Ainoaea?noaaiiue Eiieoao ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee
Ii Aunoaio Ia?aciaaieth
Ainoaea?noaaiiay Aeaaeaiey Oi?aaeaiey eiaie Na?ai I?aeaeiieeeaeca
Eo?niaay ?aaioa
ii eo?no
Anoanoaaiii-iao/iua iniiau nia?aiaiiuo oaoiieiaee
Eaoaae?a oaoieee e oaoiieiaee a iaoeiino?iaiee
ia oaio
Yia?aaoeea NA* a ia?iaeiii oicyenoaa:
I?eiaiaiea NA* – iaa?aaa a ieuaaie i?iiuoeaiiinoe.
Auiieiee(a):
nooaeaio(ea) eo?na a?oiiu
oaeoeueoaoa EI IAO
.
I?iaa?ee: .
Iineaa, 1995 aiae.
Caaeaiea
ia eo?niaie i?iaeo ii aeenoeeieeia
«Anoanoaaiii-iao/iua iniiau nia?aiaiiuo oaoiieiaee»
1. Nooaeaioo eo?na a?oiiu .
.
2. Oaia i?iaeoa .
.
3. A i?iaeoa i?eaanoe .
.
.
.
4. A i?iaeoa aeaoue ?an/ao .
.
.
.
5. Ieaeaoiue iaoa?eae aeaa eenoa oi?iaoa A1 (594×841 ii) .
.
6. N?ie naea/e nooaeaioii caeii/aiiiai i?iaeoa .
.
?oeiaiaeeoaeue eo?niaiai i?iaeoa .
.
Aaaaeaiea
I?aaeeaaaaiay eo?niaay ?aaioa noaaeo caaea/o aeaoue oece/aneea
i?aaenoaaeaiey i ?aaioa yeaeo?iiiuo i?eai?ia NA* e eo i?eiaiaiee a
?acee/iuo io?aneyo ia?iaeiiai oicyenoaa, a /anoiinoe, a ieuaaie
i?iiuoeaiiinoe, a oaeaea aeaoue ?an/aoiua aeaiiua ii aieiiaui i?eai?ai,
iaa?aao e nooee iaoa?eaeia n iiiiuueth NA* yia?aee.
Anee a 40-o — 50-o aiaeao yeaeo?iieea NA* a iniiaiii neoaeeea
iio?aaiinoyi ?aaeeieieaoeee e nayce, oi a iineaaeiea aiaeu iia ana oe?a
i?eiaiyaony ai iiiaeo io?aneyo oicyenoaa, onei?yy iao/ii-oaoie/aneee
i?ia?ann, iiauoay yooaeoeaiinoue e ea/anoai i?iecaiaenoaa.
Iiyaeaieth iiauo iaeanoae i?eiaiaiey iiuiie NA* yeaeo?iieee
niinianoaoao ?yae niaoeeoe/aneeo naienoa yeaeo?iiaaieoiuo eieaaaiee
yoiai aeeaiaciia /anoio, eioi?ua iicaieytho nicaeaoue iainouanoaeiua
?aiaa oaoiieiae/aneea i?ioeannu eee cia/eoaeueii eo oeo/oeoue. E iei
ioiinyony, iai?eia?: nicaeaiea naa?o/enoie ieaciu n oe?ieei eioa?aaeii
oaiia?aoo?; aiciiaeiinoue na?eeiiai ecaioiaeaiey i?inouo ii eiino?oeoeee
e oaeiaiuo a yenieoaoaoeee iiuiuo aaia?aoi?ia NA* yia?aee, n iiiiuueth
eioi?uo iiaoo inouanoaeyoueny iieeia?ecaoeey e oi?i/iaiea ?acee/iuo
ecaeaeee e iaoa?eaeia, a /anoiinoe oei e eaeie?ani/iuo iie?uoee,
oi?i/iaiea iaoaeeia, noaaeeecaoeey ia?aiao?ia iieoi?iaiaeieeia e o.ae.;
ana aieaa oe?ieia i?eiaiaiea iieo/atho iaa?aa e nooea n iiiiuueth NA*
?acee/iuo iaoa?eaeia, a /anoiinoe i?eaioiaeaiea ieue, ianoa?ecaoeey
iieiea e o.i.
Iiciaeiieoue n aiciiaeiinoyie NA* yeaeo?iieee a iaeanoe ia?iaeiiai
oicyenoaa — iaeia ec aeaaiuo caaea/ yoie ?aaiou. I?e ?aaioa auee
eniieueciaaiu iaoa?eaeu eieae TH. I. I/aeueieeiaa e A. O. Nae?eaeiaa
Yeaeo?iieea naa?oaunieeo /anoio, iao/ii-oaoie/aneeo noaoae,
iioaeeeiaaiiuo a aeo?iaeao «Yeaeo?iiiay oaoieea», «?aaeei» e ae?.
I?iiuoeaiiua aeeaiaciiu yeaeo?iiaaieoiuo eieaaaiee
Aeey ?aaeeiyeaeo?iiiuo ono?ienoa, i?aaeiacia/aiiuo aeey eniieueciaaiey
a i?iiuoeaiiinoe e naeueneii oicyenoaa (o.a. ia?iaeiii oicyenoaa),
auaeaeaiu aeeaiaciiu /anoio, i?eaaaeaiiua a oaaeeoea 1.
Oaaeeoea 1.
I?iiuoeaiiua aeeaiaciiu yeaeo?iiaaieoiuo eieaaaiee
f, IAoe No?aiu Iniiaiua i?eiaiaiey Aeeaiaciiu /anoio
0,06 – 0,08 ?inney Eiaeoeoeeiiiue iaa?aa I*
13,56±0,00678 Ana no?aiu
A*
27,16±0,16 Ana no?aiu
A*
40,68±0,02 Ana no?aiu
IA*
433,92±0,87 Aano?ey, O?A, Ii?ooaaeey
OA*
866 Aiaeey
OA*
915±25 Ana no?aiu, e?iia Aiaeee, Eniaiee
OA*
2375±50 Ana nioeeaeenoe/aneea no?aiu NA* iaa?aa OA*
2450±50 Ana no?aiu, e?iia nioeeaeenoe/aneeo noai
OA*
5800±75 Ana no?aiu
NA*
22125±125 Ana no?aiu
NA*
Iniaaiiinoe iaa?aaa aeeyeaeo?eeia a aeeaiaciiao OA* e NA*
A iiaeaaeythuai aieueoeinoaa neo/aaa iaa?aa eaeeo — eeai oece/aneeo oae
i?iecaiaeeony iooai ia?aaea/e oaiea nia?oaee ai aioo?ue ca n/ao
oaieii?iaiaeiinoe.
Ia NA* i?e ?aoeeiiaeueiii iiaeai?a /anoiou eieaaaiee e ia?aiao?ia
eaia?, aaea i?ienoiaeeo i?aia?aciaaiea NA* yia?aee a oaieiaoth, iiaeii
iieo/eoue ioiineoaeueii ?aaiiia?iia auaeaeaiea oaiea ii iauaio oaea.
Yooaeoeaiinoue i?aia?aciaaiey yia?aee yeaeo?e/aneiai iiey a oaiei
aic?anoaao i?yii i?iii?oeeiiaeueii /anoioa eieaaaiee e eaaae?aoo
iai?yaeaiiinoe yeaeo?e/aneiai iiey. I?e yoii neaaeoao ioiaoeoue i?inoioo
iiaea/e NA* yia?aee i?aeoe/anee e ethaiio o/anoeo iaa?aaaaiiai oaea.
Aaaeiia i?aeiouanoai NA* iaa?aaa — oaieiaay aacuia?oeeiiiinoue, o.a.
aiciiaeiinoue i?aeoe/anee iaiiaaiiiai aeeth/aiey e aueeth/aiey oaieiaiai
aicaeaenoaey ia ia?aaaouaaaiue iaoa?eae. Ionthaea aunieay oi/iinoue
?aaoee?iaee i?ioeanna iaa?aaa e aai aini?iecaiaeeiinoue.
Aeinoieinoaii NA* iaa?aaa yaeyaony oaeaea i?eioeeieaeueii aunieee EIAe
i?aia?aciaaiey NA* yia?aee a oaieiaoth, auaeaeyaioth a iauaia
iaa?aaaaiuo oae. Oai?aoe/aneia cia/aiea yoiai EIAe aeecei e 100%.
Oaieiaua iioa?e a iiaeaiaeyueo o?aeoao iau/ii iaaaeeee, e noaiee
aieiiaiaeia e ?aai/eo eaia? inoathony i?aeoe/anee oieiaeiuie, /oi
nicaeaao eiioi?oiua oneiaey aeey ianeoaeeaathuaai ia?niiaea.
Aaaeiui i?aeiouanoaii NA* iaa?aaa yaeyaony aiciiaeiinoue inouanoaeaiey
e i?aeoe/aneiai i?eiaiaiey iiauo iaiau/iuo aeaeia iaa?aaa, iai?eia?
ecae?aoaeueiiai, ?aaiiia?iiai, naa?o/enoiai, naii?aaoee?othuaainy.
Ecae?aoaeueiue iaa?aa iniiaai ia caaeneiinoe iioa?ue a aeeyeaeo?eea io
aeeeiu aieiu, o.a. caaeneiinoe oaiaaina oaea aeeyeaeo?e/aneeo iioa?ue d
eae ooieoeee aeeeiu aieiu l . I?e yoii a iiiaieiiiiiaioiie niane
aeeyeaeo?eeia aoaeoo iaa?aaaoueny oieueei oa /anoe, aaea aunieee tg d.
?aaiiia?iue iaa?aa. Iau/ii ia?aaea/a oaiea inouanoaeyaony ca n/ao
eiiaaeoeee, oaieii?iaiaeiinoe e eceo/aiey. Ionthaea iaecaaaeai
oaiia?aoo?iue a?aaeeaio (ia?aiaae) io iiaa?oiinoe a aeoaeio iaoa?eaea,
i?e/ai oai aieueoee, /ai iaiueoa oaieii?iaiaeiinoue. Oiaiueoeoue eee
ii/oe ono?aieoue aieueoie a?aaeeaio oaiia?aoo? iiaeii ca n/ao oaaee/aiey
a?aiaie ia?aaioee. Ai iiiaeo neo/ayo oieueei ca n/ao iaaeeaiiiai iaa?aaa
oaeaaony ecaaaeaoue ia?aa?aaa iiaa?oiinoiuo neiaa ia?aaaouaaaiiai
iaoa?eaea. I?eia?aie oaeeo i?ioeannia yaeyaony iaaeea ea?aieee,
iieo/aiea iieeia?iuo niaaeeiaiee e o.i. N iiiiuueth NA* yia?aee iiaeii
ia oieueei ?aaiiia?ii iaa?aaaoue aeeyeaeo?ee ii aai iauaio, ii e
iieo/aoue ii aeaeaieth ethaia caaeaiiia ?ani?aaeaeaiea oaiia?aoo?.
Iiyoiio i?e NA* iaa?aaa ioe?uaathony aiciiaeiinoe iiiaie?aoiiai
onei?aiey ?yaea oaoiieiae/aneeo i?ioeannia.
Naa?o/enoue iaa?aa. Anee i?e iaa?aaa aaciaui ieaiaiai, a oaeaea n
iiiiuueth aeoaiauo ai?aeie i?ienoiaeeo caa?yciaiea iaoa?eaeia, oi NA*
yia?aeth iiaeii iiaeaiaeeoue e ia?aaaouaaaiiio iaoa?eaeo /a?ac caueoiua
iaiei/ee eo oaa?aeuo aeeyeaeo?eeia n iaeuie iioa?yie. A ?acoeueoaoa
caa?yciaiey i?aeoe/anee iieiinoueth ono?aiythony. E?iia oiai, iiiauay
iaa?aaaaiue iaoa?eae a ioea/aiiue iauai eee eia?oiue aac, iiaeii
ono?aieoue ieeneaiea aai iiaa?oiinoe. Caa?yciaiey io aeeyeaeo?eea, /a?ac
eioi?ue iiaeaiaeeony NA* yia?aey, aanueia iaeu, o.e. a neo/aa iaeuo
iioa?ue aeaaea i?e i?iioneaiee aieueoie NA* iiuiinoe yoio aeeyeaeo?ee
inoaaony i?aeoe/anee oieiaeiui.
Naii?aaoee?othueeny iaa?aa. I?e iaa?aaa aeey oeaeae nooee ea/anoai
iieo/aaiiai iaoa?eaea nouanoaaiii oeo/oaaony ca n/ao oiai, /oi iaa?aa
aunooaiiuo iano aaoiiaoe/anee i?ae?auaaony. Iauyniyaony yoi oai, /oi
oaiaain oaea aeeyeaeo?e/aneeo iioa?ue oaeeo iaoa?eaeia, eae, iai?eia?,
aea?aai, i?yii i?iii?oeeiiaeai aeaaeiinoe. Iiyoiio n oiaiueoaieai
aeaaeiinoe a i?ioeanna nooee iioa?e NA* yia?aee oiaiueoathony, a iaa?aa
i?iaeieaeaaony oieueei a oao o/anoeao ia?aaaouaaaiiai iaoa?eaea, aaea
aua nio?aieeanue iiauoaiiay aeaaeiinoue.
Iieo/aiea NA* yia?aee aieueoie iiuiinoe
*oiau i?eiaiaiea NA* yia?aee auei yeiiiie/anee ii?aaaeaii, iaiaoiaeeii
auae?aoue oaeea NA* i?eai?u, eioi?ua eiaee au a ni/aoaiee neaaeothuea
oa?aeoa?enoeee: aunieee EIAe i?aia?aciaaiey yia?aee i?iiuoeaiiie /anoiou
a NA* yia?aeth (ia iaiaa 50%, a eo/oa 70% — 90%) ; aunieee o?iaaiue
auoiaeiie iiuiinoe a iai?a?uaiii ?aaeeia (ieiei 1 eAo e aieaa); i?inoua
e aeaoaaua enoi/ieee ieoaiey (aeaeaoaeueii ieoaoue NA* i?eai?,
iaiin?aaenoaaiii iiaeeeth/ay aai e aoi?e/iie iaiioea neeiaiai
o?ainoi?iaoi?a i?iiuoeaiiie yeaeo?inaoe aac aui?yieoaeae e oeeueo?ia);
i?inoioa eiino?oeoeee, iaaeaaeiinoue, aieueoie n?ie neoaeau (ia iaiaa 2
— 5 ouny/ /ania); aiciiaeiinoue yooaeoeaiie ?aaiou i?e ia?aiaiiie
iaa?ocea.
Iaeaieaa iieii yoei o?aaiaaieyi oaeiaeaoai?ytho iaaiao?iiu, i?ieaoiua
iiiai?aciiaoi?iua eeeno?iiu e aiieeo?iiu.
Iaeaieueoaa ?ani?ino?aiaiea a ea/anoaa enoi/ieea NA* yia?aee iieo/eee
iaaiao?iiu. Ioiineoaeueiay i?inoioa eiino?oeoeee iaeua ?acia?u e aunieee
EIAe aeaeatho eo iaeaieaa i?eaiaeiuie aeey eniieueciaaiey ai iiiaeo
iaeanoyo NA* yia?aaoeee. Iiuo i?eiaiaiey iaaiao?iiia e enneaaeiaaiey eo
naienoa i?eaaee e oiio, /oi a ianoiyuaa a?aiy iie ii/oe eneeth/eoaeueii
i?eiaiythony a i?iiuoeaiiuo NA* onoaiiaeao. Iaeiaei a ia?niaeoeaa ei
iiaoo ninoaaeoue na?ueacioth eiieo?aioeeth i?ieaoiua iiiai?aciiaoi?iua
eeeno?iiu. A ia/aea naieaeanyouo aiaeia aeaaiaea?y iioeiecaoeee
ia?aiao?ia n iiiiuueth YAI aue iieo/ai EIAe i?ieaoiuo eeeno?iiia auoa
70%. Oaeie aunieee EIAe a ni/aoaiee n yeaeo?inoaoe/aneie oieone?iaeie e
iaiin?aaenoaaiiui ieoaieai /a?ac iiauoathuee o?ainoi?iaoi? io naoe
i?iiuoeaiiie /anoiou iicaieeo caiaieoue iaaiao?iiu a ?yaea i?eiaiaiee.
Aiieeo?iiu eiatho EIAe 60% — 70%, a eiiaaea e 80%. Iaeiaei
i?eioeeieaeueii aiieeo?iiu noiaee n iaaiao?iiaie e eiatho a iniiaiii oa
aea iaaeinoaoee: eaoiae iaoiaeeony a i?ino?ainoaa acaeiiaeaenoaey,
io?aaioaiiua yeaeo?iiu aiiaa?aee?otho aieiiaaaeouoth nenoaio e o.ae.
?anniio?ei iiae?iaiaa ?aaioo iaaiao?iia iai?a?uaiiai aeaenoaey a
ea/anoaa enoi/ieea NA* yia?aee aeey i?iiuoeaiiiai i?eiaiaiey.
I?eiaiaiea iineaaeiaaoaeueiiai yeaeo?iiaaieoa. Nicaeaiea iaaieoiiai
iiey iaaiao?iia n iiiiuueth yeaeo?iiaaieoa, aeeth/aiiiai
iineaaeiaaoaeueii a aiiaeioth oeaiue i?eai?a, iicaieyao oi?inoeoue noaio
ieoaiey, iiieceoue noieiinoue onoaiiaee, iiauneoue onoie/eainoue ?aaiou
iaaiao?iia i?e eieaaaieyo iai?yaeaiey a naoe e eciaiaieyo ia?aiao?ia
auniei/anoioiie iaa?ocee (aa iiaeoey e oacu). E?iia oiai, i?eiaiaiea
iineaaeiaaoaeueiiai yeaeo?iiaaieoa ioe?uaaao aiciiaeiinoue i?inoie
?aaoee?iaee auoiaeiie iiuiinoe a aeiaieueii oe?ieeo i?aaeaeao.
Oi?iuaiea noaiu ieoaiey aeinoeaaaony ?aoeeiiaeueiui auai?ii ia?aiao?ia
yeaeo?iiaaieoa, a ?acoeueoaoa /aai iaaiao?ii iiaeao ?aaioaoue i?e
iaiin?aaenoaaiiii aeeth/aiee a iineaaeiaaoaeueii niaaeeiaiiuo aiiaeiie
oeaie iaaiao?iia e iaiioee yeaeo?iiaaieoa a oeaiue aoi?e/iie iaiioee
neeiaiai o?ainoi?iaoi?a ii noaia aeaooiieoia?eiaeiiai aui?yieaiey. Anee
eiaeoeoeaiinoue yeaeo?iiaaieoa iaaeinoaoi/ia, oi aeey naeaaeeaaiey
ioeuenaoeee aiiaeiiai oiea aeiiieieoaeueii iineaaeiaaoaeueii n
yeaeo?iiaaieoii iiaeao auoue aeeth/ai ae?innaeue. Noiia?iay
eiaeoeoeaiinoue aeieaeia ninoaaeyoue 10 — 30 Ai. Yoa noaia iaeaieaa
i?inoa e oaeiaia, eiaaea a onoaiiaea ?aaioatho aeaa iaaiao?iia, a /a?ac
iaiioee yeaeo?iiaaieoa i?ioaeaao neaaea ioeuene?othuee iinoiyiiue
aiiaeiue oie iii/a?aaeii aaia?e?othueo iaaiao?iiia (?en. 1). Ia?aiaiiay
ninoaaeythuay aiiaeiiai oiea iiaeao auoue a aeinoaoi/iie noaiaie
oiaiueoaia ca n/ao oaaee/aiey eiaeoeoeaiinoe ae?innaey e
yeaeo?iiaaieoia.
?en. 1. Noaia aacaui?yieoaeueiiai ieoaiey iaaiao?iiia n
iineaaeiaaoaeueiuie yeaeo?iiaaieoaie io naoe ia?aiaiiiai oiea
i?iiuoeaiiie /anoiou:
1 — iaaiao?ii; 2 — yeaeo?iiaaieo; 3 — aunieiaieueoiue o?ainoi?iaoi?.
I?e ?aaioa aeaoo iaaiao?iiia ioe?uaathony iiaua aiciiaeiinoe aeey
oeo/oaiey eniieueciaaiey NA* yia?aee. Oae, iai?eia?, anee aaia?e?oaiua
/anoiou ianeieueei ioee/iu ae?oa io ae?oaa, oi iiaeii iieo/eoue aieaa
?aaiiia?iia ?ani?aaeaeaiea ieioiinoe NA* yia?aee ii iauaio, a eioi?ii
i?ienoiaeeo oio eee eiie oaoiieiae/aneee i?ioeann.
?anniio?aiiay noaia ieoaiey eniieuecoaony a NA* ia/ao, ?ac?aaioaiiuo
ioa/anoaaiiie i?iiuoeaiiinoueth.
A ea/anoaa i?eia?a i?eaaaeai oa?aeoa?enoeee iaaiao?iia aeey
i?iiuoeaiiiai i?eiaiaiey oeia M571. Aai iniiaiua ia?aiao?u neaaeothuea:
?aai/ay /anoioa 2375 ±50 IAoe; auoiaeiay iiuiinoue 2,5 eAo a
iai?a?uaiii ?aaeeia i?e Knov rae. Niioaaonoaothuea ?an/aou iieacuaatho, /oi
iaeiaiueoaa ioeeiiaiea ooieoeee P(r)=f(g1r) io ?aaiiia?iie eiaao ianoi
i?e r0/rae=0,5 e ia i?aauoaao ±7% naiaai cia/aiey ia ine.
Aeey eiie?aoiiai neo/ay: rae=1 ni; e1=35; l=12,6 ni; o.a. k=2p/l=0,5
1/ni (e1=35 niioaaonoaoao aeeyeaeo?e/aneie iinoiyiiie ia?aaaouaaaiiai
iaoa?eaea, eioi?ue i?e oa?iiia?aaioea ia NA* o?aaoao ?aaiiia?iiai
?ani?aaeaeaiey oaiia?aoo?u ii ?aaeeono). Iinoiyiiay ?ani?ino?aiaiey
aieiu b iieo/aaony ii ?an/aoo ?aaiie 1,56 1/ni e la=2p/b=4 ni, o.a.
aeeeia aieiu a aieiiaiaea iieo/eeanue iaiueoa aeeeiu aieiu a naiaiaeiii
i?ino?ainoaa l=12,6 ni. Yoi cia/eo, /oi aeey iieo/aiey ?aaiiia?iiai
iaa?aaa ii ?aaeeono neaaeoao i?eiaieoue caiaaeeythuoth nenoaio
inaneiiao?e/iiai oeia n caiaaeeaieai, ?aaiui 2 — 3 . Yoi n?aaieoaeueii
iaaieueoia caiaaeeaiea oa?aeoa?ii aeey CN oeia oeaii/ee naycaiiuo
?aciiaoi?ia eee aeeao?aaie?iaaiiiai aieiiaiaea. Eiaiii oaeay CN e
i?eiaiyaony a onoaiiaea aeey oa?iiia?aaioee, iai?eia? nineni/iiai oa?oa,
noaiaoe/anee iieacaiiie ia ?en. 6.
?en. 6. Noaia NA* iaa?aaaoaey aeey oa?iiia?aaioee nineni/iiai oa?oa:
1 — CN oeia «aeeao?aaie?iaaiiue aieiiaiae»; 2 — eaa?oeaaay o?oaea,
caiieiaiiay oa?oai; 3 — eiaeneaeueii-aieiiaiaeiue ia?aoiae; 4 —
ae?aoaeaoeeaaeueiue iino aeey aeaeaiey iiuiinoe NA* aaia?aoi?a iiiieai;
5 — ei?ioeicaiueathuea ii?oie a i?yiioaieueiii aieiiaiaea; 6 —
niaeanothuea naeoeee aeeao?aaie?iaaiiiai aieiiaiaea.
Oaia?ue, eiaaea ecaanoiu aeeaiao? aeeyeaeo?eea 2r0 e aai
aeeyeaeo?e/aneay i?iieoeaaiinoue e1, ?aai/ay aeeeia aieiu l e
caiaaeeaiea m, i?e eioi?ii eiaao ianoi ?aaiiia?iia ?ani?aaeaeaiea
oaieiauo enoi/ieeia ii iiia?a/iiio na/aieth, e oei CN, iaiaoiaeeii oae
iiaeia?aoue aa aaiiao?e/aneea ?acia?u, /oiau, e?iia o?aaoaiiai cia/aiey
m (o.a. b), aeenia?ney aaeece ?aai/ae aeeeiu aieiu auea eae iiaeii
iaiueoa. Oiaaea eaa/a aeiaeoueny niaeaniaaiey CN n i?yiioaieueiui
aieiiaiaeii ii eioi?iio iiaeaaony NA* yia?aey. Oaaee/eaaaony oaeaea
iieina /anoio, a eioi?ie caiaaeeaiea iinoiyiii e noaiiayony a iaiaa
aeanoeeie aeiionee ia ?acia?u eiino?oeoeaiuo yeaiaioia CN.
Iaeii e oiaea caiaaeeaiea, ii i?e ?aciie e?ooecia aeenia?neiiiie
oa?aeoa?enoeee i?e ?aai/ae aeeeia aieiu, iiaeii iieo/eoue i?e ?aciuo
ni/aoaieyo ?acia?ia b e c (ni. ?en. 6). Iaeiaiueoay aeenia?ney
iieo/aaony i?e b=1,35 ni e c=4,3 ni.
Ioiaoei eioa?aniua eiino?oeoeaiua iniaaiiinoe onoaiiaee, i?eaaaeaiiie
ia ?en. 6. Ai-ia?auo, NA* yia?aey io aaia?aoi?a ?acaaoaeyaony ia aeaa
?aaiua /anoe a o?aoaeaoeeaaeueiii aieiiaiaeiii iinoa e iiaeaaony n iaieo
eiioeia CN oeia oeaii/ee naycaiiuo ?aciiaoi?ia (aeeao?aaie?iaaiiiai
aieiiaiaea) iaano?a/o ae?oa ae?oao /a?ac eiaeneaeueii-aieiiaiaeiua
ia?aoiaeu. A yoii neo/aa iieo/aaony aieaa «iyaeee» iaa?aa
ia?aaaouaaaiiai iaoa?eaea, a aaia?aoi? i?aaeio?aiyaony io io?aaeaiee a
ia?eiaeu ionoonoaey nu?uey. Aeeeia ?aai/ae /anoe CN aua?aia oaeie, /oiau
ano?a/iua aieiu i?e caiieiaiee oeaio?aeueiie /anoe CN oa?oai, o.a.
aeeyeaeo?eeii n aieueoeie iioa?yie, caoooaee iaiiiai aeaeueoa na?aaeeiu
aieiiaiaea. Aeeaiao? d auae?atho oaeei, /oiau a i?aaeaeao yoiai io?acea
eiaeneaeueiie eeiee ia auei aunoeo oeiia aiei, a iiaea ?ani?ino?aiyoueny
oieueei aieia oeia OAI. Niaeaniaaiea i?yiioaieueiiai aieiiaiaea n CN
inouanoaeyaony yenia?eiaioaeueii iooai iiaeai?a iieiaeaiey
ei?ioeicaiueathueo ii?oiae aeeaiao?a aiaoiaai i?iaiaeieea ia?aie naeoeee
CN e oi?iu ooieuaiey oeaio?aeueiiai i?iaiaeieea a
eiaeneaeueii-aieiiaiaeiii ia?aoiaea.
N?aaieoaeueiua ecia?aiey iieacaee, /oi i?e i?eiaiaiee CN oeia oeaii/ee
naycaiiuo ?aciiaoi?ia ia?aiaae oaiia?aoo?u ninoaaeyao 6°C (io
64°C ia ine aei 70°C i?e r=rae), a a e?oaeii aieiiaiaea 37°C (io 68°C ia
ine aei 31°C o noaiee eaa?oeaaie o?oaee).
Ieaciaiiua NA* ai?aeee (ieaciio?iiu) e eo i?eiaiaiea
Naienoaa yeaeo?iiii-eiiiie ieaciu. Ieacia — yoi ninoiyiea aauanoaa,
iaoiaeyuaainy a aaciia?aciii ninoiyiee, a eioi?ii aieueoia eiee/anoai
aoiiia e iieaeoe eiiece?iaaiii; aoiiu noaee eiiaie, o.a. yeaeo?e/anee
ca?yaeaiiuie /anoeoeaie, iioa?ya iaeei eee ianeieueei yeaeo?iiia. E?iia
eiiia a ieacia eiathony e naiaiaeiua yeaeo?iiu. Anee eo ca?yae
i?eaeeceoaeueii ?aaai ca?yaeo eiiia, oi oaeay ieacia iacuaaaony
eaaceiaeo?aeueiie, o.a. a oeaeii aa yeaeo?e/aneee ca?yae ?aaai ioeth.
Aeey iiieiaiey oeceee acaeiiaeaenoaey ieaciu n NA* eieaaaieyie
iaiaoiaeeii ioiaoeoue neaaeothuea ianoiyoaeuenoaa.
?aae/n) x=0,01 ii. I?e Em=10 eA/ni x=1 ii.
ii. Ionthaea aaaeiia neaaenoaea: ia NA* iiaeii i?aiaa?a/ue aeaeaeaieai
eiiia iiae aeaenoaeai NA* neaiaea e ?anniao?eaaoue oieueei aeaeaeaiea
yeaeo?iiia.
Iniiaiua ia?aiao?u ieaciu: N — eiioeaio?aoeey ca?yaeaiiuo /anoeoe a
aaeeieoea iauaia; e — ioiineoaeueiay aeeyeaeo?e/aneay i?iieoeaaiinoue
ieaciu ia NA*, eioi?ay ii?aaeaeyaony aac o/aoa nioaea?aiee yeaeo?iiia n
eiiaie e iaeo?aeueiuie iieaeoeaie oieueei cia/aieyie N e w ii oi?ioea
,
ieaciaiiua /anoiou aoaeoo niioaaonoaiaaoue NA* aeeaiaciio.
Oece/anee i?aaenoaaeoue ieaciaiioth /anoioo iiaeii neaaeothuei ia?acii.
I?aaeiieiaeei, /oi a eaaceiaeo?aeueiie ieacia iu ioeeiieee iaeei ec
yeaeo?iiia io iieiaeaiey ?aaiiaaney e ioionoeee. Eoeiiianeea neeu,
i?eoyaeaathuea yeaeo?iiu e eiiai, aoaeoo aica?auaoue aai e iieiaeaieth
?aaiiaaney (eiiu ec-ca aieueoie iannu iaiiaeaeaeiu!). Iaa?aa
ii?aaeaeaiioth nei?inoue, yeaeo?ii i?inei/eo iieiaeaiea ?aaiiaaney
(eiia/ii, n caoooaieai). Yoa /anoioa ea/aiee yeaeo?iiia ieiei iieiaeaiey
?aaiiaaney e ?aaia fi.
Aeoeaioth i?iaiaeeiinoue ieaciu s, a cia/eo, e caoooaiea NA* eieaaaiee
a iae ii?aaeaeyao ia?aiao? v, eioi?ue /anoioie nioaea?aiee — yoi
eiee/anoai nioaea?aiee ca?yaeaiiuo /anoeoe n iaeo?aeueiuie a aaeeieoeo
a?aiaie. Iaeneiaeueiia cia/aiea s iieo/aaony i?e w=v, a v oai aieueoa,
/ai aieueoa aeaaeaiea aaca p.
Aaaeiui aeey i?aeoe/aneiai i?eiaiaiey ieaciu ia?aiao?ii yaeyaony aa
oaiia?aoo?a T, eioi?ay oa?aeoa?ecoaony iaeioi?ie n?aaeiae nei?inoueth
aeaeaeaiey naiaiaeiuo yeaeo?iiia e iae. Oaiia?aoo?a ieaciu i?e NA*
?ac?yaea iau/ii 6000 — 7000K. N ae?oaie noi?iiu, e yeaeo?ii?iaiaeeiinoue
ieaciu s, e aa aeeyeaeo?e/aneay i?iieoeaaiinoue e yaeythony ooieoeeyie
oaiia?aoo?u T.
I?eioeei ono?ienoaa NA* ieaciio?iiia caeeth/aaony a ia?aaea/a NA*
yia?aee aauanoao, iaoiaeyuaiony a aaciia?aciii ninoiyiee, n oeaeueth
ia?aaiaea aai a ieacio. Iau/ii aac iiaeaaony iiae ii?aaeaeaiiui
aeaaeaieai (iiaeao auoue auoa, ieaea eee ?aaiui aoiinoa?iiio) ii
aeeyeaeo?e/aneie, /aua anaai eaa?oeaaie eee ea?aie/aneie o?oaea, eioi?ay
aeieaeia auoue iiiauaia a iaeanoue iaeneiaeueiie iai?yaeaiiinoe
yeaeo?e/aneiai iiey NA* eieaaaiee. A noaoeeiia?iii ninoiyiee auoiae
oaiea ec ieaciu iieiinoueth eiiiaine?oaony iinooieaieai a ieacio NA*
yia?aee, o.a. ieacia yaeyaony aeoeaiie iaa?oceie aeey aaia?aoi?a NA*.
I?e ?an/aoa ieaciio?iiia iniiaiua ia?aiao?u ieaciu, oaeea, eae s, e, T,
aeeeia aieiu NA* neaiaea l, n/eoathony iinoiyiiuie, iiyoiio ieacio
?anniao?eaatho eae aeeyeaeo?ee n iioa?yie e caaea/a ?an/aoa caeeth/aaony
a iioeiecaoeee ia?aaea/e NA* yia?aee a yoio aeeyeaeo?ee i?e
iaeiia?aiaiiii nieaeaiee io?aaeaiiie yia?aee.
Iaeiei ec iaeaieaa i?inouo ii eiino?oeoeee yaeyaony ieaciio?ii
aieiiaiaeiiai oeia, noaiaoe/anee ecia?aaeaiiue ia ?en. 7. ?ac?yaeiay
aeeyeaeo?e/aneay o?oaea i?iiouaia /a?ac na?aaeeiu oe?ieeo noaiie
i?yiioaieueiiai aieiiaiaea e ia?iaiaeeeoey?ii ei. Aia aieiiaiaea
?ac?yaeiay o?oaea ie?oaeaia ye?aie?othueie iaoaeee/aneeie o?oaeaie,
yaeythueieny cai?aaeaeueiuie aieiiaiaeaie aeey NA* neaiaea,
aicaoaeaeathuaai ieacio.
?en. 7. Noaia ono?ienoaa ieaciio?iia aieiiaiaeiiai oeia:
1 — i?yiioaieueiue aieiiaiae (b — ?acia? oceie noaiee); 2 —
ye?aie?othuea cai?aaeaeueiua o?oaee; 3 — ?ac?yaeiay aeeyeaeo?e/aneay
o?oaea; 4 — ieaciaiiue oio?; 5 — niaeaniaaiiay iaa?ocea.
Ieacia eiaao aeae oio?a eee oeeeeiae?a n aeeaiao?ii die, ia 2 — 3 ni
iaiueoei aioo?aiiaai aeeaiao?a ?ac?yaeiie o?oaee D, e aeeeiie, eeoue
iaiiiai i?aauoathuae ?acia? oceie noaiee i?yiioaieueiiai aieiiaiaea b.
Ieaciaiiue oio? ia?aie/ai ii aeeeia a oao oi/eao cai?aaeaeueiuo ye?aiiuo
o?oaie, aaea NA* iiuiinoue oaea iaaeinoaoi/ia aeey iiaeaea?aeaiey
?ac?yaea, o.a. ai?aiey ieaciu.
Iaeiei eiioeii ieaciio?ii aieiiaiaeiiai oeia i?eniaaeeiai e NA*
aaia?aoi?o, a ae?oaei — e niaeaniaaiiie iaa?ocea eee e caieiooiio ia
eiioea io?aceo i?yiioaieueiiai aieiiaiaea (ei?ioeicaiueaoaeth). Iaeia
/anoue NA* yia?aee iiaeiuaaony a ieacia, a inoaaoayny aeiey /anoe/ii
i?ioiaeeo ca ?ac?yae e /anoe/ii io?aaeaaony io iaai.
Aeey eiiiainaoeee io?aaeaiiie aieiu iaaeaeo aaia?aoi?ii e ?ac?yaeiie
o?oaeie aeeth/atho ?acee/iua iiaeno?aeaathuea yeaiaiou, /oi yeaeaaeaioii
iiaeeeth/aieth ?ac?yaeiie iaeanoe /a?ac o?ainoi?iaoi? nayce. Ieaciio?iiu
n o?ainoi?iaoi?aie nayce i?eiyoi iacuaaoue ieaciio?iiaie ?aciiaoi?iiai
oeia.
Aieaa iaeii?iaeiua ii ?aaeeono oa?aeoa?enoeee ieaciu eiatho ianoi a
ieaciio?iia ia iniiaa ?aaeeaeueiie eeiee, i?aaenoaaeythuae niaie aeaa
ia?aeeaeueii ?aniieiaeaiiuo aeenea, a oeaio?a eioi?uo ia?iaiaeeeoey?ii
aeeneai i?ioiaeeo ?ac?yaeiay o?oaea. A oaeie ?aaeeaeueiie eeiee aeieaeia
auoue aicaoaeaeaia ?aaeeaeueiay OAI aieia, noiaeyuayny ?aaiiia?ii ni
anao noi?ii e ieaciaiiiio oio?o, iaoiaeyuaiony ia ine nenoaiu.
I?eia?u ieaciio?iiia aieiiaiaeiiai oeia. Ecia?aaeaiiue ia ?en. 7
ieaciio?ii i?aaenoaaeyao niaie aieiiaiaeii-eiaeneaeueiue ia?aoiae,
i?e/ai aioo?aiiei i?iaiaeieeii eiaeneaeueiie eeiee neoaeeo ieaciaiiue
oio?, a aiaoiei — ye?aie?othuea iaoaeee/aneea o?oaee. A aeaiiii
ieaciio?iia iaiaoiaeeii o/eouaaoue aeoeaiua iioa?e a ieaciaiiii oio?a.
I?e aua?aiiuo aaiiao?e/aneeo ?acia?ao ieaciio?iia e ?aai/ae /anoioa NA*
aaia?aoi?a aeaaiui ?an/aoiui ia?aiao?ii yaeyaony oaiia?aoo?a ieaciu.
Iaeiaei aeey iino?iaiey iaiauaiiuo oa?aeoa?enoee ieaciio?iiia, ia
caaenyueo io naienoa e oa?iiaeeiaie/aneiai ninoiyiey ieaciiia?acothuaai
aaca, a oaeaea aeey oaeianoaa iaoaiaoe/aneeo ?an/aoia ieacaeinue
oaeiaiaa aianoi oaiia?aoo?u eniieueciaaoue a ea/anoaa iniiaiiai
?an/aoiiai ia?aiao?a ioiioaiea ?aaeeona ieaciaiiiai oio?a rie e aeoaeia
iiaa?oiinoiiai neiy ia ieaciaiiii ia?aciaaiee s. I?e ?an/aoa s
o/eouaathony naienoaa e oa?iiaeeiaie/aneia ninoiyiea aaca, a eioi?ii
aoaeao ia?aciaaia ieacia.
Ia ?en. 8 i?eaaaeaiu ?an/aoiua e?eaua Knov a iiaeaiaeyuai aieiiaiaea
axb=72×34 ii n aieiie H10 e eiyooeoeeaioa ia?aaea/e NA* yia?aee a
?ac?yae h aeey ieaciio?iia n niaeaniaaiiie iaa?oceie (ioieoe?iua eeiee).
?aai/ay aeeeia aieiu 12,6 ni; aioo?aiiee aeeaiao? ye?aie?othueo o?oaie
2R=22 ii; aeeaiao? ieaciaiiiai oio?a 2 rie =7 ii. Ioiioaiea rie /R a
?an/aoiua oi?ioeu aoiaeeo iiae ciaeii eiaa?eoia, iiyoiio iii iaei aeeyao
ia oa?aeoa?enoeee ieaciio?iia. A ea/anoaa ieaciiia?acothuaai aaca
eniieueciaaeny acio i?e aoiinoa?iii aeaaeaiee.
Ia ?en. 8 i?eaaaeaiu oaeaea e?eaua ioiioaiey iiuiinoe Piaae,
iiaeaiaeeiie e ieaciio?iio, e oaeaeueiie iiuiinoe Pie, iiaeiuaaiie a
aaeeieoea aeeeiu ieaciaiiiai noieaa, iaoiaeyuaainy a oeaio?a oe?ieie
noaiee aieiiaiaea. Yoe e?eaua eiatho ieieioi, a eioi?ii iio?aaeyaiay io
NA* aaia?aoi?a iiuiinoue ieieiaeueia. I?aaua aaoae yoeo e?eauo
niioaaonoaotho onoie/eaui ?aaeeiai ?ac?yaea.
?en. 8. ?an/aoiua caaeneiinoe eiyooeoeeaioa ia?aaea/e h, Knov e
Piaae/Pie io ioiioaiey rie/s aeey ieaciio?iiia aieiiaiaeiiai oeia n
niaeaniaaiiie iaa?oceie e ei?ioeicaiueaoaeai.
Aeaenoaeoaeueii, e i?e iinoiyiiie iiuiinoe, iiaeaiaeeiie e ieaciio?iio,
a ?ac?yaea onoaiaaeeaaaony ii?aaeaeaiiay oaiia?aoo?a. Anee ?aaeei ?aaiou
niioaaonoaoao iaeioi?ie oi/ea ia i?aaie aaoae e?eaie, oi neo/aeiua iaeua
eciaiaiey oaiia?aoo?u a ?ac?yaea aucuaatho ?yae i?ioeannia,
aica?auathueo oaiia?aoo?o e noaoeeiia?iiio cia/aieth. Anee oaiia?aoo?a
neo/aeii oiaiueoeony, oi aeeeia ?ac?yaea oiaiueoeony, /oi i?eaaaeao e
oaaee/aieth oaeaeueiie iiuiinoe Pie e ?acia?aao ieaciu. Anee oaiia?aoo?a
neo/aeii aic?anoaao, oi aeeeia ?ac?yaea aic?anoaao e Pie oiaiueoeony,
/oi i?eaaaeao e inouaaieth ieaciu. Yoio iaoaieci naii?aaoee?iaaiey
iiaeaea?aeeaaao a ?ac?yaea iinoiyiioth oaiia?aoo?o, niioaaonoaothuoth
NA* iiuiinoe, iiaeaiaeeiie e ?ac?yaeo.
A?aieoea onoie/eainoe ?ac?yaea niioaaonoaoao cia/aieyi rie/s @ 0,3?0,6.
I?e yoii, iai?eia?, oaiia?aoo?a ieaciu acioa ?aaia 5500 — 5800K.
Oaeaeueiay iiuiinoue Pie, o?aaoaiay aeey iiaeaea?aeaiey a ieacia
caaeaiiie oaiia?aoo?u, iiaeao auoue ii?aaeaeaia ii e?eaie, i?eaaaeaiiie
ia ?en. 9. Aeaeaa ii e?eaui Piaae/Pie ia ?en. 8 iiaeii ii?aaeaeeoue e
cia/aiea Piaae, i?e eioi?ie a ieacia oaiia?aoo?a ?aaia o?aaoaiiio
cia/aieth.
Anee i?iaiaeece?iaaoue i?eaaaeaiiua ia ?en. 8 e 9 aeaiiua, oi iiaeii
naeaeaoue neaaeothuea aaaeiua aeey i?aeoeee auaiaeu.
A ieaciio?iia n ei?ioeicaiueaoaeai inouanoaeyaony cia/eoaeueii aieaa
yooaeoeaiia eniieueciaaiea NA* yia?aee, /ai a ieaciio?iia n
niaeaniaaiiie iaa?oceie: hmax niioaaonoaaiii ?aaiu 0,97 e 0,5;
ieieiaeueiua iiuiinoe NA* aaia?aoi?a, o?aaoaiua aeey iiaeaea?aeaiey
onoie/eainoe ?ac?yaea, ?aaiu niioaaonoaaiii 0,5 e 1,2 eAo. Ieieiaeueiay
oaiia?aoo?a NA* ?ac?yaea a acioa i?e aoiinoa?iii aeaaeaiee ?aaia 5500K.
?en. 9. Caaeneiinoue e io oaiia?aoo?u NA* ?ac?yaea a acioa i?e
aoiinoa?iii aeaaeaiee.
I?e yenia?eiaioao n ?anniao?eaaaiuie ieaciio?iiaie ?anoiae aaca
iiaeae?aeny ieieiaeueii aiciiaeiui n oai, /oiau nio?aieoue
noaaeeueiinoue ?ac?yaea. A yoii neo/aa oaieiioaiae io ?ac?yaea
ii?aaeaeyaony a iniiaiii oaieii?iaiaeiinoueth aaca ia noaiee ?ac?yaeiie
o?oaee. Aeeeia ieaciaiiiai noieaa a ieaciio?iia n niaeaniaaiiie
iaa?oceie ?aaiyeanue 4 ni i?e iiaeiuaaiie a ?ac?yaea iiuiinoe 900 Ao,
/oi iaiueoa ?an/aoiiai cia/aiey ia 20% — 30%. Iauyniyaony yoi oai, /oi
i?e ?an/aoa ia o/eouaaeny niaae oaiia?aoo?u ia eiioeao ieaciaiiiai oio?a
e auiin oaiea ec ieaciu iioieii aaca i?e ii?aaeaeaiee cia/aiey Pie a
niioaaonoaee n e?eaie, ecia?aaeaiiie ia ?en. 9. Iaeiaei i?eaaaeaiiua ia
?en. 8 e 9 ?an/aoiua aeaiiua aeatho oaeiaeaoai?eoaeueioth oi/iinoue e
iiaoo auoue eniieueciaaiu aeey i?aaeaa?eoaeueiuo ?an/aoia eiino?oeoeaiuo
ia?aiao?ia ieaciio?iiia.
?anniio?ei i?eia? i?aeoe/aneiai i?eiaiaiey ieaciio?iiia.
NA* ieaciaiiue enoi/iee aicaoaeaeaiey niaeo?a. Iaeaieaa /anoi a
ea/anoaa enoi/ieea oaiea aeey ?acia?aaa ii?ioeia aauanoa, enneaaeoaiuo n
iiiiuueth aiaeecaoi?ia niaeo?a, eniieueciaaeenue aaciaua ai?aeee. Aeey
ieo oa?aeoa?ia aeinoaoi/iay noaaeeueiinoue ai?aiey, a aeaaiui
iaaeinoaoeii yaeyaony aianaiea a ciio iaa?aaa i?iaeoeoia ai?aiey aaca,
eioi?ua ai iiiaeo neo/ayo iiaoo caa?yciyoue ia?aaaouaaaiue eee
aiaeece?oaiue iaoa?eae. E?iia oiai, oaiia?aoo?a, aeaaaaiay aaciauie
ai?aeeaie, aeey aiaeeca iiiaeo yeaiaioia iaaeinoaoi/ia. N iiiiuueth
ieaciio?iiia iiaeao auoue iieo/ai a aoiinoa?a caueoiuo aacia — acioa,
aaeey eee a?aiia — noaaeeueiue iaa?aa aei 8000K aac eaeeo-eeai
caa?yciaiee. Aeey niaeo?aeueiiai aiaeeca i?eiaiytho e yeaeo?e/aneea
aeoae iinoiyiiiai e ia?aiaiiiai oieia. Iie iicaieytho iieo/eoue
o?aaoaioth oaiia?aoo?o, ii ia aeatho aeaeaaiie noaaeeueiinoe e aiinyo
caa?yciaiey i?iaeoeoaie ?ac?ooaiey yeaeo?iaeia. Iiyoiio i?e eo
eniieueciaaiee aini?iecaiaeeiinoue e oi/iinoue aiaeeca iaaeinoaoi/iu.
Aunieioaiia?aoo?iue noaaeeueiue ieaciaiiue enoi/iee aicaoaeaeaiey
niaeo?a i?aaenoaaeyao niaie onoaiiaeo, ninoiyuoth ec aeaoo aeieia —
aeiea ieoaiey e NA* aeiea, a eioi?ue aoiaeyo iaaiao?ii M571 n
?aaoee?oaiie iai?a?uaiie iiuiinoueth io 0 aei 2,5 eAo ia aeeeia aieiu
12,6 ni e ieaciio?ii aieiiaiaeiiai oeia n niaeaniaaiiie iaa?oceie.
?en. 10. Noaiaoe/aneia ecia?aaeaiea NA* aeiea ieaciaiiiai enoi/ieea
aicaoaeaeaiey niaeo?a oeia IAN-1:
1 — iaaiao?ii; 2 — ieaciio?ii aieiiaiaeiiai oeia; 3 — niaeaniaaiiay
iaa?ocea; 4 — eaa?oeaaay o?oaea aeey iiaea/e ieaciiia?acothueo aacia e
ia?aciaaiey ieaciaiiiai noieaa; 5 — eiiaeaini?; 6 — uaeue aiaeecaoi?a
niaeo?a.
Noaia NA* aeiea i?eiaieoaeueii e niaeo?aeueiiio aiaeeco i?eaaaeaia ia
?en. 10. Aac aeey ia?aciaaiey ieaciu iiaeaaony a o?oaeo ec eaa?oeaaiai
noaeea /a?ac caaeo?ythuoth oi?noieo, ia iieacaiioth ia noaia. *a?ac oo
aea oi?noieo eee aaeieue ine eaa?oeaaie o?oaee ii ioaeaeueiie o?oaea
iiaeaaony aiaeece?oaiia aauanoai, eioi?ia ?aniueyaony a aeaea ay?iciey.
Eceo/aiea ieaciaiiiai noieaa /a?ac eiiaeainaoi? i?iaeoe?oaony ia uaeue
aiaeecaoi?a niaeo?a, n iiiiuueth eioi?iai i?iecaiaeeony aiaeec iau/iuie
niaeo?aeueiuie iaoiaeaie. ?anoiae aaca iiaeao ninoaaeyoue 8 — 10 e/iei
i?e aeaaeaiee, aeeceii e aoiinoa?iiio, ieaciaiiue noiea aeeeiie 25 — 30
ii eiaao aeeaiao? — 5 — 8 ii. Eiyooeoeeaio ia?aaea/e NA* yia?aee a
?ac?yae 0,55 — 0,6.
A?aiy aiaeeca ii n?aaiaieth n oeie/aneeie iaoiaeaie nie?auaaony a 2 — 5
?ac. Aneaaenoaea aunieie oaiia?aoo?u, aunieie /enoiou a ciia iaa?aaa e
aunieie noaaeeueiinoe ieaciaiiiai enoi/ieea iiyaeeanue aiciiaeiinoue
aiaeece?iaaoue eae eaaei- e n?aaeiaaicaoaeeiua, oae e o?oaeiiaicaoaeeiua
yeaiaiou, a oaeaea ii?aaeaeyoue n aunieie oi/iinoueth n?aaeiea e
aieueoea eiioeaio?aoeee yeaiaioia. E?iia oiai, ec-ca ionoonoaey
yeaeo?iaeia ioe?ueanue aiciiaeiinoue aiaeeca eeneioiuo e uaei/iuo
?anoai?ia.
ia/ie.
Eceo/aoaee NA* yia?aee
Eceo/aoaee NA* yia?aee oaeoe/anee i?aaenoaaeytho niaie ia?aaeathuea
aioaiiu oiai eee eiiai oeia, iai?aaeythuea NA* yia?aeth ia
ia?aaaouaaaiue o/anoie iaoa?eaea; NA* eceo/aoaee iaiaoiaeeiu oai, aaea
iaaei iaa?aaaoue /anoue aieueoiai i?aaeiaoa.
Iiaeiaiua eceo/athuea ono?ienoaa iaiaoiaeeiu e i?e NA* nooea iaeioi?uo
iaoa?eaeia, e i?e aeaaiiao?ee, e i?e noa?eeecaoeee ?ai ia iiaa?oiinoe
oaea, e i?e aicaeaenoaee ia eoeueoo?u iee?ii?aaieciia e o.ae.
?en. 11. NA* iaeo/aoaeue a aeaea ioe?uoiai eiioea aieiiaiaea
i?yiioaieueiiai iiia?a/iiai na/aiey.
I?inoaeoei NA* eceo/aoaeai yaeyaony ioe?uoue eiiaoe aieiiaiaea (?en.
11). Aeey ia?aie/aiey auniei/anoioiuo oieia ii oeaioeo, a
neaaeiaaoaeueii, e NA* iiey i?eiaiytho niaoeeaeueiua eaiaaee 1,
caiieiaiiua iiaeiuathuei iaoa?eaeii (b — ?acia? oceie noaiee
aieiiaiaea).
Ioe?uoue eiiaoe noaiaea?oiiai i?yiioaieueiiai aieiiaiaea yaeyaony
aanueia yooaeoeaiie aioaiiie. Aeaaea aac eaeeo-eeai iiaeno?ia/iuo
ono?ienoa Knov a aieiiaiaea ?aaai 1,6, o.a. io ioe?uoiai eiioea
aieiiaiaea io?aaeaaony iaiaa 5,5% ia?aaeaaaaiie ii aieiiaiaeo iiuiinoe.
Iaiueooth ieiuaaeue iaeo/aiey aeaao eceo/aoaeue a aeaea ioe?uoiai
eiioea H-ia?aciiai aieiiaiaea (?en. 12). Ia yoii ?enoiea ioieoe?ii
iieacaia ciia iaeneiaeueiiai iaa?aaa.
?en. 12. NA* iaeo/aoaeue a aeaea ioe?uoiai eiioea H-ia?aciiai
aieiiaiaea.
Iaeeo/oaa niaeaniaaiea ni naiaiaeiui i?ino?ainoaii eiaao ?oii?iay
aioaiia n ei??aeoe?othuae aeeyeaeo?e/aneie eeicie 1 a aa ?ane?uaa (?en.
13). Iia i?eiaiyaony eeai aeey nicaeaiey ieineiai o?iioa NA* aiei (?en.
13, a), eeai oieone?iaee NA* eceo/aiey ia iaaieueoie ieiuaaee iiaeiaii
iau/iie aeaiyeiauioeeie eeicu a iioe/aneii aeeaiaciia. Ieieiaeueiue
aeeaiao? iyoia a oieona iieo/aaoy i?eia?ii ?aaiui ?aai/ae aeeeia aieiu l
(?en. 13, b).
?en. 13. NA* iaeo/aoaeue a aeaea ?oii?ii-eeiciaie aioaiiu aeey
nicaeaiey ieineiai o?iioa aieiu (a) e aeey oieone?iaee eceo/aiey (b).
Ia ?en. 14 iieacai ?oii?ii-ia?aaiee/aneee iaeo/aoaeue, i?eiaiyaiue aeey
?aneaeuaaiey aaoiiiuo ieeo. I?e l=12,6 ni e Pece=2,5 eAo aaoiiiay ieeoa
oieueiie 200 ii ?aneaeuaaaony /a?ac ianeieueei naeoiae eee ieioo iinea
ia/aea iaeo/aiey.
?en. 14. NA* iaeo/aoaeue a aeaea ?oii?ii-ia?aaiee/aneie aioaiiu.
I?e eniieueciaaiee yeaeo?iiaaieoiuo aiei ei?ioeiaieiiaie /anoe
naioeiao?iaiai e ieeeeiao?iaiai aeeaiaciiia i?eiaiaiea ?aciiaoi?iuo
eaia?, CN e aieiiaiaeia, a eioi?uo i?iecaiaeeony aicaeaenoaea NA*
eieaaaiee ia aauanoai, noaiiaeony iaoeaeaniia?aciui ec-ca eo iaeuo
iiia?a/iuo ?acia?ia. Aieaa yooaeoeaii inouanoaeoue iai?aaeaiiia
eceo/aiea NA* yia?aee e i?e yoii iieo/eoue ?aaiiia?iia ii eioaineaiinoe
iiea eceo/aiey ia caaeaiiie ieiuaaee e aeeceia e ioeth iiea aia yoie
ieiuaaee.
?aaiiia?iia eceo/aiea ia i?yiioaieueiii o/anoea iiey nicaeaao
ie?aieaeaeueiue ?oii?, iiaeeeth/aiiue e i?yiioaieueiiio aieiiaiaeo n
aieiie H10. Iaeiaei iinoiyinoai ieineinoe iiey?ecaoeee iai?yaeaiiinoe
yeaeo?e/aneiai iiey E a yoii neo/aa aeiionoeii ia aeey anao i?eiaiaiee.
Iai?eia?, iaeaieaa yooaeoeaii aicaeaenoaotho ieeeeiao?iaua aieiu ia
aaeoa?ee oiaaea, eiaaea aaeoi? E ia?aeeaeai aieueoaio ?acia?o aaeoa?ee.
A oae eae aaeoa?ee i?eaioe?iaaiu a iaeo/aaiii i?ino?ainoaa oaioe/anee,
oi aeey iiauoaiey yooaeoeaiinoe iaeo/aiey aeaeaoaeueii eiaoue
?aaiiia?iia ii iiuiinoe ?ani?aaeaeaiea iiey ia ieiuaaee, ia?aie/aiiie
e?oaii, e a i?aaeaea yoie ieiuaaee eiaoue e?oaiaoth iiey?ecaoeeth
aaeoi?a E.
Iiaeiaiiai oeia iaeo/aoaeue aeey ?aai/ae aeeeiu aieiu 7,1±0,2 ii
ecia?aaeai ia ?en.15. Ii ninoieo ec ia?aoiaea ni noaiaea?oiiai
i?yiioaieueiiai aieiiaiaea na/aieai 2,6×5,2 ii ia e?oaeue aieiiaiae
aeeaiao?ii 6,2 ii. A yoii ia?aoiaea aieia H10, ?ani?ino?aiythuayny a
i?yiioaieueiii aieiiaiaea, ieaaii e aac ioia?aaeaiee i?aia?acoaony a
aieio H11 e?oaeiai aieiiaiaea n nio?aiaieai ieineinoe iiey?ecaoeee
aaeoi?a E. Aeey iieo/aiey e?oaiaie iiey?ecaoeee aaeoi?a iai?yaeaiiinoe
yeaeo?e/aneiai iiey a e?oaeii aieiiaiaea eniieuecoaony naeoeey e?oaeiai
aieiiaiaea, a eioi?oth iiiauaia /aoaa?oueaieiiaay iieenoe?ieiaay
ieanoeia (e=2,56) oieueiie 1,1 ii e aeeeiie 10 ii n ieaaiui noaeaieai ia
eiioeao aeey i?aaeioa?auaiey io?aaeaiee, ieineinoue eioi?ie ?aniieiaeaia
iiae oaeii 45° e iai?aaeaieth aaeoi?a E a i?yiioaieueiii aieiiaiaea.
Aeaeaa e?oaeue aieiiaiae aeeaiao?ii 6,2 ii ia?aoiaeeo a eceo/athuee
?oii? n oaeii ?ane?uaa 36° e aeeaiao?ii ?ane?uaa 150 ii. I?eiaiyeenue
oaeaea ?oii?u n ?ane?uaaie 50 e 300 ii. Aeey oi?ie?iaaiey ?aaiiia?iiai
iiey iaeo/aiey a ?ane?uaa ?oii?a iiiauaia aeeyeaeo?e/aneay eeica ec
ooi?iieanoa (e=2,08), eiathuay niaoeeaeueii ?ann/eoaiiue i?ioeeue ii
noi?iia, ia?auaiiie e aieiiaiaeo, e ieineoth iiaa?oiinoue ia noi?iia
iauaeoa iaeo/aiey.
Eaeaaeueioth ?aaiiia?iinoue iiey a i?aaeaeao ?aaeeona R iieo/eoue
iaaiciiaeii. ?aaiiia?iinoue n/eoaaony aeinoaoi/iie, anee ia?aiaaeu
eioaineaiinoe iiey a i?aaeaeao e?oaa ?aaeeona R ia i?aauoatho 3 aeA.
Iaeeo/oay ?aaiiia?iinoue iai?yaeaiiinoe iiey iieo/eeanue i?e ?ane?uaa
?oii?a 150 ii. ?acia? ?aaiiia?ii iaeo/aaiie iiaa?oiinoe i?e yoii iiaeii
?aaoee?iaaoue eciaiaieai ?annoiyiey L. I?e L?400 ii ?aaiiia?iinoue iiey
ii na/aieth eo/a oaea i?aeoe/anee ia iaiyaony. Oaeei ia?acii, oaaee/eaay
L, iiaeii iieo/eoue oaaee/aiea aeeaiao?a 2R ?aaiiia?ii iaeo/aiiie
iiaa?oiinoe.
?en. 15. Iaeo/aoaeue n e?oaiaie iiey?ecaoeeae aaeoi?a iai?yaeaiiinoe
yeaeo?e/aneiai iiey:
1 — ia?aoiae n i?yiioaieueiiai aieiiaiaea n na/aieai 2,6×5,2 ii ia
e?oaeue aieiiaiae aeeaiao?ii 6,2 ii; 2 — oacinaeaeaathuay
aeeyeaeo?e/aneay ieanoeia; 3 — ?oii? n ?ane?uaii 150 ii; 4 — eeica ec
ooi?iieanoa; 5 — i?eaeeiiia eieueoei.
I?eiaiaiea ?anniio?aiiie eaaceiioe/aneie nenoaiu oi?ie?iaaiey io/ea
yeaeo?iiaaieoiuo aiei iicaieeei ia?aaeaaaoue ia iaeo/aaioth iiaa?oiinoue
80% yia?aee, eceo/aaiie ?oii?ii i?e aeiionoeiii eciaiaiee eioaineaiinoe
iai?yaeaiiinoe yeaeo?e/aneiai iiey ia 3 aeA io iaeneiaeueiiai cia/aiey.
Aac i?eiaiaiey iienaiiie nenoaiu oi?ie?iaaiey ia ?aaiiia?ii iaeo/aaioth
iiaa?oiinoue i?eoiaeeony oieueei 55% eceo/aiiie ?oii?ii yia?aee iiey
aieiu H11. I?eiaiaiea eeicu yeaeaaeaioii oaaee/aieth ieiuaaee iaeo/aaiie
iiaa?oiinoe i?eia?ii a 1,5 ?aca.
Oaeei ia?acii, ?anniio?aiiue oei iaeo/aoaey iicaieyao iieo/eoue
?aaiiia?ioth n oi/iinoueth aei 3 aeA iaeo/aaioth iiaa?oiinoue ia aeeeia
aieiu 7,1 ii aeeaiao?ii io 50 aei 300 ii. Aeeaiao? iaeo/aaiie
iiaa?oiinoe ii?aaeaeyaony ?annoiyieai io ?oii?ii-eeicaaie aioaiiu aei
iauaeoa iaeo/aiey.
Noaeeiaoeeiiiay nooea
Iaeiei ec n?aaieoaeueii iiauo niiniaia eiina?aaoeee i?iaeoeoia
iaania/eaathueo iaeneiaeueiia nio?aiaiea aeoniauo naienoa e ea/anoa
naaaeeo i?iaeoeoia, yaeyaony noaeeiaoeeiiiay nooea. I?e oaeie nooea
oi?ioi nio?aiythony aeoaieiu, aaeee e a?iiaoe/aneea aauanoaa, i?iaeoeou
eiatho iaeoth ianno e a aa?iaoe/iie oiaeiaea, iai?eia? ec iieeyoeeaiiaie
ieaiee, iiaoo aac oooaeoaiey ea/anoaa o?aieoueny iiiaea aiaeu.
A oaoiieiae/aneii i?ioeanna noaeeiaoeeiiiie nooee i?iaeoeou nia/aea
auno?i caii?aaeeaatho, iioii iiiauatho a aaeooiioth eaia?o, aaea
i?iecaiaeeony ioea/ea aeaaeaiey inoaoi/iuo aacia aei 2,7 — 8 Ia. A
aaeooia i?ienoiaeeo eioaineaiia enia?aiea eueaea. Yoio i?ioeann eaeao n
iiaeiuaieai oaiea. *oiau a i?ioeanna enia?aiey oaiia?aoo?a i?iaeoeoa ia
iaaeaea neeoeii neeueii, iaiaoiaeeii iiaeaiaeeoue oaiei ecaia. Yoi oae
iacuaaaiay oaieioa aicaiiee.
Noaeeiaoeeiiioth nooeo iiaeii i?iaiaeeoue iooai oaieieceo/aiey:
iai?eia?, iieo/aoue oaiei io niaoeeaeueiuo ieanoei, iaa?aaaaiuo ai?y/ae
aeeaeeinoueth e iiiauaaiuo a aaeooiiie eaia?a aaeece eioeia n
caii?iaeaiiuie i?iaeoeoaie. Iinoaiaiii eaae aoaeao enia?youeny
(i?aeoe/anee iieiinoueth), a i?iaeoeo i?eia?aoaao aeae aoaee
cia/eoaeueii iaiueoae iannu. Enia?yaiay aeaaa ia ioea/eaaaony ianinaie,
a eiiaeaine?oaony ia niaoeeaeueiuo eiiaeainaoeeiiiuo ieanoeiao,
ioeaaeaeaaiuo aei oaiia?aoo?u ieaea —55°C. Yoe ieanoeiu ia?eiaee/anee
i/euatho io ia?inoaai eueaea.
Iinea aa?iaoecaoeee a iieeyoeeaiiaua iaeaou noaeeie?iaaiiua i?iaeoeou
iiaeii ia?aaiceoue e o?aieoue aac ioeaaeaeaiey.
Iaeaieaa aeeeoaeueiie e neiaeiie oaoiieiae/aneie iia?aoeeae i?e
oaieieceo/aiee yaeyaony aicaiiea eueaea, eioi?ay a ia/aea i?ioeanna
nooee i?ioiaeeo i?e oaiia?aoo?a iiaa?oiinoe i?iaeoeoa (— 40 ? —50)°C. A
i?ioeanna nooee a?aieoea iaaeaeo aunooaiiie e caii?iaeaiiie /anoyie
i?iaeoeoa, o.a. iiaa?oiinoue aicaiiee, iinoaiaiii ia?aiauaaony aaeoaue,
oae /oi nia?oaee ia?acoaony aunooaiiue neie n iaeie
oaieii?iaiaeiinoueth, eioi?ue i?aiyonoaoao ia?aaea/a oaiea e aioo?aiiei
caii?iaeaiiui /anoyi i?iaeoeoa. A ?acoeueoaoa aeey nooee oaieieceo/aieai
o?aaoaony io 8 aei 24 /. Anee iiiuoaoueny nie?aoeoue yoi a?aiy, oi
iiaeii ia?aa?aoue ia?oaeiua aunooaiiua neie.
Naa?oauniei/anoioiue iaa?aa iicaieyao iiaeaiaeeoue oaiei ?aaiiia?ii ii
anaio iauaio. A yoi iicaieyao oiaiueoeoue a?aiy nooee a 10 ?ac e aieaa,
/oi iaania/eaaao a eiia/iii n/aoa ia oieueei oiaiueoaiea noieiinoe nooee
a 2 — 5 ?ac, ii e oeo/oaao ea/anoai nooaiie i?iaeoeoeee. E?iia oiai,
iiyaeyaony aiciiaeiinoue nicaeaiey ia eaia?iuo, a eiiaaea?iuo onoaiiaie
aeey noaeeiaoeeiiiie nooee. Iauea eaieoaeiaeiaeaiey, iaiaoiaeeiua aeey
nii?oaeaiey e?oiiiai oeaoa noaeeiaoeeiiiie nooee n NA* iaa?aaii,
i?eia?ii ia 30% iaiueoa, /ai i?e eniieueciaaiee iaa?aaa ca n/ao
oaieieceo/aiey.
?anniio?ei iaeioi?ua iniaaiiinoe noaeeiaoeeiiiie nooee n iiiiuueth NA*
iaa?aaa ia i?eia?a nooee iyna.
I?e ?aaiiia?iii auaeaeaiee oaiea a iauaia aeeyeaeo?eea n iioa?yie,
eaeei a iaoai neo/aa yaeyaony caii?iaeaiiia iyni, iiuiinoue iioa?ue a
aaeeieoea iauaia (a aaooao ia eoae/aneee ni) ii?aaeaeyaony ii oi?ioea
,
— eiyooeoeeaio aeeyeaeo?e/aneeo iioa?ue a i?iaeoeoa.
e aeeyeaeo?e/aneie iinoiyiiie e aiayaeeiu io oaiia?aoo?u:
1 — aeey nu?iai iyna; 2 — aeey iyna, aunooaiiiai noaeeiaoeeiiiie nooeie
(nieioiay eeiey — ia /anoioa 1000 IAoe; ioieoe?iay eeiey — ia /anoioa
3000 IAoe).
nouanoaaiii oiaiueoathony a i?ioeanna nooee. Iiyoiio a ia?aie iieiaeia
oaoiieiae/aneiai i?ioeanna iaiaoiaeeii ianeieueei oaaee/eaaoue
iiaeaiaeeioth iiuiinoue, ii ia ianoieueei, /oiau i?iecioei
?acii?aaeeaaiea i?iaeoeoa eee aiciee yeaeo?e/aneee NA* aeoaiaie ?ac?yae.
I?e aeoaiaii ?ac?yaea aaniieacii oa?yaony NA* iiuiinoue e i?ienoiaeeo
iiaeai?aiea i?iaeoeoa. Anee i?e aoiinoa?iii aeaaeaiee i?iaeaiay
iai?yaeaiiinoue yeaeo?e/aneiai iiey 30000 A/ni, oi i?e aeaaeaiee
inoaoi/iuo aacia 13,3 — 40 Ia eiaao ianoi ieieiaeueiay i?iaeaiay
iai?yaeaiiinoue yeaeo?e/aneiai iiey, ?aaiay ieiei 100 A/ni a eiioeuena.
I?e ?aai/eo aea aeaaeaieyo a nooeeueiuo eaia?ao iaiaa 8 Ia i?iaeaiay
iai?yaeaiiinoue iiey i?aauoaao 170 A/ni ia /anoioa 915 IAoe e i?aauoaao
400 A/ni aeey /anoiou 2450 IAoe.
A i?ioeanna nooee iiaa?oiinoiua neie i?e NA* iaa?aaa noaiiayony
i?aeoe/anee nooeie e iaeaaeatho iaeie oaieii?iaiaeiinoueth, iiyoiio eo
oaiia?aoo?a noaiiaeony iieiaeeoaeueiie e iiaeao aeinoeaaoue ianeieueeeo
aeanyoeia a?aaeonia. Iaeneiaeueiay oaiia?aoo?a aunooaiiuo /anoae ia
aeieaeia i?aauoaoue ii?aaeaeaiiuo aeey eaaeaeiai aeaea i?iaeoeoia
cia/aiee, /oiau ia i?iecioei oooaeoaiea ea/anoaa. Oae, aeey aiayaeeiu
iaeneiaeueii aeiionoeiay oaiia?aoo?a +50°C, a aeey naeieiu — +40°C.
Oaeei ia?acii, /oiau ia i?iecioei ia?aa?aaa ia?oaeiuo neiaa, a eiioea
i?ioeanna nooee iaaei oiaiueoeoue iiaeaiaeeioth NA* iiuiinoue.
) i?eia?ii ia ii?yaeie iaiueoa, /ai i?e eiiiaoiie e aieaa aunieeo
oaiia?aoo?ao. Yoi aiai?eo i oii, /oi oieueei ia NA*, o/eouaay
iiiaeeoaeue f a oi?ioea aeey P, iiaeii iieo/eoue aeinoaoi/ioth aeey
nooee e ?aaiiia?ii ?ani?aaeaeaiioth ii iauaio iiuiinoue iooai auai?a
?aai/ae /anoiou a i?aaeaeao 800 — 2500 IAoe. A aeaiiii neo/aa i?eiaieiu
?aeiiaiaeaoeee ii eiino?oe?iaaieth eaia? aeey NA* iaa?aaa, ni?aaaaeeeaua
i?e iaeuo iioa?yo a aeeyeaeo?eea.
*oiau oiaiueoeoue iianiinoue i?iaiy eiino?oeoeey eaia? aeieaeia auoue
oaeiaa, /oiau yeaeo?e/aneia iiea a i?iaeoeoa auei iaeneiaeueiui, a a
ie?oaeathuai aaeooia ia i?aauoaea aeiionoeiiai cia/aiey. A i?inoaeoai
neo/aa yoiai iiaeii aeinoeaiooue, iiiauay iiaeaa?aathueany nooea
i?iaeoeou iaaeaeo oe?ieeie noaieaie i?yiioaieueiiai aieiiaiaea n aieiie
H10 aaeece aai i?iaeieueiie ine.
I?eia?u i?eiaiaiey NA* iaa?aaa aeey i?eaioiaeaiey ieue
A ianoiyuaa a?aiy NA* ia/e iiaoo iaeoe i?eiaiaiea ia oieueei a
iauanoaaiiii ieoaiee (?anoi?aiu, noieiaua, aaaiiu-?anoi?aiu), ii e a
auoo.
I?eaioiaeaiea iyna. Aeaaiaea?y auaeaeaieth oaiea ai anai iauaia
aeiaanoe aei aioiaiinoe iyni n NA* ia/e iiaeii anaai eeoue ca 1 — 5 iei
(a neiai?iaeea ia yoi o?aaoaony 40 iei). ?aaiiia?iia auaeaeaiea oaiea ii
iauaio eaaeaeiai eonea iaania/eaaao a i?eaioiaeaiiii iyna ionoonoaea
iai?iaa?aiiuo eee iai?iaea?aiiuo iano. E?iia oiai, i?e noieue auno?ii
iiaeia?aaa ia i?ienoiaeeo auia?eaaiea nieia, iiyoiio aeoniaua ea/anoaa
iieo/athony aieaa aunieeie, /ai i?e iau/iuo niiniaao aioiaee.
?acii?aaeeaaiea iyna, o?oeoia e iaiuae. Caii?iaeaiiua i?iaeoeou
i?eia?aoatho ana aieueooth iiioey?iinoue. Iaeiaei ia?aae oiio?aaeaieai
eo iaiaoiaeeii ?acii?iceoue, /oi o?aaoao aeeeoaeueiiai a?aiaie. Iinea
iaaeeaiiiai ?acii?aaeeaaiey eo ea/anoai caiaoii ieaea, /ai o naaaeeo
i?iaeoeoia. *oiau i?aaenoaaeoue auea?uo ai a?aiaie i?e eniieueciaaiee
NA* ia/ae aeey ?acii?aaeeaaiey, iiaeii i?eaanoe neaaeothuea aeaiiua ii
o?aaeeoeeiiiui niiniaai ?acii?aaeeaaiey. A?aiy iooaeaaiey eonea iyna
iannu 1,3 ea a oieiaeeeueieea (iyni ia?aeiaeaii ec ii?iceeueiie eaia?u a
i?ino?ainoai n iethniaie oaiia?aoo?ie, aeeceie e ioeth) 24 /; i?e
eiiiaoiie oaiia?aoo?a 10 — 12 /; i?e eniieueciaaiee aaioeeyoi?a — 5 — 6
/; a ia/e i?e 72°C eee a i?ioi/iie aiaea a aiaeiiai?iieoeaaiie oiaeiaea
3 — 4 /.
N iiiiuueth NA* iaa?aaa ?acii?iceoue o?oeou e iaiue iiaeii ca 1 — 3
iei. Yoi aeaao ia oieueei yeiiiieth a?aiaie, ii e ianoieueei oaaee/eaaao
ea/anoai ?acii?iaeaiiuo iaiuae e o?oeoia, /oi iie ii/oe ia ioee/athony
io naaaeeo.
Aeoaeia i?iieeaiey NA* iiey a caii?iaeaiiia iyni oaaee/eaaaony n 2,85
ni i?e —1,1°C aei 68,7 ni i?e —51°C ia /anoioa 1000 IAoe e n 1,5 ni i?e
1,1°C aei 42,3 ni i?e —51°C ia /anoioa 3000 IAoe. Oioy ?acieoea caeanue
ia noieue aaeeea, ana aea n/eoaaony, /oi aieaa aeoaieee i?ia?aa oaeaaony
iaania/eoue ia aieaa ieceeo /anoioao, o.a. i?e ?aai/ae /anoioa aaeece
1000 IAoe, iniaaiii anee ?acia?u ia?aaaouaaaiiai i?iaeoeoa i?aauoatho 5
ni ii oieueia.
Oi?aiaua aaoiiaou. Oe?ieia ?ani?ino?aiaiea a oi?aiaea iieo/eee aaoiiaou
aeey i?iaeaaee, iai?eia?, aace?iaaiiie aiaeu e aacao, iaoiaeyo
i?eiaiaiea ia ii/oao e a ainoeieoeao aaoiiaou ii i?iaeaaea eiiaa?oia e
ioe?uoie e o.ae.
Iaeiie ec aeaaiuo oeaeae i?eiaiaiey aaoiiaoeee a oi?aiaea yaeyaony
aiciiaeiinoue iieoiee oiaa?ia a ethaia a?aiy nooie. Aeey iaii?oyueony
oiaa?ia, oaeeo, eae aace?iaaiiay aiaea, neaa?aou, aacaou e i?., yoa
caaea/a oaoie/anee ?aoaia. Eiia aeaei — aaoiiaou aeey i?iaeaaee
nei?iii?oyueony i?iaeoeoia e oai aieaa oaeeo, eioi?ua aeaeaoaeueii
i?eieiaoue a ieuo a ai?y/ai aeaea. N i?eiaiaieai NA* iiyaeeanue
aiciiaeiinoue aeey i?iaeoe?iaaiey e ecaioiaeaiey iiaeiaiuo aaoiiaoia.
Iio?aaiinoe a oaeeo aaoiiaoao, aaconeiaii, anoue: iai?eia?, ia aiecaea
iiaeii auei au a ethaia a?aiy /a?ac ianeieueei ieioo iieo/eoue noaeai
ai?y/aai iieiea, eonie ai?y/ae ioaa?iie eee aea?aiie eo?eoeu.
I?eioeei oi?aiaiai aaoiiaoa aeey i?iaeaaee oieiaeiue e
ianei?iii?oyueony ieuaauo i?iaeoeoia ecaanoai e i?eiaiyaony a
caeoni/iuo-aaoiiaoao: iinea iioneaiey aeaoiia eee iiiaou ca?aiaa
i?eaioiaeaiiay ii?oeey i?iaeoeoa iiaeaaony iio?aaeoaeth. I?e
eniieueciaaiee NA* oaoieee aeey nicaeaiey aaoiiaoia ii i?iaeaaea ai?y/eo
i?iaeoeoia yoa iau/iay noaia aeieaeia auoue aeiiieiaia aeaoiy
ono?ienoaaie: oieiaeeeueieeii aeey o?aiaiey i?iaeoeoia e NA* ia/ueth,
eoaea iinea iioneaiey iiiaou eee aeaoiia aeieaeiu iiaeaaaoueny ii?oeee
i?iaeoeoia e aaea ca 1 — 3 iei i?iecaiaeeony ia oieueei eo iooaeaaiea,
ii e iaa?aa aei iaiaoiaeeiie oaiia?aoo?u. Aeaeaa — iau/iay auaea/a
ii?oeee iio?aaeoaeth. Oieiaeeeueiee e NA* ia/ue — yoi oaea oi?ioi
io?aaioaiiua yeaiaiou, oae /oi oaia?ue aeaei ca eiino?oeoi?aie e
oaoiieiaaie iiaeiaiuo aaoiiaoia.
Cia/eoaeueii aieaa i?inouie iiaoo auoue oi?aiaua aaoiiaou, eioi?ua
auaeatho caii?iaeaiiua ii?oeee i?iaeoeoia, a iieoiaoaeue ia?aae
oiio?aaeaieai a ieuo nai ?acia?aaaao eo a NA* ia/ao, onoaiiaeaiiuo a oii
aea caea caeoni/iie-aaoiiaoa.
A iienaiiuo i?eiaiaieyo NA* ia/ae ?aaeecothony i?aeiouanoaa
oeaio?aeeciaaiiiai i?eaioiaeaiey i?iaeoeoia ieoaiey, i?e eioi?ii aieaa
yooaeoeaii eniieuecoaony eaaeeoeoee?iaaiiue ia?niiae, oe?iei
i?eiaiythony iaoaiecaoeey e aaoiiaoecaoeey o?oaeiaieeo i?ioeannia.
Ieoaiea a aieueieoeao. Ieuaaeiee e?oiiuo aieueieoe iau/ii ?aniieiaeaiu
a ioaeaeueiuo iiiauaieyo, e iiea ioooaea ieoaiea aeinoaaeyaony e iinoaee
aieueiiai, ieua noaiiaeony anee ia oieiaeiie, oi /ooue oaieie. NA* ia/e
iicaieytho i?aiaeieaoue yoio iaaeinoaoie. Auno?ue ?acia?aa aethae iiaeii
aanoe aaeece eaaeaeie iaeaou. Iniaaiii yoi aaaeii a eioaeoeeiiiuo
ioaeaeaieyo aieueieoe, aaea eaaeaeoth ii?oeeth iiaeii ?acia?aaaoue ia
aoiaaeiuo oa?aei/eao iaeiie?aoiiai eniieueciaaiey.
Aanueia ia?niaeoeaiie i?aaenoaaeyaony i?aaiecaoeey ieoaiey, i?e eioi?ie
a aieueieoeao ieua ia aioiaeony, a iinooiaao ni niaoeeaeece?iaaiiuo
i?aaei?eyoee ia neeaae aieueieoeu a aeaea caii?iaeaiiuo eee
ioeaaeaeaiiuo ii?oeee, ioeoaea ia?niiae, ianeoaeeaathuee aieueiuo
ieoaieai, eo iieo/aao e ?acia?aaaao a NA* ia/ao iaiin?aaenoaaiii ia?aae
iiaea/ae aieueiiio. Iiaen/eoaii, /oi i?e oaeie i?aaiecaoeee yeiiiieony
18% n?aaenoa ia ieoaiea. A yoi icia/aao, /oi ia 18% iiaeii oaaee/eoue
?anoiaeu ia i?iaeoeou i?e iaeieo e oao aea anneaiiaaieyo ia ieoaiea.
NA* ia/e a auoo. A iineaaeiaa a?aiy, iniaaiii a iiauo aeeeuo aeiiao
aianoi aaca aeey i?eaioiaeaiey ieue eniieuecoaony yeaeo?e/anoai. I?e
yoii nieaeaaony caa?yciaiea aicaeooa, iieiinoueth ono?aiyaony iianiinoue
ac?uaia, ii yeaeo?e/aneea ieeou n?aaieoaeueii iaaeeaiii ?acia?aaathony e
aeiaieueii aeieai inouaatho iinea aueeth/aiey.
Neaaeothuee oaa ii i?eiaiaieth yeaeo?e/anoaa a auoo — oe?ieia
aiaae?aiea NA* ia/ae. A iineaaeiea aiaeu aaaeouea oe?iu NOA e ssiiiee
iaeaaeeee ianniaue (n 1975 a. nauoa 1 iei. oo. a aiae) auione auoiauo
ieeo, i?aaeiacia/aiiuo aeey eaa?oe? e eiooaaeaeae. Iie i?aaenoaaeytho
niaie eiiaeiaoeeth iau/iie o?ao-/aou?aoeiioi?i/iie yeaeo?iieeou n NA*
ia/ueth. NA* ia/ue iiaeao auoue ?aniieiaeaia eae aeooiaea iiae
yeaeo?iieeoie eee aea iaae iae a aeaea oeao/eea.
I?e oe?ieii eniieueciaaiee NA* ia/ae a auoo iieo/aao auno?ia ?acaeoea e
eiaeono?ey i?eaioiaeaiey caii?iaeaiiuo ii?oeeiiiuo aethae, niaoeeaeueii
i?aaeiacia/aiiuo aeey auno?iai iooaeaaiey e ?acia?aaa a NA* ia/ao. Oae
/oi a iaaeaeaeii aoaeouai oicyeee aoaeoo iieoiaoue ii?oeeiiiua
caii?iaeaiiua aethaea, o?aieoue eo a ii?iceeueiuo eaia?ao naieo
oieiaeeeueieeao e iiaeaaaoue e noieo a ?acii?iaeaiiii e ?acia?aoii a NA*
ia/ao aeaea /a?ac n/eoaiiua ieioou iinea ecaea/aiey ec oieiaeeeueieea.
?aoeaio: oa?oe?iaaiiay eiiaoea yaiaiea.
Ec iyna eiiaoee yaiaiea, oa?oe?iaaiiiai a?iiaoiie ia/eieie ec aaeiia e
a?eaia, eaaei iieo/aaony ianeieueei ii?oeee.
25 a?. neeai/iiai ianea;
1 n?aaeiyy eoeiaeoea, i/euaiiay e iaeei ia?acaiiay;
100 a?. aaeiia n i?iaeeeeaie, aac oeo?ee e iaeei ii?oaeaiiiai;
100 a?. a?eaia, ii?acaiiuo;
100 a?. naaaeeo oeaaiuo e?ioae;
1 yeoei, acaeoia;
nieue e ia?aoe;
eiiaoea yaiaiea (aa?aoea) n oaeaeaiiie einoueth;
aeaea ec e?aniie nii?iaeeiu;
Ia 4 — 6 ii?oeee.
1. ?anoiieoa ianei, 30 nae., aeiaaaueoa eoe, aaeii e a?eau e aioiaueoa
aei iyaeinoe — ieiei 3 — 5 (7) iei.
2. Aunuiueoa e ?aciaoaeoa oeaaiua e?ioee, i?ei?aau e yeoei.
3. ?aceiaeeoa (?acaa?ieoa) iyni eiiaoee e ?ani?aaeaeeoa ii iaio
ia/eieo.
4. Neaoaeoa iyni a naa?oie ie?oaeie oi?iu e ia?aoyieoa aa/aaeie.
5. Acaanueoa e ?ann/eoaeoa a?aiy i?eaioiaeaiey.
6. Oeiaeeoa ia ?aoaoeo aeey aea?aiey e iae?ieoa aoiaaeiui iieioaioeai
eee ?aci?aaiiui iaoi/eii aeey aea?aiey.
7. Aioiaueoa a ?aaeeia HIGH (eee ia 100% P.) 1 — 2 (3) iei. ia eaaeaeua
450 a?. aana.
8. Oiaiueoeoa iiuiinoue e aioiaueoa a ?aaeeia MEDIUM/HIGH (eee ia 70%
P.) iieiaeio inoaaoaainy a?aiaie eee onoaiiaeoa ca?aiaa aaoiiaoe/aneee
?aaeei ia?aeeth/aiey iiuiinoe ni 100% ia 70% /a?ac caaeaiiia a?aiy.
9. Ia?aaa?ieoa iyni, iaianeoa aeaea ec e?aniie nii?iaeeiu e
i?iaeieaeaeoa aioiaeoue iaiae?uoui.
10. Naiaiaeii iaa?ieoa oieueaie e aeaeoa ionoiyoueny ec ?an/aoa 5 iei.
ia eaaeaeua 450 a?. aana.
11. Eniieuecoeoa nie, eioi?ue noae a i?ioeaaiue iiae ?aoaoeie aeey
iaaonoie iiaeeeau.
I?e aioiaea niaethaeaeoa oaoieeo aaciianiinoe. I?eyoiiai aiiaoeoa!
Caueoa io NA* eceo/aiee
Ai anao i?aaeuaeoueo ia?aa?aoao auee aeaiu iienaiey iiuiuo NA*
ono?ienoa, a eioi?uo aaia?aoi?u auniei/anoioiuo yia?aee eiaee iiuiinoue
ieiei aaeeieoe eeeiaaoo a iai?a?uaiii ?aaeeia. Aeaaea anee iaaieueoay
/anoue yoie iiuiinoe i?ina/eaaaony a ie?oaeathuaa onoaiiaeo
i?ino?ainoai, yoi iiaeao i?aaenoaaeyoue iianiinoue aeey ie?oaeathueo:
aicaeaenoaea aeinoaoi/ii iiuiiai NA* eceo/aiey ia c?aiea, ia?aioth
nenoaio e ae?oaea i?aaiu /aeiaaea iiaeao aucaaoue na?ueaciua aieaciaiiua
yaeaiey. Iiyoiio i?e ?aaioa n iiuiuie enoi/ieeaie NA* yia?aee
iaiaoiaeeii iaoeinieoaeueii niaethaeaoue o?aaiaaiey oaoieee
aaciianiinoe.
.
Neaaeoao ioiaoeoue, /oi ii ia?a oaeaeaiey io iano eceo/aiey NA*
iiuiinoe — io ?aciiaoi?iuo eaia? eee aieiiaaaeoueo nenoai, aaea
i?iecaiaeeony ia?aaioea n iiiiuueth NA* yia?aee, — iioie eceo/aiiie
yia?aee auno?i ineaaaaaao (ia?aoii i?iii?oeeiiaeueii eaaae?aoo
?annoiyiey). Iiyoiio iiaeii onoaiiaeoue aaciianioth a?aieoeo, aaea
o?iaaiue eceo/aiey ieaea ii?iu, e auiieieoue aa a aeaea ia?aaeaeaiey, ca
eioi?ia iaeuecy caoiaeeoue ai a?aiy auiieiaiey oaoiieiae/aneiai
i?ioeanna. I?e yoii caueoiua ono?ienoaa iieo/athony aeinoaoi/ii i?inouie
e iaaei?iaeie.
A auoiauo NA* ia/ao aeey i?aaeioa?auaiey eceo/aiey /a?ac caa?oci/iua
ethee, aeaa?oeu e e?uoee iaeaieaa ?ani?ino?aiaiu eiioaeoiua ono?ienoaa a
aeaea iiiaeanoaa i?oaeeiie ec eenoiaiai iaoa?eaea, iai?eia? aa?eeeeaaie
a?iicu A?A2. Oaeea i?oaeeiee nicaeatho eiioaeo aeey NA* oieia ii anaio
ia?eiao?o caa?oci/iiai ethea. Iiaeiaiay nenoaia auea i?eiaiaia a
ioa/anoaaiiie NA* ia/e, a ?yaea yiiineeo ia/ae.
A ianoiyuaa a?aiy nouanoaoao ianeieueei aeaeia eae oaa?aeuo, oee e
iyaeeo (oeia ?aceiu) iiaeiuathueo iaoa?eaeia, eioi?ua oaea i?e oieueia a
ianeieueei ieeeeiao?ia iaania/eaatho i?aeoe/anee iieiia iiaeiuaiea
i?ina/eaathuaeny NA* yia?aee.
Iiaeiuathuee iaoa?eae caeeaaeuaaaony a uaee iaaeaeo oaie iaoaeee/aneeie
aeaoaeyie ?aciiaoi?iuo eaia? eee aieiiaaaeoueo no?oeoo?, eioi?ua ia
iiaoo auoue niaaeeiaiu naa?eie eee iaeeie.
I?aaeioa?auaiea eceo/aiey /a?ac ioaa?noea aeey iaaethaeaiey eee iiaea/e
aicaeooa inouanoaeyaony i?eiaiaieai iaoaeee/aneeo o?oaie aeinoaoi/ii
iaeiai aioo?aiiaai aeeaiao?a e iaiaoiaeeiie aeeeiu. Oaeea o?oaee
yaeythony cai?aaeaeueiuie aieiiaiaeaie e i?aeoe/anee ia i?iioneatho NA*
yia?aeth. Iaiaoiaeeii, /oiau aioo?aiiee ?aaeeon R aue a 10 — 15 ?ac
iaiueoa ?aai/ae aeeeiu aieiu. A yoii neo/aa iiaiiiia caoooaiea (a
aeaoeeaaeao ia naioeiao?) ia iecoai oeia aieiu H11 iiaeao auoue
i?eaeeceoaeueii ii?aaeaeaii ii oi?ioea L=16/R, a iauaa caoooaiea i?e
aeeeia o?oaee l noaiiaeony ?aaiui 16l/R aeA.
?ac, eee 60 aeA. Aeeeia o?oaee aoaeao l=60/L=60/17,8=3,37 ni.
Ieii/aoaeueii aeeeio o?oaee n aioo?aiiei aeeaiao?ii 18 ii iiaeii
i?eiyoue ?aaiie 4 ni. Eae aeaeei, aaciianiue o?iaaiue eceo/aiey iiaeao
auoue iieo/ai i?e ia i/aiue aeeeiiuo o?oaeao e i?e aeinoaoi/ii aieueoeo
aeeaiao?ao.
Aeey i?iiuoeaiiuo onoaiiaie NA* iaa?aaa oa?aeoa?ia iaiaoiaeeiinoue
iiiai?aciaiai ioe?uaaiey e cae?uaaiey etheia caa?ocee, e o.ae. Io yoeo
iia?aoeee caueoiua ono?ienoaa, a iniaaiiinoe eiioaeoiua, iinoaiaiii
eciaoeaathony. E?iia oiai, n oa/aieai a?aiaie eiioaeoiua iiaa?oiinoe
ieeneythony. A ?acoeueoaoa eceo/aiea iiaeao aic?anoe a ianeieueei ?ac e
aeaaea ia iaeei-aeaa ii?yaeea. Iiyoiio iaiaoiaeeiu nenoaiaoe/aneia
iaaethaeaiea ca ninoiyieai caueoiuo ono?ienoa, i?iaaaeaiea
ia?eiaee/aneeo caia?ia o?iaiy eceo/aiey. Ionthaea e aeanoeea o?aaiaaiey
e iaaeaaeiinoe caueoiuo ono?ienoa. *oiau a yenieoaoaoeee ii?iu iaeo/aiey
ia auee i?aauoaiu, caaiaeneea naeaoi/iua ii?iu ia eceo/aiea aeaeatho
aieaa aeanoeeie. Oae, a ssiiiee aeiioneaaony oaaee/aiea eceo/aiey io
caaiaeneeo ii?i aei yenieoaoaoeeiiiuo i?e eiee/anoaa ioe?uaaiee aieaa
100 oun. ?ac. Nianoaaiii, i?e oaeeo oneiaeyo e i?iaiaeyony
ia?eiaee/aneea caaiaeneea eniuoaiey caueoiuo ono?ienoa.
Caeeth/aiea
I?eaaaeaiiua a yoie ?aaioa iienaiey yeaeo?iiiuo i?eai?ia NA* e eo
i?eiaiaiee, eiia/ii, aeaeaei ia en/a?iuaaao anaai eo iiiaiia?acey.
Ia?aie/aiiay oaiaoeea ?aaiou iicaieeea ?anniio?aoue oieueei iaeaieaa
?ani?ino?aiaiiua e oeie/iua yaeaiey a NA* yeaeo?iieea, a /anoiinoe, a
yia?aaoeea NA* a ia?iaeiii oicyenoaa.
*oi eanaaony i?eiaiaiee, oi caeanue iiouaiu oaeea aaaeiua e eioa?aniua
?acaeaeu eae oaeaaeaeaiea, ?aaeeieieaoeey, ?aaeeiiaaeaaoeey,
?aaeei?aeaeiua eeiee, ia?aaea/a yeaeo?e/aneie yia?aee ec einiina ia
Caieth e iiiaia ae?oaia, iienaieth eioi?uo iinayuaiu ae?oaea ?aaiou, a
oaeaea, ai?i/ai, e iaoe?iay iao/iay e iao/ii-iiioey?iay eeoa?aoo?a.
Ianeieueei a iaaeaeaeii aoaeouai ?anoe?eony eniieueciaaiea NA*
yeaeo?iieee a ia?iaeiii oicyenoaa, iiaeii iieacaoue ia oaeii i?eia?a.
Iauai?eiyoui n/eoaaony iiaiea, /oi a nia?aiaiiie aeecie ioeacaoueny io
i?eiaiaiey yaeioeieeaoia a naeueneii oicyenoaa iaeuecy. Iaeiaei
iaiaoiaeeii i?eieiaoue ia?u ii nie?auaieth eo eniieueciaaiey. Iaeiei ec
yooaeoeaiuo niiniaia a yoii iai?aaeaiee yaeyaony i?eiaiaiea yeaeo?iieee
NA*. Oaea ia?aua iiuou iieacaee, /oi ia o/anoea, ia?aaioaiiii NA*
eceo/aieai, o?iaeae ia 60% auoa, /ai i?e oeie/aneie ia?aaioea. E?iia
oiai, i?aaeaa?eoaeueiay aei naaa ia?aaioea ii/au NA* iaeo/aieai
caaea?aeeaaao iiyaeaiea ni?iyeia, /oi oiaea niinianoaoao iiauoaieth
o?iaeaeiinoe.
Ae?oaie i?eia? i?eiaiaiey NA* yeaeo?iieee a naeueneii oicyenoaa
ioiineony oaea e iineaoai?i/iui i?iaeaiai. Nooea oeiiea-nu?oea NA*
yia?aeae ia?aae aai aeeeoaeueiui o?aiaieai ?acei iiauoaao ea/anoai e
oiaiueoaao iooiaeu.
Oaeei ia?acii, iiaeii n oaa?aiiinoueth ooaa?aeaeaoue, /oi n eaaeaeui
aiaeii iaeanoe i?eiaiaiey yeaeo?iieee naa?oaunieeo /anoio aoaeoo
?anoe?youeny, iaania/eaay e oauno?yy ?acaeoea i?iecaiaeeoaeueiuo nee e
oeo/oay oneiaey o?oaea.
Nienie eeoa?aoo?u
E. A. Eaaaaeaa Oaoieea e i?eai?u NA*. *anoue I. — Iineaa: Aunoay oeiea,
1970.
E. A. Eaaaaeaa Oaoieea e i?eai?u NA*. *anoue II. — Iineaa: Aunoay
oeiea, 1972.
O. E. Ecthiiaa, A. O. Nae?eaeia Aieiiaiaeu, eiaeneaeueiua e iieineiaua
eeiee. — Iineaa: Yia?aey, 1975.
TH. I. I/aeueieeia, A. O. Nae?eaeia Yeaeo?iieea naa?oaunieeo /anoio. —
Iineaa: ?aaeei e naycue, 1981.
A. A. Caaeaaeth?ei Nai?iee aeaeeeaoaniuo ?aoeaioia aeey NA* ia/ae. —
Ieine: Iao, 1993.
Niaea?aeaiea
Caaeaiea • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 2
(Aaaaeaiea)
Aaaaeaiea • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 3
I?iiuoeaiiua aeeaiaciiu yeaeo?iiaaieoiuo eieaaaiee • • • • • 4
(Aiaeeoe/aneay /anoue)
Iniaaiiinoe iaa?aaa aeeyeaeo?eeia a aeeaiaciiao OA* e NA* • • • • 4
Iieo/aiea NA* yia?aee aieueoie iiuiinoe • • • • • • • • • • • 5
I?eiaiaiea iineaaeiaaoaeueiiai yeaeo?iiaaieoa • • • • • • • • • • 5
Oiaiueoaiea ioeuenaoeee iaaieoiiai iiey • • • • • • • • • • • • 8
N?aaiaiea yeaeo?iiaaieoia e iinoiyiiuo iaaieoia • • • • • • • • 8
?aciiaoi?iua eaia?u aeey onoaiiaie NA* iaa?aaa aeeyeaeo?eeia • • 9
O?iaaiue caa?ocee ?aciiaoi?iuo eaia? • • • • • • • • • • • • • 10
Aicaoaeaeaiea ?aai/eo eaia? • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 11
NA* iaa?aa aeaeaeoueony aeeyeaeo?e/aneeo eaio e ecaeaeee e?oaeiai
iiia?a/iiai na/aiey • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 11
(?an/aoiay /anoue)
Iaania/aiea ?aaiiia?iinoe iaa?aaa ii oieueia • • • • • • • • • 13
Ieaciaiiua NA* ai?aeee (ieaciio?iiu) e eo i?eiaiaiea • • • • • 16
Naienoaa yeaeo?iiii-eiiiie ieaciu • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 16
I?eioeei ono?ienoaa NA* ieaciio?iiia • • • • • • • • • • • • • 17
I?eia?u ieaciio?iiia aieiiaiaeiiai oeia • • • • • • • • • • • 18
NA* ieaciaiiue enoi/iee aicaoaeaeaiey niaeo?a • • • • • • • • • 21
Eceo/aoaee NA* yia?aee • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 22
Noaeeiaoeeiiiay nooea • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 26
(Eiiiaaoeeiiiay /anoue)
I?eia?u i?eiaiaiey NA* iaa?aaa aeey i?eaioiaeaiey ieue • • • • 28
I?eaioiaeaiea iyna • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 28
?acii?aaeeaaiea iyna, o?oeoia e iaiuae • • • • • • • • • • • • 28
Oi?aiaua aaoiiaou • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 29
Ieoaiea a aieueieoeao • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 30
NA* ia/e a auoo • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 30
?aoeaio: oa?oe?iaaiiay eiiaoea yaiaiea • • • • • • • • • • • • 30
Caueoa io NA* eceo/aiee • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 31
(Caeeth/aiea)
Caeeth/aiea • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 33
Nienie eeoa?aoo?u • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 34
PAGE
PAGE 35
Нашли опечатку? Выделите и нажмите CTRL+Enter
