OE?A?INUeEA EIIOAN?EIA IEOAIIss A EIIOAENO? AAIIIE?OEEE ?IN?? E?IOess
XVII – IA?OI? *AA?O? XVIII NO.
I??? ????y I?? ? ?c ?????th ?y ??i ?????????ith ????noth ??/???a ???e
??? ?????? ???? ? ???e. E????? ????????y I??e ??y XVII ?. c ?????i ??y?o
? ???a??? ???? ??? ????a ?? ?? ? ???a ??????. ? y?i ? ???o XVIII ?.
????y ???? I???ue?? ???? ?? ?????? ????, ? ?????y, ??????a ???i ??i
I??i ?, ye ???? I. I???a, “?? ?a ???i ??o ??o ????? ?????a, y? ??ethth?
onth ???o”.1
I???iy ???? ??? ???y a ?y? ????? ??? ??i? ???i ??ae ?? ?????? ????
???ue, ????y y?o ?????e ye ????, ?e ? ????? ?????? ????a. Ia ??? XVII
????y ???y c ?? ????? ?????e, ????e ??a ?????e ?????ue ? ????????/??
??y?o. U?i ????, ? ????a ?????y ????a ?? o ??o ??????o ??a, ?e ??o ???i
?????oth? ??e ???e. I? ? ????ue ???a ??y?y ????ith ??????th ? ????i?e
??? ??????i ???a a ????? ?????ieo, ???i-??????, ?????? ? ??????? ???a.
Ae??ae ??o??y ????th ?????? ???yi o ?????e ???? oy???y c ???o ???? ?c
A??? Eiy???? E????i ? ??? ??? (i??? XV? ?.). I???iy ?? ?????? ??? o E??
I??a ???????a ye ???ae ? ????y o ????? ??? ????i ???. Oea ae ??i ???o
????a’y ?? ?????a o 1653 ?. ye ???ae ?y ????iy ??? I????e ??e. I????th
?y ??y?y ? ?????? ?a? ????ei?i ???y ?? IO ??oy ????i ??” 1686 ??, ? y?th
???y ????? ??i ???eth?? ????a ?????? ??? I?????? O??? a ??? I????e2. Oea
??i ???????? ? ??? ???? o 1686 ?. ?ae ?????ue I?????i ?????? E????
??????, o o?o ??? ?????? ????e I?????? O???. Ca ??o ?? ???y ????a ye
????? ? ????? ??? ?? ? ?????a ?????? ??? a ??? I????e. C??th? ?
????????ue ????i ??? ?a??o 1686 ?. ? ? o????o ?y ?????? I??? ????i ???o
????o ??????ue, ????y ?? ?????? ??? a ??? I????e ??? ?????i ???o3. I??e
??a ? ????? ???? ?ae ??????i ?????a ? i?yi I?????? O??? ?a ???th ????th
?y ?????? ?????? ? ??????i ?y? ?y ??oy ???a ? ??? ??????a. ???? ?????iy
??????i ???y o ?????e ???? ???? ??y XVII – ??? ??? XVIII ?. ? ?????i,
???i???. Aei ??? ???y ???i ????ny ?????e: I.E??i?? o ??? ????? ?? ??e
I????e”, (O.17. NIa., 1886 ?.), I.A??o-E????e „E?????a ???? i ?c??? a
I??a ??” (A??a, 1866 ?.), A.A???? „I?? ??iy?y ?a????e ??? a th?-????
???e ? ??i (1650-1798)” (E?a, 1871 ?.), ?.*???/ ??????? ??? a I??a a ???
???? OVIII no.” (NIa., 1880 ?.), A. A??? ??????y ???ue a I?ueoa e E??”
(A??????, 1908 ?.), O.O??a ???ay ?????ay ???ue a ???i-????i ?????a a
OVII – OVIII ?.” (E?a, 1905 ?.), ????y ??ue a ??? ? ?? e ????? ? ???
???ia OVII a. e a OVIII a.” (E?a, 1905 ?.). O ?i?o ?????iyo ????e ?????e
??o ?? ? ??????o ????, ??ath? o??? ??? ? ??i ????? ? ??i???? ????a, y?
??? ??i ????e ???? ????o ???a ?i ae ???? ?????ny ?????th ???????th. E?i
??, ??? I.A??o-E?????, A.A????a, ?.*en???, O.O??? ? ???? ????? ????
?????a (????i ??? Nay?? N??o ? A??? ????? ????), ???????? ??????i ?
????i. I?ey? ??????a ?? ???iy ? ?? ????iy ????th ???????? ???? ???i?
??????? ????, o y?? ? ?????? ???? ?????a ???y. C??? ????e ??ath? o
????iyo Ii?? ? ?????o ??? a ??? I????e ??ey? ?????y ? ?eth ????a’y ?
????y ???y? ?? ??a ? ?????.
U? ?i??? ????????ue ?ae ?????ith ??????e ??ith ? ???y?, ????i ?y? ? ??e
ye ???i ????? aeey ?????? ???? ??? ???? ??????y ? ???? ??? ?? ????th ?
???i ????iy ?????i ???y c ???/??, ?e ? ????? ???e ?????iy ????th ??????i
???a o ?????? ?????. O?o ?????iy ??? ???y ??y?? ????. C????ny i?’y???i:
a) ????? ?????a ?????a ???y ?? ????? ???i ???? ? ??a???e ??? ??? ???o;
a) y? ?? ?? ????? ? ?? ???? a ?????? ?????; a) y?e ??a ?? ???????a ????
(?????e a ?a? I????e ???? ??o ??a, y? ? ?????? ?????? ??, ????i ?????? ?
??????a – A.O.) ? ????a ?????? ??? I?????? O?a??. Aeey ????? ? ??? ?a
???y ??? ????i ??ey?? ???????o ???? o ????? ?????? ????a ???? ??? ???
XVIII ?., ?? ?????????? ??a??a, ???? ?y?a ?o ?????? ? ??????? ????? ?
I??????e O???.
I????iy ????i ??” 1686 ?. ??????? ????iy ???o ????i-????o ??i ??? ????
XVII ?., ??y y?? I??a ????? ???y ? ???? ? ?o?ae ? *??? ??y. C??
?????????? ??y?a ???? ? ??????ue ?????i ???y”, ??? ?? y?? a ??? ?????
????? ???? ?????ny. I? ??o ???eth??ny ? ???????a ???? I??e. I?? ?????a
???y o ??????o ????? I??e ? A??ae ??y XVII ?. ?????? ???e ?? ???y?a, ?a
????a ??a. C 1686 ?. ????a ?????y ?????ny ?????? ?ae?iy? ????i ????i ??a
(??????? ? ???? ??a ?????? I?????? O???) ???? ????y ?O ??o? ????i ??”.
C??? ??? ????y ? ?????: ????th ????e ???????y e ??? ??????; ????e ??i
a??? ?????? ?????o ??. A??e ?i?? ????ny ? oi?? ????i ??”, y?e ? ?a
??????e ????i ???, ? ?? ?????y A???th ye ????y I??e o ?? ????? ??? ?
??a??? ?????y4.
I? ?????? ???? ?? ?????i ???y”, ?????? ?????????? ?y?i?? I?? ? ???th?
??e ?y ??? ???? ??y ? ?? ??????i ???y. I???i, ? o ??? 1700-1721 ?.,
????e ???i-?????e ??y? I????? ??e, ?????e ??oth o ?e ?? ?????? ??????i
???yi ???i – ???? ? ??? I?????, ???th? ??e, y? ??e ???? ? ?a?ue ??????
??????i ???y. C??th? ? ??????ue ???a ??y, ?e ? ???a ?????a ???y ???ey? a
?????ue ?ae ????-?????? ??.
I?? I????ith ???ith ? ?e ?n ?iy? ?e ???? ???iy: ??ae ? A?????i ??y,
?????y ???????? ????yi ? ????y ???? ??????? ??? ?c ???th I????th. I?? ?
??? i???? ???? ? ???a ????y, ??e?ath? ??th ????o ? ????ue? ??? ? ??o
??y??? ??a ? ??. I??, ?e ??o ?i ???? ?y I??? ?? ????o ?y ????iy I??e ?
C??ae o ???o ??i ??y a ?????e ?????e ???? ???e. O?? “??n?a ???y”
??ey??ny ye ???, ????a ? ?y? ? ????y ??? ??????? ???iy. I??? ???e ????e
????? ???? ?? ??? I????? ??? ??? XVIII co. – ????? ?? a ??? I????? ??e a
???? ?????? ???e, a c 1704 ?. – o ?? ?th??a5. O?a ??o??y ????a I?? ? ?
?????iy ???o ???? ?c A???th. Ca ??o ??, ??ath? ? ?????e ?y ??? I?????
????? ????, ??i ????i, ? ?????y ??????i ??????i ???y ?? ????? ??????
????e, io? ????? ? ??? ??? ????? I??e. C ???i ??, ?????y ? ?????o ???e
??a ?c I??????? O??? ? ???????y ?????? ?? ????? ?i ??a’y??y ?? ???o
?????? ??? a ??? I????e, i??y? Ii????th ???ith o 1686 ?. I???? I??a ??a
????e ?? a??? ????e ????o ?y ?? ? ?i?o ??? ???????o ???? ? ????ee ??
???? ????? ????y ??????i ???y a ??? I????? ??e?
Ia ??? XVII – i??? XVIII ?. ???i-????a n???y a Oe????i-N???e ???? ???ny
? ???ue ????. Oea ???? ?????e ?????? ???? ?????e ???? ? ????e ???. O?,
???a, o 1696 ?? o ???????e ??? ???? ???? ? ??n?? ???e ?ae ?????i ???i
Eth???i ?-E??, y?? ?????a ?????e ??? Eth??e XIV, ? ?????i ??th??i O????i
A???i, ? y?i ?iy? A??? ? I??a, I?? ? ??c ??i ??a a ??? I????e ???
?????e? ??nue?? ????, y? ????a?a ?????? ???, ???o ??, a y?e ????? ?
????e ???y ???i I??? ????a O????. Ae????e O???? A??? ???? ???? ???, ??
?i???y ???? ?? ? ??o ?th???a o ????e I???/?e ?????6. O?? /??, ??????
????? ????e, ????? ???a ?ny?a ?????? ?? – ????a ????o ???a o ????e ????
? ?ith ???ue.
I????i ????e, ? ???e ?ae ??oth ????o ???a ? ???yi ?o ?n????a ?? ????o
???? ?y n????y ??oth?o ? ??iy?y ??o ???a, o ?? ??? e ?? ???. A??e ? ??e
??????a ????y ????? ???e ????i ???? ? ????a ?????? ?? ? I??????e O??? ?
?????ao???ue ?????o ??i???? ??a o ??o ??y?o, ???? ?? a ??? ????? I??e ?
??yo??o ??, ? ???ny a ??? I????e o ??? ?????a’y. Aei ?? ae, ?e???ue
O???? A??? ? eth????? ???, ?? ?i ? ?a ??ai? ?y ????y ????? ??? ??iy?
????? ??7, ? ???a ??? I??e a ???? ?? ? ???e ??? ???? ?????ny ? ????iy
????a ??????.
I???? ??e ???o ?????a’y ?????e ???e ?????o ???i ???e, o ?? ??? e
???????. E???oe??? (????y ??y ??? ??ey ? ?a ?????? ?????ue ? ???a
????ea. – A.O.) ? ???? ??e 1697 ?. ???e a ????? ????? ???? ?ae ???oth??
???y?, ? ?????a ???y ?? ????a. I?? o ???? ??? ???????i ??o ?????? ?
??????a ?? ?’???i ? ????i ?o ?a??? o ???? ??i ????i ???i. Aei ??i ae ??
?? ?o ????ny i??? ????e. 1699 ?? ? ???????o ?e? (?ei, ? y?? ??a ????
?ny?e ????iy c ?????th. – A.O.) ??e?y ????y ?ae A??? ?? ???? ???i ?
???iy ?? ???i. I??? c ?o ???? ????y ????? ?? ????ue?? ????a’y ? ?? ? ??
????e ?????a ?????? ?? ???y?ue?o ??. C???, ?? ????i ??i, ? ????a ? ????
?????? ?? ?yae ????? ??, ???a ??i ???e ??? a ???o ?????o, ???th? ?? ?
????e: «…c ??th ????? ???o?a ???? ?? aei ???iy c ?y?th ??th ???eth??
?????? 1667 ? 1668 ?. ?i ????a. ??? c ?i ?????, ? ??? ????? ????y ??a ?y
??y?y ??ae o ???o ??????8. Ua ???th ????ith ????i ???ue ????ny ??i ?
???i ???ii ????? ? ???iy? o ??o ???o ?y???a. I????ue ????a ???ue ?
?????? ?? ??? ?????ue ??? ??? ????e o ?????? ???. O?? ?? ????ii ??????
????e a E?’y?? – ??? c ?????o ???? i?? I?????? O???: «…eth? ???? ?? –
???? ? ??? ???e o ??o i???». I??y ??i ??a ?? ?????? oe??e ??a ?? ????i,
a ?y? ???? ????9. A??? ???y ???a ??e ? ??i ???i ??? o ???? ???o ia
????a’y. I??a ? ???? ????iy ???th I????th ?? ?O ??? ????i ??” ? ??????.
N?a o ?e ?n ???y ????ny ? ????iy ??e O???. I?ae ????i ???i A???i ?? ye
??th??i ?????i ? I??i ? ?? ae ?? ?? ???? ?th?? ???? ??e O???. E?i ??, ??
o 1699 ?. ??/ I???? ??? ?? c ????e? ???? – O????th, ????? ?oy?o ??o,
????o 1666 ??10. Oea, c ??? ??, ??eth?? ???o ?y ???? c ??iy. C ???i –
??????? ????????? ????th, ? ??i ????e ? ? ???? ????y ??????? ???? ?y??o
?e ??? I??e??. O?o a ?????o ?y A??? ?? ????? ????o ? ???????o ???
1699 ?., a ?? ????y ?i ???, ????? ?oe????a ?? I??a. O??, ??c???y ?th??a
??e O??? ???i ????o ?i?? ??a???? ????y ?? ?????? ???.
?????? ?????e A. Ae????e 1710 ?? ? A???o c’??? o A??? ??? i?y?a ??????
??e «A??i? ??» 1686 ?.11 A? ????, ? ?a ???e ??o ??i??? ??????, ? y?i
?iy? ???a ??? I????? ?ae ????o N????a, E??, E?????? O???. C?????y ???
???ey??i a ???? ???? ?????i c??a ????y a ?e ?????i ?e?o. sse ? ?????ue ?
???? ? ?????? ???, ? ??????? ????a I????? ???e, ? ???? ?? ?y? ?? ??????i
???y?
ss?i ???e, ? ?????? ???? 1686 ?. ??? ? IX ??oth (? ???e y?? ??i???i
??????y ???a ???????y. – A.O.), ? ??a ?? a ???e ?e ????? ??o ? ???i I??e
o ??? ??????. Aeey ????y ????th ???ith ?? IX ??? ????i ?? ????e ?? ?????
???????? ????e ?, ???a, ????e ??????e ??? ?e ????? ????? I?????? O???
(E????o, E??o, I?????? – A.O.). I?? ???? ?a ?????? ????i c’??? c ????th,
? ?????y ?? IX ???. O ???? ?????y, ? ??n?a n??? ??? ???? 1686 ?. i????,
«????? ?i ? ????ny ? ia ???? ?????a ?y?? ???? ???»12. A???y ???? ???
???o ??? ?????ue ?ey?i ????? IX ??oth (??????ue ?a???y ??o ????e) ????
ye ??i? ?y ?????? ? ?????? ??ia. O?o ? ????i, ? ?i ?? ?????iy ????th
???ith ?? “A???i ??” 1686 ?. ? ?a ????i ???? ? ?a??? ?????? ??? a ???
I????e.
I???ith ???????th ??y ???????? ???????? ???? ???? ??a ???a ???????a
????a ??o 1712 ?. O?, ?? ??? ??i, y?i ???iy?ny ????i ??? I????? ??????e
???? ?? (??? ??????), y? ??e ?c??? ???? ? ????a ????ai?. A. A????
???????a ? ???y ye ?????y ?????? ??e ???i??? ? ??? ??? e ????y ?o ? ?eth
????? ?????? ? ????e? ?y?e13.
Ca ?y??? ? ????? ??? I??e?? ?????o ???, ????y ??oe??i ??? ? ????e ?yae ?
??ey, ??a ??e ????, ? I?? ? ? ?/?? ??? ??? XVIII ?. ?a ?? ????? ??? ?y
??????o ???a, ??y???o ? ??? ?????? ??? I?????? O???. Oa ????? ???? e
?aea? ????ny ?? ? ???? ?????????? ???? – ??e ?????a O??y, y? ? ? ??
????? ? ???? ?y?e o ??o ??e I????? ???e ? O????. Ui ae ? ??? I?????, ?
???? ?????i ??y ??ae??? ????y ?? ?ae ????i. N?a o ??e ????, ye ?????
I. Ii???, ?iy?y?ny ????y????ue ?????????? ?y???? I?? ?, ? ??????a ??
???y ? ?????o ????? I????? ??e14.
I???y ?????i ??o ?? ?????i? ???y ????ny ????ith ? ?ae ?n ????iy o
1717 ?. ????, y?e o???y e ???y ??????. Oe?? ???a? ???? ???? ?ae ?ey?? ?
??e?-????i A???i ??. C????iy ?????o n?????? o A??? ?y??? ???i ??a? ?y
?????y ?????y ???a A??? ?? (????y ?????i ???i ?a???i ??a ? ??? ???
I?????) ? ?y ????i ????y o ???? ??ae. 1717 ?? ? ?e ???o «I??? ???» ???
I????e ?? ?a’y?? ???o, ???i c y?i ?????ny ???? ??y, ?????ny ??a ????, a
????? ??y ????ny ? ?? ???e. I??y?y ??o ??? ? ?????ue ????? ??? ????
????a ????th??y ???? a ??? I????e15. O ?????o ???? ?????y e ?????? ???y.
*???? ???e ??? o ?? ?? ????e i? ????a ?????a ??? I?????. «Ia ??? ????
??a, ???? ?? I?i??, – ?????y a ??o, – ????i ????i ??????ny ????a, ? y?th
?? ??eae, ????? ???? ??? ??iy?i ???i, ???? ?? ?????; ??a??? ? ?th? ??a
????e ??e, ??e, ???iyth?ny ???? ??? a ?????o ??yo; ?y ?o, ?i ???? ????o
??o c ??i ???o, ??????y ????y, ?e???y ???a, oth??a oa’y??iy, ???iy c
????. A???th? ?, ? a ??? I????e ? ?????a o ?????? ??o ??? ????e e
?a????o, ? ?? ????e ?ey? ???i ???????e ?? ??e ?o. A?????yi o ??y ??o
ca??a ?ey? ???? ?????? a ???? ?????o ??, ? ????a ???? ?y ????y ???? o
????? ??? ??? I?????16. O?? ??i, ??yae ?c ?a’y???yi ??? I????e ???a, y?
???? ???? ???o ?c ???, ???eth?? ??o ??ey ? ????? ???a, ????? ?yae ? ???a
????th th????i ???o ?????? a?? ? I??????e O???.
C?iy? ?????i ?y?i ???y ? ??a ? ?????y ? ???????e ?o??? ? I??????e O???.
ss?i ? ??y XVII ?. ?????a ??y ?i ? ????y ??i O?????e, a ? ???o XVIII ?.
– ??y? N. I??y ?i ??’???iy c E?????ith O???th, ? ??? ?? ???? ????i ???e.
O? ? ???e ???? ? ??, ? ?? o ???e ??? XVIII ?., ?? ?????a ???a, ????
?????? ?ae ??i ???????i ??a ???eth?? ???????ue ?? ?????? ??? a ???
I????e, ????y ????e? ????e, ???ny ???i o ??????o ????y?? ? I??????e
O?a?? ? ???ue ??-?????? ? ?a?-?????? ???, ?? ????i ????y ?y ???o ?
?????o ??17.
??ue ? ???iy ??????i ??????i ???y a ????i-????o ????? ??ithth?ny ??y
?????i ????iy ????th I????? ??e. C ????yi 1721 ?? I??????i ?? ? O???th
??/ I???? ???? ?y I?? ? ???iy ???i ?th??a, ? ???o ???? ???? ?? ?? ?????i
?y?. I??? I???? ?i???ny ? ??? ???? ?? ???? a ??? I?i???e ? ???? ??a ? ??
??? ???. I?yae ?c ?i ??????e ?????i o ???o ???/?o ????? ???th?ny A???y,
O???y ? I???y, y? ???? ?????e ????th ??? ???? ? ??/ I????18.
sse ????? I. I???a, ?? ??y I??????i ?? I?? ? ???i ??? ??’y?? ?????a
???y19. I????iy 1719 ?. A?ae???? ???? ?ae A???i ??, A????th ? A???th,
??y???? ??e ???? ? I?n??, ????i ????o ? ????y e ?ae???y ?? ae ?? ???????
?th?. Ca ?? ???e, ???e ?? ???i??e ??oth? ??o ????y ??? I????? ? ??????
????? ??? A??? ??. I?i ?c ???a ???? ???ny ?????? ??? I?????. sse ????i
???? i???? ????? A. A?a????, “…?e ??e ?? I??, c ???o y?? ????y ????y
?? ??????, ?????a o A?????o ????, ? A????? ?a??? ??a’y???y ??i ?c ????i
???? ?????e ?eth ????o ??????a ? ??????”20. Oa?i ??i, ??c ?????y ?????
????? ???i “????? ???y” ???? ????a ?????? ????a?? ??? a ??? I????e ????
???? ? ??? ???? ????o a ??e??o ????yo ? ??/ I????, a e ???i ???? ?y
????y a ?? ????? ???.
O 1722 ?? ? I??e ??? ?????e ???? N???? *??????e. Ia ??? ???? ???a, ???a,
?i ???a I?? ? ???o ???o ????i ????a ?????? ?? a ??? I????e. I???i, ??i?
??e ?y??ny ????e a i?????e ?????, ? ???ny ???i “??n??i ???y”. A?????th?
???? ??? e ???iy ?????? ??? I?????, Ia?i ? ????y? a ??? 1722 ?. ???o ?
??ey ? ????? ?y?. A ?e ?? ??aii ?? ???, ???y? ??????o ????th ??? I?????
????? ? ????e, ? ????y ?????y a??? ?ae ?? ???i ????a c ??th ????iy
???????y ?????? ?? ? ????iy ????? o ?? ??? ? ?????a. A??oa ??????y
?a??th ?????a: «…?? ?, ?? ?y?y, ? y?? ??? ?a????eth e ???eth ??????ey
? ?? ???? ? ????o, ? Iu ??i ????? ?? ??? ?? ??????ey»21. A???n o ?????
?ycth N. Ae????? ?????ny: ??? ????ny ????y ????th ???ith ?? «A???i ??»;
??? ??eth, ????i ? ????i ??? I????? ??? ???????y ?????? ??; ? ? ???o ??o
???nth?? ???o ?e ?e???o ??? ? ??? ???? ??ei?iy ?? ????. Ae???o ?????th
???a ? ???? ?. ??????e (??? – ????? ?e ?????o ????? a ??? I????e),
?????e ? ?????a ?y ???o ?????? ?ae ???a. E?o ?????? ?’??? ?????, ?
???aee ??????, e ???? ?????e a? ????y e ????y ???o ?? ? ???. Oe? ??? ??
?? ???? ?’????e ????, ????y y?? ?????? ??y ????y ????i ??? ????????
???e22 O? ? ??? ?? ????? ????i?? ????i ?y ???? ????? ??o 1722 ?. I?yae
?c ?????i ? ??a ??a ?????? ???yi ????a ???e?? ????i ???? ? ????? ???, a
??: ?????y ?ae ?????iy ???e?e ????e ?????? ?????? O??i? ? ???? ??? ?ae
??o ????o ????a (??i ??i ???y a ????e a ??? I????e ???? ?????i ????
?????? ??th?? ? ????? ??ey a ??e ??? – A??? ??, y?e ???a ???e ???? ???
????th, ????e ?? ??? ??); ????y ???iy ????th ???ith ???????? ??? I?? ?;
??? ??????a ?. I??e. E?i ?o ??a, I???? ?????y ?ca’y?? ? ?ith ???ue
“??y??? ???y” (???? ???a ???? ????? E?ey??th ? ???th I????th, ??e ??
????e ???y e I???y), ? ???i?? ??????th ??? ???????i ???-????? ????. O
???o ???? o oe? ???yo ????? ?????? ??e N. Ae????e ?a ???? ??e, ? y?o ??a
?? a ??aoe ??23. A????ue ????? ???e ???e ?? ?y?? ? ???y, y? ?y I????a ??
????a??e, ??i ?????, y? ?????y ????? ???? ??? I????? ? ???? ????
???-?????? ???. Ui ae ? ??????i ???y, ? ?? ??? ?? ??i ??y?? ????o ???i ?
ae??????i, ?? ?????? ?e o ????? ?????.
I??, y?i o ????? c A???th ?????a ???y ???ny ?ae ?????e, ? a ????, y?
???? ? ??e ????i-????o ????, ?? ?? ??? o ???i ???o ????. O?, ????a
?????y ???ith? ??? o A????. E??? A. A???i ???? ??ae ??th ?i????i X???
??e ???????y ?????? o ??? I????e. I???y ??????y ??a?ith ??i?th: «ss?i
???? ??? I????? ? ???y? ???????y ??i???? ?? ? ??????ue ??th, ????? ?????
????? ??????y ?????? ?? a ????»24. Oe? ??? ????? ?yae ia ??? ??a ?????
A???o, ? ??a, ??i? a ???? ????i, ??? ?? ??????, ye ? ???y c ??i???? a
?????e ??? I????e. Oe? ??????e ?ae ?a ?? e ??o ?? – ???e ?????a ?????a
???y ? ?????e ??? ? ?????e ???????ue ????e ??en?? ???e ?aei ??? I?????.
A ? ?y ?????i ?????a ?? ???? o ?? ???, ? y?? o 1720 – 1724 ?. ??? o ????
? ??/ I???? ????th??ny ???? ?ae ????th ? O????th. O? ? ???a, oe? ??????
??? ???? ??in???o ????th ??? I????? ? ????. I. A??o-E????e ????, ? ???y
???? o A???? ????ny ?c ????ae?. I?ae, ???? ??y ????i ????th ae???
??????ny ????y ???a ?????? ?? a I??????e O???, i?i ? ????ue ?????y ?
????? ?y? ??a ?ae ??????25.
O?? ??i, ?? ????i, ? ?????y ????th ??????i ??????i ???y ???? ???? ?ae
????y ???? ??? ? ?????y ??o ???a o ??? I????e. I???ath?? ???th ????a
?????? ??, ????? ?yae ??????a ?? ????y o ????? ??? ????? ???e, ??oth? ?i
??i ??a?i-????yi ? ?ith ????? ???????ue ? ???????ue ?e a ??? I????e. C??
ae ?? ca ????th ?i????i ???y ???y ??a ???e ? ??ey ? ????e ?yae ye ???o,
? ? ???? ????? ??, c ??th ????iy ???? a ??? ???yo. I???i ? ??i ?? ?????
?????? ???a. E?i ??i, y?i ???e ? ??i?iy I?? ? – ??thth? ??????o ????,
?????oth? ????? ??, ???e ?i???o ???a, ????? ??????a, ??????a – ??-?
????e ?????e ??? ????, «…???e ????i ???iy ??????? ia C??? ?? ?????»26,
? a ????o ?? ???? ????? ?????? o A???? i?? ???e ? ?? ????iy ???? ?
?????? ??ae. Ae?a ?y? – ? ??????y ???? ???e, y? ??? ???? ?? ? a ??e ???a
????a ? ?? ???? ??e a ????nue?e ???? c ?????th ? ??a ??a ??ae ????o ???
???e. Ua ??i ?y??iyi ????? I?? ? o ????? o?????i ??????i ???y o ????? c
???th I????th ?? ?? ? ?? ????y ???e ????e ?yae ????? ??a??? ??e, ????y
y?o ????i ??e ?????o ???? ???? ???e.
I??????yi ??e ?i ?????iy ????th ???y ?????? ?c ?????e ? ???????e ?ey? ??
??e e ???c ????? ????? a ??e ?????, y? ??? ? ?????? ?i ???, ???i ? y?
????a ?????i ????i ? ?????e ???. O ??? ????y I?? ? ???????ny ????????ue,
y? i?y?y??ny o ????? ???????? ??????a. O 1719 ?. c I??e ?? ???i ????a, a
i???a ????y, y? ???iy? ???th?? ?? ????? ??e, – ??a???i. C???i ? ??, ye
????? N. ????/, c ????? ????ue. I? ??e ?????e ????? a ??????e ???? ? ??a
???? ?? ?????? ? ?????a ???, y? y?i ????? a ???y?? c ???th ?????th. O?o
? ??i, ? ??e ?????? ?????? ??? ???ith??ny ??????a ????27.
I??i ??? ???y – ? ?? ????? ??a ? ????a ?????? ??? a I??????e O???
???????a ???? I?? ?? ???? ?????y ????th o 1722 ?. ??????i ??????i ???y
???e ????? ??ey ???y ? ?a?o ???a c ??th ????e ??ey?? ????y ????? o ???
??? I?????. A??o ?? ??? ?yae ??ao?a ?i ????iy ?????? ?y?o ???, ??a??o
????e. I?? ? ?y??ny ???i, ?? ???? ???y ????y ?ae ??ey. I?????ue ??????
??e, ?????ue o ????? ??????? ??? liberum veto, ? y?i a?ue-y? ???y
?o????i ????n?? ?????iy ???, ??? ?????ue ?????i-?????e ?y?? ???e ?????
?y ?? ????e. O?, ?c 1710 ?. ? 1733 ?. ?? ???? ? ??y ?? ??? ??e. O?o,
????? ? ??????ue ?????y ????a ?y ?i?ey? ??????i ???y ?c ?????iy ???,
?????y I?? ? ???i ?? ????a. Ia ??o ?????ue ???? o ??????? ??i? ???y??ny.
I??? ??????? ???? ??o ????y ? ?????? ???y ?????e ?????e ?e ????? ??? ??a
????e ??? ?????? ???e ? I??????e O???. O ????? ???? ???a ??? ??????
?????ea28.
E??? XVII – ??a ??? XVIII ?. a ????? ???? ??? ??a ????? ? ?a ??e. I??e
??eth? ??? c ??y XVII ?. ? 1721 ?., ??y?i y?? ??ny ???? ? ??ae ? *??? ?
A?????i ??a. Ae??e ?? – 1721 –1725 ?., ?? ???y, ?a a ???? ???? ????
???e, i??a ??y? ??a ??a ??ae ????? ??????o ??aa ? ???? ? ?????? ???????
???e. O ??? ??? o?? ????? ???e ?a ??y???e ? ???? o I?????e ???. Ae??e –
???y a ?? ?????? ????a ???? ?????????? ?????e. A??c ? ???????iy ????????
???? ???? ??y?i ?o ?? ??? ????a, ??i ? ??th ??o?i-??????ith ??????th ?
????-????e ????oy?, ???y? ???e ???? ????. C ??y XVII ?. ? 1721 ?eo a ???
????? ?????? ???e ? ???i??e ??? ?? ?y???ue ? ???ue ?????? ?? o ???
I????e ?? ???y???a ????? ?????. N?????a ??????ue ????y ? ?????iy ???o, a
???? ?th?? ???? (1704 – 1721 ?.) c ???th I????th o ??? I????i? ??e ??a
??????th ???e ???? ?ae ???????? ?y???? ye ??????i, ?????? ???a. O?a
i???iy ??? I????a ? ????e ???, ?????ue ????? ??? ? ????? ??? I?????
???y? ????? ????? ?o?e ?? ???o ?? ?????? ???. O?a ???y ?????i ?y? ??y?
????th ???????? ????a a ??? I????e ? ????ith ?????? ??? ? I??????e O???.
E????y ? ae?th ?????? ?????ue o ?e ?n, ?? a ??e ???? ?y?i ????ny ??????,
????y???e ??? ??????? ???. A?????y o 1722 ?? ??????i ???y ye o
????i-????o ?????, ?e ? ? ?????e ???, ?? ????a ????ith ??????th ????y
???a??i ???o ?y ????e ? ???? o ????? ??? ??? I????? a ??? ???? ???? c
O????th, A????th oa I????th ? ???th?e ?e? ? I??o.
AeAEA?AEA OA E?OA?AOO?A
1. I???a I.I. Ae????y I?? I???. – I., 1984. – N. 15;
2. A??o- E???? I. E?????a ???? i ????e a I??a O?e. – A??a, 1866. – N.
107; E?i ae. I?? ??i? ???? ???e (? 1800 ?ae): A 4 /. – I., 1897. – *. 3.
– N. 157; A??a A.A. I?????y Oe??? a I??a e E??. – A???????, 1908. – N.
54; *???/ E.A. Ae?????? ??in a I??a a ??? ???? XVIII co. – NIa., 1880. –
O. 2. – N. 107;
3. Oe????? ????e ??i??? ??a. – O. 2227.-N?. 234.- A?. 1-2; 4. O??
O.E. ???ay I?????y Oe??? a I??? – E???ii ?????a a XVII – XVIII ?.: A 2
o. – E., 1905. – O. 2. – N. 268; *???/ E.A. I?? ???? ???i – ???e ???: A
2 /. – NIa., 1884. – *. 2. – N. 47-48; A??o- E???? I. E?????a ???? i
????e a I??a O?e. – A??a, 1866. – N. 127, 131-132;
5. A??? A.N. A??yy ???ea ???e y?? I?? I. – I., 1990. – N. 144; A?a??a
A.A. ???y e ??ue I????y ??a I????e ??? (1709 – 1714). – I.,N.153;
6.A????e A. E??ey I???? ???. – NIa., 1910. – N. 221; O?? A. En??y ????i
???: A 3 o. – NIa., 1866. – O. 3. – N. 122;
7. O?? A. A??? ??y. – O. 3. – N.122;
8. Volumina legum. Przedruk zbioru praw staraniem xx. Pijarow w
Warszawie od roku 1732 do roku 1782 wydanego. – Peterburg, 1860. – T. 6.
– S. 9-10,15,33,35; A???? A.A. I?? ??iy?y ?????? ??? a th?-???? ???e ?
??i (1650-1798). – E., 1871. – N. 13;
9. Volumina legum. – O. 5. – S. 407-408; A?? TH?-C???e ??n?: A 8 /. –
E., 1871. – *. 1. – O. 4. – N. 123; A??a A.A. A??? ??y. – N.
366,370-371; A???? A.A. I????e ? ???e C???e e TH?-C???e ???e. – E.,
1885. – O. 1. – N. 272;
10. E??ey I??e: A 3 o. – I., 1956. – O. 1. – N. 282;
11. Volumina legum. – O. 6. – S.70-73; O?? A. A??? ??y. – O. 3. – N.
191;
12. O?? O.E. C???y ??ue a ??? ? ?? e ????? ? ??? ???? XVII a. e a XVIII
a.: A 2 /.- E., 1905. – *. 1. – N. 126;
13. A???? A.A. I????e ii ???e C???e e TH?-C???e ???e.- E., 1885.- O.1.–
N.273;
14. Eiy??/ I.I. E??ey ??????y ??????? ???a ??? ???. – NIa., 1873. – N.
3; I???a I.I. A??? ??y. – N. 302;
15. A???? A.A. A??? ??y. – N. 154; N????e A. E??ey ????i ???. – NIa.,
1899. – N. 225; O?? A. A?c?a ??y. – O. 3. – N. 191;
16. Volumina legum. – O. 6. – S. 124; A?? TH?-C???e ???e. – *. 1. –
O. 2. – N. 52-53;. *???/ E.A. I?? ???e ???i – ???e ???: A 2 /. – NIa.,
1884. – *. 2. – N. 52;
17. Eiy??/ I.I. A??? ??y. – N. 3-6;
18. N????e A. A??? ??y. – N. 226, 233; A????? I. I?? E??? I?ue?: A 2 o.
– NIa., 1891. – O. 2. – N. 245;
19. I???a I.I. A??? i?oey. – N. 413;
20. A????e A. A??? ??y. – N. 242;
21. N???a N.I. E??ey ???e n ????? ???: – I., 1963. – Ei. 9. – O. 18. –
N. 417; A??o-E???? I. E?????a ???? i ????e a I??a O?e. – A??a, 1866. –
N. 175-181;
22. A??o-E???? I. E?????a ???? i ????e a I??a O?e. – A??a, 1866. – N.
175-181; E?i ae. I?? ?a?? ???? ???e (? 1800 ?ae): A 4 /. – I., 1897. –
*. 3. – N. 222, 223;
23. N???a N.I. A??? ??y. – O. 18. – N. 409, 415, 418;
24. A??o- E????e I. E????e? ???? i ????e a I??a O?e. – A??a, 1866. – N.
183;
25. N???a N.I. A??? ??y. – O. 18. – N.417; O??the A.I. I????? oe??a
I?????? O??? a ????? ??o??o ???? ???? ? ??? I????? ??y XVII – XVIII
????y.// Aeen. ??. ???. ??. – E., 2002. – N. 57; A??o- E???? I. E?????a
???? i ????e a I??a O?e. – A??a, 1866. – N. 185-186;
26. A??e I.?. A????? ?a? a O?????e ????e ???? ??? ??? XVIII ?. (? ????
?y???? ?. N??????i). Ae?… ae-?. ???. ??: – E., 1999. – N. 160-161;
27. ????/ N.A. E??ey ??e? ??? ?ae ?????i Nay???i N??a (1721 – 1725). –
NIa., 1900. – O. 1. – N. 36-37; ???? I????o. O????a ???. – A????a, 1982.
– N. 239, 243;
28. A??a A.A A??? ??y. – N. 374; A?? TH?-C???e ???e. – *. 1. – O. 4. –
N. 403.; *???/ E.A. Ae?????? ??? a I??a a ??? ???? XVIII co. – NIa.,
1880. – N. 14, 15-19.
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