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I?I?NOA?NOAI INA?OE OA IAOEE OE?A?IE

E?ANIIAeIIUeNUeEEE I?IIENEIAI ?EIIII?*I?E EIEAAeAE

?AOA?AO: O?i?e?y

Nooaeaioa a?oie 1IE?N-09

Iao?aiei Ieoaeea

Ia?aa??eea: ____________

E?aniiaeii

2009

Ieai

Anooi;

O?i?e?y a II oeny/ie?oo? aei i.a. E?a?ia ? ianaeaiiy;

Iaeaeaai?o? i?noa-aea?aeaae ia oa?eoi??? O?i?e??;

Ainiiaea?nueea aeeooy;

Aea?aeaaiee no??e;

Eoeueoo?a;

?ae?a?y;

?icea?o o?i?e?enueeeo i?no;

O?i?e?enueeee eieii?caoe?y Na?aaecaiiiii?’y;

Ii?nuee? iiaei?iae? o?i?e?eoe?a;

O?i?e?enueeee eoeueoo?a a ia?o?e iieiaei? I oeny/ie?ooy aei i.a.

Anooi

Noa?iaeaaiy O?i?e?y caeiaea nioao i?eii?’y ocaeiaae i?ai?/ii? /anoeie
no?aeiiai ocaa?aaeaey Na?aaecaiiiai ii?y, iaeyiiaaio c? noiaeo
E?aainueeeo ai?aie, ye? i?noeyie i?aenooiaee iaeaea ai?eooe aei aa?aaa.
Nai???aei?noue i?e?iaeieo oiia O?i?e?? ciaeoea a?aeia?aaeaiiy iaa?oue o
iacaao iaeaaaeeea?oeo ianaeaieo i?noeue. Oae, iai?eeeaae, iacaa i?noa
A?ae (ii-oeieeeenee cao/eoue ye Aaaae) icia/a? “ai?a”, i?noa O??a
(ii-oeieeeenee – Oeo?) – “neaey”. Iiaeeea?noue caeiaoeny i?iei
caiea?ianoaii /a?ac ianoa/o oi?ioeo caiaeue aoea iaiaaeaia, a e o?, ui
aoee, iiaee ana ae aeei?enoiaoaaoeny aeineoue ?ioaineaii, oiio ui
ii?nuee? a?o?e i?eiineee ?yni? aeiu?. Ooo ia?aaaaeaei naae?aieoeoai,
eoeueoeaoaaeeny ieeaee, o?i?ee, aeiia?aae. Caeiaeeny noa?iaeaai?
o?i?e?eoe? ? ?eaaeuenoaii, ui i?e?iaeii aeey ii?nueeiai ia?iaeo.
Iaaeiaaeeiai iacaa iaeiiai c o?inueeeo i?no – Neaeii, ui icia/a? “i?noea
?eaiiai eiao”. Aaeeea aaaaonoai aeey e?a?ie i?aaenoaaeyee e?ne
a??nueeiai E?aaio, ye? aoyee eaae?ii oa ?ioeie oe?iieie ii?iaeaie.

O?i?e?y a II oeny/ie?oo? aei i.a.

E?a?ia ? ianaeaiiy

Noa?iaeaaiy O?i?e?y caeiaea nioao i?eii?’y ocaeiaae i?ai?/ii? /anoeie
no?aeiiai ocaa?aaeaey Na?aaecaiiiai ii?y, iaeyiiaaio c? noiaeo
E?aainueeeo ai?aie, ye? i?noeyie i?aenooiaee iaeaea ai?eooe aei aa?aaa.
Nai???aei?noue i?e?iaeieo oiia O?i?e?? ciaeoea a?aeia?aaeaiiy iaa?oue o
iacaao iaeaaaeeea?oeo ianaeaieo i?noeue. Oae, iai?eeeaae, iacaa i?noa
A?ae (ii-oeieeeenee cao/eoue ye Aaaae) icia/a? “ai?a”, i?noa O??a
(ii-oeieeeenee – Oeo?) – “neaey”. Iiaeeea?noue caeiaoeny i?iei
caiea?ianoaii /a?ac ianoa/o oi?ioeo caiaeue aoea iaiaaeaia, a e o?, ui
aoee, iiaee ana ae aeei?enoiaoaaoeny aeineoue ?ioaineaii, oiio ui
ii?nuee? a?o?e i?eiineee ?yni? aeiu?. Ooo ia?aaaaeaei naae?aieoeoai,
eoeueoeaoaaeeny ieeaee, o?i?ee, aeiia?aae. Caeiaeeny noa?iaeaai?
o?i?e?eoe? ? ?eaaeuenoaii, ui i?e?iaeii aeey ii?nueeiai ia?iaeo.
Iaaeiaaeeiai iacaa iaeiiai c o?inueeeo i?no – Neaeii, ui icia/a? “i?noea
?eaiiai eiao”. Aaeeea aaaaonoai aeey e?a?ie i?aaenoaaeyee e?ne
a??nueeiai E?aaio, ye? aoyee eaae?ii oa ?ioeie oe?iieie ii?iaeaie.

sse i?eioneathoue aeaye? aeine?aeieee, ia?o? iaoeaioe? O?i?e?? aiai?eee
ia ianai?oneii iiaith. I?ioa aaea a III oeny/ie?oo? aei i.a., ca?aeii c
iieacaiiyie ?aeiaonueeeo aeaea?ae, ooo i?iaeeaaee nai?oe/ieie ieaiaia,
ye? a?aeiinyoueny aei a?oie cao?aeii-nai?onueeeo ieaiai, ui ianaeyee
i?eaeecii a oie aea /an iaeanoeinuee? caie?, oiio ui ?oi? iiae iaeaea
oioiaei?. An? oe? ieaiaia iaceaaeeny oaiaai??a. I?eaoeueoe? iacaaa?ii ia
o?eueee ci?oaeeny c ei??iiei ianaeaiiyi, a e anei?ethaaee eiai. Iacaa
“o?i?e?aoe” cono??/a?oueny aaea a ?aeiaonueeeo ???iae?o?/ieo iaienao
na?aaeeie III oeny/ie?oo? aei i.a. o oi?i? “Oaiao”. I?ci?oa aeaai? a?aee
canoiniaoaaee neiai “oiei?ean”, ui icia/aei “/a?aiioaao?”, “caniaae?”.
Ca?aene ? i?oea iacaa e?a?ie. O nai?onueeeo aeaea?aeao iniaeeaiai
iaeiaioaaiiy aeey O?i?e?? ? o?i?e?eoe?a ia cono??/a?oueny. Iacaa
E?iaoo?, aai a?aeiia?aeii aei a?aoeueeiai oaenoo A?ae??, Oaiaai, yea
ie?ai? a/ai? iiyniththoue ye “e?a?ia io?io?iai? oa?ae”, ia? cia/ii oe?oa
cia/aiiy, ine?eueee ia? ia oaac? oaeiae Iaeanoeio ? /anoeiai Ne??th.
Aiaeia?/i? ae caaaeuei? iicia/aiiy aeey oeeo e?a?i aaeeaaee ? ?aeioyie.

Iaeaeaai?o? i?noa-aea?aeaae ia oa?eoi??? O?i?e??

Nai?onuee? ieaiaia o?eaaeee /an aeeee ia?a?niiiaueiiei eaaeii. Aea aei
e?ioey O oeny/ie?ooy aei i.a. ? ooo ii/eiathoue neeaaeaoeny iaaaeee?
?aaiaeanieoeuee? aea?aeaae, c yeeo eiaeia iaei a yeino?
aaei?i?no?aoeaiiai, iie?oe/iiai oa aeiiii?/iiai oeaio?o yeee-iaaoaeue
ii?oiaa i?noi. Iaeiei c ieo aoei i?noi-aea?aeaaa Oaa?eo, ?icoaoiaaiee ia
i?aaeaiue a?ae ae?ea ??ee I?iioa, iaaiaee i?ai?/ii-no?aeiiai ieno
ino?iaa E?i? oa ia ia?ao?ano? ii?nueeeo oeyo?a c Aaaenueeiai ii?y ?
Iaei? Ac?? a ?aeiao ? Ia?aaeiuei? Ac??. Aoa ?iceiiaiee oe??ieaiee
i?eii?nueea i?noi, a yeiio ?acii c oe?iieie ?a/iaeie iai’yoeaie aoee
aeyaeai? a aace?/? oaaee/ee na?aaeeie II oeny/ie?ooy aei i.a. c
oaenoaie, aeeiiaieie eeeiiienii c 29 e?oa?. Oe? ienueiia? iai’yoee
i?noyoue i?oe, ye? i?ieeaathoue na?oei ia iaeaeaai?oo eoeueoo?o O?i?e??.

Ia ino?ia? ia i?aaeaiue a?ae Oaa??oa ciaoiaeeeiny i?noi A?aaae, ino??aia
iieiaeaiiy yeiai ni?eyei caa?aaeaiith iei iacaeaaeiino? o a?enueeiaeo
c?oeiaiiyo oiai /ano. Iaeaea a oeaio?? o?i?e?enueeiai ocaa?aaeaey
?icoaoiaoaaany i?noi A?ae, i?aeo?eioaaa c iaeaeaai?oeo /an?a ca’ycie c
?aeioii. *a?ac A?ae ua a III oeny/ie?oo? aei i.a. i?iaiaeeany aea?c
o?i?e?enueeeo oiaa??a aei ?aeioo. Aei ?a/?, eoeueoo?a inoaiiueiai
ionoeea aeeaiea ei??iiy naia a oeueiio o?i?e?enueeith i?no?-aea?aeaa?. O
na?aaeei? II oeny/ie?ooy aei i.a. A?ae i?aeii?yaeeoaaa nia? non?aei?
iaaaeee? i?noa ? iinaeaiiy. ?aeiaonuee? oea?? XVIII aeeiano?? c?iaeee
oea i?noi nai?i aieiaiei iii?iei ioieoii ia ocaa?aaeae?. Ooo oe?iei
ei?enooaaeeny ?aeiaonueeei ???iae?o?/iei eenoii, a oaeiae iniaeeaei
neeaaeiaei eenoii ? i?ci?oa – e?i?eiei aeoaa?oii.

Neaeii ? Oe?, nai? i?aaeaii? i?noa O?i?e??, iino?eii ai?iaoaaee i?ae
niaith. *e ia oiio, ui aoee caoeuai? neaeyie a?ae iaiaaeo ciai?oi?o
ai?ia?a? Naiei iaaeinooiiei aoa Oe?, yeee neeaaeaany c aeaio iinaeaiue:
ino??aii? ? iaoa?eeiaiai. Eiee iaiiaeeeai aoei a?yooaaoe iaoa?eeiao
/anoeio, an? aeeoae? ia?aae?aeeny ia ino??a, yeee ca aeiiiiiaith
ei?aae?a i?a caaacia/oaaoeny aiaeith ? aoa iaaeinooiiee aeey ai?iaei?
a?i??, yea ia iaea oeioo.

A aiiaeao ?aeiaonueeiai oa?aiia Oooiina III caaaeo?oueny, ui o aaaaiyo
caoiieaieo iei o?i?e?enueeeo i?no noiyee ei?aae?, ye? iio?i
aeei?enoiaoaaeeny ?aeioyiaie aeey ia?aeeaeaiiy a?enuee ? a?aei?aaee
aeaeiaooeo a ?aeiao. I?i oa, ui i?noa O?i?e?? a?aei?aaeyee aace?/
oi?aiaaeueieo ei?aae?a a ?aeiaonueeo caieth, iia?aeiieythoue eenoa
o?i?e?enueeeo oea??a oa?aiiai, ui caa?aaeeny a aia?ineii a?o?a?, a
oaeiae ? iaethiee ia no?iao o?aainueeeo a?iaieoeue. ?acii c oi?aiaeie
noaeaie ia aa?oyo o?i?e?enueeeo i?no caiaeeeeny ? a?aai? a?enueeia?
ei?aae?. O?i?e?eoe? ia?oeo ii/aee aeei?enoiaoaaoe ?aa?a ye aaney??a,
oi/a a II oeny/ie?oo? aei i.a. ua aoee ? a?euei? aaney??. I?ioyaii
aaaaoueio noie?oue aeeoae? aaeeeeo i?no no?aeiiai ocaa?aaeaey
Na?aaecaiiiai ii?y caa??aaee neaao iaenoa?ieo ei?aaeaaoae?aiee?a. Neiai
“aaea?a” oa?eoei o an? ?nioth/? ?a?iiaenuee? iiae ? i?iaeiaaeo? aeeoe.

Ainiiaea?nueea aeeooy

Aeeth/aiiy i?no O?i?e?? a na?aaeei? II oeny/ie?ooy aei i.a. aei neeaaeo
iaeiiooaei?oith ?aeiaonueei? aea?aeaae ni?eyei ?o iiaeaeueoiio ?icaeoeo.
No?aeia ocaa?aaeaey Na?aaecaiiiii?’y neaaeeinue i?e?iaeieie aaaaonoaaie,
a yeeo iaee iio?aao non?aei? e?a?ie. Iaeiei c iniiaieo i?iaeoeo?a, yeei
oi?aoaaee o?i?e?eoe?, aoea nooaia ?eaa. Iniaeeao oe?ii?noue
i?aaenoaaeyee aeoaia? ? eaae?ia? e?ne E?aaio, i?i ui aaea caaaeoaaeiny.
E?ne aeaaaee a?aei?iiee ei?aaeaaoae?aiee iaoa??ae. C aea?aaa aeaioiaeyee
? na?eioaae, a yeeo i?noeeeny ioi?? ?aeiaonueeeo aaeueiiae. I?noi A?ae
aoa oeaio?ii oi?a?ae? no?ieiaei e?nii. ?aeiaonuee? iai??on aeiianee aei
ian iia?aeiieaiiy i?i oe?ethu? ?ineeie ? iaiao?aeieo aeey aaeuecaioaaiiy
niieao, ye? oaeiae iinoaaeyeeny c O?i?e??.

I?eaeaoia aeey caiea?ianoaa oa?eoi??y O?i?e?? aoea iaaaeeeith, aea a?oio
a?ae??ciyeany ?iaeth/?noth, aei oiai ae aeoaea ?aoaeueii ia?iaeyeany.
Aaeeeo ?ieue a oi?a?ae? a?ae?a?aaaei aenieiye?nia aeii. Iiaeeeai, ui
naia neiai “aeii”, ui a?aeiia?aea? eaoeinueeiio “a?-ioi”, a?aoeueeiio
“ieiin” ? Oaonueeiio “a?eaia”, noiaeeoue aei o?i?e?enueeiai “eaei”.
Aaaeeeaei i?iaeoeoii naae?aieoeoaa aoei oaeiae ieeaeiaa ie?y.

Aeaye? ae?iae o?i?e?enueeiai ?aianea a?ae??ciyeeny aenieei ooaeiaei?i
aeineiiae?noth. Na?aae aeaeiaooeo oa?aiia Oooiina III aoee cieio? ?
n??ai? aace, i?ee?aoai? aieiaaie ??cieo oaa?ei. I?aaeiaoe o?i?e?enueeiai
ooaeiaeiueiai ?aianea i?aaenoaaeyee aaeeeo oe?ii?noue ? aeey
i?oaii?ene?o oea??a. *a?ac aeayeee /an, aaea a I oeny/ie?oo? aei i.a.,
noaee neaaeoueny o?i?e?enuee? neeyi? noaeeie, ye? aeaioiaeyeeny ca
aeiiiiiaith neeiaeoaii? oaoi?ee. Ca /an?a ?aeiaonueeiai iaioaaiiy a
aeieeio I?eo aeaiceeeny o?i?e?enuee? oeaieie. O?i?e?eoe? ia?oeo ii/aee
ae?iaieoeoai io?io?iai? oa?ae c iniaeeaiai aeaeo iiethne?a, oa?aoaaee
iath aiaiyi? ? eeyi? oeaieie.

E??i oiaa??a i?noeaaiai ae?iaieoeoaa, o?i?e?eoe? oi?aoaaee ? oei, ui
aeaiceee c Iaei? Ac??, c E?i?o, E?eoo, c iaeanoae i?eainueei? eoeueoo?e
A?aoe??, c cao?aeieo caiaeue Na?aaecaiiiii?’y. I?noa O?i?e?? ii noo?
aoee ina?aaeeii o?aiceoii? oi?a?ae?. C Iaei? Ac?? o?i?e?eoe? io?eioaaee
n??aei ? naeiaoeue, i?ci?oa – cae?ci. O?i?e?enuee? i?noa aeineoue ?aii
anooieee a o?ni? a?aeiineie c ino?iaii E?i?, a oie /an aieiaiei
iinoa/aeueieeii i?ae?. Oe?eeii eiia??ii, eaoeinueea neiai “n??a?o”
(i?aeue) iioiaeeoue a?ae iacae oeueiai ino?iaa.

C E?eoo o?i?e?eoe? io?eioaaee i?aaeiaoe Aaaenueeiai ooaeiaeiueiai
?aianea, i?iaeoeoe?th ?ioeo e?a?i Na?aaecaiiiii?nueeiai aanaeio. O/ai?
i?eioneathoue, ui a /aaeo, aieiaiiio oeaio?? oi?aiaaeueieo ca’yce?a c
Aaaenueeei na?oii, iiaea ?nioaaoe iino?eia i?eainueea eieii?y.

Aea?aeaaiee eaae

Iaaaeee? o?i?e?enuee? i?noa-aea?aeaae aeoaea ?aaii noaaeeee ca
caa?aaeaiiyi nai?? iie?oe/ii? iacaeaaeiino?. Ui oe?eaai, o?i?e?eoe? ia
ciaee ?aeeiiai naiiiacae ? iicia/aee naaa oaeei /eiii: “ethaee oaeiai-oi
i?noa”.

Aeai?e iinaaeiaeo in?a o i?noao i?iaiaeeeeny ia i?aenoaa? iaeiiaiai
oeaico. Oaeee ii?yaeie ae?ya, i?ei??ii, o Ea?oaaai?, iaea?eueoith
i?ai?/iiao?eeainueei? eieii?? o?i?e?eoe?a, aea?aeaaio i?aai?caoe?th yei?
iienaa A?enoioaeue.

Aaeee? ?aaiaeanieee o?eiaee i?ae eiio?ieai ia o?eueee iacaiiaeieo
a?iiaaeyi, a e oea?y, ui a oi?aiaeo i?noao-aea?aeaaao O?i?e?? ia
aieiae?a aeaniioe/ii? aeaaeith, iiae?aii oea?yi ?aeioo oa Aaa?eii??.
Oaeaeoa ca ana, O?i?e?y ciaea ? nenoaio noni?eueieo a?aeiinei o aeaeyae?
ie?aa?o?/ieo ?anioae?e. Oea, o anyeiio ?ac?, i?aeoaa?aeaeo?oueny
aia?ineie eenooaaiiyi, a ye?e ii a?aeiioaiith aei ?yaeo i?no caaaeaee
eaeaoueny eeoa i?i “ethaeae oaeiai-oi i?noa” ? i?eiee ia caaaeothoueny
oea??. AEiaeia i?noi ia iaa aeinoaoiuei nee aeey oiai, uia ia’?aeiaoe
anth O?i?e?th a ?aeeio aea?aeaao. I?ioyaii aeiaaeo noie?oue ai?ioueaa
eoea eeoa ca ia?aaaaeaiiy, ia?aaaaa oiai /e ?ioiai i?noa. Oae,
iai?eeeaae, o na?aaeei? II oeny/ie?oo? aei i.a. ia i?aii/? aeii?ioaaa
Oaa?eo, a a oeaio?? – A?ae. O ia?o?e iieiaei? XIV no. aei i.a. Oaa?eo
ao?a/a? nai? cia/aiiy (iaeia c aa?n?e – c-ca a?iiaaeyinueei? a?eie),
i?aeiaaea? i?ae aieea oaoonueeiai oea?y Noii?eoe?oie ?, ia?aoo?,
aoiaeeoue aei neeaaeo oaoonueeie aea?aeaae. I?eaeecii a oie aea /an aoa
ia?aiiaeaiee ? A?ae, yeee ia aeo?eiaa iaiineeueii? ai?ioueae c
non?aei?ie aea?aeaaaie, ai oa?aii ?aeioo Aoiaoii caeeoea eiai aac
aeiiiiiae. O ?acoeueoao? i?ia?aeia ?ieue ia?aeoea aei Neaeii?. I?ioa
oi?aeanoai inoaiiueiai oaae ia aoei aeiaaei, oiio ui aaea aeecueei 1200
?. aei i.a. a?i aoa c?oeiiaaiee “ia?iaeaie ii?y”, ye? i?ney ?ica?iio
oao?a nionoioeee O?i?e?th oa ocaa?aaeaey Iaeanoeie.

Eoeueoo?a

O nai?e oai?/ino? o?i?e?enuee? ooaeiaeieee aeei?enoiaoaaee iioeae ?
nthaeaoe ?aeiaonueeiai, oaooi-oo???oneiai ? aaa?eiinueeiai ienoaoeoa.
?acii c oei aiie iaee ? aeania. Iniaeeai oe?ioaaeeny a oie /an i?aaeiaoe
o?i?e?enueeiai i?eeeaaeiiai ienoaoeoaa.

Oe?eeii iiaeeeai, ui aeaa a?aeiieo oaa?eonueea ai?/ieo oai?e – aiin i?i
Ea?aoe ? aiin i?i Aeaiaaea – ? iai’yoieeaie ia no?eueee ?ae?a?eia,
ne?eueee na?onueei? e?oa?aoo?e. Eeoa c oe?eeii c?icoi?eith /anoeith
oiiaiino? ie a?aeiineii aei e?oa?aoo?e e?eueea i?ci?oeo iaaea?iaieo
iae?aneaiue, ye? caeaa?eueoiai aoee ei?ioeeie.

Iaeiei c iaea?eueo cia/ieo aeinyaiaiue o?i?e?eoe?a aoa aeiao?ae
aeoaa?oiiai ienueia. O?i?e?enuee? iena?? oaeoe/ii aeiaaee a?aee?eooy
?aeioyi aei eia?/iiai caaa?oaiiy. sse a?aeiii, ?aeioyie noai?eee 24
i?eaieinieo ciaeo, i?ioa caa?aaee ? nioi? neeaaeiaeo ciae?a ? ciae?a, ui
iicia/athoue oe?e? iiiyooy. Ianooiiee e?ie ia oeyoo noai?aiiy
aeoaa?oiiai eenoa aoei c?iaeaii, ia aeoieo a/aieo, ia iena??a a?eninne?o
caaieiaiee?a. Iiaeeeai, oea aiie ia iniia? ?aeiaonueeiai ???iae?o?/iiai
eenoa noai?eee ia?oo aeoaa?oiee eeno c 26 ciae?a aeey i?eaieinieo – oae
caaia “N?iae eeno”, ui ?iaio?oueny ca i?noeai ciaoiaeaeaiiy iaien?a.
Ia?aaeaa/a?oueny, ui oeae eeno noiaeeoue aei ?aeiaonueei? ???iae?o?ee.
Aeoaa?o a?eninne?o ia?aienoaa/?a ia anoea inoaoi/ii ioi?ieoeny /a?ac
ei?ioei/aniino? ?nioaaiiy a?eninneiai aea?aeaae, aea ?acii c oei aieeioa
ia noai?aiiy aeoaa?oiiai eenoa I?aaeaiii? O?i?e??. Ia i?aii/? ae, o
Oaa?ia, ia o?e aea iniia? neeaeiny aeoaa?oiee eeno c 29 e?oa?,
i?enoiniaaia aeey ienaiiy eeeiiienii ia aeeiyieo oaaee/eao.

Aeaye? a/ai? aaaaeathoue, ui o?i?e?enueea eeno iiaei ?icaeaaoeny cian?i
ia ia iniia? ?aeiaonueeiai, a ia iniia? e?eoi-i?eainueeiai aai
o?i?e?enueeiai neeaaeiaiai eenoa, iai’yoieee yeiai ae?eoee aei ian ?c
i?noa A?aea. O aoaeue-yeiio aeiaaeeo i/aaeaeiei ? iaeia: aia?oa naia
o?i?e?eoe? noaee aaeeaaoe /enoi aeoaa?oio nenoaio ienueia. Iica
noii?aii, oaeiae ? oa, ui oeueiai iaei a?ae?a?aoe aaaiio ?ieue
iayai?noue aeoaa?oieo ciae?a aeey caiaeieo a ?aeiaonueeiio eeno?, c yeei
o?i?e?eoe? aoee aeaaii ciaeii?.

I/aaeaeii, ui iaiao?aei?noue noai?aiiy aeoaa?oiiai ienueia aeieeea a
naieo ??cieo iie?nao O?i?e??. C ?icaeoeii ii?aieaanoaa ? oi?aiaeo
a?aeiinei, a yeeo aoea caeiyoa cia/ia /anoeia ianaeaiiy, o?aaa eeno
iaaaaaoi i?ino?oa, a?eueo aeinooiia, i?ae oa, yea iiaee aea/aoe o?eueee
aeaye? iena??.

Iaaeie?ee a o?i?e?enueeiai aeoaa?oo aoee ianooii?: a?i ia?aaeaaaa iaei?
i?eaieini? caoee, ia ia?aaeaaaeeny ??ci? aeiaeaoeia? cia/ee, ca
aeiiiiiaith yeeo ?aeioyie, iai?eeeaae, iieaaooaaee /eoaiiy oaeno?a,
iaienaieo oae naii, o?eueee i?eaieinieie. Oiio /eoaiiy aoei ana ae
ni?aaith iaeaaeith, ?icoi?iiy a?eueo neeaaeieo oaeno?a aoei aeineoue
neeaaeiei.

I?eeoia /an, eiee i?ai?/iee aeoaa?o aoa aeoeniaiee i?aaeaiiei, yeee
neeaaeaany c 22 ciae?a ? caiaeii iioe?eany ii an?e e?a?i?. A?ae iueiai
aa?a na?e ii/aoie ? a?aoeueeee aeoaa?o, ui aeaeii c iaeaeaai?oeo oi?i
a?aoeueeeo e?oa?, a oaeiae c oiai oaeoo, ui iacae iecee a?aoeueeeo e?oa?
– nai?onueeiai iioiaeaeaiiy. Oae, neiai “aeoaa?o” i?noeoue o nia? iacae
ia?oeo aeaio a?aoeueeeo e?oa? aeueoa ? aaoa (o a?caio?enueeiio aeiia? –
a?oa), ye? ni?aiaaeathoue c iacaaie ia?oeo aeaio o?i?e?enueeeo aoea –
“aeao” oa “aao”, ui a cao?aeii-nai?onueeeo iiaao icia/a? “aee “?”
aoaeeiie “. A iniia? oeeo aeoaa?oieo ciae?a eaaeaee a?eueo ae?aai?
ciaee-iaethiee. A?eueo?noue iaca aoea a?aoeueeiai aeoaa?oo
ni?aiaaeathoue c iacaaie o?i?e?enueeeo aoea. A?aoeueea ? a?aiaenueea
aeoaa?oe ? i?aaeeaie a?eueoino? no/anieo aeoaa?oieo nenoai.

?ae?a?y

Iie?oe/ia ?icae?iaeai?noue O?i?e??, oae i?eiee ? ia iiaeieaiiy, ni?eyea
oiio, ui o?i?e?enueeee ?ae?a?y ia ciaea nenoaie i?o?a, yea iaea i?noea o
aaa?eiiyi. AE?aoeoai i?no ia iaei iiaeeeaino? aenoiooe naiai aiaa ye
“oea?y aia?a”, iiae?aii aei oiai, ye o?aainueeee aia Aiii aoa iaieioaiee
“oea?noaii aiaii” ?aeioo ca /an?a iaioaaiiy O?a. Aia iaaa aoa aieiaiei
aiaii a i?noao O?i?e?? ? iinea ?i’y caaaeueia, a ia aeania. A?i
iaceaaany i?inoi “aeaaeeea” (Aaae), “oea? i?noa” (IAEUeEA?O), i?inoi
“aeaaea” (Iieio) aai ae “aia” (Aeue).

Ii?o/ c aiaii iaaa Aaaeii noiyea eiai ae?oaeeia – aiaeiy Anoa?oa
(aa??aio ?iai? – Aooa?o, Aoa?ao). Ii?yae c aiaaie iaaa ? caie? aaaaeaany
oaeiae aia aie?a? ? aine?ana? ?ineeiiino?. Iae/ano?oa a?i iaceaaany
Aaeii? – “iai i?e” aai, ca?aeii c a?aoeueeei aa??aioii, – Aaeii?n.
Aeaye? ?ene aie?ath/iai e aine?ana? aiaa cono??/athoueny a i?o? i?i
Aaaea oa eiai nano?? Aiao (ca ?ioith aa?n??th – ae?oaeeia Anoa?oa).
Iniiaia oaia aaeeeiai i?oieia?/iiai aiino – oea iiia?aeue i?i nia?oue ?
aine?an?iiy Aaaea, i?i a??i?noue eiai ae?oaeeie Aiao ye o aeeoo?, oae ?
a nia?o?. Aeaye? ai?ciaee c oeueiai i?oo aeecuee? nthaeaoaie
?aeiaonueeiai i?oo i?i In???na oa eiai nano?? ?n?ae?. ?acii c eoeueoii
oi??athua-aine?ana? aiaa ca?iaeaeothoueny ii/aoeo ?ae?a?eii? ae?aie.
Iaeei c oaa?eonueea oaeno?a iiaeia aeoeoia/eoe ye caien iiae?aii? ae?aie
?ae?a?eiiai oa?aeoa?o.

O eoeueo? O?i?e??, ye ? a eoeueoao Iaeanoeie oa Ne???, aeineoue aeiaai
caa??aaeeny ethaenuee? aea?oaii?eiioaiiy. *anoi a yeino? aea?oa
aeei?enoiaoaaeeny ae?oe ? iniaeeai a?oaei? ia?a?noee. Ia?aaaaeii – o
iiiaioe a??cii? iaaaciaee aeey aea?aeaae. Aa?oi iacaaoe ? oaeee oaeo: ua
a IV no. aei i.a. i?ae /an iaeiae O??a a?aei-iaeaaeiinueeeo a?enueeaie
ia i?nuee?e no?i? a yeino? aea?oa aoei ca??caii /oaeeioe? –
iaeaaeiinuee? a?enueeiaiiieiiai?.

?icea?o o?i?e?enueeeo i?no

C ineaaeaiiyi ?aeiaonueei? aea?aeaae Iiaiai oea?noaa o?i?e?enuee?
aea?aeaae – Oe?, Neaeii, A?ae, A?aaae oa ?io? – ciiao noathoue
naiino?eieie. Oea aoee i?noa-aea?aeaae, caeaa?eueoiai, ui oi?aaeyee
oea?ai ?acii c ?aaeith ?aaiaeanieoeueei? ciao? ? aeoo?aieoeoaa.

I?ney ?oeioaaiiy Neaeiio “ia?iaeaie ii?y” aaaaiii?y ia?aeoea aei O??o,
yeee aeinya o oeae /an iaea?eueoiai ?icea?oo, iniaeeai ca oea?y O??ai I,
no/anieea Nieiiiia, oea?y ?c?a?eth (aeecueei 950 ?. aei i.a.).

O??ai ?icoe?ea ino??a, ia yeiio aoea ?icoaoiaaia iniiaia /anoeia O??a,
ca aeiiiiiaith ooo/ii? ianeio, ?, a?aee?eaoe ooo aeaea?aei c aiaeith,
c?iaea Oe? iaeaea iai?enooiiith oi?oaoeath aeey ciai?oiueiai ai?iaa.

O oeae /an Oe?, ei?enooth/enue nai?i aaia?ao?/iei iieiaeaiiyi, anooiea a
o?ni? oi?aiaaeuei? a?aeiineie c on?ia iaaeieeoi?ie aea?aeaaaie. I?e
O??ai, eiia??ii, ii/aeany eieii?caoe?y no/anii? iaeano? Ooi?no ia
ao?eeainueeiio aa?ac? Na?aaecaiiiai ii?y, a i?ci?oa i?e eiai
niaaeei?ioe?a ? ianooiiee?a oai aoei caniiaaii i?noi Ea?oaaai (ca
ia?aeacaie a 814 ?. aei i.a.). Ni?eyoeeaa aaia?ao?/ia iieiaeaiiy e?a?ie
aeicaieeei oeieeeyia a?aoe aeoeaio o/anoue o nooiiooii? oi?a?ae? c
Ianiiioai??th oa aeieeiith I?eo, a oaeiae iinooiiai iaieiae?oe
ii?nueeeie oeyoaie a Na?aaecaiia ii?a.

Ca aeaieie, ciaeaeaiei a oaa??, ooo ?acii c oea?nueeith caieath, yea
nea?aeeeany ca neoaeao aai i?ae oiiaith aeeiiaiiy iiaeiiino?, ?nioaaea
i?eaaoia aeani?noue ia caieth ana?aaeei? n?euenueei? a?iiaaee. Aeania
n?euenueeiainiiaea?nueea ae?iaieoeoai O?i?e??, ye ? a iiia?aaei?e
ia??iae, a?ae?a?aaaei ae?oai?yaeio ?ieue. Iaaaaaoi a?eueoa cia/aiiy iaei
aeei?enoaiiy aaaaonoa a?? E?aaio. Oe?ii? ii?iaee aea?aaa aoee aaaeeeaei
i?aaeiaoii aenii?oo. Aeaiceeany oaeiae n???enueea oa?noue, iioa?aiaaia
o?i?e?enueeei io?io?ii, a c VIII – VII no. aei i.a. – Ae??ai? neeyi?
ae?iae.

Ii?nueea oi?a?aey O?i?e?? cia/ia aaea i?ae /an ?aeiaonueeiai iaioaaiiy
noaea ua a?eueoa ?icoe?thaaoeny i?ney ?iciaaeo ?aeiaonueei? aea?aeaae.
Any oi?a?aey ?aeioo ia?aeoea oaia? a ?oee o?i?e?eoe?a, ?o /eneaii?
oi?aiaaeuei? ei?aae? iino?eii i?eaoaaee aei i?enoaiae i?no, ?icoaoiaaieo
ia aa?aaao I?eo.

O?i?e?eoe? oi?aoaaee ia eeoa nai?ie oiaa?aie, aea ? ia?ai?iaeoaaee
i?eaiceee c ?ioeo e?a?i. I?aaeiaoaie oi?a?ae? aoee ?aae, ??ciiiai?oi?
?ai?nie/? ae?iae, a oaeiae i?iaeoeoe n?euenueeiai ainiiaea?noaa e
neioa?noaa. ?iia??ii, o ii?nuee?e oi?a?ae? aeoeaio o/anoue a?aee ?
ia?an?/i? a?euei? a?iiaaeyie, yeeo oea? ? ciaoe iice/aee n??aeii ?
oiaa?aie. O nooiiooii? ea?aaaii?e oi?a?ae?, yea noaea ?icaeaaoeny
iniaeeai c ii/aoeo I oeny/ie?ooy aei i.a., eiee aa?aethae aoa aaea
iaeiiaoiai? ? aiane?aeie oeueiai iieaaoeeinue iiaeieaiiy aaeeeeo
ionoaeueieo ? noaiiaeo i?inoi??a Ne???, ?acii c oea?yie ? ciaooth oaeiae
aaea iiaee caaaa/oaaoeny aeaye? i?aaenoaaieee ?yaeiaeo a?eueieo. ?acii
c? c?inoaiiyi aaaaonoa a?aeaoaa?oueny ana a?eueoa ?icoa?oaaiiy i?no
O?i?e??.

O?i?e?eoe? aoee iniaeeai a?aeii? ye ?aaioi?aiaoe?. Oi/a cia/ia /anoeia
i?eaeaaieo ieie ?aa?a i?ecia/aeany ia ia?ai?iaeaae, i/aaeaeii, ? a naieo
o?i?e?enueeeo i?noao aoee o aaeee?e e?eueeino? ?aae, ye?
aeei?enoiaoaaeeny ia noaeiao, o iaenoa?iyo ? o.i.

?noi?e/i? aeaea?aea na?ae/aoue i?i aino?i? eeaniai? ai?ioueae o O?i?e??.
I?i iianoaiiy ?aa?a o Oe??, aei yeiai, iiaeeeai, aeieo/eeeny e
iacaiiaei? a?euei?, iia?aeiiey? a?aoeueea o?aaeeoe?y. Ea?oaaa oeei
iianoaiiyi Aaaeano?ao (Noa?aoii). Oea iianoaiiy, ui a?aeaoeiny,
iiaeeeai, o IX no. aei i.a. cae?i/eeiny, ca ia?aeacaie, iiaiei cieuaiiyi
/ieia?/eo i?aaenoaaiee?a iai?aiiai eeano, a ae?iee ? ae?oe aoee
?iciiae?eai? i?ae iianoaioeyie.

A?aoeuee? ?noi?eee iia?aeiieythoue iai i?i ye?nue “o?i?e?enueeeo
iauanoy”, ye? oaeiae iiaeia i?eaeecii aaaaeaoe iianoaiiyie i?eaiiaeaieo
ian o?i?e?enueeeo i?no-aea?aeaa. Aea oe? iianoaiiy, iaeiae, ye ? ?io?
/eneaii? iianoaiiy ?aa?a, ia i?eaiaeeee aei ci?i noi?iiaaieo a?aeiinei.
?aaiaeanieoeueea noni?euenoai ? aea?aeaaa ye ? ?ai?oa i?iaeiaaeoaaee
?nioaaoe a O?i?e??.

O ?acoeueoao? aioo??oiuei? ai?ioueae a Oe?a iiaooi?noue eiai ciie?ei ? c
e?ioey IX no. aei i.a. ii?yae c Oe?ii, /anii ia?aaa?ooth/e eiai
cia/aiiyi, ciiao i?aeiineoueny i?noi Neaeii (no/aniee Naeaea a E?aai?) –
o?i?e?enueeee i?noi-aea?aeaaa ia no?aeiiio ocaa?aaeae? Na?aaecaiiiai
ii?y. Aeiee, iaaooue, a IV oeny/ie?oo? aei i.a. A II oeny/ie?oo? aei
i.a. aoa aaeeeei oeaio?ii i?aeia?iaeii? oi?a?ae?; a?a aia?oo ai?ioueao c
Oe?ii ca aaaaiii?th o O?i?e??.

Iai?ee?ioe? II – ii/aoeo I oeny/ie?ooy aei i.a. Neaeii a?aa o/anoue o
o?i?e?enueei? eieii?caoe?? Cao?aeiiai Na?aaecaiiiii?’y. Ia ii/aoeo I
oeny/ie?ooy aei i.a. ia?aaoaaa i?ae aeaaeith O??a. O 677 ?. aei i.a.
c?oeiiaaiee anne??eoeyie; iio?i a?aeaoaeiaoaaany caiiai. O ae?oa?e
iieiaei? VI no. aei i.a. Neaeii oa?eoia aei neeaaeo Ia?nueei? aea?aeaae
Aoaiai?ae?a.

Iaeiae iacaaa?ii ia??iae iiaii? iacaeaaeiino? o?i?e?enueeeo i?no
i?eoiaeeoue aei e?ioey. C ae?oai? iieiaeie VIII no. aei i.a.
ann???enuee? a?enueea noaee ana /ano?oa aeioiaeeoe aei aa?aa?a
Na?aaecaiiiai ii?y, ?, oi/a aeiiii?/ia cia/aiiy o?i?e?enueeeo i?no
caa??aa?oueny, a?aoo?-?aoo ana o?i?e?enuee? i?noa-aea?aeaae, e??i O??a,
aoee ciooai? i?aeei?eoeny Anne???.

C e?ioey VII no. aei i.a. ii/aee ciiao iineethaaoeiaoueny ?aeiao ?
Aaaeeii, ? o?inuee? i?noa-aea?aeaae iio?aieee a caeaaei?noue a?ae ieo. O
ae?oa?e iieiaei? VI no. aei i.a. O?i?e?y aoea aeeth/aia aei neeaaeo
Ia?nueei? aea?aeaae. I?e oeueiio o?i?e?enuee? i?noa ye ? ?ai?oa
caa??aaee nai? naiia?yaeoaaiiy oa naith ?ieue aaaaoeo oeaio??a oi?a?ae?.
O?i?e?enueeee oeio noaiiaea iii?o ia?nueei? iiaooiino? ia ii?a.

O?i?e?enueea eieii?caoe?y Na?aaecaiiiii?’y

O ia?o?e iieiaei? I oeny/ie?ooy aei i.a. o?i?e?enuee? aea?aeaae
anoaiiaeththoue ? iianthaeii ci?oeiththoue nai? oaeoe/ia iiaooi?noue ?
iaioaaiiy ia Na?aaecaiiiio ii??.

Na?aaecaiia ii?a – aaeeea aioo??oi? ii?a, ui ciaoiaeeoueny i?ae o?ueiia
iaea?eueoeie iaoa?eeaie No?aeii? i?aeoe?: ?a?iiith – ia i?aii/? oa
caoiae?, Ac??th – ia noiae? ? Ao?eeith – ia i?aaei?. Nai?io
aaia?ao?/iiio iieiaeaiith aiia ciaia’ycaia nai?th iacaith.

Ia caoiae? Na?aaecaiia ii?a /a?ac aocueeee A?a?aeoa?nueeo i?ioieo
c’?aeio?oueny c Aoeaioe/iei ieaaiii. Ia i?ai?/iiio noiae? eiai caoiea –
Aaaenueea ii?a – iia?aeiiey?oueny aocueeei Aea?aeaiaeeuenueea i?ioieith
c Ia?io?iaei ii?ai, /a?ac iueiai ? i?ioieo Ainoi? – c *i?iei ii?ai, a
/a?ac *i?ia ii?a ? Ea?/ainueea i?ioiea – c Acianueeei ii?ai.

Aeiaaee ? aocueeee Aiaii?inueeee i?aino??a (?oae?y) ia i?aii/? ? aenooi
ao?eeainueeiai aa?aaa a ?aeii? no/aniiai Ooi?no ia i?aaei? ae?eyoue
Na?aaecaiia ii?a ia no?aeio ? cao?aeio /anoeie. Cao?aeia
Na?aaecaiiiii?’y cae?i/o?oueny I??aiaenueeei i?aino?iaii. O no?aei?e
/anoei? Na?aaecaiiiai ii?y iai?aia noaiiaeua caeia? Aaeeainueeee
i?aino??a (A?aoe?y), yeee a?aeie?aieth?oueny a?ae Aiaii?inueeiai
i?aino?iaa ?ii?/iei ? Aae??aoe/iei ii?yie, a a?ae Iaei? Ac?? –
Aaaenueeiai ? Ia?io?iaiai ii?yie.

Ia anueiio i?ioyc? Na?aaecaiiiai ii?y ?iceeaeai? /eneaii? aaeee? oa iae?
ino?iae. O Cao?aeiiio Na?aaecaiiiii?’? ?icoaoiaai? iaea?eueo? ino?iaa
Ei?neea ? Na?aeei?y, a oaeiae Neoeee?y, ye? ? i?iaeiaaeaiiyi
Aiaii?inueeiai i?aino?iaa.

A?ey aa?aa?a I??aiaenueeiai i?aino?iaa ?icoaoiaai? Aaeaa?nuee? ino?iae.
Aaeeainueeee i?aino??a c eiai ii??caieie aa?aaaie ioi/aiee /eneaiiei
ino??aiei na?oii. Ec?acaiiinoue aa?aa?a, aaeeea e?euee?noue caoie ?
aooo, ino?ia?a ii?yae c ni?eyoeeaeie ee?iaoe/ieie oiiaaie ni?eyee
?aiiueiio ?icaeoeo ii?aieaaaiiy.

Ni?eyoeea? ee?iaoe/i? oiiae Na?aaecaiiiii?’y ni?eythoue ae?iuoaaiith
naieo ??ciiiai?oieo eoeueoo?ieo ?ineei, o oiio /ene? ??cieo oe?aieo
ceae?a ? naaeiaeo eoeueoo?. C naaeiaeo eoeueoo? a aeaaieio, ye ? a
aeaiee /an, iianthaeii ae?iuoaaany aeiia?aae ? ieeaeia? aea?aaa. AEa?eee
? aieiaee ee?iao Na?aaecaiiiii?’y, ye ia iiaeia e?aua ni?eya ae?iuoaaiiy
oeeo eoeueoo?.

O?e-/ioe?e oeny/? ?ie?a oiio ?icaeoeo naae?aieoeoaa ni?eyei e oa, ui
ee?iao aoa aieiaei, i?ae ca?ac. Na?aaecaiiiii?’? o oie /an aoyei
aaeeeeie e?naie, ye? caiaeii aoee ae?oaai?.

E?a?ie Na?aaecaiiiii?’y aoee aaaao? ei?enieie eiiaeeiaie. Ua a aeaaieio
i?aeio ?oaeo io?eioaaee c ino?ia?a E?i? ? Na?aeei?y ? c I??aiaenueeiai
i?aino?iaa (?niai?y); cae?cio ?oaeo c Iaei? Ac??, c ino?iaa Aeueaa ? c
?niai??; n??aei aeaeiaoaaeiny a Iae?e Ac??, A?aoe??, ?niai??.

?icaeoie ae?iaieoeoaa a?iice aeiaaaei aeaeiaooeo ieiaa, ? eiai caaiceee
c ?niai?? aai c A?eoainueeeo ino?ia?a. *oaeiaee ??ciieieuei?iaee ia?io?
aoa o A?aoe?? oa ?oae??. O aaaaoueio i?noeyo aoee aaeee? iieeaaee
aenieiye?nii? aeeie, ui ni?ey? ?icea?oo aii/a?iiai ae?iaieoeoaa.

Aaeeea cia/aiiy aeey Ia?aaeiuei? Ac?? iaee ca’ycee c e?a?iaie No?aeiiai
oa Cao?aeiiai Na?aaecaiiiii?’y.

C?inoaee iio?aae a i?ae?, ieia?, caeic?. Aeey e?a?i Na?aaecaiiiii?’y
ca’yceo c ia?aaeiaeie iaeanoyie eoeueoo?e a Ia?aaei?e Ac?? iaee ia iaioa
cia/aiiy.

Ia ii/aoeo I oeny/ie?ooy aei i.a. oeae ca’ycie cae?enithaaeany
ia?aaaaeii o?i?e?enueeeie ii?aieaaoeyie. Ia iaiaaeoth/enue iai?iii,
aiie, ye oaea cacia/aeiny, caeiaeeny ? ?aaioi?a?aeath, ia?aoai?thth/e
oaeei /eiii ocaa?aaeaey Na?aaecaiiiai ii?y a aeiaeaoeiaa aeaea?aei,
ca?aeee iaaeoiaeeee ?aae aeey aeaai?o ?aaiaeanieoeueeeo aea?aeaa.

Noai?aiiy ia Na?aaecaiiiii?nueeeo ocaa?aaeaeyo o?inueeeo eieii?e oaeiae
noaaeoueny aei oeueiai /ano.

Aieiaiith ?oiueith iaoith aoea i?aai?caoe?y iai?io, iaeiae, o aeayeeo
aeiaaeeao aiie ia?aoai?ththoueny ia oe?eeii naiino?ei? caiea?ianuee?
?aaiaeanieoeuee? aea?aeaae.

Iai?aiee eean o?i?e?enueeeo aea?aeaa, iiaithth/enue iianoaiiy ?aa?a ?
a?aeiioe, i?aaioa aei oiai, uia o i?aeii?yaeeiaaieo ?i i?noao ia
iaa?iiaaeaeo?oueny a?ae?aco aaeeei? e?eueeino? “ianiie?eieo aeaiaio?a”.

C oai??a a?aoeueeiai a/aiiai ? o?einioa A??noioaey (IV no. Aei i.a.) iai
a?aeiii i?i o? caoiaee, ye? canoiniaoaaea ciaoe c oe??th iaoith a
Ea?oaaai?: “Oi/a eaae Ea?oaaainueeiai aea?aeaae ? iicia/aiee oa?aeoa?ii
iaioaaiiy ?ioueo, iaeiae ea?oaaaiyia aaeaei ?yoothoueny a?ae iao?aiiy c
aieo ia?iaeo oei, ui aeathoue eiio iiaeeea?noue ?icaaaao?oe. A naia,
aiie iino?eii aeneeathoue iaai? /anoeie ia?iaeo a i?aeaeaaei? Ea?oaaaio
i?noa ? iaeano?. Oeei ea?oaaaiyia eaaaiueei na?e aea?aeaaiee eaae ?
iaaeathoue eiio no?ee?noue “. Oaeei /eiii, ea?oaaaiyia iaa/eeeny
ienoaoeoao e?eoaaoe na?e aea?aeaaiee eaae o iao?iiie?? – O??a, yea /an
a?ae /ano (iiaea aooe ua c e?ioey II oeny/ie?ooy aei i.a. ?, o anyeiio
?ac?, c ii/aoeo I oeny/ie?ooy) iaiaeii?aciai aeneeaea, ye, ao?i, oa ?io?
o?i?e?enuee? i?noa-aea?aeaae, ii e?eueea oeny/ a?iiaaeyi, uia aiie
noai?thaaee nai? eieii?? ia ocaa?aaeae? Na?aaecaiiiai ii?y.

Oae? o?i?e?enuee? eieii??, iaoith yeeo aoei caaacia/aiiy /anoei?
Na?aaecaiiiai ii?y, a ia?oo /a?ao ia ino?ia? E?i?, aea o?i?e?eoe? i?oeii
cae??ieeeny ua a II oeny/ie?oo? aei i.a. Aea a i?ai?/i?e /anoei?
No?aeiiai Na?aaecaiiiii?’y aaaeeeao ?ieue a?ae?a?aaaee i?noeaa?
ii?aieaaoe? – a?aee, e?e?eoe?, ea??eoe?. O VIII – VI no. aei i.a. a?aee
ii/eiathoue ?icaeaaoe aeanio eieii?caoe?eii? iie?oeeo.

Aieiaio oaaao caa?oathoue o?i?e?eoe? oiio ia ocaa?aaeaey, ui iaioaaee
iaae aieiaieie ii?nueeeie oeyoaie c? No?aeiiai aei Cao?aeiiai
Na?aaecaiiiii?’y, iniaeeai ia ocaa?aaeae? Ao?eee, o?i?e?eoe? i?iieeee
oaeiae o Neoeee?th ? ia ino??a Iaeueoa.

Aoee ooai?ai? o?i?e?enuee? eieii?? ? ie?ai? ioieoe ia ocaa?aaeae?
?niai??, a oaeiae ? ia ocaa?aaeae? Aoeaioe/iiai ieaaio (Aaaean, iei?
Eaae?n). C VIII – VII no. aei i.a. iaiaeii?aciai cono??/athoueny caaaeee
i?i aeaeaeo ? oiae? iaei a?aeiii? e?a?i? Oa?o?o – i/aaeaeii, Oa?oanna a
?niai??, ca A?a?aeoa?nueeith i?ioieith.

Ea?oaaai

Naiith aieiaiith iaeanoth o?i?e?enueei? eieii?caoe?? aoea I?ai?/ia
Ao?eea, aea ia oa?eoi??? no/aniiai Ooi?no aoei caniiaaii e?eueea i?no, ?
na?aae ieo Ea?oaaai – ii-oeieeeenee “Ea?o-Oaaeaoo”, ui icia/a? a
ia?aeeaae? “Iiaa i?noi”, iiaea aooe, ia i?ioeaaao a?eueo aeaaiuei?
eieii?? Oo?ea .

Ea?oaaai aoa caniiaaiee a 825 – 823 ??.. aei i.a. aeo?aeoeyie c
o?i?e?enueeiai i?noa O??a. Caaaeyee c?o/iiio aaia?ao?/iiio iieiaeaiith
Ea?oaaai ?aii noaa aaeeeei oeaio?ii iina?aaeieoeueei? oi?a?ae?,
i?aeo?eioth/e o?ni? ca’ycee c e?a?iaie No?aeiiai Na?aaecaiiiii?’y,
Aaaenueeiai aanaeio, ?oae??th ? Oa?oanna.

O VIII – VII no. Ea?oaaai canioaaa ?yae eieii?e ia na?aaecaiiiii?nueeiio
ocaa?aaeae? I?ai?/ii? Ao?eee, a oaeiae ia ino?ia? Aaan (Aaocon).
Aeaaaeaiiy eieii?e cae??ieea iaioaaiiy Ea?oaaaia ia oi?aiaeo oeyoao ia
i?aaeaiue a?ae I??aiaenueeiai i?aino?iaa, a oaeiae aeicaieeei aeaeaeeoe
c i?noa oeo i?aaenoaaiee?a nioe?aeueieo iec?a, ye? iiaee aeaoooaaoe
niooo ? aenooieoe i?ioe aiiaeaiiy ? iaioaaiiy a?enoie?ao??.

A oiae? ai?ioueae c a?aeaie ? oa?oann?oai?, ye? i?aaenoaaeyee a VII no.
na?eicio caa?ico o?i?e?enueeei eieii?e a Cao?aeiiio Na?aaecaiiiii?’?, a
I?aaeaii?e ?niai??, Cao?aeii? Neoeee?? oa I?ai?/i?e Ao?eoe?, aeieeee
ia’?aeiaiiy o?inueeeo eieii?e, na?aae yeeo Ea?oaaai caeiya ia?aaaaeia
noaiiaeua.

Ea?oaaai, aoaeo/e eieii??th O??a, nai noaa iao?iiie??th aeey e?eueeio
neaaoeo o?i?e?enueeeo eieii?e a Cao?aeiiio Na?aaecaiiiii?’?. Iath/e
aea?aeia aaia?ao?/ia iieiaeaiiy a ?iaeth/?e aeieei?, ia aa?ac?
Ooi?nueeiai caoiee, ui ooai?th? c?o/i?, caoeuai? a?ae ao?oeeaeo a?o??a
aaaai?, Ea?oaaai aeei?enoiaoaaa oea ? noaei oeaio?ii o?i?e?enueei?
eieii?caoe?eii? ae?yeueiino?. Iii?e oa, ui Ea?oaaai o oie /an ia?aaoaaa
o caeaaeiino? a?ae Oe?o, a?i oaeoe/ii ei?enooaaany iiaiith
naiino?ei?noth. A?i ci?a i?aeei?eoe e?eueea o?inueeeo i?no-eieii?e
I?ai?/ii? Ao?eee, a?i i?aeei?ea /eneaii? e?a?enuee? ieaiaia ? noai?ea
aea?aeaaa c? cia/iith oa?eoi???th.

Aei oeueiai /ano Ea?oaaai aoa ie?aa?o?/ia aea?aeaaa, aeaaea a yeiio
ciaoiaeeeany a ?oeao ie?aieo oa?oiiaaiue oi?aiai-caiea?ianueei?
a?enoie?ao??, iino?eii ai?ieeny i?ae niaith ca ia?o?noue aieeao ?
aeaaea. Iiaeeeai, iai?ee?ioe? IX no. aei i.a. a Ea?oaaai? ?nioaaea ?
oea?nueea aeaaea: eaaaiaea?ia caniiaieoey Ea?oaaaia Ae?nna ?iaio?oueny a
aeaea?aeao “oea?eoeath”. I?ioa i?ney ?? nia?o? aeaaeo ca iaa?aeiieo
ianoaaei ia?aeoea aei ?aaee aeanyoe, ii?yae c yeei ?nioaaa ? ?aaea
noa??eoei. O ae?oa?e iieiaei? VI no. aei i.a. iieeiaiaeaoeue Iaeo
anoaiiaea a Ea?oaaai? naith a?enueeiao aeeeoaoo?o, yea nie?aeany ia
ia?iaeia iiie/aiiy. Iaeiae aiia i?i?nioaaea iaaeiaai ? ci?ieeany
ie?aa?o?/iith aeeeoaoo?ith Iaaii?aeia, ye? nie?aeeny ia iaeiaio a?i?th.

C ao?aoith aeeiano??th Iaaii?aeia oaeoe/ii? aeaaee (o na?aaeei? V no.
Aei i.a.) a?enoie?ao?y Ea?oaaaia noai?eea “?anioae?eainueeo” nenoaio
oi?aae?iiy. ?aaea aeanyoe aoa ia?aoai?aiee o ?aaeo o?eaeoeyoe, aoa
?icoe?aiee ? ?aaea noa??eoei (a?ae noa aei o?ueionio in?a). Oea
aea?aeaaa yaeyea niaith ie?aa?o?/io ?aaiaeanieoeueeo ?anioae?eo. Aiii
iaei a nai?io ?icii?yaeaeaii? cia/ieie i?inoi?aie, i?eaeaoieie aeey
ia?iaee caie?. Ia i?ioeaaao ?ioei o?i?e?enueeei i?noai-aea?aeaaai o
Ea?oaaai? a oe?ieeo ianooaaao ?icaeaaeeny aaeee? caiea?ianuee?
ieaioaoe?ei? ainiiaea?noaa, ye? ia?iaeyeeny /eneaiieie ?aaaie.

Ieaioaoe?eia ainiiaea?noai Ea?oaaaia c?a?aei a aeiiii?/i?e ?noi???
noa?iaeaaiueiai na?oo aeoaea aaeeeo ?ieue, oae ye aiia aieeioea ia
?icaeoie oiai ae oeio ?aaiaeanieoeueeiai ainiiaea?noaa nii/aoeo a
Neoeee??, a i?ci?oa ? a ?oae??.

O VI no. /e, iiaea, a V no. aei i.a. a Ea?oaaai? aeea
ienueiaiiee-oai?aoee ieaioaoe?eiiai ?aaiaeanieoeueeiai ainiiaea?noaa
Iaaii, aaeeea i?aoey yeiai ei?enooaaany oaeith neaaith, ui ?einueeiio
a?enueeo, ui iaeyaaee Ea?oaaai a na?aaeei? II no. aei i.a., aoei
iaeacaii caa?aaoe oeth i?aoeth. ? a?i aoa ni?aaae? caa?aaeaiee. Ca
iinoaiiaith ?einueeiai naiaoo i?aoeth Iaaiia aoa ia?aaaaeaiee c
o?i?e?enueeiai iiae ia eaoeinueeo, a iio?i aoa aeei?enoaiee an?ia
oai?aoeeaie n?euenueeiai ainiiaea?noaa ?eio.

Aeey ieaioaoe?eiiai n?euenueeiai ainiiaea?noaa, aeey ?ai?nie/eo
iaenoa?aiue ? aeey aaea? Ea?oaaaio iaiao?aeii aoei aaee/acia e?euee?noue
?aa?a, yeeo a?aeae?aee c /enea a?enueeiaiiieiiaieo ? eoieaieo ethaeae, a
oaeiae c i?noeaaiai ianaeaiiy, iiiaaieth? ea?oaaainueeith eeoaa?yie.

Ea?oaaai ?aii ia?aoai?eany o aaeeeee oeaio? iina?aaeieoeueei? oi?a?ae?.
Ianooaae ?? iino?eii ?icoe?thaaeeny. ?aae, neiiiaa e?noea – c aioo??oi?o
?aeii?a Ao?eee, aei?ia? oeaieie ? eeeeie – c e?a?i Ia?aaeiuei? Ac??,
cieioi, n??aei – c ?niai??, ieiai – c A?eoai??, a?ne – c Ei?neee, aeii –
c Aaeaa?nueeeo ino?ia?a, ie?y, aeii – ?c Neoeee??, a o?ioe i?ci?oa ?
ae?iae a?aoeueeiai ooaeiaeiueiai ?aianea – oaeei ? aeaeaei ia iiaiee
ia?ae?e i?aaeiao?a ea?oaaaineie oi?a?ae?.

sse aaea aeacoaaeiny, Ea?oaaai aenooiaa ia’?aeioaa/ai /eneaiieo i?no
i?ai?/iiai ocaa?aaeaey Ao?eee. Noai?aiiy oeueiai ia’?aeiaiiy iaei ia
iao? a /ene? ?ioeo ? caaaeaiiy ai?ioueae c a?aeaie, ye? c VIII no. aei
i.a. ii/aee iaaecae/aeii aeoeaii i?iieeaoe aei cao?aeii? /anoeie
Na?aaecaiiiai ii?y. Uia aeae? ?icaeaaoe oi?a?aeth ? i?iaeiaaeeoe
ai?ioueao c i?iieeiaiiyi a?ae?a o Cao?aeia Na?aaecaiiiii?’y,
iaaeinoaoiuei aoei iaoe a iayaiino? neeueio oaaea?aoe?th ia
ao?eeainueeiio ocaa?aaeae?, a iaiao?aeii aoei oaeiae noai?eoe iii?i?
ioieoe a cao?aeieo ?aeiiao Na?aaecaiiiii?nueeiai aanaeio.

Ii/aoie eieii?caoe?? aoei, ye ie aa/eee, iieeaaeaii i?noaie O?i?e??, aea
Ea?oaaai ?icaeioa ooo iaaaaaoi a?eueo aia?a?eio eieii?caoe?eii?
ae?yeuei?noue. O?i?e?enuee? eieii??, ?icoaoiaai? ia i?ai?/iiio
ocaa?aaeae? Ao?eee (Oo?ea, A?ii?e, Eaio?n-I?ii?, Eaio?n-Iaaia), ui
aoiaeeee aei neeaaeo Ea?oaaainueeee aea?aeaae, iaee aeecueeo aei
Ea?oaaaio nioe?aeueio ? iie?oe/io no?oeoo?o ?, iiaeeeai, ei?enooaaeeny
aioo??oiuei? aaoiiii??th. Aiie iiaeii? aoee aeiea/oaaoe ea?oaaainueeith
aeaae? iiaeaoie-ieoi c? nai?? oi?a?ae?.

O na?aaeei? VII no. aei i.a. ea?oaaaiyia aeaoooaaeeny ia Aaeaa?nuee?
ino?iae ? iacaaa?ii i?ney oeueiai i?iieeee aei Na?aeei??. Iai?ee?ioe?
VII – ii/aoeo VI no. aei i.a. ii/eia?oueny aaea a?eueo caiaeea ai?ioueaa
c a?aeaie ca Neoeee?th, a oe?eiio o?eaaea a?eueoa o?ueio noie?oue. O
ia?o?e iieiaei? IV no. aei i.a. ea?oaaaiyia, ye a?aeiii, i?aeei?eee
cia/io /anoeio Neoeee??. Aei e?ioey oiai ae noie?ooy ii/aeiny aeoeaia
i?iieeiaiiy ?o aei ?niai??. O ?acoeueoao? /iai noa?? eieii?? O??a
ia?aeoee o aieiae?iiy Ea?oaaaia, ? eieii?caoe?y iioe?eeany c ocaa?aaeaey
a aeea I??aiaenueeiai i?aino?iaa.

I?e?iaeii i?ioean ooai?aiiy eieii?aeueii? Ea?oaaainueeee aea?aeaae
a?aeaoaaany aeaeaei ia ie?iei oeyoii. O ?yae? e?a?i ea?oaaaiyia cono??ee
iaiieaaeeaee ? caiaeeee ii?? i?noeaaeo ieaiai. Oae, iai?eeeaae, a
?niai?? ?aa?nueeiai ieaiaia aaee aeiaaie?oith caiaeeo ai?ioueao ca naith
iacaeaaei?noue ua c Aaaeana, iaei??? c iaenoa??oeo o?inueeeo eieii?e.
I?noi aoei ieie caoiieaiee, ? ea?oaaaiyiai aeiaaeiny aeiaai inaaeaeoaaoe
Aaaean ? a?aoe eiai ooo?iii, i?e aaeeeeo ao?aoao c iaio noi??i. Ii??
i?noeaaiai ianaeaiiy ea?oaaaiyia cono??ee ? i?e eieii?caoe?? Na?aeei??.

? ana ae iniiaiei noia?ieeii ea?oaaaiyi a oeae ia??iae aoee, ye a?aeiii,
aieiaie/? a?aee. Oae, ia ii/aoeo VI no. aei i.a. ea?oaaaiyia noeeaeeny c
a?aeaie c Oiea?, ui canaeeee Iannaeia (iei? Ia?naeue ia i?aaei?
O?aioe??). I?iieeiaiiy aei ?niai?? oaeiae aoei iia’ycaii c ai?ioueaith
i?ioe a?ae?a, ?, ia?aoo?, aanue ii/aoeiaee aoai ai?ioueae ca Neoeee?th
iia’ycaiee c aaeeeeie a?enueeiaeie c?oeiaiiyie c a?aeaie. O oe?e
neeaaei?e ai?iouea? ci?oeieeany a?enueeiai-ii?nueea i?oeue Ea?oaaaia,
ci?oei?a eiai aea?aeaaiee aia?ao, i?enoiniaaiee ia o?eueee aeey
i?eai?/aiiy ?aa?a ? caeaaeiiai ianaeaiiy, aea ?ic?aoiaaiee ? ia aaaeaiiy
caaa?aieoeueeeo ono?aie?iue iaioth/i? aa?o?aee ea?oaaainueeiai
noni?euenoaa.

Aei oeueiai /ano aea?aeaaa, noai?aia Ea?oaaaiii, aeeth/aea I?ai?/io
Ao?eeo, Cao?aeio Neoeee?th, I?aaeaiio ?niai?th ? Na?aeei?th.

Ii?nuee? iiaei?iae? o?i?e?eoe?a

Caaaa/oth/enue ca ?aooiie nai?o eieii?e, o?inuee?, ea?oaaainuee??
ii?aieaaoe? ii/aee iinooiiai aeoiaeeoe aeaeaei ca iaae? Na?aaecaiiiai
ii?y. O oeae ia??iae ?icea?oo o?i?e?enueeiai ? ea?oaaainueeiai
ii?aieaanoaa ii?nueeee oeyo noa? caniaii ca’yceo i?ae o?ueiia
eiioeiaioaie Na?aaecaiiiii?’y ? a?eueo a?aeaeaeaieie e?a?iaie, ye?
ia?aaoaaee ca iaaeaie A?a?aeoa?o.

O?i?e?eoe? ia?oeie c ia?iae?a Na?aaecaiiiii?’y aeinyaee aa?aa?a
iei?oiuei? Aiae?? ? ooo iaea?aeoaaee aeoaea oe?iia a oie /an ieiai.
Oeyoii iai?io aiie oaeiae io?eioaaee ia ocaa?aaeae? Aoeaioe/iiai ieaaio
aeinoaaey?oueny nthaee nooei oeyoii c I?eaaeoeee iano?eueee oe?ioaaany
oiae? ao?ooei.

Ea?oaaainueeee ii?aieaaoe?, aeoiaey/e a ieaai /a?ac A?a?aeoa?nueeo
i?ioieo, yeee iaceaaee aiie “noiaiaie IAEUeEA?O” (aa?oiaiiai aiaa O??a),
iaiaeii?aciai ieaaaee oaeiae ocaeiaae cao?aeiiai aa?aaa Ao?eee.

Iien iaei??? c oaeeo ii?nueeeo aeniaaeeoe?e a?aeaaaeieo ea?oaaainueeeo
ii?aieaaoe?a a?aeiii ? iai a a?aoeueeiio ia?aeeaae?. Oea iiaei?iae, yea
iaceaa?oueny iiaei?iaeaeth Aaiiiia, ui aeaoo?oueny i?eaeecii VI aai V
no. aei i.a. Oi/a aeniaaeeoe?y ea?oaaainueeiai ii?aieaaoey iienaia ye
oe?eaaee i?eaiaeieoeueeee ?iiai, i?ioa an? eiai a?aeiiino?, ii ?icnoaeo
aaoi?eoaoieo aeine?aeiee?a-?noi?ee?a, a?aeiia?aeathoue ae?eniino?.
Iiaeia e?ie ca e?ieii i?inoaaeeoe oeyo aeniaaeeoe?? ii ea?o?,
c?noaaeyth/e aeai? i?i oeth iiaei?iae c oei, ui ie cia?ii i?i aaia?ao?th
cao?aeiiai ocaa?aaeaey Ao?eee.

Ei?enooth/enue aeiiiiiaith ?aeioyi, a ?iiae? ?c?a?eth oa THaea?,
o?inuee? i?noa a?aei?aaeyee ii?nuee? aeniaaeeoe?? ia o?eueee ia
i?ai?/iee cao?ae ? i?aaeaiiee cao?ae, a e iaio aeinooiiee oiae?
i?aaeaiue.

O aeaiiio aeiaaeeo o?i?e?enuee? ei?aae? /a?ac *a?aiia ii?a aeinyaee,
eiia??ii, iaa?oue ?iae?enueeiai ieaaio.

I?i iaeei c oaeeo ii?nueeeo iioiae?a aeia?a iaienaii a A?ae??, aea
?iciia?aea?oueny i?i aeniaaeeoe?th a aaaaoo cieioii e?a?io Io??,
i?aai?ciaaii? O??ai, oea?ai O??a, oa i?ae Nieiiiiii, oea?ai ?c?a?eth.

Aea naiei a?aiae?iciei i?aei?e?inoaii iaiao?aeii aaaaeaoe oo ii?nueeo
aeniaaeeoe?th o?i?e?eoe?a, yeo aiie c?iaeee ca aei?o/aiiyi ?aeiaonueeiai
oea?y Iaoi a e?ioe? VII no. aei i.a. I?ioyaii o?ueio ?ie?a aiie ia?eoee
Ao?eeo ? iiaa?ioeeny /a?ac “noiaie IAEUeEA?O”, c?iaeaoe oeae aeaeaoiee
iiaeaea a?eueo i?ae ca aea? oeny/? ?ie?a aei Aanei aea Aaie.

O?i?e?enueeee eoeueoo?a a ia?o?e iieiaei? I oeny/ie?ooy aei i.a.

O?i?e?enueeee eoeueoo?a – eoeueoo?a, noai?aia o?i?e?eoeyie a IV – I
oeny/ie?oo? aei i.a. ia oa?eoi??? O?i?e?? ? ?? eieii?e.

O?i?e?enueeee eoeueoo?a caciaea cia/iee aieea ?aeioyi,
anne?i-aaaeeiinueei?, oaoonueeie, Aaaenuee?e oa a?aoeueei? eoeueoo?.
Naiei iaeaaaeeea?oei aeinyaiaiiyi o?i?e?eoe?a c’yaeany aeiao?ae
o?i?e?enueeiai Eiiniiaioia eenoe o ae?oa?e iieiaei? II oeny/ie?ooy aei
i.a., a?ae yeiai iioiaeyoue iaeaea an? ianooii? aoeaaii-caoeia? nenoaie
ienueia.

?noi?eee aaaaeathoue, ui o?i?e?enueea eeno aeieeei aai c oae caaiiai
a?aeneiai “inaaaei?a?iae?o?/aneiai”, iaaooue, neeaaeiaiai eenoe, aai c
i?ioin?iaeneiai eenoa ? eiai ?aii?o iaeanoeinueeeo aa??aio?a.
Iaeaeaai?oeie iai’yoieeaie o?i?e?enueei? e?oa?aoo?e ? i?oieia?/i? oaenoe
c Oaa??oa, iaiene o?i?e?enueeeo oea??a (Ao??aia ? ?ao?i?eueea c A?aea,
Aoioiaca?a neaeiinueeith oa ?i.)

Aeania o?i?e?enuee? e?oa?aoo?i? oa ?noi?e/i? oai?e aei ian ia ae?eoee,
iaeiae o oai?ao i?ci?o ienueiaiiee?a ? iineeaiiy, iai?eeeaae, ia i?aoe?
o?i?e?eoe? Naioio?aoiia (aei oeeo i?? ia anoaiiaeaii, /e ?nioaaa a?i o
ae?eniino?).

O ia??iae aee?i?cio ? ?einueeiai iaioaaiiy o O?i?e?? aoea ?icaeiaia
e?oa?aoo?a ia a?aoeuee?e iia?: ca einiiaii??, ca oaiaii??, ?noi?e/i?
?iciia?ae? Iaiaiae?a, Ae?y (II – I no. Aei i.a.), Oaiaeio (I no. I.a.),
O?eiia A?aeneiai (I – II no. i.a.) ? ?i Oe? aaoi?e iineeathoueny ia
“oe?nuee? o?ii?ee” oa ?io? aeania o?i?e?enuee? oai?e.

C o?i?e?enueei? e?oa?aoo?e, ui ?icaeaaeany a I?ai?/i?e Ao?eoe?, a?aeii?
(e??i ioi?enueeei ?noi?e/ii? o?aaeeoe??, yea ae?eoea aei ian o aeeeaae?
aioe/ieo aaoi??a Ae?iaei?a, THnoeia, Naeethno?e) oai?e oeioiaiaeoe?a
Aaiiiia ? Aai?eueeiia i?i ?o ieaaaiiyo a Aoeaioe/iiio ieaai? ? i?aoe?
Iaaiia, i?enay/ai? ?aoe?iiaeueiiio aaaeaiith n?euenueeiai ainiiaea?noaa.

Cia/io ?ieue a?ae?a?aaaea ? o?i?e?enueeee iaoea, iniaeeai ano?iiii?y ?
aaia?ao?/i? aeine?aeaeaiiy.

O?i?e?eoe? aianee cia/iee aianie o ?icaeoie aioe/ii? o?einio??.
O?i?e?enueeee o?einio Eeoaeiee aaaaeaany iaeiei c iniiaiiieiaeiee?a
aoii?noe/iiai iaa/aiiy. Ea?oaaaiyiei Aanae?oaae, ui i?eeiya o A?aoe??
?i’y Ee?oiiaoa, neia Ae?iaiaoa, a inoaii?e /aa?o? II no. aei i.a. noaa
ea??aieeii Aeaaeai?? a Ao?iao.

?nioaaea o o?i?e?eoe?a ? aeaoaeueii ?ic?iaeaia, iaaooue, a ia??iae
aee?i?cio a?aiaoe/ia oai??y.

O?i?e?enuee? i?noa c iaeaeaai?oeo /an?a aoee oeaio?aie aeniei?icaeiaiiai
?ai?nie/iai ae?iaieoeoaa.

I?ae aaciina?aaei?i aieeaii o?i?e?eoe?a ?icaeaaeeny e?oa?aoo?a oa ?io?
aaeoc? eoeueoo?e ia?iae?a Ne???, Iaeanoeie ? Iaei? Ac??.

Eoeueoo?iee aieea O?i?e?? iicia/aeany ? a oiio, ui a oeae ia??iae
o?i?e?enueeee aeoaa?o iioe?th?oueny a e?a?iao Na?aaecaiiiii?’y.

Aaeeeee aieea ia o?i?e?enueeo eoeueoo?o oiai /ano iaaeathoue ?ae?a?y ?
i?oieia?y. Aea aea/athoueny oe? iaeano? aaaeei /a?ac ianoa/o aeaea?ae, a
oaeiae /a?ac oa, ui ?iaia o?i?e?enueeeo aia?a cacae/ae aoee oaaoeiaai?,
?o ia iiaeia aoei aeiiaeyoe, ? oiio iao? ciaiiy i?i iaioaii? o?i?e?eoe?a
iiaeooue aooe ia oi/ieie. A?aeiii, ui aa?oiaiee aia o?i?e?eoe?a
iaceaaany El, ui a ia?aeeaae? icia/a? aia, eiai ae?oaeeia – Aeao
(aiaeiy) aai Aoa?ao (aeoo ii?y). ?io? aiae – oea?? (iaeeo) aai
ainiiaea?? (Aaae), o oiio /ene? aeaaeeea i?aii/? – Aaaeoeaoii, ainiiaea?
iaaa – Aaaeoa iai-, aia niioey (ainiiaea? niaea) – Aaaeoaiiii, a oaeiae
aeaaeeee ie?aieo i?noeaainoae, ??/ie oiui.

O o?inueeeo i?no aoee aiae-canooiieee: o O??a – IAEUeEA?O ( “oea?
i?noa”), o Neaeiio – Aoioi (i/aaeaeii, aia e?eoaaiiy), o Aa??o – Aaeeea
ainiiaeeiy Aa??o, o A?aea – aiaeiy ethaia? ? ?iaeth/ino? Aooa?oa
(Anoa?oa), ui aoea oaeiae iaeiei c iaeaaaeeea?oeo iauao?i?e?ene?o
aiaeanoa.

O O?i?e?? iniaeeai aoee iioe?ai? eoeueoe aia?a ?iaeth/ino?. Oaioaaeeny
aia caiea?ianoaa Aeaaii ? aia aiaith, iieoi’y ? /oie ?aoao.

O /aaeo aeyaeai? caiene iaeaeaai?oeo i?o?a, a oiio /ene? i?i caaeaaeue
oa aine?an?iiy Aaaea – aiaa caiea?ianoaa ? ?iaeth/iai aeiuo, yeee
ai?aoueny c aiaii nia?o? Iioii ? ca aeiiiiiaith nai?? nano?e –
aieiaieoe? Aiao ia?aiaaa? eiai.

?ioee caiea?ianueeee eoeueo aiaa Aaeii?na (o?i?e?enueea “ae aaeii” aai
“Aaeoi” – ainiiaeue) iia’ycaiee c i?oii i?i aiaa, yeee ia?iaeeany c
ioaie/iiai ca?ia, iiia?eei ? i?ney nia?o? iio?aiea o i?aecaiia oea?noai.
Eiai ca?eueiy? aiaeiy ?iaeth/ino?.

I?e o?aiao, ui i?aaenoaaeyee niaith a?aee?eoee iaeaeai/ee, o oeaio??
yeiai ciaoiaeeany a?aoa?, ?nioaaee /eneaii? eieaa?? aea?oe?a. Ii?yae c?
cae/aeieie aea?oaii?eianaiiyie (ooaeiae oa i?iaeoeo?a caiea?ianoaa) o
aeiyoeiai aaaeeeaeo aeiaaeeao, ye-io: iie?oe/i? iiae??, i?e caeeaaeoe?
no?i i?noa, a iiiaio nia?oaeueii? iaaaciaee ? o.i., a??oth/? i?eiineee a
aea?oao nai?o iaeie?oi?o ae?oae.

Caaaeueiee oa?aeoa? o?i?e?enueei? eoeueoo?e a I oeny/ie?oo? aei i.a.
caeeoa?oueny aeiaiaoe/ieo ia aeiaa? ?iee.

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