.

Біогеоценотичні та популяційні адаптації птахів в трансформованих ландшафтах Північно-Східної України (на прикладі роду Turdus): Автореф. дис… канд.

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Aeiii?iiao?ianueeee aea?aeaaiee oi?aa?neoao

*aieeaiia Aiaeaea Ai?eniaia

OAeE 598. 8: 591. 557. 2(477. 54)

Aiiaaioeaiioe/ii oa iiioeyoe?ei? aaeaioaoeid ioao?a

a o?ainoi?iiaaieo eaiaeoaooao Iiaii/ii-Noiaeiid Oe?adie

(ia i?eeeaae? ?iaeo Turdus)

Niaoeiaeueiinoue 03.00.16 – aeieia?y

Aaoi?aoa?ao

aeena?oaoe?d ia caeiaoooy iaoeiaiai nooiaiy

eaiaeeaeaoa a?ieia?/ieo iaoe

Aeiii?iiao?ianuee – 1998

Aeena?oaoei?th ? ?oeiien

?iaioa aeeiiaia a Oa?eianueeiio aea?aeaaiiio iaaeaaia?/iiio

oi?aa?neoao? ii. A.N. Neiai?iaee

Iaoeiaee ea??aiee – eaiaeeaeao a?ieia?/ieo
iaoe, aeioeaio E?eaeoeueeee Iai? Ieaenaiae?iae/,

Oa?eianueeee aea?aeaaiee oi?aa?neoao,

eaoaae?a ciieiaid oa aeieiaid oaa?ei

Io?oe?ei? iiiiaioe:

– aeieoi? a?ieia?/ieo iaoe, i?ioani? Eenaiei Aaea?ie Iaaiiae/
Oaa?ienueea aea?aeaaia aa?i-oaoi?/ia aeaaeai?y, caa?aeoaa/ eaoaae?ith
ieneeanoaiciaanoaa oa aii?ano?nia

– eaiaeeaeao a?ieia?/ieo iaoe, aeioeaio Aoeaoia
Aaeaioei Eaiioieiae/ Aeiii?iiao?ianueeee aea?aeaaiee oi?aa?neoao,
eaoaae?a ciieiaid

I?iaiaeia onoaiiaa – Aeiiaoeueeee aea?aeaaiee oi?aa?neoao, Iiiinoa?noai
ina?oe Oe?adie, eaoaae?a ciieiaid, i. Aeiiaoeuee

Caoeno a?aeaoaeaoueny “25” a?oaeiy 1998 ?ieo i 14 aiaeei? ia
can?aeaii? Niaoe?ae?ciaaii? a/aii? ?aaee Ae 08.051.04 ii caoenoo
aeena?oaoe?e ia caeiaoooy iaoeiaiai nooiaiy aeieoi?a a?ieia?/ieo iaoe ca
niaoe?aeuei?noth 03.00.16 i?e Aeiii?iiao?ianueeiio aea?aeaaiiio
oi?aa?neoao?: 329625, AeNI – 50, i?. Iaoeiaee, 13, oi?aa?neoao,
aiieiai-aeieiai/iee oaeoeueoao, ei?ion 17, aoae. 611.

C aeena?oaoe??th iiaeia iciaeiieoeny o iaoeia?e a?ae?ioaoe?

Aeiii?iiao?ianueeiai aea?aeaaiiai oi?aa?neoaoo

Aaoi?aoa?ao ?ic?neaiee “25” eenoiiaaea 1998 ?.

A/aiee nae?aoa?

Niaoeiaeiciaaii? a/aii? ?aaee

eaiae. a?ieia?/ieo iaoe, aeioeaio A.I. Aeoaiia
Caaaeueia oa?aeoa?enoeea ?iaioe

Aeooaeueiinoue ?iaioe. A oiiaao aieeao aio?iiiaaiiiai i?ano ioaoe
caciathoue cia/ieo aeieia?/ieo ia?aaaioaaeaiue, a ?acoeueoao? yeeo
iiaeooue aeieeaoe ia o?eueee a?aeoeeaiiy o?c?ieia?/ieo oa
ooieoe?iiaeueieo iieaciee?a, aea e ci?ie a i?ioiaeaeaii? aaaeeeaeo
iiioeyoe?eieo i?ioean?a. C oi/ee ci?o ciiiiaeeeaoeid i?e?iaeieo oiia,
eieaeuei? iiioeyoeid ioao?a iiaeia ?icaeyaeaoe ye iiaeaeueiee ia’?eo,
o?eaaea ?nioaaiiy yeiai a oiiaao aieeao oaeoi??a aio?iiiaaiiiai
iioiaeaeaiiy aeicaiey? aea/aoe ?aaeoeid nenoai iiioeyoe?eiiai ??aiy ia
aeno?aiaeuei? oiiae na?aaeiaeua (Nharles, 1987). Iiaeeeainoue aiae?co
ie?aieo aoai?a iioiaaiaco ioao?a, iniaeeai ?ai?iaeoeoeaiiai ia??iaeo,
aeicaiey? aaaaeaoe eieaeuei? iiioeyoeid iaeiei ?c aaaeeeaeo ia’?eo?a
aeine?aeaeaiiy i?ioean?a aio?iiiaaiiid o?ainoi?iaoeidi na?aaeiaeua.
Aea/aiiy aeieia?/ieo oaeoi??a, ye? noi?iaiaeaeothoue ?iciiiaeaiiy, eiai
oni?oiino? c iaoith i?iaiicoaaiiy /enaeueiino?, i?ieeaino? oaiioeio a
iioiaaiac?, ui iaoiiaeththoue aaoa?iaaii?noue iiioeyoei? aaaaoiieaiiaiai
a?ieia?/iiai cia/aiiy – iaea?eueo ?aaeueiee oeyo aeey ae??oaiiy
aaaaoueio i?aeoe/ieo ieoaiue. Ia iaio aaaeeeaei ? aea/aiiy ?aaeoei?
?iaeeeaoi?ieo aeae?a ia ci?ie a ooieoe?iioaaii? a?iaaioeaiic?a i?ae
aieeaii aio?iiiaaiieo oaeoi??a.

sse iiaeaeue aeey ?icaeyaeo aeuacacia/aieo ieoaiue aoei ia?aii ioao?a
?iaeo Turdus. Ae?icaee caeiathoue oe?ieee a?aae, aoiaeyoue aei neeaaeo
an?o e?niaeo oa?oiiaaiue ioao?a, aea iathoue iieiaeaiiy noaaeiiiiaioia
oa aeiiiiaioia, ye ca /enaeuei?noth, oae i ca a?iianith.*ooeeainoue ?o
aiieiai? aei ??cieo aeieia?/ieo oaeoi??a aeicaiey? aaaaeaoe, ui ia?aia
a?oia ioao?a – aaeaeee ia’?eo aeey caaaeueiia?ieia?/iiai iii?oi?eiao.
Aieueo oiai, iaaea?oueny iiaeeea?noue ia o?eueee iiiiaieoe aeai? ?o
aiieiai?, a e i?ine?aeeoaaoe iie?ii?oio ?aaeoe?th i?aaenoaaiee?a iaeiiai
?iaeo ia aeieia?/i? oaeoi?e na?aaeiaeua.

Ca’ycie ?iaioe c iaoeiaeie i?ia?aiaie, ieaiaie, oaiaie. Oaia
aeena?oaoe?eii? ?iaioe ? neeaaeiaith /anoeiith aieiaiiai iai?yieo
aeine?aeaeaiue eaoaae?e a?ieia?? Oa?e?anueeiai aea?aeaaiiai
iaaeoi?aa?neoaoo “Noai aeei?enoaiiy oa ioi?iie ie?aieo i?e?iaeieo
?ano?n?a”, eaoaae?e ciieia?? oa aeieia?? Oa?e?anueeiai aea?aeaaiiai
oi?aa?neoaoo: “Aeieiai-ainiiaea?/a ioe?iea no/aniiai oaa?eiiiai na?oo a
Oa?e?anuee?e iaeano?”(iiia? aea?aeaaii? ?a?no?aoe?? 0197U008192),
“A?i??ciiiai?oi?noue oaa?ei i?e?iaeieo a?iaaioeaiic?a E?aiaa?aaeii?
Oe?a?ie” (0197U003057) oa Oe?a?inueeiai iaoeiai-aeine?aeiiai ?inoeoooo
e?niaiai ainiiaea?noaa oa aa?iiae?i?aoe?? “?ic?iaeoe iaoeia? oa
i?aai?caoe?ei? iniiae aeieia?/iiai iii?oi?eiao e?n?a Oe?a?ie” (
0196U018785).

Iaoa i caaaeaiiy aeine?aeaeaiue Iaoa ?iaioe – c’ynoaaiiy
aiiaaioeaiioe/ieo oa iiioeyoe?eieo aaeaioaoe?e ioao?a aei oiia
o?ainoi?iiaaieo eaiaeoaoo?a e?ninoaiiai? ciie I?ai?/ii-No?aeii? Oe?a?ie.
Aeey aeinyaiaiiy cacia/aii? iaoe ia?aaeaa/aeinue ae??oeoe oae?
caaaeaiiy:

1. I?iaiae?coaaoe iniaeeaino? oi?ioaaiiy e?niaeo i?i?oieiiieaen?a oa
i?noea a ieo ioao?a ?iaeo Turdus.

2. Iaaeaoe aeieiai-aiiaaioeaiioe/iee noaoon ioao?a ?iaeo Turdus oa
aeyaeoe oeyoe ?o aaeaioaoei? aei ??cieo oiia na?aaeiaeua.

3. Ioeiieoe aeieiai-iieiai/iee noai iiioeyoe?e ae?icae?a a oiiaao
o?ainoi?iiaaieo eaiaeoaoo?a.

4. Iieacaoe i?aeoe/ia oa aiioeaiioe/ia cia/aiiy ae?icaeiaeo ioao?a oa
iiaeeea? oeyoe ?o ioi?iie.

5. I?iaanoe ii??aiyeueiee aiae?c noaio iiioeyoe?e ae?icae?a a oiiaao
o?ainoi?iaoe?? a?iaaioeaiic?a ??ciiai ??aiy.

Iaoeiaa iiaecia. Ia i?eeeaae? ?iaeo Turdus i?iaiae?ciaai? iniiai?
aiiaaioeaiioe/ii oa iiioeyoe?ei? aaeaioaoei? ioao?a. Onoaiiaeai?
aeieiai-eaiaeoaooii caeiiii??iino? i?inoi?iaiai ?ici?uaiiy iiioeyoe??
ae?icaeiaeo ioao?a a ca’yceo c aiiaaioeaiioe/ieie oa aio?iiiaaiieie
oiiaaie.

I?iaiaeiciaaii iniaeeaino? i?inoi?iaiai ?ici?uaiiy ai?cae ae?icae?a, ?o
ii?oieia?/ia oa no?oeoo?ia iaiaeii??aei?noue a caeaaeiino? a?ae
a?ioe/ieo oa aio?iiiaaiieo oaeoi?ia.

Anoaiiaeaii cia/aiiy aio?iiiaaiiiai aieeao oa ?ioeo aeieia?/ieo oaeoi??a
ia aeeiai?eo iieia?/ieo ia?aiao??a oa oni?oi?noue ?iciiiaeaiiy.
Iaaaaeai? ?aeiiaiaeaoei? uiaei aeei?enoaiiy aeieiai-iieiai/ieo
oa?aeoa?enoee a ?aa?iiaeueiiio a?iiii?oi?eiao.

Ia ??ai? a?iaaioeaiioe/ieo aca?iica’yce?a i?iaiae?ciaai?
aioo??oiueiiiioeyoe?ei? ci?ie noaio iiioeyoe?e ioao?a ?iaeo Turdus a
o?ainoi?iiaaieo eaiaeoaooao. ?ic?iaeaia eiiieaenia ioe?iea ?o
aiioeaiioe/ii? ?ie? oa oeyoe iioeiicaoei? aio?iiiaaiiciaaieo nenoai i
ioi?iie ioao?a.

Oai?aoe/ia oa i?aeoe/ia cia/aiiy ?iaioe. Iaea?aeai? iaoa??aee
aeicaieythoue noai?eoe iiaeaeue aca?iiae?? iniiaieo eiiiiiaio?a einiai?
oaoie a oiiaao o?ainoi?iiaaieo eaiaeoaoo?a. Ia i?eeeaae? ae?icae?a
iieacaia ?iaeeeaoi?ia ?ieue ioao?a a a?iiii?oi?eiao. I?iaiaeiciaaii
iniiai? i?e/eie oetheooaoei? /enaeueiino? ioao?a oa ioeuenaoei? ?o
a?aaeo. Aeyaeaii aiioeaiioe/ii ca’ycee oa aieea ae?icae?a ia
aaco?aaaoieo a e?niaeo aeinenoaiao.

?iaioa ia? nooo?aa i?eeeaaeia cia/aiiy, iiaea aooe aeei?enoaia aeey
iiaeeeaoi?ii? ioe?iee noaio i?e?iaeiiai na?aaeiaeua, ye iin?aiee i?e
i?aaiicaoei? ai?ioueae c e?niaeie oe?aeieeaie oa i?aeiyooth iioaioe?aeo
ei?enieo oi?i oaa?ei c iaoith icaei?iaeaiiy e?no. Iiiia?aoi/ia
aeine?aeaeaiiy ioao?a ?iaeo Turdus, yea noi?iaiaeaeo?oueny cia/iei
oaeoe/iei iaoa??aeii, ciaeaea canoinoaaiiy aeey neeaaeaiiy aeieia?/ieo
oa oaoi?noe/ieo caaaeaiue ii oaa?eiiiio na?oo Oe?a?ie. Ina?/ai?noue i?i
caeiiii??iino? ?icaeoeo y?oeue i?ae aieeaii ??cieo oaeoi??a aoaea
ei?eniith a i?aeoeoe? caeeaae?a ae?iaie/iai ioao?aieoeoaa, a
?icie?aeieeao, ciiia?eao.

Iniaenoee aianie caeiaoaa/a. O/anoue aaoi?a a aeai?e ?iaio? iieyaaea a
naiino?eiiio iaa?oiooaaii? oaie, aecia/aii? caaaeaiue oa oeyo?a ?o
ae??oaiiy, anaa?/i?e o/ano? a i?iaaaeai? iieueiaeo ? eaia?aeueieo
aeine?aeaeaiue oa aenia?eiaio?a, aiae?c? iaea?aeaieo ?acoeueoao?a oa
ocaaaeueithth/eo aeniiae?a.

Ai?iaaoeiy ?acoeueoao?a aeena?oaoei?. ?acoeueoaoe aeena?oaoe?eiiai
aeine?aeaeaiiy aeiiia?aeaeeny ia ui??/ieo iaoeiaeo eiioa?aioe?yo
“Aea/aiiy oa ioi?iia ioao?a aanaeio Niaa?nueeiai Aeiioey” (1994-1998);
eiioa?aioei? “O?aaiicaoeiy ye oaeoi? ci?i aiiaaioeaiioe/iiai iie?eao”
(Eueaia, 1994), tha?eaei?e eiioa?aioei?, i?enay/ai?e 80-??//th
canioaaiiy Iiaii/ii-Aeiiaoeueei? noaioei? (Oa?eia, 1995); II
eiioa?aioei? iieiaeeo i?i?oieia?a Oe?a?ie (Eaiia, 1996); iaeani?e
iaoeiai-i?aeoe/iie eiioa?aioei? “Aeieia?/i? i?iaeaie Oa?eianueei?
iaeano?” (Oa?eia, 1995); 2-e Iiaeia?iaeiie eiioa?aioei? ii ioao?aieoeoao
(Ai?ee, 1996), 1-e i?nuee?e iaoeiai-i?aeoe/iie eiioa?aioei? ”Aeooaeuei?
i?iaeaie no/anii? iaoee a aeine?aeaeaiiyo iieiaeeo a/aieo i. Oa?eiaa”
(Oa?eia, 1997); 2-e Iiaeia?iaeiie eiioa?aioei? e?a?i NIAe “Aeooaeuei?
i?iaeaie iieiai?” (Eeiaoeuee, 1998); I Anaoe?a?inueeie
iaoeiai-i?aeoe/iie eiioa?aioei? “Aeieiai/iee no?an i aaeaioaoe?y a
a?ieia?/ieo nenoaiao” (Oa?iiiieue, 1998). Ca ?acoeueoaoaie
aeine?aeaeaiue iioae?eiaaii 16 ?ia?o, a oiio /ene? 3 o oaoiaeo
aeo?iaeao.

Ianya oa no?oeoo?a ?iaioe. Aeena?oaoeieia ?iaioa aeeeaaeaia ia 159
noi??ieao iaoeiiieniiai oaenoo i neeaaea?oueny ?c anooio, ainueie
?icae?e?a, aeniiae?a, ia?ae?eo e?oa?aoo?e, ui aeeth/a? 373
iaeiaioaaiiy, c yeeo 80 ?iicaiieie iiaaie oa 55 noi??iie aeiaeaoeo A
(oaaeeoe? ? ?enoiee). ?iaioa ?ethno?iaaia 79 oaaeeoeyie oa 27 ?enoieai .

Ciino ?iaioe

Oi?ioaaiiy i?i?oioaoie o?ainoi?iiaaieo eaiaeoaoo?a

Ca e?oa?aoo?ieie aeaea?aeaie i?iaaaeaii aiae?c ci?i i?i?oioaoie a
?acoeueoao? ae?? aio?iiiaaiieo oaeoi??a. C oeueiai i?eaiaeo iaeiie/aii
iaoa??ae ca a?eueo i?ae noi??/iee ia??iae. ?ieue aio?iiiaaiiiai aieeao
ia aeieia?th ioao?a a?aeia?aaeaii a ?iaioao Ae.A. Aeaaeeoaanueeiai
(1963, 1975, 1986, 1987), A.I. AEaaea?iia (1969), A.A. Einothoeia
(1991), I.A. Aeaaeeiaa (1958, 1975), I.I. Ae?icaeiaa (1967,1969), A.A.
Aaaaiei (1980), A.I. Aeiaaciaa (1981), A.I. Eiinoaioeiiaa, 1992, A.I.
Oioeiaa (1994) i o.ae. Ioaoe ?iaeo Turdus ? aeineoue iiioey?ia a?oia a
ieai? aea/aiiy ?o aaeaioaoe?e a aio?iiiaaiiiio eaiaeoaoo?. Oae, a?aeii?
aeai? i?i aieea ?ae?aaoei? ia /enaeuei?noue oa iiaaae?ieo aeayeeo aeae?a
ae?icae?a (Aaeiaa, 1981; Eonaieia, ?aoaoieeiaa, 1985; Naiieeia,
Ii?iciaa, 1987; Einothoei, 1989 oa ii.). Niiai/ee ae??cae aoa aea?aiee
I.Ae. Aaiaa?iaei (1991), ye iiaeaeueiee aeae aeey iieia?/ieo
aeine?aeaeaiue i?e?iaeiiai iii?oi?eiao. Iaea i?noea ni?iaa ioe?ieoe noai
iiioeyoe?? ai?iaeiieea a o?ainoi?iiaaieo eaiaeoaooao (Aieioae oa ii.,
1994; *aieuaeia, E?eaeoeeee, 1995). Iaeiae iacaaaeath/e ia oe?ieo
?iciianthaeaeaiinoue, aeinooii?noue aeey niinoa?aaeaiue, ioaoe ?iaeo
Turdus nenoaiaoe/ii a aaaaoi??/iiio ?aaeei? ia aea/aeeny, i?e/iio ia
o?eueee a ieai? oi?ioaaiiy aaeaioaoe?e aei o?ainoi?iiaaieo i?e?iaeieo
oiia, aea ? acaaae?, a ieai? aea/aii? ?o a?ieia??. Iaeaieueo iiaia
oa?aeoa?enoeea oei?? a?oie aeaia I.I. Niiiaei (1897), o?aaiaioa?i?
a?aeiiino? ? a aeayeeo aeieiai-oaoiinoe/ieo caaaeaiiyo (Aaeueo, 1931;
Aie/aiaoeeee, 1954). Cia/iee aianie o aea/aii? aiieiai? ae?icae?a –
?aaioa I.A. Ia?eniai? (1955), yea noino?oueny aiieiai? oa
?iciianthaeaeaiiy ae?icaeiaeo a oiiaao Oe?a?inueeiai Iieinny. Oaeei
/eiii, iaaeinoaoi?e ??ciiieaiiaee oa?aeoa? aeaieo i?i ?ici?uaiiy,
/enaeuei?noue, iniaeeaino? aiieiai? ??cieo aeae?a ae?icae?a a oiiaao
o?ainoi?iiaaieo eaiaeoaoo?a i acaaae? a?aenooi?noue eiiieaeniiai
i?aeoiaeo aei aea/aiiy oei?? a?oie ioao?a, niiioeaee ian aei
aeaoaeueiiai ?o aeine?aeaeaiiy a iaaeao I?ai?/ii-No?aeii? Oe?a?ie.

No/ania noaiiaeua i?e?iaeieo eaiaeoaoo?a Iiaii/ii-Coiaeii? Oe?a?ie.

?aeii aeine?aeaeaiue ?icoaoiaaiee a cii? e?ninoaio Eiaiaa?aaeii?
Oe?a?ie. Ciiaeueiee oei ?ineeiiino? – iaai?ii ae?a?iae oa eo/i? noaie.
Ie?ii ciiaeueieo oei?a ia i?uaieo oa?anao ?icoaoiaai? niniia? oa
aeoaiai-niniiai, a a aeieeiao ??/ie – caieaai? e?ne. Einenoinoue
neeaaea? 11,4 %. ?icaeyiooi oiceei-aaia?aoi/ii iniaeeaino? ?aa?iio.
Iniiaio oaaao i?eae?eaii ee?iaoe/iei, a?ae?ieia?/iei, aaeaoi/iei oa
?ineeiiei eiiiiiaioai i?e?iaeieo eaiaeoaoo?a .

O?ainoi?iaoeiy eaiaeoaoo?a iaoiiaeaia ae??th ye i?e?iaeieo, oae i
aio?iiiaaiieo oaeoi??a, na?aae yeeo iaea?eueoee aieea ia e?nia?
a?ioeaiice iathoue c?oae, noai?aiiy ooo/ieo o?oioeaiic?a, iiaeaae?,
i?aiea oa aeianaiiy ooaeiae, oaoiiaaiia oa ?ae?aaoe?eia ae?yeueiino?. A
?icae?e? ?icaeyioo? iniiai? aiiaaioeaiioe/ii oa?aeoa?enoeee ae?eyiie,
??cieo ca ??aiai o?ainoi?iaoei?.

Iaoa?iae oa iaoiaeeea

Aeineiaeaeaiiy i?iaiaeeeeny a ia??iae c 1993 ii 1998 ??. ye
aeniaaeeoe?eiei iaoiaeii ia oa?eoi?i? Oa?eianueei? iaeano?, oae i ia
noaoe?iia?ieo aacao (a?ieia?/ia noaioe?y Oa?eianueeiai aea?aeaaiiai
iaaeoiiaa?neoaoo a Cii?anueeiio ?aeii? Oa?eianueei? iaeano? oa o/aiaa
aaca Noinueeiai iaae?inoeoooo a Noinueeie iaeano?).

A iniiao a?iaaioeaiioe/ieo aeine?aeaeaiue aoee caeeaaeai? oai?aoe/i?
i?eioeeie a/aiiy i?i a?iaaioeaiic (Noea/aa, 1940, 1964). Aieiaiei
iaoiaee/iei i?eeiiii aoei i?iaaaeaiiy ii??aiyeueiiai aiae?co ia?aiao??a,
ye? aeine?aeaeoaaeenue a iiae?aieo aeinenoaiao c ??ciei ??aiai
aio?iiiaaiiiai iaaaioaaeaiiy.

Aea/aiiy /enaeueiino? ioao?a i?iaiaeeee ca caaaeueiii?eeiyoeie
iaoiaeeeaie. Aeey aecia/aiiy aiioiiiiai ?iciiae?eo ae?icae?a i?iaiaeeee
ea?ooaaiiy ai?cae c aiiaaioeaiioe/iei iienii oa o?aooaaiiyi ??aiy
o?ainoi?iaoe?? eaiaeoaooo.

Anueiai aea/aii oa iienaii ca caaaeueiii?eeiyoeie iaoiaeeeaie (Iiaeeia,
1953; Ieoaaa, 1975) 1228 ai?cae ae?icae?a, ?c ieo 606 ni?ai/iai, 396
ai?iaeiieea, 222 /i?iiai oa ?i. I?iaaaeaii aiae?c aiicaeiaoaeiaaeueiiai
iaoa??aeo 210 ai?cae ??cieo aeae?a ae?icae?a.

Ca iaoiaeeeith TH.A. Einoiia (1977) i?iaaaeaii aiae?c ii?oiiao?e/ieo
iieaciee?a 1827 y?oeue ?c 403 eeaaeie ae?icae?a, a oiio /ene? ni?ai/iai
– 916 y?oeue, /i?iiai – 466, ai?iaeiieea – 445. Ca aeiiiiiaith oeaee
eieuei??a A.N. Aiiaea?oeaaa (1954) iienaii caaa?aeaiiy y?oeue. Ia’?i
yeoey aecia/aee ca oi?ioeith V=0,51LB?, ?iaeaen oi?ie (caie?oaeai?noue)
B/L100 % (?iiaiia, ?iiaiiaa, 1959). Iieaciee aioo?ioiueieeaaeeiai? oa
iiaeeeaaeeiai? i?ieeaino? aecia/aee oeyoii aeenia?n?eiiai aiae?co ye
eiao?oe??io aa?iaoei? iciaee (Eaeei, 1973).

Oniioiinoue ?iciiiaeaiiy (ca iaoiaeeeith A.I. Ia?anueeiai, 1985) oa
i?e/eie caaeaae? iioiinoaa aecia/ai? niinoa?aaeaiiyi ca 573 ai?caeaie,
a yeeo ciaoiaeeeiny 2877 y?oeue, ?c ieo 1474 – ni?ai/iai, 842 –
ai?iaeiieea oa 561 – /i?iiai ae?icae?a.

Aoei caeieueoeiaaii noaiaea?oieie e?eueoeyie Iaoeiiiaeueiiai oeaio?o
i?/aiiy ioao?a aeecueei 1 oen. ioaoaiyo.

AEeaeaiiy ai?caeiaeo ioaoaiyo aea/aee ca iaoiaeeeith iaeeaaeaiiy e?aaoo?
(Iaeue/aanueeee, Eaaei/ieeia, 1953). Aeineiaeaeaii 528 ei?iiaeo i?ia,
cie?aia o ioaoaiyo /i?iiai – 250, o ai?iaeiieea – 157, o ni?ai/iai
ae?icaea – 121.

Iino?ei? oanoia? ae?eyiee caeeaaeaee ca?aeii c ?ic?iaeaiith oeiieia??th
ooo/ieo oa i?e?iaeieo e?n?a (Aaeueaa?ae, 1970), a oaeiae
caaaeueiii?eeiyoith o e?nieoeoa? oa e?nia?e oaenaoei? iaoiaeeeith
(Ai?iaueaa, 1967; Aio/ei, 1977). Aeey aecia/aiiy ??aiy aio?iiiaaiii?
o?ainoi?iaoei? a?ioeaiic?a aeei?enoiaoaaee a?aeii? ?aeiiaiaeaoei?
(Aaine?oe ? ?i., 1987; Einothoei, 1989; Eiinoaioeiia, 1992).

Aeai? iaoai?ieia?/ieo oiia iaea?aeai? a Oa?eianueeiio a?ae?iiaoaiath?i.

Noaoenoe/ia ia?iaea oeeo?iaiai iaoa??aeo i?iaaaeaia ca A.O. Eaeiiei
(1973). Aeey ioe?iee aeinoia??iino? na?aaei?o iieaciee?a aoa
aeei?enoaiee t- e?eoa??e Nouethaeaioa. C iaoith aea/aiiy aieeao ie?aieo
oaeoi??a ia aea?ai? iciaee i?iaiaeeany iaeii- oa aeaioaeoi?iee
aeenia?n?eiee aiae?c.

Caaaeueia aeieiai-aiiaaioeaiioe/ia oa?aeoa?enoeea ?iaeo Turdus

Aeaeiaa ??ciiiai?oi?noue oa oaiieia?y, oa?aeoa? ia?aaoaaiiy, no?iee

O iaaeao I?ai?/ii-No?aeii? Oe?a?ie ioaoe ?iaeo Turdus i?aaenoaaeai?
i’youeia ai?caeiaeie aeaeaie. Niiai/ee oa /i?iee ae?icaee a ?aa?ii?
aaaaoi/enaeuei?, ?iciianthaeaeai? anthaee. Ai?iaeiiee, a ii??aiyii? c
?ioeie i?aaenoaaieeaie ?iaeo, – iiaee aeae, cono??/a?oueny nii?aaee/ii,
ia? ?iaac?eio oaiaeaioe?th aei ca?eueoaiiy /enaeueiino?. Ina?aaeee
ai?caeoaaiiy a?eia?iaiai ae?icaea oa ae?icaea-iiaethoa a ?aa?ii? a
oe?eiio iaei/enaeuei? cono??/athoueny ia anthaee.

No?iee i?eeueioo coiiaeai? neeaaeiei eiiieaenii aiaeiaaiieo oaeoi??a oa
oaeoi??a ciai?oiueiai na?aaeiaeua. A aeine?aeaeoaaiee ?aeii ae?icaee
i?ee?oathoue a ae?oa?e oaee? aaniyieo i?a?aoe?e. Iiyaa ??cieo aeae?a
ae?icae?a niinoa??aa?oueny a oae?e iine?aeiaiino?: ai?iaeiiee,
ae?icae-iiaetho, a?eia?iaee, ni?ai/ee oa /i?iee. I?ioa oaea
caeiiii??i?noue oa?aeoa?ia eeoa aeey aanai c ii?iaeueiei i?ioiaeaeaiiyi
oaiieia?/ieo i?ioean?a. Ianoaaieueii iaoai?ieia?/i? oiiae oeueiai
ia??iaeo iiaeooue aeeeeeaoe ci?uaiiy i iaa?oue cai?ioith i?a?aoe?th.
Iiyaa ai?iaeiieeia ia i?noeyo ai?caeoaaiiy niinoa??aa?oueny a ia?oeo
/eneao aa?aciy (a na?aaeiueiio – 24+ 0,30) oa i?iaeiaaeo?oueny aei
e?ioey ia?oi? aeaeaaee ea?oiy. Ae?icae-iiaetho oa a?eia?iaee ae??cae
c’yaeythony c o?aouei? aeaeaaee aa?aciy aei na?aaeeie ea?oiy. Na?aaei?
no?iee ii/aoeo i?eeueioo ni?ai/iai oa /i?iiai ae?icae?a – 28±0,61 i
28±0,18 aa?aciy, a?aeiia?aeii. A ceiiaee ia??iae cono??/athoueny an?
aeaee ae?icae?a, aea iaea?eueo ianiai – ai?iaeiiee, cia/ii ??aeoa –
ae?icae-iiaetho, i ye aeeeth/aiiy – a?eia?iaee, /i?iee oa ni?ai/ee .

Eaiaeoaooii-aiiaaioeaiioe/ia ?ici?uaiiy, u?euei?noue iiioeyoe?e

Caaaeuei? caeiiii??iino? eaiaeoaooiiai ?iciiae?eo. Ioaoe ?iaeo Turdus
? iniiaiei no?oeoo?iei eiiiiiaioii i?i?oioaoie e?niaeo aeinenoai. Aeua
cacia/ai? aeaee oa?aeoa?i? aeey an?o oei?a e?no, aea oa?aeoa?
?iciiae?eo oa /enaeuei?noue ?o a oiio /e ?ioiio a?ioeaiic? aecia/athoue
iniaeeaino? ?o aiieiai? oa i?enoiniaai?noue ioao?a aei oiia na?aaeiaeua.
Iaiao?aei? oiiae aeey ?iciiiaeaiiy ni?ai/iai ae?icaea – iiii?ii?
aieiaino? a i??o ?ic??aeaeaiee aea?aainoai c iayai?noth aeia?a
?icaeiaiiai, aea ia nooe?eueiiai i?aee?neo. *i?iee ae??cae a?aeaea?
ia?aaaao aieiaei caoaiiaiei ae?eyieai e?no c ?iaeth/ei a?oioii oa
oianoith i?aenoeeeith. Iinoea ai?caeoaaiiy ai?iaeiieea – iii??ii na?oe?,
?ic??aeaeai? e?nia? oa?eoi?i? iiaeeco aaeyaei aai c?oa?a, c
iaia’yceiaith iayai?noth aieiae. Ae?icae-iiaetho cono??/a?oueny
ia?aaaaeii a noeaeeo oa ia?ano?eieo niniyeao, a?eia?iaee ae??cae
ai?caeeoueny a a?eueoiyeao i?eoa?anieo cieaeaiue, a ae?iaiieenoyieo
eo?oeiao aeoaiai-niniiaeo e?n?a .

Aeieiai-eaiaeoaooia ?ici?uaiiy ae?icae?a. Iioeiaeuei? oiiae ?iciiiaeaiiy
??cieo aeae?a ae?icae?a iaiaeiaeia?, i?ioa ?nio? nooo?aa caaaeueia
caeiiii??i?noue – ai?caeiaa u?euei?noue iiioeyoe?? eiaeiiai aeaeo
ca?eueoo?oueny ii i??? oneeaaeiaiiy y?onii? no?oeoo?e e?no oa
ca?eueoaiiy /anoee iica?/ieo oa?oiiaaiue. Iaeaieueo oa?aeoa?ieie
i?noeyie ai?caeoaaiiy ni?ai/iai (0,60-0,85 ia?/aa), ??aeoa /i?iiai
(0,30-0,50 ia?/aa) ae?icae?a ? na?aea oa nooa ae?a?iae, aea c?ieioo?noue
iniiaiiai y?ono neeaaea? 0,4-0,7. Iiaeeinie oa i?ae??no aeeoociee aai o
aeaeyae? iaaaeeeeo eo?oei. Ioaoe a?aeaeathoue ia?aaaao iaaenieiio
o?aa’yiiio iie?eao c ae?eyieaie a?aee?eoiai a?oioo. Aea yeui ni?ai/?
ae?icaee a ia?oo /a?ao canaeythoue na?oe? ae?eyiee e?no, iiaeeco
aaeyaei, oce?nny, i?in?e, oi /i?i? ae?icaee – a?eueo aieiai-
oaiiiethaeai. Oeiiaeie i?noeyie ai?caeoaaiiy /i?iiai ae?icaea ? aieia?
oa iie?? ae?a?iae (0,30 – 0,40 ia?/aa), aea c?ieioo?noue aeinoyaa? 0,9,
a oaeiae caieaai? e?ne (0,65 – 0,80 ia?/aa). Iaeaieueo ae?acia
caeaaei?noue ai?caeoaaiiy a?ae ??aiy caieiaeaiiy a?oioo niinoa??aa?oueny
o ai?iaeiieea. Oeiiaeie i?noeyie ?iciiiaeaiiy inoaiiueiai ? oce?nny oa
?ic??aeaeai? ae?eyiee ??ciiai oeio e?no iiaeeco aieiaeo i?noeue aai
iaoe?ie? nioae aeinoaoiuei c?ieiooiai (0,6 – 0,9) aea?aainoaio. Oeei
oiiaai a?aeiia?aeathoue ia?eia? oa eeaaeiaeuii ianaaeaeaiiy, iieueia? oa
i?ecaeicie/ii caoeni? nioae i o.ae. I?iaiaeiciaaii aeeiai?eo
/enaeueiino? ae?icae?a a?aeiia?aeii aei noeoean?eiiai ?icaeoeo
aea?aainoaio.

?c ca?eueoaiiyi aio?iiiaaiiiai iaaaioaaeaiiy ia ?einenoaio, iica?/ia
no?oeoo?a ?ici?uaiiy iiioeyoe?e ae?icae?a aeii?io? iaae aeeoociith, yea
a?eueo oa?aeoa?ia aeey neaaeio?ainoi?iiaaieo nenoai. *ooeeainoue aei
aio?iiiaaiiiai aieeao o ae?icae?a cieaeo?oueny a oae?e iine?aeiaiino?:
/i?iee, a?eia?iaee, ae?icae-iiaetho, ni?ai/ee, ai?iaeiiee. Inoaiiie
oa?aeoa?eco?oueny no?eeith o?aio?ei?th.

Aaeaioaoeiei? ca’ycee ?ai?iaeoeoeaiiai i?ioeano ae?icae?a c
aiiaaioeaiioe/ieie oiiaaie oa ??aiai aio?iiiaaiii? o?ainoi?iaoei?
na?aaeiaeua

No?iee ?ai?iaeoeoeaiiai ia??iaeo. Aiaeeeaaeaiiy ia?oeo y?oeue o
iiioeyoei? ai?iaeiieea i?eiaaea? a na?aaeiueiio ia 15±0,05 ea?oiy, o
ni?ai/iai – 21±0,02 oa /i?iiai ae?icae?a – 25±0,07. 80 % /i?ieo, 83,4 %
ni?ai/eo ae?icae?a oa a?eueoa 90 % ai?iaeiieeia ?iciiiaeothoueny aei 1
/a?aiy, a oie ia??iae, eiee i?aeaeaeaaeiee i?e??no aeiaaioe aeiy ia
iaioa 35 oa. I?e oeueiio iniiaia /anoeia iiioeyoe?? ii/eia? ai?caeoaaiiy
a ia??iae ?icaeoeo iaea?eueoiai na?oeiaiai aeiy – o?aoy aeaeaaea ea?oiy
– ia?oa aeaeaaea o?aaiy. ?ai?iaeoeoeaiee ia??iae ae?icae?a a a?eueoino?
aioeeeei/iee. A 1994?. o ni?ai/iai oa /i?iiai ae?icae?a ca?a?no?iaaii
o?ao?e oeeee ?iciiiaeaiiy. ?ieiee, a oiiaao neeueiio?ainoi?iiaaiieo
eaiaeoaoo?a aai i?ae aieeaii iani?eyoeeaeo iaoaioiia, /anoeia ae?icae?a
ai?caeeoueny iaeei ?ac.

Aiioiii/ii a?aei?iiino? no?ie?a a?aeeeaaeaiiy y?oeue ia aeyaeai?. Iaeiae
ia?o? eeaaeee o /i?iiai oa ni?ai/iai ae?icae?a ciaeaeai? a aa?oi?e
/anoei? noee?a iiaaeaiii? oa iiaaeaiii-noiaeii? aeniiceoe?e
eeaiiai-eeiiaeo ae?a?ia. Iiciioa, a ae?oa?e iieiaei? naciio, ioaoe
ai?caeeeeny aeeae/a aei i?aei?aeaey noee?a oa aeieu aaeie, a i?eoa?ani?e
/anoei? caieaae. O /i?iiai oa ni?ai/iai ae?icae?a aeyaeaia i?yia
caeaaei?noue i?ae yeoeaeeaaeeith oa ??aiai o?ainoi?iaoei? eaiaeoaooo:
/ei a?eueoee aio?iiiaaiiee aieea – oei o?eaae?oee ia??iae a?aeeeaaeaiiy
y?oeue oa iaio ae?acia ?? oeeee?/i?noue (?en1). O ai?iaeiieea oaea
ei?aeyoe?y a?aenooiy. O ni?ai/iai oa /i?iiai ae?icae?a onoaiiaeaii
aca?iica’ycie yeoeaeeaaeee c oeiii ?icoaooaaiiy ai?cae.

Oa?aeoa? ?icoaooaaiiy ai?cae a caeaaeiino? a?ae oeio a?iaaioeaiico oa
??aiy o?ainoi?iaoe?? na?aaeiaeua. Ia ?icoaooaaiiy ai?cae a ??cieo oeiao
e?no aieeaa? a?o?oaeoii?ea i no?oeoo?a aea?aainoaio, ui iia’ycaia c
a?eii e?no, no?ieaie aaaaoaoei?; aio?iiiaaiiee aieea oa iaoaioiiae
ia??iaeo ?iciiiaeaiiy.

?en.1 Ei?aeyoe?y i?ioeano yeoeaeeaaeee c ??aiai aio?iiiaaiii?
o?ainoi?iaoe?? na?aaeiaeua o ni?ai/iai ae?icaea

O eiaeiiio a?iaaioeaiic? ae?icaee noi?ioaaee a?aeiia?aei? aaeaioaoei?
noiniaii oiia na?aaeiaeua. Niiai/ee ae??cae aeey aeaoooaaiiy ai?cae
aeei?enoiao? 43 aeaee aea?aaieo oa /aaa?ieeiaeo ?ineei, /i?iee – 31
aeae, ai?iaeiiee – 20 aeae?a, a oaeiae ??ci? noano?aoe ye i?e?iaeiiai,
oae i aio?iiiaaiiiai iioiaeaeaiiy. I?ioa caaaeaee ae?acii aecia/athoueny
noano?aoe oa aeaee aea?aa, yeei ioaoe a?aeaeathoue ia?aaaao. Iaeaieueo
no?oeoo?ii ni?eyoeeaei aeey nii?oaeaeaiiy ai?cae /i?iiai oa ni?ai/iai
ae?icae?a ? aeoa (a?aeiia?aeii 36,04 % oa 19,63 %.). A ae?a?iaao,
a?eueoiyeao, ai?ao oa noai?ao a?eueo?noue ai?cae ae?icae?a ?ici?uai? ia
noeaeiio aea?aainoaii: 53,21 % (n=472) ni?ai/iai, 66,78 % (n=188)
/i?iiai oa 94,4 % (n=345) ai?iaeiieea. O inoaiiueiai aea?? oi?? /e iioi?
ii?iaee ia?oi/a?aiai aecia/a?oueny aeii?ioaaiiyi ?? o neeaae?
aea?aainoaio. Ia c?oaao ni?ai/? ae?icaee a?aeaeaaaee ia?aaaao cii?
i?e?iaeiiai a?aeiiaeaiiy oa /aaa?ieeai – 59,11 % (n=127), /i?i? ae?icaee
a oaeeo oiiaao ai?caeyoueny ??aeei – 26,47 % (n=34).

Aeyaeaia i?yia caeaaei?noue i?ae oeiieia??th ?ici?uaiiy ai?cae oa
aio?iiiaaiiei aieeaii. C iineeaiiyi inoaiiueiai ca?eueoo?oueny aenioa
?ici?uaiiy ai?cae iaae caieath oa ??ciiiai?oi?noue aeaeiaiai niaeo?o
aeei?enoaieo aeey ai?caeoaaiiy aea?aa oa /aaa?iee?a. Na?aaeiie iieaciee
aenioe ?ici?uaiiy ai?cae /?oei ca?eueoo?oueny a?ae neaai- aei
neeueiio?ainoi?iiaaieo eaiaeoaoo?a: ni?ai/ee ae??cae a?ae 1,84±1,83i aei
2,28±2,07i (p

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