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Neiaiaeaeaiueia

Iaeaea iaeii/anii c Aaoueiaiueiith ao?aoeea na?e aaoiiiiiee ono??e ?ua
iaeia oe?a?inueea iaeanoue ia e?aiio aa?ac? Aei?i?a – oae caaia
Neia?aenueea Oe?a?ia, ?? ?noi??y oai?eoue ie?aio noi??ieo a ae?yo
oe?a?inueei? caie?, ? /a?ac oa ?e o?aaa i?enayoeoe ie?aiee ?icae?e o
oeueiio ia?en?. ?noi??ia?ao?y Neia?aenueei? Oe?a?ie aeiaie? aeia?a
?ic?iaeaia a oe?a?inuee?e ? ?in?enuee?e ?noi?e/i?e iaooe?, c aeaeaeiai
iiaeyaeo iaa?oue e?aua, i?ae iaai? ia??iaee ?noi??? Aaoueiaiueie.
Aeineoue oeacaoe ia i?aoe? Aaaae?y, Ieeeaoaanueeiai, I?ee??a, aei yeeo
i?eeo/eany oe?eee ?yae iieiaeoeo aeine?aeiee?a. Ina?aaeeii iaoeiai?
i?aoe? iaae aeine?aeaie ?noi??? Neia?aenueei? Oe?a?ie aei iaaeaaiueiai
/ano aoa Oa?uee?a ?c eiai oi?aa?neoaoii ? ??aeieie onoaiiaaie, caycaieie
c oi?aa?neoaoii. Aeine?aee oeaaooaaei oa, ui a Oa?ueeia? neiioeaio?iaai?
e i?noeaa? a?o?ai? iaoa??yee, oea aieiaia aeaea?aei ?noi?e/ieo nooae?e.
I?ioani?ia? Aaaa-e??a? iaeaaeeoue ? ‘ia?oee caaaeueiee eo?n ?noi???
Neia?aenueei? Oe?a?ie, ui iiyaeany a 1918 ?ioe? e iiaea? i?ae i?aenoiie
on??? aeioaia??oiuei? iaoeiai? i?aoe? iaae ?noi???th e?ath.

?iaiai Neia?aenueei? Oe?a?ie icia/othoue oe?ieo iaeanoue, yea eaaeeoue
ia no?ae a?ae oaia??oiuei? Iieoaaueie e ia?eia? i?ino?? oe?ei?
eieeoiuei? ?oaa?i?? Oa?uee?anueei? oa e?eueeio i?aaeaiieo ?
i?aaeaiii-ca-o?aei?o iia?o?a aoaa?i?e Eo?nueei? e Ai?ii?cueei?. C
iiaeyaeo aoiia?ao?/iiai oey iaeanoue oai?eoue eiiiaeoio oe?e?noue ?c
/enoi oe?a?inueeei ianaeaiiyi. C iiaeyaeo ?noi?e/iiai o?aaa i?eaaaeaoe,
ui a?eueoa /anoeia oaia??oiuei? Neia?aenueei? Oe?a?ie, aai i?inoi
Neiaiaeaiueie, aoea oa?aiii aeoaea aeaaiuei? neiayinueei? eieueii?caoe??
? X-XVIII a?eao aoiaeeea a neeaae *a?i?a?anueei-N?aa?nueeiai eiyc?anoaa,
?? i?inoi?e aoee a?aiith caacyoi? ai?ioueae c iieiaaoeueeeie i?aeaie, e
aeanue ia oa?eoi??? oaia??oiuei? Oa?uee?aueie a?aeaoany iauaneeaee
iio?ae n?aa?nueeeo eiyc?a, ini?aaiee o “Neia? i iieeo ?ai?y”. Oaoa?nueea
?o?ia ia aeiaa? noie?ooy iaa?ioea oeae e?ae o aacethaeio ionoeith, yea
o?eueee a ia?o?e iieiaei? XVII a?eo ii/aea eieueii?coaaoeny iaiiai,
ciiao ae oaee oe?a?inueeei ianaeaiiyi.

C iiaeyaeo aaia?ao?/iiai Neia?aenueea Oe?a?ia i?aaenoaaey? aenieo
ieiueio ia aiaeiae?eao aanaei?a Aei?i?a e Aeiio. Oea oeiiaee /i?iicaiiee
noai, ia?a?eoee aeeaieeie y?aie, ia aei? yeeo oa/ooue ??/ee e no?oii/ee,
e eieenue aaaaoee e?naie. Aenie? e?neno? aa?aae ??/ie Aeiioey, Oeoi?
Ninie, Ineieo aoee aeoaea c?o/i? aeey iinaeaiiy e iai?iie a?ae ai?ia?a.
??/ee Ineie, Aeiiaoeue, iaa?oue Inueie ? Ai?neea a nai?e ai??oi?e oa/??
aoee eieenue nieaai?, ai ia aei? ?o oaea ca iaoeo /an?a ciaeaeaii yei?e
e inoaiee noaeai aeiaie? aaeeeiai ?ici??o. Nenoaiaoe/ia ieuaiiy e?n?a
aeiaaei aei oiai, ui ??/ee noaee iaeiaiaei? ? ao?aoeee nai? eieeoi?
cia/?iiy eiioi?eaoe?eieo oeyo?a.

Ia na?oaieo iaoi? a?e noaie oaia??oiuei? Neia?aenueei? Oe?a?ie neoaeeee
ca i?enoaiiaeua aeey oe?eiai ?yaeo ei/iaeo ieaiai, ye? ia?aaoaaee ooo
iaeii ca ae?oaei, aeiaai ia caaea?aeoth/enue ? iinoaath/enue ui?ac aeae?
ia cao?ae. Aoiie, aaa?e, ia/ai?ae, oi?ee, iieiaoe?, oaoa?e -an? aiie
caeeoeee ne?aee naiai ia?aaoaaiiy e nai?? eoeueoo?e a /eneaiieo
a?oaieuei??/ieo ciao?aeeao. Eiee a?ae iieiaeie XIII a?eo ia i?aaeaiiiio
noiae? caiaioaaee oaoa?e, oi /a?ac noaie Neiaiaeaiueie i?ieyaaee ?o
oeyoe, eio?eie aiie ?iaeee nai? ia?caee ia oe?a?inuee? e aaeeei?onuee?
caie?. Oe? oeyoe i?ioiaeeee cae/aeii ii aiaeiae?eao ??/ie. ?c ieo
?noi?e/ia cia/aiiy, ye a?enueeiaee, a i?ci?oa oi?aiaaeueiee oeyo,
caeiaoa nia? oeyo Io?aanueeee, ui eoia ?c E?eio /a?ac Ia?aeii, iii?ae
aa?o?ayie ??/ie Iiei/i? Aiaee e E?inuee? Aiaee, iii?ae Aia/eie Aiaeaie e
Oi?oeai, aeae? aiaeiae?eii Aeiio e Iee aae aei naii? Ooee; oae naii
/a?ac Neia?aenueeo oa?eoi??th i?ioiaeeee oeyoe ?ceonueeee, Eaei?onueeee,
Aaea’?anueeee, ?iiiaeai ? Naaaeaea/iee.

Eiee a e?ioe? XIV a. oaoa?nueea neea ii/aea neaaiooe e ia i?aii/?
ae?inee, aeaa aea?aeaai? ina?aaeee, ye? noaee ia?aeioaaoe a?ey naaa
aaeeei?onuee?, a?ei?onuee? e oe?a?inuee? caie?, – – iaeei o Iinea?, a
ae?oaee o A?euei?, oi aeniaic?y aaeeeiai eiyc?anoaa iineianueeiai ii/aea
iinoaaoeny aieiaii ia i?aaeaiue ? i?aaeaiiee no?ae. Oa?eoi??y
Neiaiaeaiueie oyaeyea niaith oae caaia Aeeea Iiea, ca?aeee iiyaeyeeny
ae??ai? e a?eueo? oaoa?nuee? caaiie, uia iaiaaeaoe ia i?aaeaii? ie?a?ie
Iineianueei? aea?aeaae. A i??o oiai, ye i?ioyaii XV e ia?oi? iieiaeie
XVI noie?ooy oe? ie?a?ie canaethaaeenue, yaeeany iio?aa a, i?aai?coaaoe
iino?eio ioi?iio c aieo ianiie?eiiai, a?/ii caa?iaeoth/iai noaio.
Iineianueeee o?yae oaeeaaa nenoaie iia?yie/ieo oe??ieaiue, caycaieo i?ae
niaith oe?eith aacia?a?eaiith e?i??th ae??aieo oi?iino?a ? noi?iaeiaeo
noaieoeue, oae ui ae?inoaea i?ae iaeia nooe?eueia iai?iiia e?i?y, ia
i?ai?/ a?ae yei? aeeei in?ea oe?ai?ianueea ianaeaiiy, a ia i?aaeaiue
i?inoyaaany ia aeiaa? nioi? e?eueiiao??a ii?iaei?e aacethaeiee noai. Oey
e?i?y c a?aii /ano ana a?eueoa e a?eueoa iinoaaeany ia i?aaeaiue,
caoiiethth/e ui?ac a?eueo? i?inoi?e i?ae aeaaeo iineianueeiai oea?y.
.Ee? eieueii?caoe?y ia iini?aaea ca iinoaaiiyi iai?iiii? e?i??, e
oe??ieai? iOieoe oai?eee i?ae iace na?aae ionoiii?iaei?o i?inoi??a. Ca
oea?y ?aaia Ethoiai, ioaea a iieiaei? XVI no., iai?iiia e?i?y i?ioiaeeea
a?ae Iooeaey ia eeoianuee?e a?yieoe? acaeiaae ??/ee Naeia. Ca eiai
ianooiieea, oea?y Oaaei?a ?aaiiae/a, – cia/eoue i?ae ?ieaie 1584-98,
i?iaaaeaii iiaee ?yae iia?yie/ieo e??iinoae ii e?i?? A?eai?iae, Eo?nuee,
Ai?ii?ae, Aaeoeee, E?aee. A ca e?eueea e?o oea? Ai?en Yiaeoiia aoaeo?
e??-iinoue Oea?aai-Ai?enia oaea a iaaeao oaia??oiueiai ?cthinueeiai
iia?oo ia Oa?uee?aueo.

Ia?aoo? ca Ieoaeea Oaaei?iae/a a ia?o?e iieiaei? XVII a. aoaeo?oueny oae
caaia a?eai?iaenueea e?i?y, yea aenoaa?oueny ia i?aaeaiue ia nioi?
e?eueiiao??a. ??aeea aaeeei?onueea ianaeaiiy e??iinoae ? oi?iino?a
neeaaeaeiny ia?aaaaeii c a?enueeiaeo oa neoaeaiaeo ethaeae. Oeea?eueia
ianaeaiiy eoei nthaee aeoaea iaioi/a. Aei oiai ae Iineianueea oea?noai
i?ney niooe . ii/aoeo XVII a. naii cia/ii caacethaei?ei e ia iaei,
ca?aeee a?aoe eaae?e iinaeaioe?a, uia eieueii?coaaoe oe? aeaeae? e aeoo?
ie?a?ie. Iaaaee/ea /enei oae caaieo neia?ae (nae, aea iaia ua oea?eae)
ooeeeiny i?ae caoeno oe??ieaieo ioieo?a, ? a ieo ia?aaoaaei aeoaea
ia/eneaiia ianaeaiiy, ia?aaaaeaia ianeeueii c oeaio?aeueieo iaeanoae
Iineianueei? aea?aeaae. Iooo oi ia iii?/ i?eeoea oe?a?inueea
eieueii?caoe?y, yea i?ioyaii e?eueeio aeanyoe?a ?ie?a oe?eeii ci?ieea
o?c?iiii?th e?a?ie, iaa?ioaoe ii?iaei?e aeeeee noai o oea?oo/ee,
canaeaiee ainiiaea?eith, oe?ai?ianueeith ethaei?noth e?ae. Oey
eieueii?caoe?y ?icii/aeany a ia?o?e iieiaei? XVII a. i?ney e?aoo
eicaoeueeiai ‘iianoaiiy ia e?aiaa?aaei?e Oe?a?i?, a 1638 ?ioe?. O
oeueiio ?ioe? eicaoeueeee aaoaaeie Ino?yieoey c oe?eei iieeii o 900
ethaeae ia?aeoia iineianueeo a?yieoeth e yaeany aei iineianueeiai
ai?aiaee a A?eai?iae. C aeicaieo iineianueeiai o?yaeo oo?ea/?a inaeaii
eiei *oao?aa, o?ioe ia no?ae a?ae oaia??oiueiai Oa?ueeiaa. Ao?ea/? eaee
caaea?aeaoe naith a?enueeiao i?aai?caoe?th e neoaeeoe ae?eo ioi?iie
i?aaeaiii? a?yieoe? a?ae oaoa?.

Aea oeae ia?oee eieueii?caoe?eiee aeo aoa iaaaeaoiee. AEi?noie?noue
iineianueei? iia?yie/ii? aaei?i?no?aoe?? e ??aei? iaaeoaeeooy c ?? aieo
ciaioioeee ia?anaeaioe?a. ?c Iieueu? ii/aee iaaeoiaeeoe eenoe, ye?
caeeeeaee ?o aa?oaoeny aeiaeiio. Na?aae eicae?a iianoaa aoio,
Ino?yieoeth aaeoi, e ia?anaeaioe? aa?ioeeny iacaae ia iieuenueeo
Oe?a?io. Iia?ii eicaoeueeiai a?enueea i?ae Aa?anoa/eii o 1651 ?. e
?ic/a?oaaiiy ia?iae-i?o oe?a?inueeeo ian o oni?oiino? ai?ioueae ‘i?ioe
Iieueu? aeeeeeaa iiaee ai???aoe?eiee ?oo ia no?ae ca iineianueeo
a?yieoeth. Oe?e? oeny/? eicae?a ?c ?iaeeiaie e iaeiii iinoioee A iaae?
iineianueeeo aieiae?iue. Iineianueeee o?yae aeoaea ?aaei cono??/aa iiaeo
ia?anaeaioe?a, a?aeaiaeea ?i iaoe?i? ionoiii?iaei? caie?, aeicaieya
caa??aaoe na?e eicaoeueeee, ono??e ? aioo??oith aaoiiii?th. A?i aoa
?aaeee oeei ai?iiei eieueii?noai, ye? nai?ie neiaiaeaie ooai?thaaee
iai?iiiee aae aeaeaei iaae?ei?oee, i?ae eieeoi? oe??ieai? e?i??. Ca
aeoaea ei?ioeee /an aoee canaeai? iia? i?noa: Noie, Eaaaaeei, Oa?uee?a,
Iooe?ea e aaeeea /enei neia?ae, a?ae yeeo oe?eee e?ae ae?noaa iacao
Neia?aenueei? Oe?a?ie aai Neiaiaeaiueie. ?ic?ooe ia aaoueiainuee?e
Oe?a?i? a 1659 ?. aeeeeeaee iiao oaeeth ai?a?aoe??, oae naii
i?aeoniaeoey 1663 ?ieo ? iaa?oue i?ci?oeo ?ie?a i?eiineee ana iia? th?ae
ia?anaeaioe?a, ye? ooeaee niieith e iiaeeeainoe ie?ii? i?aoe?.

A 1652 ?ioe? ?aai C?iuee?anueeee c e?ae Ino?iaa ia Aieei? aea?a ca
niaith oeny/o eicae?a ?c ae?ieaie e ae?oueie. A?i inaeeany aeaeaei ia
noiae? e canioaaa i?noi Ino?iaicuee, yea i?ci?oa iaeaaeaei aei
Ai?ii?cueei? aoaa?i??. Caa?aaeeny a?aeiiino?, ye aeaeyaeaei oea
ia?anaeaiiy: C?iuee?anueeee, ye iieeiaiee, i?ea?a ?c niaith anth
noa?oeio; c iei aoa iaiciee, nioieee, inaaoee, iieeiaee iena?, iaa?oue
aeaa nayuaieee-eaiaeyie. An? iaee c niaith ?iaeeie, neoa, eiiae, aie?a,
ei??a, naeiae, iaeiei neiaii aenaeeeeny c iiaiei ainiiaea?noaii, yea
ca?ac aea a?aeiiaeee ia iiaiio i?noe?. A oiio ae 1652 ?ioe? yeeenue
Aa?anei Eiiae?ao?na inaeea i?noi Noie, a a 1654 ?. nioiee Oa?ueei ia
/ie? 37 ?iaeei inaeea i?noi Oa?uee?a. O?ioe i?ci?oa yaeeiny ua 600
ethaeae, ? aiie caoaeoaaee a Oa?ueeia? e??iinoue. O oiio ae ?ioe?
inaeaii i?noi Iooe?eo.

Iineianuee? a?o?ae caa?aaee iai oi/i? noaoenoe/i? aeai? i?i canaeaiiy
Iooe?ee e aeiiii?/iee noai ia?anaeaioe?a. Oe? aeai? acyo? c aeiianaiue
iineianueeeo o?yaeiaoe?a oeaio?aeueiiio o?yaeia? ?, ye cae/aeii a
iineianueeeo o?yaeiaoe?a oiai /ano, aecia/athoueny oi/i?noth e
aeieeaaei?noth. Ioaea Iooe?eo canioaaa a?aeae?e ia?anaeaioe?a, yeee
neeaaeaany c 445 /ieia?e?a, 109 ae?iie ? 634 ae?oae, e??i oiai aoei 72
?iaee/?a oeo ia?anaeaioe?a c 18 ae?oueie, a anueiai aoei ia?iaeo 1587
eth-?ae. Oe? ethaee i?eaaee c niaith 605 eiiae, 618 aie?a, 479 ei??a,
1473 ??aoe? ? 1091 naeith. sse aa/eii, aeeaee, ?iaaioa? aoa aeiaie?
aaaaoee, ? c ?i-iiaeia aoei ii/eiaoe ainiiaea?noai. Iineianueeee o?yae
ia ii-a??aoaaa aeaaaoe ia?anaeaioeyi i?yei? aeiiiiiae, aeaaaa ?i o?eueee
i?aai naeeoenue, a aiie naie aeaooiaoaaee nai? aeeooy. Eaaei c?icoi?oe,
oe? ia?anaeaioe?, ye? iaa?oaee aeeeee noai o canaeaiee ainiiaea?nueeee
e?ae, aoee aeoaea aaaeai? aeey iineianueeiai o?yaeo. Oiio a?i, ia
aaaaeath/e ia nai? oeaio?ae?noe/i? iiiyooy e i?aeoeeo, ioi/a iaaeaaaa ?i
aeiaie? oe?ieo aioo??oith aaoiiii?th. O?aaa cacia/eoe, ui ia?aeaeueii c
ianiaith ia?iaeiueith eieueii?-caoe??th eoea oaeiae eieueii?caoe?y
iaianoe?nueea. Ie cia?ii, ui ia noa??e Oe?a?i?-?on?, oae naii, ye ? ia
caoiae? Aa?iie, iaianoe?? aoee iii?oiei /eiieeii eieueii?caoe??. Oae
aoei ia ?on? i?ai?/i?e, Aiei-aeeie?i-Nocaeaeuenuee?e, oae aoei e ia
Oe?a?i?. Ia Neiaiaeaiuei? eieueii?caoe?y iaianoe?nueea o?iiieuei??/ii
iaa?oue aeia?aaeeea eieueii?caoe?th ia?iaeith: a 1624 ?ioe? ie aaea
aa/eii ia?oo ca?noeo i?i Nayoiai?nueeee iaianoe?,’ui caeiaoa nia?
i?ci?oa oe?ieo neaao. A 1652 ?ioe? caniiao?oueny iaianoe? o
Ino?iaicueeo, oai aea ii?o/ /ieia?/iai iianoa? iaia-noe? ae?ii/ee. ?
aeae? caniiao?oueny ?yae iaianoe??a ii an?o aaaei?oeo i?noao
iiaiccnaeaiiai e?ath. Iaianoe?? caaiaeyoue nai? ainiiaea?noai,
inaaeaeothoue ia nai?o caieyo naeyi. ??aii/anii caaiaeyoue oeiee e
neoaeaoue oaeei /eiii eoeueoo?ieie ina?aaeeaie. Oae i?ioyaii ia a?eueoa
aeaio aeanyoe?a ?ie?a iica iaaeaie Aaoueiaiueie, ooo aea ii?o/ ?c iath,
o?eueee ca iineianueeith iia?yie/iith e?i??th, ae?inea iiaa Oe?a?ia, c
eicaoeueeei ono?i?i, aeoaea iiae?aiei aei oiai, yeee aoa o iieeiooiio
??aeiiio e?ath. Oe?eaai oaia? iiaeyiooe, Ia yeeo iniiaao iie?oe/ieo ?
nioe?yeueii-aeiiii?/ieo aoaeoaaeiny aeeo- oy a ??iaican?eaiiio e?ath.
sse oaea caaaeoaaii, ia?anaeaioe? caa??aaee naith a?enueeiao eicaoeueeo
i?aai?caoe?th, oaeo, ye ? ia noa?eo i?noeyo, ca?aeee AIIE aeeoee. Oaeei
?iaii ia oa?eoi??? Neiaiaeaiueie noi?ioaaeiny iyoue iiee?a:
Ino?iaicueeee, Oa?e?anueeee, Noinueeee, Iooe?nueeee oa ?cthinueeee.
Eiaeai iiee oai?ea ie?aio i?ia?ioe?th, yea ae?eeeany ia iia?oe-nioi?. Ia
/ie? iieeo noiya aeai?iee iieeiaiee ? iieeiaa noa?oeia, ye ? ia
Aaoueiaiuei?, ?o aeae?aii aeia?/ii. Iieeiaa noa?oeia neeaaeaeany c
iieeiaiai iaiciiai, yeee caa?aeoaaa a?oeea???th E e??iinoyie, noaeae?,
inaaoea e oi?oiaeiai – iii?/iee?a iieeiaieea o a?enueeiaeo ni?aaao oa
aeaio iena??a. Noaeia? ni?aae ??oaeeny a oae caai?e noaeia?e ?aooo?. A
nioi? aoee o? nai? noa?oeie. Nioieea aeae?aea iieeiaa noa?oeia, a a?i
nai aeiae?aa nia? nioaiieo noa?oei. Oea aoea ??aeieoey noi?ioe
Aaoueiaiueie. Iieeiaiee iaa aeoaea aaeeeo aeaaeo. A?i caa?aeoaaa
aaei?i?no?aoe??th, noaa?aeaeoaaa noaeia? iinoaiiae, eiiaiaeoaaa ni?i
iieeii i?ae/an iioiaeo, ?icaeaaaa a?euei? a?enueeia? caie? iinaeaioeyi.
A?i iaa ciaee naiai aeinoi?inoaa: ia?ia/ (oanoea?aiio aoeaao), i?aii? ?
ia/aoue. A?i ienaa a?ae naiai ?iaie a?aiioe, ye? neeaaeii ? oi?iith
iaaaaeothoue aaoueiainuee? oi?aa?naee. Ia neia?aenuee?e Oe?a?e?
onoaiiaeany cae/ae naiai ?iaeo niaaeeiainoe iieeiaieoeueeiai o?yaeo a
iaei?i ? o?i nai?i ?iae?. Oae, iai?eeeaae, i?ioyaii a?eueo ye
noie?oiueiai ?nioaaiiy aaoiiiiiiai eicaoeueeiai ono?ith ia Neiaiaeaiuei?
ie aa/eii, ui ?iaeeia Aeiioe?a aeaea . iyoue iieeiaiee?a, Eiiae?ao?aaeo
– /ioe?ueio, Eanaaeoeueeeo – /ioe?ueio ? oae aeae?. Caaaeii 8 ?iae?a
aeaee 26 iieeiaiee?a. Oea aoei yaeua iaeaea iaca?nia ia Aaoueiaiuei?, e
i?e/eia eiai iieyaaea a iniaeeaeo oiiaao canaeaiiy e?ath: iieeiaieee
aoee ia?aaaaeii i?ia?aeieeaie ia?anaeainueeeo a?oi, ye? i?eoiaeeee ia
iia? caie?; aiie iaee aaeeeee aaoi?eoao ? oaeoe/io aeaaeo, ye
iina?aaeieee i?ae ianaeaiiyi ? iineianueeei o?yaeii, ? oeae aaoi?eoao
ia?aoiaeea ia ?o iioiie?a. Ianaeaiiy caeeaei, uia ia /ie? eiai noiya
i?aaenoaaiee iaeiiai e oiai naiiai ?iaeo.Iaeia/a, aeath/e
eicaeai-eieueii?noai iiaio aioo??oith naiioi?aao a iaaeao iieeiai?
i?aai?caoe??, iineianueeee o?yae ia ia?aeioaaa on? iyoue neia?aenueeeo
iiee?a i?ae aeaaeith iaei??? iniae ciii?ae ?o naieo. Neia?aenuee? iieee
ia iaee iaae niaith aaoueiaia, ye aoei a noa?iio e?ath, a i?aeeyaaee
aaciina?aaeiuei iineianueeiio ai?aiae?, yeee neae?a o A?e-ai?iae?. Oea
aoa ?o aieiaiee ia/aeueiee. A?i caoaa?aeaeoaaa iieeiaiee?a ia ?&einaaeao
? i?iiiioaaa oea?aa? eaiaeeaeao?a. Noaiiaeua a?eai?iaenueei-ai ai?aiaee
aaaaeaeiny ca iaeia c aaaei?oeo na?aae iineianueei? aaei?i?no?aoe??, ia
oea noaiiaeua i?ecia/aee cae/aeii ?iaeiaeoeo ethaeae -aiy? aai eiyc?a.
A?eai?iaenueeee ai?aiaea iaa aaeeeo aeaaeo, ? ie cia?ii aeiaaeie, eiee a
1692 ?ioe? ai?aiaea Oa?aiao?a neoa ca aieiny iieeiaieea Eieae?ao??aa ca
nea?ao ia ae?oaiai iieeiaieea, yeiai i?ioaaoaaa anaiiaooi?e ai?aiaea.
Ni?aae neia?aenueeeo iiee?a i?aeeyaaee a nai?e Iinea? oae caaiiio
“?ic?yaeiiio I?eeaco”: “i?eeace” – oea aoa ??ae i?i?noa?noaa, aea ?o
aoei aeoaea aaaaoi, /anii aei ni?iea, e ?iciiae?e /eiiinoae i?ae ieie ia
caaaeaee a?aeiia?aeaa iaoei iiiyooyi i?i i?i?noa?noai, yei i??ai
oeaio?aeueiiai oi?aae?iiy a aea?aeaa?. C e?ioey XVII a?eo neia?aenuee?
iieee ia?aaeaii a caa?aeoaaiiy o. ca. “Aaeeei-?inn?eneaai I?eeaca”.
I?io. A. Aeaieeaae/aa? iiuanoeei ciaeoe ne?aee ?nioaaiiy niaoe?yeueiiai
“Neia?aenueeiai” i?eeaco a Iinea?, aea oea ieoaiiy aein? ia aeyniaia a
iaooe?. Iineianueeee o?yae oienia ia ia?aeioaaa neia?aenueeeo iiee?a
i?ae oi?aaith iaeii? iniae ciii?ae oe?a?ioe?a. A?i caa?oaany aei
eiaeiiai iieeo ie?aii e noa?aany, uia na?aae neia?aenueeeo iiee?a ia
ae?iaeeiny ii/oooy ie?aii? oa?eoi??yeueii? oe?einoe. Iniiaith
eiinoeoooe?? iiee?a aoee oea?nuee? “aeaeiaai?” a?aiioe. Ia?oo oaeo
a?aiioo ae?noaa Ino?iaicueeee iiee o 1652 ?., a 1669 ?ioe? ae?noaee
eiaeai cie?aia iieee Oa?uee?anueeee, Noinueeee ? Iooe?nueeee, o 167N
?ioe? iiee ?cthinueeee. Oe? a?aiioe iaaeaaaee: i?aai aeaniiai
eicaoeueeiai ono?ith, naiaiaeo a?ae iiaeaoe?a ia caieth, i?aai a?eueii?
oi?aiae? e a?eueiiai aeeo?thaaiiy ai??eee.

Caoiaaeeny aeai? i?i /enei eicae?a ?c 1700 ?ieo. “Eiiioo”, naaoi ?a?no?
eicae?a, ye? iaee a?aeaoaaoe neoaeao, aeiinea oiae? 3.500 ethaeae: o
noinueeiio iieeo aoei 1.230 eicae?a – oea aoa iae/eneaii?oee iiee, o
iooe?nueeiio 820, o oa?uee?anueeiio 850, o ?cthinueeiio 250, o
ino?iaicueeiio 350. O 1732 ?ioe? aoei a eiiioo? aaea 4.200 eicae?a, aea
anueiai ?a?no?iaeo eicae?a, naaoi i?eiaeaaeieo aei eicaoeueeiai noaio,
aoei 22.000, a ?acii ?c o. ca. iii?/ieeaie e i?aenon?aeeaie 86.000
ethaeae.O?aaa cacia/eoe, ui na?aae ia?anaeaioe?a aoee ia o?eueee
a?enueeia? ethaee-eicaee, aea e i?ino? naeyie-oe?ai?iae. Ia?anaeaioe?
i?eiineee c niaith ia iia? caie? aaea aioiaee iiae?e ia noaie. Ai?aiaee,
niia?uath/e Iineao i?i i?eo?ae ia?anaeaioe?a, aeiiineee, ui i?eeoee
“ioaeeee aea?aaaine?a” aai “iaoaiiea ioaeeee”. Aoee e i?uaie. O
Oa?ueeia? aaea a 60-o ?ieao XVII noie?ooy ai?aiaea Neo?i o /an? ?aa?c??
ca?a?no?oaaa ii?o/ eicae?a e?eueea nio i?uai ? naeyi-oe?ai?ia?a.
Ianaeaiiy Oa?ueeiaa oa ?oee& i?no ae?eeeiny ia “eicae?a iieeiai?
neoaeae” e ia i?uai, ye? aeanoeai oai?eee iaeio ni?eueio nioe?yeueio
??oio c naeyiaie, ai oae naii aeeee caeaa?eueoiai c oe?ai?ianoaa.
Iaeia/a aiie aoee caiyo? oaeiae ? ?aianeaie. Na?aae ieo aeoaea nei?i
?icaeioany oeaoiaee ono??e, ye ? a noa?iio e?ath. Ia /ie? eiaeiiai oeaoo
noiya oeaoi?noa? ? noaeea o oeaoiaeo ni?aaao, ie??i ae?e ea?ieo. Noaeeee
ii ienaiei a?oeeoeai Iaaaeaao?cueeiai i?aaa oae, ye ? ia Aaoueiaiuei?.

Aieiaiei, iaioth/ei, oi?ea?eaeicaiei noaiii aoee eicaee, ye ? ia
Aaoueiaiuei?. Eicaee iiae?eyeeny ia aea? eaoaai???: ia eicae?a
“aeai?ieo* (aai eiiiai?eoe?a) ? ia “oaeothi?oiee?a”. Aeai?i? oea o?
eicaee, Ui naie a?aeaoaaee neoaeao, iinoaaeyth/e iaaiee eiioeiaaio
oca?i?-ieo aiye?a, uia caiiaieoe onoaiiaeaiee “eiiioo”. I?aeiii?oieee
oea aoee a?aei?o? eicaee, ye? naie cae/aeii ia neoaeeee, a i?aeiiiiaaee
aeai?ieo a??oie aai.oa?/aie. I?aeiii?oiee?a cae/aeii aoaaei, ye oea ie
aaea aa/eee c iaaaaeaii? noaoenoeee, a iyoue aai o?noue ?ac?a a?eueoa,
ye aeai?ieo.

Naeyie, ye ie?aiee noai, iiyaeeeny ia Neia?aenuee?e Oe?a?i?, ye ie
aa/eee, iaeii/anii c eicaeaie. Aiie inaeeeeny ye a?euei? oe?ai?iae,
caa??aath/e naith iacao “iiniieeo?”, yeo iaee e ia Aaoueiaiuei?. Aiie
ieaoeee aei oea?nueeiai nea?ao iiaeaoie, aea caa??aaee aeiaoee /an i?aai
a?eueiiai ia?aoiaeo c i?noey ia i?noea. Iaeia/a a?eueoa /anoeia
iiniieeoeo naeeeany ia caieyo eica/i? noa?oeie e caiiaei?oeo eicae?a, ia
aaaeath/e ae?noaaaoe caieth c oiiaeo o. ca. a?eueieo a?enueeiaeo
caiaeue, ai aieiae?iiy oaeith caieath aoei caycaia c a?enueeiaith
neoaeaith: o?aaa aoei caienaoeny a eicaee e a?aeaoaaoe ai?iio neoaeao.
Eica/a neoaeaa i?eaaaethaaea aeaeaei ia eiaeiiai, ai aoea oyaeea, e
ia?anae^ioe?-oe?ai?iae ia an? aoee ioi/? i?iyoe ieoa ia oaaeth.

Caieaaieiae?iiy ia Neia?aenuee?e Oe?a?i?, ye ? ia Aaoueiaiuei?, aoei
iniiaith anueiai aeiiii?/iiai aeeooy. Caiey oai?aoe/ii iaeaaeaea
oea?aa?. Aeath/e aeaeiaaio a?aiioo yeiionue iieeia?, oea? ia?aaeaaaa o
eiai ?icii?yaeaeaiiy anth caieth. Caie? aoee aaee/aci? i?inoi?e. Aiia
aoea ii?iaeiy e i?eei iacanaeaia. Eiaeai i?a i?enai?oe nia? no?eueee
caie?, ne?eueee i?a ia?iaeoe. Caiey ia?aoiaeeea a i?eaaoio aeani?noue
iinaeaioe?a. Iniiaith oe??? aeaniinoe aoea, ye oiae? eacaee,
“caeiaiueia”, naaoi caai?iaiiy a naith aeani?noue iaaii? e?eueeinoe
i?ii? caie?, e?no e n?iiein?a. Aea uia o?aaoethaaoe oeth caeiaiueio,
cae/aeii ?iaeee oae, ui i?e canioaaii? iiaiai i?noa aai naea, icia/aee
yeeenue iaaiee ?aeii iaae?oae, yeee ae?eeee i?ae ie?aieie iinaeaioeyie.
Oae, i?e caniiaoaaii? *oao?aa eiai iaoeaioe? ae?noaee ii CI aeanyoei ia
aeooo, a Iooe?oe? ii 42 aeanyoeie. Ie??i oiai aoei a?aeaaaeaii eiaeiiio
o/anoie e?no e n?iieino. I?ci?oa iinaeaioe? noa?aeenue ioi?ieoe e
cae??ieoe ca niaith aieiae?iiy, aei?iooth/e a?aeiia?aei? aeieoiaioe a
iineianueei? aaei?i?no?aoe??. Iniaeeai oe?ieeeny oea?nuee? a?aiioe, ye?
caaacia/oaaee iaii?ooi?noue aai a?/i?noue, ye oiae? eacaee, aieiae?iiy.
Oae o 169A ?ioe? iiaicaniiaai? iieee ae?noaee oea?nuee? aeaei-aai?
a?aiioe, ? a oeeo a?aiioao ae?acii noiyei, ui iieeiaieee, noa?oeia,
eicaee e i?uaie iiaeooue niie?eii aieiae?oe caieyie, n?iieinaie e
e?naie, ye? aiie caiyee, ui ai?aiaee ia iathoue ai?ooaaoeny aei ?o
ainiiaea?thaaiiy oa i??yoe ?o caie?.Iaeia/a caie? aoei oae aaaaoi, ui e
i?ney inaaeaeaiiy ia i?e ia?anaeaioe?a oa iiae?eo i?ae ieie caeiaiueie
cinoaaaeiny a?eueieo i?inoi??a a?eueoa, i?ae canaeaieo i?noeue. Oe?
i?inoi?e oai?eee aaea caaaeaiee aeua oiiae a?eueieo a?enueeiaeo caiaeue,
yeee oaeoe/ii ciaoiaeeany a ?icii?yaeaeaii? noa?oei c iieeiaieeaie ia
/ie?. Aieiae?th/e a?eueoeie aeinoaoeaie, naaoi a?eueoei ainiiaea?nueeei
?iaaioa?ai, noa?oeia a?ae?aco iiaea caeiaoe aeey naaa a?eueo? oiaoee
caie? e caaiaeeoe ia ieo ainiiaea?noai a oe?oeo ?ici??ao. Uia iaoe
aioia? ?iai/? ?oee, noa?oeia naeeea ia nai?e caie? iiniieeoeo, ye?,
ae?noath/e aeey naiai i?iaeeoeo iaai? ??oioe, iiiaaaee ia?iaeyoe iiea
naiai iaia. Oaeei iiaeoii ia Neiaiaeaiuei? aeoaea ?aii iiyaeeany a?eueoa
caiaeueia aeani?noue ? aoee ian?yi? ca?ia aoaeo/eo iii?ueoeueeeo
ii?yaee?a.

Ie iiaeaii ia iniia? aeieoiaio?a i?inoaaeeoe, ye ae?inoaea ia
Neiaiaeaiuei? a?eueoa caiaeueia aeani?noue ? ye iiyaeyeeny iainuee?
ia?oee c iinaeaieie ia ieo ? caeaaeieie a?ae nai?o iai?a naeyiaie.
A?aeiiee caii?icueeee eioiaee ?aai N??ei canioaaa ia ??/oe? Ia?ao?
neiaiaeo A?oai?aeo, aea iinaeea 20 aeai??a naeyi. Oa?uee?anueeee
iieeiaiee Aeiiaoeue caa?a ooo?? ia ??/oe? Oaeao ?c iiniieeoeie. Iaa?oue
aaaeyoeue-eee iieeiaiee Ieoaeei Aanee??a, ?c non?aeiuei? Aaoueiaiueie,
inaaeea o noinueeiio iieeo neiaiaeo Ieoaeeiaeo, aea aoei iinaeaii 800
iiniieeoeo. ??aeeee ?c noa?oei ia c?iaeany cia/iei caiaeueiei aeanieeii
? ia a?a a?eueoiai ainiiaea?noaa ?oeaie iinaeaieo ia eiai caie?
iiniieeoeo. Oea? Iao?i ?icaeaaaa caie? ia o?eueee oe?a?inueeei noa?oeiai
ca a??i?noue o /an? oaaaenueei? a?eie, aea e ?in?enueeei io?oea?ai.
Oaeei ?iaii ?c ii/aoeii OO?I noie?ooy iiyaeythoueny ia Neia?aenuee?e
Oe?a?i? ii?o/ oe?a?inueeeo ae?aee/?a ? iineianuee? iii?ueee.ssea ae aoei
noaiiaeua naeyi, ye? aoee ?o iiaeiiino? noi?ioe iai?a? Iaaia ??/, ui
nii/aoeo, a ae?oa?e iieiaei? XVII no., eiee ua a?aeaoaaany i?ioean
eieueii?caoe??, iiaeiiino? oe? aoee iaaaeee?: naeyie aoee ciaiaycai?
oae?eyoe /anoeio naiai ?iai/iai /ano ia oa, uia ci?aoe caieth ae?aee/a,
a yeiai aiie naeeeenue, ? c?a?aoe oe?a o e?ioe? e?oa. Oe? iiaeiiino?
i?eiaaeaee aieiaii ia nacii e?oi?o iieaaeo ?iaio. Aea c/a-nii iiaeiiino?
?inee. I?eeeaae e??iaoeueeeo a?aeiinei o non?aei?o i?i-a?ioe?y”o
iineianueei? aea?aeaae ?iaea nai? ae?ei. Iii?ueee-?in?yie aeaiaeeee
nai?o e??iae?a ?c oeaio?aeueieo iaeanoae ? naeeee ?o ia iiaea?iaaieo
oea?ai caieyo ia Neiaiaeaiuei?. Any aaiethoe?y iii?ueoeueei-naeyinueeeo
a?aeiinei o ?in?? a?aeaoaaeany a oiio iai?yi?, uia i?ee??ieoe naeyi aei
caie? e aei iii?ueea.

Neia?aenuee? eicaee, e??i iino?eii? ioi?iiii? neoaeae i?ioe oao a?aee,
o/anoue o oe?e?e iecoe? eaiiai?e. Iineianueeee o?yae iineeaa aeoeny
i?ioe Aeaianueeiai, i?ioe A?ooiaaoeueeiai, i?ioe I?eeea o /an? iioiaeo
Ea?ea XII ia Oe?a?io. A ?ioe? 1724 aiie aithaaee Ia?n??, a a 1733 ?.
oiaeeee a iio?ae ia Iieueuo. A 1736 ?ioe? i?ae oaeueaeia?oaeii I?i?oii
oiaeeee ia E?ei ? iiianee aaeee? ao?aoe a aith *i?i?e Aeieei?. A 1739
?ioe? aiie oiaeeee a iieaeaanueeee iio?ae, o 1746 ? acyee o/anoue o
a?ei? ca aano??enueeo niaaeueio ?, ia?aoo?, a 1756-62 ?ieao a?aee
o/anoue o naiee?oi?e a?ei?. sse aa/eii, a?enueeiaa ae?yeuei?noue
neia?aenueeeo eicae?a aoea aeoaea ?ioaineaia e, i/aaeaeii, aieia?
i?eeiaoe ?o oe?ieeeny ?in?enueeei o?yaeii.

Aea ?in?enueea aeaaea aeiaaaea a?ae ieo ia o?eueee /enoi aieiai?
neoaeae. Aiia iaeeaaeaea ia ieo ua e ?io? iiaeiiino?, ia ?ac aeaeaei
oyae/? aeey ieo, ye naia a?eia. Oae, ua a 1697 ?ioe? oea? Iao?i iineea?
?o aoaeoaaoe Eeceea?iainueeo oi?oaoeth ia aeie?oiueiio Aei?i??, a a 1719
?ioe? iineea? ?o ia no?aoi? ?iaioe – eiiaiiy eaiae?a ia i?aii/?. C
eiaeieo n?iio aeai??a iineeaee ii iaeiiio eicaeo. Nia?oi?noue na?aae ieo
aoea no?aoaiia. A 1728 ?. neia?aenueeeo eicae?a iineeaii ia ia iaio
oyaee? ?iaioe aeey aoaeoaaiiy e??iinoae ia a?aieoeyo Ia?n??. A 30-o
?ieao XVIII no. neia?aenuee? eicaee, oae naii ye ? aaoueiainuee?,
aoaeothoue oae ca. oe?a?inuee? e?i?? i?ioe oaoa?. ?c eiaeieo aeanyoueio
aeai??a a?aee caaeey oeueiai ii iaeiiio ?ia?oieeo, ii iaeiiio aico c
aieaie, a ia eiaeieo 50 ethaeae ?ua E ii iaeiiio ieoao c aieaie. An?
ion?ee iaoe nai? aeani? oa?/?. A /an? iioiae?a I?i?oa ia E?ei
neia?aenuee? eicaee ion?ee aeinoaaeoe aeey ?in?enueeiai a?enueea 12.000
aieiaeo aic?a ? e??i oiai aiaeoaaee oea a?enueei, iiee aiii noiyei ia
eaa?oe?yo o Neia?aenuee?e Oe?a?i?. An? oe? iiaeiiino? aeaeaei oyae/a,
i?ae a?eia, a?aeaeaaeeny ia eicaeao ? ?oeioaaee ?o aeiiii?/iee
aeia?iaoo.

sse oaea aoei caaaeaii, eicaee ia Neia?aenuee?e Oe?a?i? ae?eeeeny ia
aea? eaoaai???: ia aeai?ieo ? ia i?aeiii?oiee?a. Aieiaa e iioiaeia
neoaeaa eyaaea aieiaiei oyaa?ai ia aeai?ieo eicae?a. I?aeiii?oiyee
ion?ee iiiaaaoe aeai?iei a??oie e oa?/ai. Aiie oiaeeee oaeiae o iioiaee,
aeeiioth/e iaicio e acaaae? iaoa?aaiao neoaeao. Aea aei ai?iieo
ii-aeiiinoae ‘i?eoyaoaaii oaeiae ? i?uai, yeeo ?iiae? io?oe?eii iaceaaii
“eicaeaie ai?iaeiai? neoaeae”. I?uaie ion?ee oaea?aeoaaoe a ii?yaeeo
e??iino? e iinoa/aoe ia a?enueei niieo, eiiiie?, aice, eieana,^ oiiooe,
n?aeea, aeaaaoe o??e aeey ia?aaico oa?/?a oa aioi?oe??. Iaeno?? ciii?
i?uai – eiaae?, oaaoe?, e?aaoe? – iineeaeeny a iieee aeey aeeiioaaiiy
?iaioe o nai?io oaoo.

Ia caaaeath/e ia ai?ii? o?eaiae e caycai? c a?eiith oyaa??, e.
a?aecia/aany aaeeeei aeia?iaooii. ?iaeth/?noue ??oioo e acaaae?
aaaaonoai i?e?iaeieo aeaieo ni?eyee ?icaeoeia? aeniei? ?nueei?
Eoeueoo?e. A e?ath i?ioea?oaei aeiia?aaea?noai, i?ae *oao?aii .
Iai?eeeaae, oea?nuee? aeiia?aaeieee, oiae?aieoeoai, othothiieoeoai,
niaeeai neioa?noai. I?i eiai ?icaeoie aeathoue iiiyooy oeeo?e ca-ieaiiai
oaoa?aie neioo; oae, o ?ioe? 1680 oaoa?e i?ae/an ianeieo ca-eee eiei
12.000 aie?a neioo, a a 1681 ?ioe? eiei 400 eiiae, 2.300 ? ei??a oa
3.000 iaaoeue. Aoei ?icaeiooi oaeiae aae?eueieoeoai, oeo?ieoeoai,
ieeia?noai, caeiaoaaiiy ii e?nao niiee e iioaoo. Iii?oiee oaeiae
?icaeoie ?aianae. O e?ioe? XVIII no. aoei a oe?e?e Nei-aeaioei? 6776
aeiiaoi?o iaenoa?aiue, a an?o ?ai?niee?a aoei 33.834. Ae?ia ?oia ia
o?eueee aeey i?noeaaiai i?iaeaaeo, aea e ia anth Oe?a?io, ia
Aaoueiaiueio, e iaa?oue ia Oe?a?io i?aaiaa?aaeio. I?noi *oao?a neaaeeiny
nai?ie eooi??aie, Iooe?ea ieaooaie, Aiaeieaae eeeeiaie. E?ae i?iaaaeea
iaoe?io oi?aiaeth, ui cina?aaeaeoaaeany ia y?ia?eao. Aieiai? y?ia?ee
aoaaee c Oa?ueeia? /ioe?e ?ace ia ??e ? a Noiao o?e/? ia ??e. I?e?caeeee
eoioe? c Oeacueeo, Yaeainueea, Eeinueea, c Aaoueiaiueie, E?eio, Iineae,
Aaee/eie. *oae? eoioe? i?eaiceee caeaa?eueoiai iaoaeaa? ae?iae,
iaiooaeoo?iee ? aaeae?eiee e?ai, ia i?noe? ae caoaaeeny i?iaeoeoe
ainiiaea?noaa e aeiiaoiueiai ae?iao.

Neia?aenueea Oe?a?ia iaeaea ia iaea nai?? iie?oe/ii? ?noi??? e ia ciaea
yeeoinue aioo??oi?o /aa? ? iaiiei?a. A?eueo-iaio niie?eia aeeooy
ia?a?eaaee o?eueee iioiaee iica iaae? e?ath, a a oeeo iioiaeao, ye oaea
caaaeoaaii, neia?aenuee? eicaee a?aee aeoaea aeoeaio ?ieai, oa ua
oaoa?nuee? ianeiee. Oe? ianeiee aoee ni?aaaei?i ae/ai Aiaeei ?
caaaeaaaee oyaeeeo oo?ao e?a?a?: iniaeeai no?aoi? iaiaaee aoee a
inoaii?o aeanyoee?ooyo XVII a?eo, eiee aeanyoee oeny/ ethaeae iiiaee a
iaaieth, aoee niaeai? nioi? nae ? oaiaia iana neioo. Ae??ai? iaiaaee
iiaoi?yeeny iino?eii e oyaeeny iaeaea aei naiiai caaithaaiiy E?eio a
e?ioe? XVIII noie?ooy. Oe? ianeiee o?eiaee ianaeaiiy, iniaeeai
iia?yie/ieo ?aeii?a, o iino?ei?e iai?oc?. Aiie aeiaaaee ieeueii?
aa?oiai? neoaeae. Aeey ioi?iie a?ae ianiiae?aaieo ianeie?a aoaeoaaeeny
acaeiaae on??? a?y-ieoe? oe??ieai? e?i?? ?aaeoo?a ?c noi?iaeiaeie
ioieoaie e e??iinoyie. Aoaeoaaiiy oeeo e?i?e iiaee?aei iano aia?a?? oa
iaoa??yeueieo eioo?a. Aea e e?i?? iaei iiiaaaee: oeaeaee ai?ee
i?ie?aaeaoeny iaiii?oii e e??cue oe? e?i??.Aae aei naiiai e?ioey XVII
a?eo iineianueeee o?yae ia /?iaa aaoiiii?? neia?aenueeeo iiee?a. A?i
caaeiaieueiyany oei, ui i?eaeaaa iana-?iy aeey iaue?ii? iaeanoe, yea aei
oiai /ano noiyea ionoeith, e ia iaeeaaeaa nai?? ?oee ia aioo??oi? aeeooy
oeueiai ianaeaiiy. Ca oea?y ao?a ? ie aa/eii aaaeaiiy yei-iiaa a?eueoa
aeei?enoaoe caniae e Neia?aenueei? Oe?a?ie, ui c?aooith a?aeiia?aeaei
caaaeueiiio ia-?yieia? Iao?iai? iie?oeee, yea aeiaaaea iaeneiaeueii?
iai?oae e on?o i?ia?ioe?e aea?aeaae. Oaea a e?ioe? XVII a?eo oea? Iao?i
ia-? Caeaa ia eicaoeueeeo i?aeiii?oiee?a iniaeeaee iiaeaoie ii iaeiiio
ia aeooo. A 1700 ?ioe? oeae iiaeaoie neaniaaii, aea iaoii?noeue >ae?ii
iino?eiee “eiiioo” eicae?a o 3.500 ethaeae.

Ca Eaoa?eie ? neia?aenuee? iieee ia?aaaaeaii i?ae oi?aao Ai?iii? Eieaa??
? a eiaeiiio iieeo caaaaeaii ?aaoey?io ?ioo caaaeueiiai aeey ?iia?nueei?
a?i?? oeio. Aeanoeai ?aoi?ie, ye? aeiaaee aei neanoaaiiy aaoiiiiiiai
ono?ith e?ath, ii/aeeny ca oea?eoe? Aiie, A 1732 ?ioe? ia?aaaaeaii i?ae
i?iaiaeii iaei?a O?ouiaa noaoenoe/iee aeine?ae noaio neia?aenueeeo
eicae?a. A iane?aeeo oeueiai aeine?aeo neiinoaoiaaii oyaeeee
iaoa??aeueiee noai eicae?a, ye ?acoeueoao iino?eieo iioiae?a ? ai?iieo
oyaa??a. Oea?eoey Aiia aeionoeea oeac, aea aiai?eeiny i?i iio?aao
i?aeianoe aeia?iaoo eicae?a. Ni?aaa aoea aei?o/aia eiycaa? Uaoianueeiio,
i?aceaeaioia? Iaei?in?enueei? Eieaa?? ia Aaoueiaiuei?. Oaoianueeie
inaeeany a Noiao ? canioaaa ooo niaoe?yeueio eii?n?th aeey ii?aoethaaiiy
?aoi?i o Neia?aenuee?e Oe?a?i?. Eii?n?y neeaaeaeany c ?in?enueeeo
io?oea??a, a neia?aenuee? iieeiaieee aoee i?enooi? o?eueee “c aei?aae/ei
aieinii. Oey eii?n?y ae?iaeea i?iaeo ?aoi?i, ye? e aoee iacaaa?ii
ia?aaaaeai? a aeeooy. Ianaiia?aae aoei iiia?uaii, ui i?aai “caeiaiueie”,
naaoi a?eueiiai caaieiae?iiy caieath, iaaeae? eano?oueny. Aea o?, ui
aaea aieiae?ee caieath aeaai?oa ia i?aenoaa? caeiaiueie, iiaee niie?eii
aieiae?oe iath e iaaeae?. Onoaiiaeyany iino?eiee “eiiioo” oa?aaiaeo
eicae?a o 4.500. O? aeai?i? eicaee, ye? a aeaiee /an ia a?aeaoaaee
neoaeae, ion?ee ieaoeoe a?ioiaee iiaeaoie ia ei?enoue oeo, ui a?aeaoaaee
neoaeao. Acaaae? aeai?ieo eicae?a aoei ii i?ae?aooieo- 22.000,
i?aeii-i?oiee?a ia?aoiaaii 86.000, ? aiie oae naii aoee iaeeaaeai?
a?ioiaei iiaeaoeii. Neia?aenuee? iieee ae?noaee iaeiiai ni?eueiiai
ia/aeueieea a inia? iieeiaieea Eanaaeoeueeiai, e?aaoo?e eiycy
Oaoianueeiai. Eanaaeoeueeee iaea?aeaa ?aiao a?e?aaee?a. Ia o?oaeii
aa/eoe, ui oey ?aoi?ia ca/?iaea nai? iniiae nioe?yeue-iiai e neoaeaiaiai
oeeaaeo Neia?aenueei? Oe?a?ie. I?eienoaaiiy i?ae-iii?oiee?a aei noa?oeie
aeey i?eaaoii? neoaeae aeaeyaeaei oae, ye ca-e??iiuaiiy eicae?a. Oe?eeii
c?icoi?ei, ui ?aoi?ia eiycy Oaoianueei-ai aeoaea ia iiaeiaaeanue
eicaeai.. Ooai?aia iath noaiiaeua i?iaea?aeaeiny o?eueee aei nia?oe
oea?eoe? Aiie. Ia ei?iiaoe?th iiai? oea?eoe? ?eecaaaoe aei Iineae
i?eaoea aeaiooaoe?y a?ae neia?aenueeeo iiee?a ?c naiei a?eaaaee?ii
Eanaaeoeueeei ia /ie? e iiaeaea iaoeoe?th i?i neanoaaiiy oe??? ?aoi?ie.
A 1743 ?ioe? ?? ae?enii neaniaaii. Eicaee ciiao ae?noaee nai? i?aaa,
a?ae noa?oei a?aeiyoi oae?thi?oiee?a ? ciiao iiaa?iooi ?o aei
eicaoeueeiai noaio. Aoei i?aeoaa?aeaeaii, ui noae ? ea?e iathoue
a?aeaoaaoeny ia iniia? naiai oe?a?inueeiai i?aaa. Eiiioo aeai?ieo
eicae?a iia?eueoaii aei 7.500, on?i eicaeai aeaii iaeiinoaei? ioiaeo?e,
ui i?ae c??aithaaei ?o aei iaaii? i??e c ?aaoey?iith ?in?enueeith
a?i??th. Aea ??aii/anii ia Neiaiaeaiueio iaeeaaeaii iaiaycie oo?eioaaoe
nai?i eiooii /ioe?e ?a?oey?i? iieee ?in?enueei? a?i??. Oa iaaeiaai
Neiaiaeaiueia ieoaeany a?aeiiaith naiai aeaaiueiai oeeaaeo aeeooy. Ca
e?eueea ?ie?a ciiao ii/aeany ?aaeoe?y, yea ca /aa?oue noie?ooy i?eaaea
aei iiaiiai neanoaaiiy e o??? iaaaeeei? aaoiiii??, yeo iaee neia?aenuee?
iieee. A 1748 ?ioe? aeeoia iaeac i?i caai?iio eicaeai ia?aoiaeeoe ia
o?eueee aei Aaoueiaiueie, aea e ia?anaeyoeny c iieeo aei iieeo. Eicaee
i?ee??ieyeeny aei i?noey.

Ia oa?eoi??? Neiaiaeaiueie caaaaeaii ?a?oey?i? aona?nuee? iieee,
iaaa?aiaai? c i?noeaai? ethaeiinoe, e oeei iieeai a?aeaeaaaii yaio
ia?aaaao ia?aae eicaeaie. Oa inue anooieea ia i?anoie oea?eoey Eaoa?eia
II. Oaia? ?aoi?ie ii/aeeny ??oo/? e ??oioiai?. sse ? a Aaoueiaiuei?,
?aoi?ie aoee iiia?ao aeaeai? neiinoaooaaiiyi “iaii?yaee?a” o e?ath e
iio?aae ?o iai?aaeoe. A 1763 ?. ia?aa?a iaei? Ua?a?i?i ii iaeaco cai?e
ne?aenoai a ni?aa? aeiiino iaeiiai nioieea i?i iaii?yaeee a
aaei?i?no?aoe?? e?ath. ?acoeueoaoe ne?aenoaa aoee aeoaea iaao?oi? aeey
noa?oeinueei? oi?aae. A Iaoa?ao?c? caniiaaii a 1764 ?ioe? eii?n?th c
eiycy Oaoianueeiai, Iai?ia e Ienooaaa aeey iai??eoaaiiy noaiiaeua e?ath.
Na?aae noa?oeie c/eieany ia?aiieio. An? ?icoi?ee, ui aaaeeoueny aeiey
aaoiiii?? e?ath. ??oeee aoee aeneaoe aeaiooaoe?th aei Iaoa?-ao??o, aea
i?ooi c aeaeaaao?a ia caaaeeany ?oaoe ai?iieoe noa?? i?aaa, an?
caeeoeeeny aaeiia i?ae i?aoaenoii oi?iae. Oei/anii eii?n?y aeciaea
i?aai?caoe?th neia?aenueeeo iiee?a ca iac?o/io e ia?anoa??eo, ? ae?oeo
1765 ?ieo aeeoia oea?nueeee iai?oano i?i neanoaaiiy iieeiaiai
eicaoeueeiai ono?ith ia Neia?aenuee?e Oe?a?i?. E?ae iaa?iooi o oae caaio
Neia?aeaueei-Oe?a?inueeo Aoaa?i?th. Cai?noeue iyoueio eica/eo iiee?a
onoaiiaeaii iyoue aona?nueeeo iiee?a ?c ioioiee?a. Eicaee, i?ae-non?aeee
e i?aeiii?oieee aoee iaa?ioo? a iniaeeaee noai o. ca: “a?enueeiaeo
iaeaaoae?a”, iaeeaaeaieo iiaeooiei iiaeaoeii. Ooi iaa i?aai eo?eoe
ai??eeo, oie ieaoea ii 95 eii?eie a?ae aeoo?, a ooi ia iaa, oie ii 35
eii?eie. Anueiai eica/iai ianaeaiiy iaio iie?a ia/eneaii eiei 300.000.
Naeyie aoee iaeeaaeai? iiaeaoeii ii 60 eii. ?o aoei ?acii ?c ae?ieaie
328,000. Ciaeoeiny a e?ath ua 4.500 oeeaai, aea aiie an? aoee iain?e?.
Ia?aoiaee e ia?anaeaiiy naeyi a?ae iaeiiai iii?ueea aei ae?oaiai aoee
no?iai caai?iiai?. O? a?enueeia? iaeaaoae?, ye? iaoeaee ii i?noao,
ooai?eee ?acii ?c i?uaiaie ie?aiee i?uainueeee noai, yeee ae?noaa o 1780
?ioe? i?aai naiiiiiaeaoeoaaiiy. Ooi c i?uai iaa eai?oaeo a?eueoa, i?ae
500 ?oae?a, oie i?a caienaoeny aei ie?aiiai noaio eoioe?a. Eicaoeueeo
noa?oeio ia?aaaaeaii ia ?in?enuee? a?enueeia? /eie: iieeiaiee ae?noaaaa
/ei ?in?enueeiai i?aeiieeiaieea, iaiciee i?ai???iaei?a, noaeaey
naeoiae-iaei?a ? o. ae. Eicaoeueea noa?oeia aeaaii aaea c?iaeeanue
oi?ea?eaeiaaiith aa?noaith, e ia?aeiaioaaiiy ?? a ?in?enuee?
io?oea?nuee? /eie aoei o?eueee aeaeueoei e?ieii aei c??aiyiiy ?? a
i?aaao ?c ?in?enueeei aeai?yinoaii. Oae i?ioyaii ei?ioeiai /ano e?ae
oe?eeii ci?iea na?e eieeoi?e aeaeyae, oi/ on? oe? ci?ie oi?eaeeny
a?eueoa oi?ie, a ii noo? aeaai? noni?euei? aca?iia?aeiineie ci?ieeeny
iaaaaaoi. sse aea ?aaaoaaee neiaiaeaie ia oe? ?aoi?ie? Ia aaaaeath/e ia
oa, ui ?? oi?ea?eaeiaaiiai noaiiaeua iaeaea ia ii?oooaaii, eicaoeueea
noa?oeia aoea aeoaea ia-caaeiaieaia. Ua eiee a Iaoa?ao?c? can?aeaea
Eii?n?y, yea ae?iaeyea iia? ii?yaeee, ooaee i?e?oaa o nai?o ni?aaao
?cthinueeee iieeiaiee Oaae?? E?aniieoonueeee. A?i aeia?aeaany i?i ?iaioo
Eii?n??, caaaioa, aei /iai aiii eaea, ? ca?ac aea iaienaa aeiaeiio, uia
ca?aeoe i?eneaee aeaiooaoe?th eeiiioaoeny, uia ona aoei caeeoaia ii
noa?iio. A?i ienaa i?ae ?ioei: “Iaoae Aia aei?aaeoue neueice a?aeiiai
ia?iaeo ia ian, ai noa?oeinoaoaaoe ie ai?ee, a ye oaia? ianoaa oyaeeee
/an, oi e iaeueoeai ?ooeoe ia oi/aii aeey caaaeueiiai aeia?a!” A ?cthi?
noa?oeia i?ye ia ?aaaoaaea ia eeno E?aniieoonueeiai, aea ii ?ioeo i?noao
a?i c?iaea a?aae?iiy. Ii/aee cae?aoe a?io?, uia aeneaoe aeaiooaoe?th.
Iniaeeai eeiiioaany i?aei?aii?uee oa?uee?anueeiai iieeo Nooiieei. *ooee
i?i ye?nue i?eaiooaaiiy na?aae noa?oei ae?eoee aei ?in?enueeeo o?yaeiaeo
noa? ? aeeeeeaee oai o?eaiao. Aoei ia?aaaaeaii ne?aenoai, ooeaee yei?nue
ciiae, i?oee a?aoooaaiiy. Ne?i/eeiny oei, ui E?aniieoonueeiai
i?enoaeaeaii aeaeoe i?eethaeii aaoiaaie, aea iio?i iiieeoaaii; eiai
iicaaaeee ia?oeo, /ei?a ? caneaee aei Eacai?. Aea ca oa oaee aeaeoi
aaoiaaie Nooiieeia ? ua aeaeiai c noa?oeie, ye? a?aee o/anoue a
a??oaoe?? ca iineeeo aeaiooaoe?? aei Iaoa?ao?ao. Aea ?oo noa?oeie ia
ia?aeeioany a ia?iaei? iane.

Iano?i? e ii/oooy neia?aenueeiai ianaeaiiy ciaeoee nia? iaaiaeo aeey
aeyao i?ae/an Eii?n?? 1767 ?ieo, ui ?? neeeaea Eaoa?eia II aeey
iai??eoaaiiy i?iaeoo iiaeo caeii?a. Oae naii, ye ? ia Aaoueiaiuei?, oey
Eii?n?y aeaea iaaiaeo aeey eaaaeueiiai aeyao iaaaeiaieaiiy c
ia?aaaaeaieo ?in?enueeei o?yaeii ?aoi?i. Neiaiaeaiueia aeneaea aei
Eii?n?? 15 aeaiooao?a, 5 a?ae aeai?yi, 5 a?ae i?uai ? eoioe?a, ? 5 a?ae
a?enueeiaeo iaeaaoae?a. Ia?o? aea? ??oie aeae?aee nai?o i?aaenoaaiee?a
aaciina?aaeiuei, a?enueeia? ae iaeaaoae? ia?aaiaeeee o?e noaeaii?
aeai?e. Aaea a /an? aeai??a aeieeee iiaeaeoaee ?ioeeaeaioe. A nae?
Iaaee??/? a iaeac aeaiooaoia? aeeth/aii iiaaaeaiiy, uia aa?ioeany
eica//eia. Iniaeeai aa?ooaaa i?e o?i eicae A??i/aiei. C oeueiai
aaei?i?no?aoe?y c?iaeea o?ioe ia aoio. A??i/aiea e Ua 15 /ieia?ea
caa?aooiaaii, caeiaaii a eaeaeaie e a?aei?aaeaii aei Noi, aea noae
i?enoaeea ?o aeaeoe iaaa-yie. Aoee iaaaeee? ?ic?ooe e ii ?ioeo i?noeyo.
Aeaeei, ?in?enueea aaei?i?no?aoe?y cian?i ia ?icoi?ea aeaiaioa?ii?
naiaiaee aeai??a.

Eiee ia?aaeyiooe iaeace neia?aenueeeo aeai?oe?a nai?i aeaiooaoai, oi
oeyoaonuee? iaeace a?aaeathoue nai?i yne?aai aai?noe/iei oa?aeoa?ii.
Aeai?yie aeiiaaaeeny ocaeiiaiiy naiai oi?ea?eaeiaaiiai noaiiaeua,
aeiaaaee, uia naeyiai aoei caai?iiaii ia?aoiaeeoe c i?noey ia i?noea aai
anooiaoe ia neoaeao aei aona?nueeeo iiee?a. Ianoithaaee naiaiaeo
aeiieo?aiiy, naiaiaeo a?ae a?enueeiaeo iinoi?a o ?o ia?oeao oa a?ae
iinoa/aiiy a?enueeia? o??. O oeyoaonueeeo iaeacao cian?i ia aeaeei aoei
iie?oe/iiai iiiaioo. Iaeeiieee yniee i?ii?iue na?aae oeyoaonueeeo
iaeac?a – oea i?ioaiiy noinueeeo aeai?yi i?i canioaaiiy oi?aa?neoaoo, a
ino?iaicueeeo-i?i i?ecia/aiiy ia eiaeiee iiee ii – iaeiiio e?ea?th.

I?uainuee? iaeace aeneiaethaaee /enoi aeiiii?/i? iiaaaeaiiy: i?i
ai??eeo, n?eue, i?i ieoi e o. e. Ia aeaeue, oa?uee?anueeee iaeac i?ieoia
/a?ac oeaico?o ?oaa?iaoi?a Ua?a?i?ia, ? ie ia cia?ii, /iai aeania
aaaeaee oa?uee?anuee? i?uaie. Iaeia/a na?aae i?uainueeeo aeaiooao?a
ciaeoeiny aeai?, Aecthaa e *a?ean, eio?? a nai?e caeiiiaeaoi?e eii?n?? a
Iinea? ni?eeai aenooiaee i?ioe aeai?yi ? iaaeioaa/oaaee noa?oeio, ui
aiia caoiieea eica/? caie?, a naieo eicae?a iiaa?ioea a nai?o
i?aeaeaieo. Aiai?eee i?i ooenee, aeiiaaaeeny a?ae?a?aiiy neia?ae ?
oooi??a, canaeaieo noa?oeiith, e a?aeaeaiiy ?o a?enueeiaei iaeaaoaeyi.
Naie ae a?enueeia? iaeaaoae? a nai?o iaeacao i?ioaee i?i iiaa?iaiiy
eieeoi?o ii?yaee?a, i?i a?aeiiaeaiiy eica//eie, oae ye aoei ca oea?eoe?
?eecaaaoe. Oa iaea?eueoa a iaeacao a?enueeiaeo iaeaaoae?a, ye ? i?uai,
aenoaaeyeenue aeiiii?/i? aeiiaaaiiy. I?iiiaoe? ciii?ae eicaoeueeeo
aeaiooao?a aenooiaee i?ioe noa?oeie, aeiiaaaeeny ia?aaea/? caoiieaieo
noa?oeiith eica/eo caiaeue a?enueeiaei iaeaaoaeyi, aeiiaaaeeny
aecaieaiiy c i?aeaeainoaa eicae?a, iacaeiiii ooaee caienaieo. Aeaeei,
ui iieiaea aeai?yinoai Neia?aenueei? Oe?a?ie ia iaei oiai iie?oe/iiai
aeina?aeo e o??? o?aaeeoe??, ye? caa??aaeeny ia Aaoueiaiuei? c ??
eieeoiueith oe?ieith aaoiiii??th, c ?? iaeaea naiino?eiei aea?aeaaiei
ono?i?i. Aea neia?aenueea aeai?yinoai, oi/ ia aeyaeei i? iie?oe/ieo
ciaaaiue, i? a?iiaaenueei? a?aeaaae, i?ioa caa??aaei iaoe?iiaeuei?
o?aaeeoe??, i?eaycaiiy aei nai?? noa?iaeie, aei nai?? iiae e iioaio
acaaae? aei ina?oe e eoeueoo?e. Ana oea aeyaeeiny aaea ia ii/aoeo XIX
noie?ooy, eiee ii/aeiny oe?a?inueea iaoe?iiaeueia a?ae?iaeaeaiiy e eiee
a oeueiio a?ae?iaeaeaii? aeania Neia?aenueea Oe?a?ia acyea aeoaea
iii?oio o/anoue.

Ui oi?ea?oueny eoeueoo?iiai aeeooy Neiaiaeaiueie, oi ooo o?aaa
ianaiia?aae cacia/eoe, ui Neia?aenueea Oe?a?ia aeeea iaeiei ni?eueiei
eoeueoo?iei aeeooyi ?c Oe?a?iith aaoueiainueeith; i?ae ieie iaiia
caaaeaee ?nioaaa ia oeueiio iie? aeoaea o?niee caycie. Iie?oe/ia
a?yieoey i?ae Neiaiaeaiueiith e Aaoueiaiueiith a?ae/oaaeany aeoaea iaei.
Ae?oe neia?aenueei? eicaoeueei? noa?oeie e iaa?oue i?inoeo eicae?a
o/eeeny a oeieao Aaoueiaiueie, ia?aaeian?i o Ee?ai-Iiaeeyinuee?e
Aeaaeai??. Eieaeee, ae?oeiaai? a Ee?a?, *a?i?aia?,
Iiaai?iae?-N?aa?nueeiio ? iaa?oue o cao?aeiuei-oe?a?inueeeo ae?oea?iyo,
ciaoiaeeee nia? iioe?aiiy na?aae neia?aenueeiai ianaeaiiy. Aaea ia
ii/aoeo XVIII noie?ooy Neia?aenueea Oe?a?ia caeiaoea nia? naith aeanio
aenieo oeieo a oi?i? Eie???o-i o , caniiaaiiai nii/aoeo a A?eai?iae? e
nei?i ii oiio ia?aianaiiai aei Oa?ueeiaa. I?ioani?aie a oeueiio
Eieaa?oi? aoee iaeaea aeeeth/ii aeoiaaioe? ee?anueei? Aeaaeai??, ?
aaanue ono??e Eieaa?oio oa iai?yi ae-eeaaeaii? a iueiio iaoee aoa
eii??th ee?anueei? Aeaaeai??. Ia?iaeiy oeiea ia Neiaiaeaiuei? aoea oae
naii oe?iei ?iciianthaeaeaia, ye ? ia Aaoueiaiuei?: iaeaea eiaeia naei
iaei oeieo, a aeaye? naea e ii e?eueea oe?e. Oae naii aoa iioe?aiee oei
iaiae??aieo o/eoae?a, oae caaieo “iaiae?iaaieo aeye?a”. C?aceii
eoeueoo?ii? aaeiinoe iaio oe?a?inueeeo caiaeue iiaea neoaeeoe
ae?yeuei?noue ciaiaieoiai oe?a?inueeiai o?eueinioa XVIII noie?ooy
A?eai??y Neiai?iaee (1722-1794), yea iaeiaeiai iaeaaeeoue ye
Neia?aenuee?e, oae ? Aaoueiainuee?e Oe?a?i?. Oo naio ni?euei?noue, ui a
ianyao ina?oe, ie aa/eii ? a oea?ei? ienoaoeoaa, aieiaii a?o?oaeoo?e e
iaey?noaa. Oe?a?inueea aa?ieei a aoae?ae? eaiyieo ? iaa?oue aea?aaeyieo
oea?eia ciaeoei nia? ye iaea?eueoa iioe?aiiy ia Neiaiaeaiuei?, ? aeaye?
c oea?eia Oa?ueeiaa, Iooe?ee, Ai?iie? oa ?ioeo i?no yaeythoueny
aeeneo/eie c?aceaie oeueiai noeeth. Oae naii ? a iaey?noa? ciaeoee nia?
yne?aaee a?aeaoe cao?aeiuei-aa?iiaenuee? ienoaoeuee? oa/??, ? ua
iaaeaaii a niaoe?yeueieo ?ica?aeeao ?c ?noi??? oe?a?inueeiai ienoaoeoaa
aoei cacia/aii, ui a iaeiiio aeooiio nae? Neia?aenueei? Oe?a?ie, a
oea?ea? ciaeaeaii noa?? ia?ace, ui i?aaenoaaeythoue oaeaiiaeoa
iane?aeoaaiiy Io??eey. Iie?eia aeine?aeieoey oe?a?inueei? noa?iaeie,
Ieaenaiae?a ?oeiaieiaa, ia iniia? ciaeaeaiiai iieno iaeia iaeiiai
neia?aenueeiai iieeiaieea ii/aoeo XVIII a. iaeth? eoeueoo?iee iiaoo
aeui? aa?noae a e?ath oeueiai /ano. ? ciiao ie ae?noa?ii oie naiee
ia?ac, ui eiai cono??/a?ii a o? /ane ia Aaoueiaiuei?: o? nai? c?acee
eoeueoo?ii? ianociiae, ienoaoeueeiai niaeo, i?aaeiao?a ienoaoeoaa, oa
naia i?enooi?noue caa?yie/ieo ae?ia?a, ye? na?ae/aoue i?i aeea?
eoeueoo?i? e aeiiii?/i? aca?ieie c cao?aeiueith Aa?iiith.

Aea iiaea i?aea aeeaiea ?aei?noue eoeueoo?ii-iaoe?iiaeueiiai
oe?a?inueeiai oeio ia aeyaeeany oae yne?aai, ye o noa?? aeooiai?
oai?-/inoe ia?iaeo, a iaeano? ia?iaeiuei? neiaaniinoe. Aaaaonoai onii?
ia?iae-iuei? oai?/inoe: i?ni?, ia?yaeo i?aea, iiaea, ia a?aaea? oae
neeueii, ye ia Neia?aenuee?e Oe?a?i?. Aeiaie? neacaoe, ui iaeaaaaoo?
aoiia?ao?/i? caiene (i?ni?, e??aiaee, eacee, ia?yaee) – c?iaeaii naia ia
oa?eoi??? Neia?aenueei? Oe?a?ie. Ia?oee caien ia?yaeo oe?a?inueeiai
aan?eey c?iaeaii naia ooo ? aeaeaii a Iaoa?ao?c? a 1777 ?ioe?. A?ae
oeueiai aeaeaiiy aaaea na?e ii/aoie oe?a?inueea aoii??ao?y. I?aea ia
caoiaaeinue aae aei inoaiiueiai /ano oae aaaaoi eiaca??a, ye ia
Oa?uee?auei?. ? oea aaaaonoai ia?iaeiuei? oai?/inoe iineoaeeei oei
aeeaei aeaea?aeii, ?c yeiai /a?iaa aaoueei iiai? oe?a?inueei? iia?no?,
oa?uee?anueeee ienueiaiiee A?eai??e Ea?oea-Iniiayiaiei. sseui
Neia?aenueea Oe?a?ia ia c?iaeea yeiainue aaaei?oiai aeeaaeo a
oe?a?inueeo iie?oe/io ?noi??th, oi a e?oiien eoeueoo?ii-iaoe?iiaeueiiai
?icaeoeo e iaoe?iiaeueiiai a?ae?iaeaeaiiy aiia aienaea aeoaea oe?ii?
noi??iee.

sse oaea caoaaaeaii ia ii/aoeo oeueiai ?icae?eo, ?noi??i??ao?y
Neia?aenueei? Oe?a?ie ?ic?iaeaia aeiaie? aeia?a e iiaii. ?noi?e/i?
aeine?aee iaae ieioeei Neiaiaeaiueie ii/aeeny ua a e?ioe? XVIII
noie?ooy, e aeyaeueeia? caaaeaiiai o?eueee ui A?eai??y Ea?oee – ?ee?
Ea?ooe? iaeaaeeoue ia?oa nenoaiaoe/ia i?aoey i?i neia?aenuee? iieee,
iioae?eiaaia a 1812 ?ioe?. Oa e nai iia?noy? A?eai??e Ea?oea ? aaoi?ii
e?eueeio ?noi?e/ieo ?ica?aeie, ui e aein? ia ao?aoeee naiai cia/?iiy.
Aiaeii/an ?c A?eai???i Ea?oeith – a 30-o ?ieao XIX noie?ooy –
iioae?eoaaa ?noi??th oeea?eueiiai ono?ith Neia?aenueei? Oe?a?ie ?cia?e N
? a c -iaanueeee, i?ci?oa a?aeiiee neaa?no. O/aiiio ?ieneiiia? O ? e a ?
a -OIA? Aoi?eaanueeiio iaeaaeeoue ?noi??y oea?eiaiiai ono?ith
Oa?ue-e?anueei? ?ia?o??, c ?ieo 1859. I?ci?oa iiyaeeeny iiiia?ao?? i?i
ie?ai? neia?aenuee? iieee ??aeieo aaoi??a. Aeoaea aa?i? ia?ene
eieueii?caoe?? Neia?aenueei? Oe?a?ie ciaoiaeeii a i?aoeyo i?ioani??a
A?ooaaaueeiai e Aaneeaiea, a ?o caaaeueieo eo?nao. I?i i??ai?caoe?th
ainiiaea?noaa e aaei?i?no?aoe?? ia?ii i?ae?anio iiiia?ao?th i?io.
Ieeeaoacnueeiai. Aea ni?aaaei?i ?noi??ia?aoii Neiaiaeaiueie ? aeaae. Ae.
Aaaae?e, a?aeeiee a?i o ?ioe? 1882 caiya eaoaae?o a Oa?uee?anuee?i
oi?aa?neoao?. Eiio iaeaaeeoue iae??oioiai?oa ?ic?iaeaiiy a?o?aieo
ia-oa??ye?a aei ?noi??? Neiaiaeaiueie, iiii??ao?/ia aeine?aeaeaiiy
ie?aieo ?? noi??i ? ia?aoo? neioaoe/iee eo?n, iioae?eiaaiee o 1918
?ioe?. Ae° i?aoeue naiiai Aaaae?y o?nii i?eoeeathoue, i?aoe? eiai o/i?a,
iniaeeai iie?eiiai Aeieo?a I?eea?a. Oea iaoeiaa ?ic?iaeaiiy e?aeiai?
?noi??? Neia?aenueei? Oe?a?ie i?iaeiaaeo?oueny e aein?, ? ua iaaeaaii
iiyaeeany aeoaea nie?aeia iiiia?ao?y A. TH?eaae/a i?i canaeaiiy
Neiaiaeaiueie a aeia? A. Oiaeueieoeueeiai.

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