai?e?a na?aae eiiao o?e aeaee oa?aai?a, e?einueeee aiaiiie,
iaiaei eiiee?a, cie?aia a?eie?eea e?einueea aeeaea, i?noeaa? oi?ie
aaaie, aeoe?a.

Oe?a?inueeee Ea?iaonueeee a??nueeee ciiaaia?ao?/iee ie?oa

Oe?a?inuee? Ea?iaoe ianaeai? a iniiaiiio i?aaenoaaieeaie e?niai? oaoie.
Na?aae ieo aaaaoi aeae?a oaa?ei, ui cono??/athoueny a Oe?a?inueeiio
Iie?nn? – a?eea, aiaeyia iie?aea, ?ya/ee, aeooa?, o?ueioiaeee oa
a?einieiiee aeyoae, ui i?aaenoaaeai? a Ea?iaoao i?noeaaeie i?aeaeaeaie.
Aeuei?enueea oaoia Oe?a?inueeeo Ea?iao iiaaii ?icaeiaia ca ?o iacia/ii?
aenioe. C nnaaoe?a aeey Aeuei?enueeiai iiyno oa?aeoa?ii eeoa iie?aea
ni?aeia, oi/ ? aiia nionea?oueny aei niniiaiai e?eaie?nny. A?eueo?noue
nnaaoe?a iaoeathoue o an?o aenioieo iiynao Ea?iao, ie??i Aeuei?enueeiai;
aonoeia ?o iiioeyoe?e o ??ciiiai?oieo iiynao ??cia. Oae iai?eeeaae, c
oaa?ei, ui ianaeythoue iieiieie, – ao?i coaee cae/aeia aeuei?enueea oa
iaea, e?niaa iie?aea ?oaea, aiaeyia iie?aea, aaccoa? ieo? aeiaoiaieiaa
oa e?niaa, – o?eueee ao?icoaea aeuei?enueea oa iie?aea i?aecaiia
ciaoiaeyoue ooo aeey naaa iaee?au? oiiae i?iaeeaaiiy. Aei aeae?a c
aenieith i?enoiniaai?noth aei oiia iiyn?a Ea?iao iaeaaeaoue, ie??i
caaaeaieo, ?aeae, eaaeai i?ai?/iee, aaaei?aeue, aiae, eeneoey, eanea,
eoieoey e?niaa, ai?iinoae, c??aeea – aeae?a, ?enue, e?oea e?niaa,
ca?oeue ?enae, a?eea, nii?. A aoeiaeo oa yeeieiaeo e?nao iaoeathoue
ieaiue, einoey, eaaai aeeeee; a ieioeiio aiaeeeeny coa? oa einue.
Iai?aia a?eueo?noue ?oeie?eeeo canaey? ia?a a??nueeee iiyn ci?oaieo
e?n?a, ia i?aei?iath/e o ai?e. O ?icnaeai? ioao?a oaeiae
niinoa??aa?oueny iiaia a?aeiia?aei?noue aenioiei iiynai. Oae , o
aeuei?enueeiio iiyn? Oe?a?inueeeo Ea?iao ai?caeyoueny eiiee a??nueeee ?
oei?aea aeuei?enueea; a a?eueo iecueeeo iiynao oa Ia?aaeea?iaoo? –
oaoa??a, aeooa?, ?ya/ee, aieoa e?niaee , ai?eeoey, i?ee ea?eee oa
aa?eoo, ei?ieueee aeiaoiaieiaee oa /a?aiiiaieia? oa ?io?. Oaoia ae
ieacoi?a ii??aiyii a?aeia. ?? i?aaenoaaeythoue yu??ee aeeai?iaeia oa
caeaia , aoae? cae/aeiee oa aiaeyiee, i?aeyiea, aaaethea cae/aeia. ?c
caiiiaiaeieo aiaeyoueny o?eoii ea?iaonueeee (aiaeai?e), o?eoii
aeuei?enueeee, naeaiaiae?a ieyienoa, oaeiae iioe?ai? aeaaa o?aa’yia oa
cae/aeia eaaeoa. Oaoia iacaiieo iiethne?a Oe?a?inueeeo Ea?iao ia?aoiao?
aeecueei 100 aeae?a, iiiaae 15 c yeeo aiaeai?/i?.

E?einueeee a??nueeee ciiaaia?ao?/iee ie?oa

O neeaae? oaoie oeueiai ie?oao, eoaee aoiaeeoue ? I?aaeaiiee aa?aa
E?eio, ? aeaee ui iioe?ai? o noi?aei?e ?a?iiaenuee?e i?ae iaeano?, a
oaeiae cia/ia e?euee?noue ?ae?eo?a na?aaecaiiiii?nueeiai iioiaeaeaiiy.
O?eaaea oa?eoi??aeueia ?ciethaaiiy A??nueeiai E?eio i?ecaaei aei
ooai?aiiy i?noeaaeo oi?i oaa?ei. O e?nao E?einueeeo a?? caa??any a
aeeeiio noai? ieaiue cae/aeiee e?einueeee. Ooo oaeiae aiaeyoueny einoey
cae/aeia, eaaai aeeeee, eoieoey eai’yia eanea (e?einueea oi?ia) ai?noe,
ca?oeue ?onae, aee?iaoeciaai? – iooeii ?a?iiaenueeee oa a?eea –
oaeaooea. Cono??/a?oueny a oeueiio ie?oc? a?eicoaea iaea oa iaei /a?aaa,
?oeie?ee? aaccoaa ieoa aeiaoiai?ea oa ?io? nnaaoe?, ?aa?iie iioe?aiiy
yeeo aeoiaeyoue ca iaae? E?einueeiai i?aino?iaa. I?i?oioaoia A??nueeiai
E?eio aaaaoa oa ia? ?ene na?aaecaiiiii?nueei? oaoie. Oa?aeoa?ieie, oi/ ?
??aee?nieie o oaia??oi?e /an, ? a?eo /i?iee, aieoa necee ,
na?aaecaiiiii?nueeee i?aeaeae ne/a oaoiueiai, nieea e?einueea , a?anyiea
a??nueea. Ia nooeo, eai’yienoeo noeeao cono??/athoueny yu??ea e?einueea,
aieiiaeee aaeii na?aaecaiiiii?nueeee, iieic eaiia?aeiaee, aeiaoiiocee
aaciiaee. Na?aae iacaiieo iiethne?a A??nueeiai E?eio aaaaoi aiaeai?e?a,
a oaeiae iiioe/ieo na?aaecaiiiii?nueeeo aeae?a oa aeae?a ui iioe?ai? a
?a?iiaenuee? i?ae iaeano?. Iaiaei aiaeai?e?a ? na?aae eiiao, o?eueee a
E?eio, cie?aia ia I?aaeaiiiio aa?ac? cono??/a?oueny nei?i?ii e?einueeee.
?aeiiiae?ai? e?einueeeo ia/a? i?aaenoaaeai? aeaiia aeaeaie aaneiiiaeo oa
/ioe?ia aeaeaie iie?eoeue, ui ? iaiaaiiaeie ?ae?eoaie.

Aciai -*i?iiii?nueeee ciiaaia?ao?/iee ie?oa

Oeae ie?oa ioiieth? ii?nuee? ocaa?aaeaey (ie??i I?aaeaiiiai aa?aao
E?eio). Aeey ieo, ye ? aeey ocaa?aaeaey Neaaoo oeiia? oooeai/ee
o?eiaeee, oia?ao iaeee, noaiiaa iie?aea cae/aeia, e?ieee aeeeee, eaaeai
aeaieieuei?iaee. A Aciai-Neaanueeiio caiia?aeii ieneea/iio ainiiaea?noa?
oa ia ?ioeo ioi?iiieo oa?eoi??yo ?icaiaeyoue ieai?a cae/aeiiai oa
ieyienoiai, eaiue, naeaaea, iaeaaea, ii?eo, iiaeao?o; c ioao?a ooo
aiaeyoueny oacai cae/aeiee , aeo?aaaeue e?anaiue-noaiiaee, ui oaeiae
cono??/a?oueny ia i?ai?/iiio ocaa?aaeae? Ea?eai?onueeiai caeeao *i?iiai
ii?y oa Ea?/ainueeiio i?aino?ia?. Ia noaiiaeo oa e?ninoaiiaeo ae?eyieao
anueiai ie?oao cono??/athoueny eo?iiaoea n??a, ae?ioaa, no?aiao.
Cae/aeieie ai?caeiaeie ioaoaie ii?nueeiai ocaa?aaeaey oa i?eeaaeeo
ino?ia?a ? iaaaiea, ea/ea cae/aeia oa n??a aaaeioea noaiiaa, /aeee
n??aeynoa oa oiieiaecueiaa, e?a/ee – iaea, /oaaoa, i?no?yaiiina. O E?eio

oa caiia?aeieo Anoae?inueeeo ieaaiyo oa o ieceiao Aeoiath caa?aaeeny
??aee?ni? iaa?? Iaaaeeeeie eieii?yie ia ino??aeao oa i?n/aieo einao
iinaeythoueny aea – ia – aea /aa?aae, iiiaeeiieeie ia?aie /a?aiiiiinee
ie?ie, ea/ea ieeioa?noea. O caieaai?e Aei?i?a ieae/a Eaoiaee
cono??/a?oueny ia ai?caeoaaii? aiaieue. Iniaeeai aaaaoi aiaeiieaaieo
ioao?a niinoa??aa?oueny ia eeiaiao i?ae /an ia?aeueio?a oa cei?aaeue.
Cia/io ?ieue o ioi?ii? oa ?aoe?iiaeueiiio aeei?enoaii? oaa?eiiiai na?oo
oeueiai ie?oao a?ae?a?athoue ?icoaoiaai? ooo caiia?aeieee,
caiia?aeii-ieneea/?, oa ieneea/? ainiiaea?noaa. C ieacoi?a o ie?oc?
iaoeathoue aoae? cae/aeiee oa aiaeyiee, aaaethea noaiiaa, aiaeyia
/a?aiaoa; aeaaa caeaia oa ica?ia, a oaeiae aeaee, ui iioe?ai? ia an?e
oa?eoi??? aea?aeaae. Na?aae iiethne?a ? ye noaiia? oi?ie, oae ? aeaee,
ui ca?a?no?iaai? a Aciai-*i?iiii?nueeiio ie?oc?, cie?aia a eiai
i?eaa?aaei?e nioc?. Oa?aeoa?i? eiiaoe –aeeaea noaiiaa, aiieiaee
eoeo?oaecyiee, aiaioae. Acaeiaae /i?iiii?nueeiai ocaa?aaeaey oaeiae
cono??/a?oueny ? iaaoe ea?aeo?o.

Eiioeiaioaeuei? aiaeieie a?ae??ciythoueny ??ciiiai?ooyi oaa?eiiiai
na?oo; ca ciiaaia?ao?/iei ?aeiioaaiiyi aoiaeyoue aei neeaaeo
*i?iiii?nueeiai ie?oao na?aaecaiiiii?nueei? i?ae iaeano?. O neeaae?
oaoie ia?aoiao?oueny aeecueei 6600 aeae?a i??niiaiaeieo oa nieiioaaoi
aiaeieo oaa?ei, na?aae yeeo ? ??ci? ca iioiaeaeaiiyi oaoi?noe/i?
eiiieaene. Ooo iaoeathoue noa?iaeaai? aaoiooiii? oi?ie. Iniiaio iano
neeaaeathoue aeaee, ui a?ae??ciythoueny iaeaa?eoe/iei aiea?eoe/iei ?
iaa?oue na?oiaei iioe?aiiyi; aaaaoi iacaiieo oaa?ei, cie?aia eiiao, ui
i?enoinoaaeeny aei iino?eiiai /e oaciaiai i?iaeeaaiiy o aiae?. Na?aae
i??niiaiaeieo oaa?ei ? ii?nuee? ai?a?aioe, ui ia?aeoee aei nieiioaaoi
aiaeiiai, a iio?i ? i??niiaiaeiai niiniao aeeooy, a oaeiae
i??niiaiaeii-ii?nuee? ?eae, i?a?aoe?y yeeo iia’ycaia c ?o ia?anoii. Ca
/enaeuei?noth oa aeaeiaei neeaaeii, iniaeeai o aiaeieiao ?c noiy/ith /e
iiaaii ieeao/ith aiaeith, ia?oa i?noea caeiathoue eiiaoe. Oaeiae
??ciiiai?oi? ca aeaeiaei neeaaeii /a?a’yee, ?aeiiiae?ai? oa iiethnee.
Aiaeai?/i? aeey Oe?a?ie aeaye? ?eae, i?iiaa oe?a?inueea, iiethnee.
Nieiioaaoi aiaeia oaoia oa?aeoa?ia aeey aiaeiei iiioi-acianueei?
i?eaa?aaeii? nioae, ui ia’?aeio? eeiaie, ae?ea ??/ie, i?eae?eia?
ii??niai? ae?eyiee ii?y oa inieiiaii? i?eii?nuee? ica?a; ?? iniiao
neeaaeathoue ?ae?eoia? aeaee, ui ? iioiieaie na?iaonueei? oa
iiioi-eani?enueei? oaoie. E??i oiai ooo iaoeathoue
aoeaioe/ii-na?aaecaiiiii?nuee? ai?a?aioe oa ??ci? ca iioiaeaeaiiyi
i??niiaiaei? oaa?eie. Oa?aeoa?ieie ? inaeaaeoe?, ae/ee, aaaaoi /enaeuei?
aieiieaae, a?iai?y, iiiiaeaeaa, i?ae?iiaeai?y. Aaaeeeaei neeaaeiaei
eiiiiiaioii oaeiae ? eieia?aoee oa a?eeynoiaon? ?aeiiiae?ai?.

Oaa?eiiee na?o *i?iiai oa Acianueeiai ii??a iaeaaeeoue aei
*i?iiii?nueeiai ie?oao Na?aaecaiiiii?nueei? i?ae iaeano? Ai?aaeueii?
iaeano?. A oaia??oi?e /an o *i?iiio ii?? a?aeiii iiiaae 2400 aeae?a
oaa?ei, a?aoiaoth/e nieiioaaoi aiaei?. Iai?aia a?eueo?noue aeae?a
a?eueiiaeeao/eo oaa?ei iauaaeee aa?eoiiieo na?aaecaiiiii?nueeeo
aenaeaioe?a, ui iathoue i?ai?/ii-aoeaioe/ia iioiaeaeaiiy oa canaeeee
Na?aaecaiia ii?a i?ae /an cia/iiai iioieiaeaiiy. Aeaeiaee neeaae oaoie
/i?iiai oa Acianueeiai ii??a ii??aiyii a?aeiee, ui iiynith?oueny
nai???aeiei a?ae?ieia?/iei ?aaeeiii oa iecueeeie oaiia?aoo?ai aceieo o
ia aeeaei?. O *i?iiio ii?? iaia? i?aaenoaaiee?a aaaaoueio aeae?a,
iioe?aieo o iiaii nieiieo ii?yo. A?eueo?noue oaenii?a, ui i?aaenoaaeai?
eiaeiee iaeiei aeaeii, cono??/a?oueny ??aeei oa a iniiaiiio o i?e
ainoi?nueeiio ?aeii?; aeiyoeii ? eeoa a?aa?iiee. ?c Na?aaecaiiiii?nueeeo
aenaeaioe?a iioe?aieie o oaoi? *i?iiai ii?y ? aaaaoiuaoeiieeia?
e?eue/eee, aaneiiia? ??aiiiia? oa aeanyoeiia? ?aeiiiae?ai?, ?eae,
/a?aaiiia? oa aeainooeeia? iiethnee. Aeaye? na?aaecaiiiii?nuee? oaa?eie
iinaeeaoenue o *i?ia oa Acianueea ii?y ciaeoee ooo iniaeeai ni?eyoeea?
oiiae aeey ?icaeoeo.

Oaa?eiia ianaeaiiy Acianueeiai ii?y ca ye?niei neeaaeii (aeecueei 400
aeae?a). Oeiiai ii?nuee? oaa?eie, ui iaa?oue ? o *i?iiio ii?? o iueiio
a?aenooi?. Ii??aiyii aaaao? aeaeaie ?aeiiiae?ai?, a oaeiae ?eae. Ca
iioiaeaeaiiyi aei neeaaeo oaoie aoiaeyoue o?e a?oie oaa?ei:

– na?aaecaiiiii?nuee? aa??aaeeii? ai?a?aioe, ui neeaaeathoue iniiaio
iano acianueei? oaoie;

– iiioieani?enuee? ?ae?eoe;

– i??niiaiaei? aa??aaeeii? aeaee, cie?aia iai?ai?ia?aei? oa i?io?aei?
?eae.

Oaa?eiiee na?o aea?aeaae aea/a?oueny a ?inoeooo? ciieia?? oa
N?euenueeiainiiaea?nuee?e Aeaaeai?? AIO, ia eaoaae?ao oi?aa?neoao?a
iaaeaaia?/ieo ?inoeooo?a.

Oaa?eiiee na?o ? iaeiei ?c iaeaaaeeea?oeo eiiiiiaio?a i?e?iaeiiai
na?aaeiaeua. Na?aae i?aaenoaaiee?a aeeei? oaoie Oe?a?ie ? oe?ii? aeaee,
ye? ?acii ?c n?euenueeiainiiaea?nueeeie oaa?eiaie neoaothoue aeaea?aeii
io?eiaiiy oa?/iaeo i?iaeoeo?a, i?iieneiai?, oaoi?/ii?, e?ea?nueei?
ne?iaeie. Oiio ei?eni? oaa?eie ? ia’?eoii ianiaiai ?icaaaeaiiy.

NIENIE AEEI?ENOAII? E?OA?AOO?E

1. Oei?a O?N?. E., 1936-1965?.

2. Ienia? A.I., Oei?a eeoaeiee?a Oe?a?ie. E., 1956-68?.

3. Caaa?ooa A.A. Aeeei?ine? ?ineeie-aeaea?aei a?oai?i?a. E., !966?.

4. Eiiae?aothe A.I., ?a/aiei N.E. Niue A.E. Aeeei?anoouea eaea?noaaiiua
e ieiaeiaua ?anoaiey Oe?aeiu. E., 1969?.

5. Ua?aae I.I., Caiiiaiaeiua e i?aniueathueany. Neioa?ii?ieue, 1966a.

6. Aa?aa?en A.?., Aeoaiaee I.I., No?aeei Ae.A. AEe? ie?ei? ?ineeie
Oe?a?ie E.,1973?.

7. Noaie. Eai’yieno? a?aeneiiaiiy. I?nee. E., 1973 ?.

8. Aaiaioai?/ia ?aeiioaaiiy O?N?. E., 1977?.

9. Oaoia Oe?a?ie E., 1956 -1885??.

10. Oaoa?eiia E.A. Ca??? cao?aeieo iaeanoae Oe?a?ie. E., 1956?.

11. Nieo? ?.O. Nnaaoe? oaoie Oe?a?ie oa ?o ainiiaea?nueea cia/aiiy
E.,!960 ?.

12. Ai?inoeinueeee I.A.Ioaoe E.,1984?.

13. I?e?iaea O?N?. Oaa?eiiee na?o. E.,1985?.

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