OE?A?INUeEI-IIEUeNUeE? NOIA?A*IINO? OA ?OI?E AIEEA IA AOIIIIE?OE*IO
NEOOAOe?TH I?AAIAA?AAEII? OE?A?IE (IA?OA O?AOEIA O?O NO.)
A ??? ????e O????? ????ue?? ???e ??? ?????? ???? ??????e ? ?????a
??????i ??? c ????i. A??? o ?`y?o c ?i ????? ?????? ?o ??????e, y?
??i-??i ???? ? a??????o ????th o ?? ? ???o ????.
I??iy ?????a ???i ?? a?????iy a ??? ??? ??e, ???a a ??????, ????????,
??????????. O????-??????, ??ath?? ? ????? i??????? ???????e, ????oth?
???? ????o a ?? ???? ? ??????oi?? ?y?a.
Ia ???? ?a ???? ??? ??ia ????? ?? ?y ??, ?a c`y?a??e ????-???? ????e o
??? ????e ????. A??a ??? ???? ????? ???? ??i y??, a ??? y?? ?? ??a
????y?y ?ae ????i ? ????ue?i ????.
A ?????e ??? ??? ??? ??a ?????o ??ue, ??ay??o ???i ? ??? ???? ????-?????
????y?y o OV-OV??? ????yo. O ?o a ????o ??ey?th?ny ???? ???????y oa
???????iy ye a ??o O???, ?e ? ?? ?????i ?? ???o. A?o?oth?ny ??ae ??????,
y? ?? ??a ???, ? ?-??? ?y?y? ?? a ?i?o ?????? ?????? ye a ?????, ?e ? a
??????i ???a. N?? a??o, ??? y?o ?th? ????iy ? ??, ??i ???e: I. A??y, A.
N??y, A. N????a. O?, A. N??e ? A. N???? ?th? ???c ??????i ??? I???, y?e
????y ??? ???? ????? ???????y o I??????e O??? a ???e ???? OV??-OV???
????, ?in????? ??oth? ? ????????ue ????o1. A ???o ??? ?????? A. N??e
???? ??o ? ? ?? ?ae??e ??? – ????iy ?????? ??? ? ??a ? ?? c-??ae ???
???o?a ?????, ?? y?? ? ?????? ??? ?????a i???e ???????e ?????2.
N?????? ????e a ??? ???: ???????e, ?????e, ?????e, ?????e. Oea ??ae ??
????i ???? ???a ???, ??? ???? ??o ? ??? I?????? O??? ye ? ??e, ? a ??
??i???? ?????? ???a ? ????, ? ????o ???e. A?e ? ????ny c ???ith
?????ith, ? a?a c ??y? ????? ???????a ???e?i ?????ith. O?, ?. E???y
????? ?e ??, ? ??e ??? I?????? O??? ye O?iu?a ????? ????o ?? ? ?? a
??????, ?a ? a ?????? ????-????o ??????e a ???????e, ?????e, ?????e n??o
o ??? OV??? – ???e ???? O?O ????3. I???i?yi ???? ????? ??? ? ?????y ?a??
?????? a 30-50-o ??o O?O ????y ? ???o I?????y ? ??? ?????a o ?????
?????i-?????o ?? ??ay?? ??y E. ?????4.
I??a ???? ??oth? ? ??????, ? ????e a ??? ?????? ???i??, ye o ?e???i, ?e
? a ??????i ???a. Oea ? ??? ?? ???ue ?o a ??? ????? ??e, ?? ????e
?????i-????? ?o ????i a??????a ?????a ?y ?ny??iy ??o ????? ??e.
N????-????a ????a ?eyi I?????? O??? ? ?? OV???-O?O ?i?? ? ????? ???????y
o ????o ?? ?????? ????? ??i ???o ????oth? A. O??ithe, I. A??????. A?e
?????oth? ? ?? ????? ??th?? ?ey??a, ?a ? ????th? ??a ????? ??i? ? ???a
????-????o ??????e. ???y?, ye ???, ?????? ?o ?ith ?????ue ??c ????iy
????? ??. Oea ?ny??ny ??y? ????ith ???? ???????o ?? ??? ?????i ?????5.
I??????? ??? ??aeyoue ?y???ue ??????e o ??? ?n???o ? ??????? ????. I??,
?e ???? ??? ??????, ? ??o ???, ??? ????? ?????? ??e, ?????iy y?? ????i a
??o ????? ae???? ? ?? ??????, ?a e ??iie???o ????th a ??????? ???? O???
??? ???e O?O ????y.
N??? ?????? ??? (N. I??y?a, I. E????), ??ath?? ? ???th ????? ?????a,
???th?ny ????? ???th ??e??o ? ?? ????? ??? ??? ???, a????e ???e ???
?????a??o ?????a ? ???e ????????? ?????o O???. A?e ???th?ny c`y?a?e ??e,
? y?o ????e ? ????e, a ??? ? ???ath? ??????o ????th a ???o ????6.
I????oth? ?eyae ???????? c ?????? ??, ??? ??? ? ????a ?????? ????:
?-??a, oey ???a ?????? ???a ??a ?????iy o i????yo ? ?????o ???o ???yo;
?-??a, ?y ??o ????i ? ????thth?? ?????iy ????-?eue??o ????i?? ? ???????
????? ??? ???e O?O ????y ??? ??? ?????? ????y.
I?a ??? ?????? ?ey?? a ?? ?a, ?????? ????? ??? ???? ???, ???? ? ??
????ue ???/??? ?ae ?????? ? ????i ????, ?a e ???? ???e ??a ? ??????o
????th a ???e ???? O?O ????y. E??ny ?i ???e, ? ???a?ny ? ????? I??????
O???.
I????ae, ?????, ? ??????a n???y ????ny a ????? ae?? oe??? ?y? ????a. A?e
????e ? ?oa ??e ????o, a e ? ?? ?y??? ????????? ??y?e ?? ?????y. O??e
????e ?, ?-??a, ???a ?????ue, ??i ????iy a ????? ????/?? ???? ???a c ???
?io????i ? ????i-??????? ????i?y?; ?-??a, ?oy???ue ?????? ???? ???? ?i
??e ? ???????, ???oa ?y???ue ?????? ?i`y? a ?? ? ???i ???; ?-???, ?y? o
??ae??? ??? ???? ????? ???/i? ???a, ??a, ? ??? ??e ???? ??e ??oth?? ???o
?i.
Oa ?? ? ?a ??i ?? a a????e ???th? ???, y? ? ???? ? ?y? ??????e, a ???
ey?e a ??? ??????? ????o.
????y ???? ??-y?? ???e, o ?? ??? ? ???, ?? a ?? ???????e ?????, ???e
????iy y?? ???oth?ny o ???? ????. Ui ????ny ??? ???? ???iy, ? ??? ?????,
? ???e ???????y, y? ?????y ? I??????e O??? ?? ???????e ?????. Oe? ?????
?? ???o ????th ??i ????iy, ?a ??? ?????i ??a ?? ??????? c ?? ???o, ??
???? ??a ???th?ea ????th ? ?????? ??? a ??? O?V ????y. I???a ?????y
?????i ????y?ny ?ae ?????i. E???e ?yae c ??? ???o ????y ???i?? ??? ?
?ith ?????th, ?a`y?? ??? ??i ? ???????o ???o, ????e ????a’y ?y?i ?????y
?????o. O???a ?????iy ? ?????y c?iaeth?? ?????y ?????, ????? ? ????
????a. I?????y ??? I????? 1 ??y 1569 ?? ???? ???oa ????y ????i-??????i ?
?????i-?????i ????y ??????i eth?7.
N???a O?V ????y ??????ny ???? ???o C??? I?e. O 1449 ?? ?ae ?? ?????y
????e ?? ? ???a ?? ???o – E???a ???i. A? ?????? ????-????a ???a a 1478
?? ?? ???i O???? ????? ? ?ae ?? ?????th ???ith? ????o ???eo ???? ??????
???8.
Ae???y ??? ? ????y ?? I?e???? ???e a ?? ???? c E??th ? ??i ?? ???i
“???iy ??? ???” ??y?i 1480-1569 ??a9.
I?a, ????y ??? ??????? ??? a N???e ???? ? ????? ?? ?? ?y?th ??o ????o
???? ? ???i ????yi ???? ????ue o ??o ae ????.
?yae ???? ???, ???a I. O??ya, ???? ???ith?? ? ??? c ?e ??ith “??????ith
??eth??th”, y? ????y a OV – OV?? ????yo ? y? ??ae c??? ?? ?????iy a
N???e ???? o ??y? ???i-?????i ????y?y ??? I?????, I????? ???e ? O????
?????10.
O ??o ??? ?????? ??? ??a? ?????i ??i ????y?y. U? ?y???ny ?ae ???????i ??
? ???aeo ????y ???a ?? ??? “?????” ? “???” ??. O? ?????y ????? ?y ????iy
???? ??????i ???aa, y?e ?? ?????i ??? ??? ?i??a (??i??? – ?????iy ?eyi ?
??? ? ??????y ??`???i ?????o, ? ????? ??? ????y ? ? ???y ???? ?????
N????i I????`y; ???i-????? – ???? c ????-????th ????ith a ??? ????iy ?
???o N????i I????`y, ????i-????? – ??? ?o??o ???ue ? ??? i?????? ???????
?ae ????? ????oe??).
?????? ?????? ?????, ????eo ??a ??????i ???, ???? ???oe???? ? ?????
????a o ?????o ?????? ??i ????iy ? ????iy e???? ??????? ???. A?
?n?????ue ????? ?ny??iy ????? ???? ??o ????i ?????a ? ?? ????i ????y,
???? ??y ????y A???i ?? 1686 ??.
I?oy?i ??????? ?? ????e ??? ?a ?????e ??a ? ?eth ?????a. E?a a ??e ?n
??? ??? a ??? ???e ?????e ??????? ?e?e ? ????? ??o. I??? I??? (1772,
1793, 1795 ??a) ?? ??????? ????e ?y ?a? I????? – ?? ?? ????? ?ae
Aa??-O???ith, ???e??th ?????th ? I???th. ??? c ?th ?? ???? ? ?????? ???.
C???iy ????? ???e ? ????y ????? ???a ? ????th I?????y ??????
?????i-????? ?o ????? ? ??????i ???a, ???? ???i a i??e ???? O?O ????y.
Ni???i ???i ?????a ? ?ey?a o ??o ??? ?a ????? ?yae, ?a ?`???e ????? ???
?? ???a ? ??? ????y. I????a ?i ?? ???oyae?a ???? ?i ??e ? ??????? ?n???a
???? (?n???a ?i`youe).
O?? ?? ??? ???? ???y. Eae??y ?i ?y???ue ????a ??????? a ?????e ???
(????) a ??? ??? ??. Aei ??o ????a, ? ??o N. I??y??, ????: ??????a
?????iy ????i ???o, ?????a ????y ??????? ?????, ????i-????? ???e???ue
?????? ??e, ??? ????? ????? ????a a ???11.
N???? “????” ????? ??? N. I??y?? ? ???? ?????? ??????? ?o ????a ?????e
?a???? a I??????e O??? a ???e ???? O?O ????y.
A?????a ?????iy ????i ??? ???? ?? c ????? ??e a ???? ??? ?????? ?????a.
??? ?i?????? ? I?????? ?a ????? ?????e. O 1569 ?? ????e ????y Eth?????
??? ?e ??? ????? c-?ae ????? ??e ?ae ???? ?????ue. O ???e ???? OV? – ?
???o OV??? ????y I?????y ??i ?????th ???? ? ???? ????-????-????i-????o
??i.
C??? ??? ? ????iy ????iy ????? ???e a ????? ?? ???a ???i ????o ????a
????e ?????th ??i ???o, y?e o ????? ???i ??? I??? ???? ? ?????? ?????.
O?yae ???? ????y ????e ???? ??a ? ????? ????o ???????a. A? ???? ?i ????
?a ?? ? ????n, ??ath? ????a ? ????a ?????y ????? ??y??a. A???????? ?
????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ? ??th. Aae ? ????? ???iiy 1830-1831 ??a ?
????? ????? ?ae ????i ????ei ? ????? ???i. I???? ???o ????a ? ?????
I?????y, ????th? o ????e ???? (5%) ??ae ????i ?n??iy. I??a ? ??yi ?
????th I?a???aey ?? ???i ??y ????iy ????? ????y. A?i ?a ??y? ?????ith
???? ????? ?????? o ??o ?????i ????o ????12.
I?a, ???i-????a ????y?y ??y OV??? ????y (??? I???), ? ?? ????? A???y,
I??y, ???y ???? ?? ??????o ?????ue, y? ???? ? ??? I?????? O??? ye ? ?e?,
? ?a ?????i ???? ?y ?????? ????? ? ????i ? ????i ?ae??i ?y ????? ??y??a.
I??? ? ???? ??e ???? ??i??iy ????? ??????.
O?? ??i, ??????a ?????iy I?????aey ?? ? ??? ?? ??????, ???? ????? ?
????y ? ?? ???o ?????, ??????, ????o ?????, ????? ? ??????? ???a.
O?? ????? ??ey?? ?????? ????? ????o, ?ath?? ? ??e “??? – ????y”.
A????e I?????th ?? ???? ? ?????? a ??o ???? ???a, ??y? ???ith?? ????? a
E??????e O??i? ???????o ????13. I??th??ny ????a?y ?eyi, y? a ??? ????
????i-??????? ???e ????ny ? ????th ?????o ???? ?n, ?y y?o ? ????i ????
?ae ?????e ????? ? ????th ?y?ith. I?????y ?y????i ?a? I?????? O??? ? ??o
?????i ??y??a ?? ????? ????i-i?????? ????e ?y ??????i ???eth?14.
I???? I?????? O??? ?????i ????e ??e ????o ???? ????? ?????a, ? ? ????? ?
?????e? ????a ?eyi, ? ????e a ???????? ?? 1830-1831 ??a. Oea ????ue ??
??, ?? ???i ???e ???? ??o?iy15. I???a ?y???i ???ith??ny ??????e n?y?? ye
?th?? ????? ????a.
I???? ???? ??? ????? ?y? ?i???o ?? ????a ??????ue. N???ue ?? ????y ?
?????? ?????i ??? ? ????iy, ????ue ? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ???i ? ???e
?????.
????y I?????? O??? OV??? n???y – ? ????y ????i, ???e ?? ????? ????y?y
?????? ?????? ????e ???ath?e ????-?????e ?????. I???iy ????? ??? ?
I?????? o OV??? ????? ???? ????y ??? ??????i-????i ???, y?e ? ??ya ???e
?e????? ? ????? ?????? ?????. A 1717 ?? ? ????? ??? ?? ??ey?? ??? ???iy
????a`y ?y?i ??????y ???? ?? ?? ??th?o o ??? ??? ? ?????y ???o ????o ?
????o ??ae.
O ?e ? ?n ????e ?yae ?ya ?? ? ????iy ????a ?ae ?????th ? ?????th ???? a
O???. I??y C?????i ??? (1720 ??) ????? ??? ????a ??? ???? ??? ?????i
??y?. I??i ??i-????a ? ?????o ?????o ?? ?????a ???a ? ???? ?????, ? ???a
??e ?ya, ???a, o ????? 1768-1769 ??a. Ai? ???i ?th I?????o O???.
??????th ?????a ?? ????a`y16.
C????, ? ????? ???? ? o??? ???????i ???o ?a ????? ????? ??? ?y?.
O ???e ???? O?O ????y ?ae ???i ????????o ????a ???th? ???th??ny ??? ????
???? ??????? ? ????? ? ??????.
?????a ?????i a ?e ?n ??a?i ????? ????o. A?i ?ny??ny ?y?i ?????iy ????
???????y ? ????? ?ey?a ? ?????? ??, ? y?? ???? ????ue ????a I?????y.
O?oy ? ?????o ???? ?????y ? ???? ????? ????? ? ????i-????? ???? c ?????
???????? ????e, ? ????ny a ???e ?ey??? ???a.
I???o ?y?o ? ???? ??e ??????i ????y ?? ????y ???? ?e?. A??? ????y
???iy?? ???????? ????e ???? ? ?????o ?? ???? ?y?a ???a ??????e ???i??”,
a ???y ?i ????o ???????ue ?? ??ey?? ye ??o ????th” ??y/? ??a17.
N?a ? ? ????i ? ???a ?n???y ????o, y?e a ??o ??? ?i?? ?a ????a ?????
????y. I?n?????? ???e ????? ????????, y? ????? ???? ?y?a, ?? ????? ????
? ? ?????y ??????i, ?????? ? ?????i ???a. O?a ?????y, ???? ? ?????
?????, ?? ??a ?????iy ???? ?ai ? ???i ???.
I???? ???? ??? ????o ??i ???e ??? ????? ????? ???/??i ??? ? ???e ?????.
A?i ?? ?y?y? ??c ?y???ue o ?????? a??o ?????o ?????e ? ??? ?? ?????i
????ae?iy, ? ? ??ae?ith ???ith ?????i ?? ??i ???.
O ??? ???o ? ????? I?????y o ???e ???? O?O ????y ??/?? ????e ? ???ny ?
??o ?? ????e ? ?????? ??. I???e ?a ?? ??????e, ?i ???? ?e?, y?e ??i
??????ny ? ???a ??e ??i-?????i ?????y, ???? ? n????iy ??????i ??? ye
??????, ??????, ????? ?????i.
Ia ??o ???? ???? ????y?y ?ae ??o ?????i ????i ??i ? i?o ??????i ??????.
I???? ??ae, ???ath? ? ????iy ??????, ?a ???e ??? ???? ????????. A??a
?????? ? ??? ??????e ??????i ?????? ???????y, y? ?y??ny a ????? ????
?oe??. O????? ? ??ae, ??e ???io ??????ue ??????? ??????, ? ?a ?? ? ??e ?
?? ??i-????i? ?????y. ? ?? ?? ??????y” ???????i ???? ????i ???i ?o??i a
????o c ???i ??????, y?e ??? ? ?a ?y?? ??e ???? ??? ???.
I?a, ?? ?? ???? ???e ??? ????o ???? ??oth? ? ????? ??????ue ????iy
??-y?o ?????a ?a?? ? ? ?i ?? ?y??? ?????o? ?ae ????i ? ?????? ??ae?e a
??? ????iy ???? ?????? ????.
I????, ? ???? ?ae ????i oa ?????? ???? ??? ????????y ?y???th ????????
?????o. Ae??oth? ???, y? ?????? ???? ????th ????o, ??ae ??? ??, ??
?????y ???? ?????y ? ????th O???. N???i ??????? ? ?e ??, ? ????e ??
???????e, ???? ???, ? ?? ???e ??? ??i ?y? (??????? ???, ????a ? ????a??a
????y ??). A? ? ???? ? ???? ???? c ??????i ?? a ??? ???e ?????. ? ?
???ith??ny ?ey?? ye ?ya ???? ??y?o ???, y? ??? ???e, ????e, ?y? ????ny ?
????. ? ?? ???oiy?y, ye ? ?a c`y???, ???yei ??????e ??a ? ??????o ????th
a ???e ???? O?O ????y. A? ?? ?a ? ?y?y?ny o ?o e???o ???, y?? ?????y ??
I???a??-????? ??eth?? ? E?????e. E???? ????ny a ??? ?y? ????a ???? ?oe??
o ????? ?, c ??? ????iyi, a ??????i ???a.
O?? ??i, ??????a ????y a ???e ???? O?O ????y ? ????? I??a???? O???
?????y oy?ith ?????th ????th, y? ??i-??i ?????th?? ?????y. I???a ?y?a, a
??? ?i???? ?????? ??????, ????ny ?????? ?????a o ???? ?c ????i a??? –
?????ith ?????th. I??iy ???ae?? ???ith?? ???? ?????? ????e, ? ??? ????
??? I????e.
AeAEA?AEA OA E?OA?AOO?A
1. N??e A. N???? A. I?????a O??? o ???e ???? OV?? – OV??? ?.: I???e
???????y. – E., 1993. – N. 56;
2. N??e A. sse ? ?? ??? ?????y ?????a ??y. – E., 1994. – N. 5;
3. E???y ?. E???y A. A??the ?. O???a a ???????e ????? O?a?? (??y OV???
–??? ???? O?O ?.). – E., 1998 – N. 6-8;
4. ???? E. O??? a ????? ?oe????i-?????o ?? a 30-50-o ?.?. O?O ?. – E.,
1998 – N. 5;
5. O??ithe A. N????-????a ?ai??a ?eyi I?????? O??? ?? OV??? – O?O ?. //
A???a ????y ???a A??e.- 2001.– ? 10.– N. 51-55;
6. A?????? I. I????? ???????y ? I??????e O??? o ????o ?e? ?????? ?????
(??y OV??? –???o O?O ?.) // ????y O???. – 1999 – ? 35 – N. 5;
7. E???? I. A??? ???????? ?????o O??? // I?a ????. – 2001 – ? 1 – N.
56-59; I??y?a N. I???????? ???e e?????? ??????i ?????? – E., 2001. – N.
10;
8. A?? I. ????y O???. – E., 2002. – N.108;
9. I???? A. E???a ???i o OV – OV??? ?. // O????? ?????e ???. – 1980. – ?
9. – N. 59-67;
10. *?? A. N??? I????`y. A 2-o ?. – *???, 1999. – Ei. 2 – N. 39-40;
11. O???a I. A?????a ??eth?y ??y OV – ???? OV?? ?.: ???a, ??????? ? ????
???iy // I?a ????. – 1997 – ? 6 – N. 23-27;
12. I??y?a N. ?. A??? ??y. – N.10;
13. A??e ss. I??e ????? O???: o????y ???? ??????? ??? O?O – OO ?. – E.,
1996. – N. 19;
14. A?????? I. A??? ??y. – N. 5;
15. E???y ?. E???y A. A??the ?. ?. A?c?a ??y. – N. 45; 15. ???? E. A.
A??? ??y. – N. 6;
16. E???y ?. E???y A. A??the ?. A??? ??y. – N. 6-7;
17. ???aa E. A??? ??y – N. 4-5.
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