.

Невербальні і вербальні засоби в образотворчій діяльності: Автореф. дис… д-ра мистецтвознав. / О.В. Шило, Харк. держ. акад. культури. — Х., 1998. —

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4

I?i?noa?noai eoeueoo?e ? ienoaoeoa Oe?a?ie

Oa?e?anueea aea?aeaaia aeaaeai?y eoeueoo?e

Ia i?aaao ?oeiieno

Oeei Ieaenaiae? Anaaieiaeiae/

OAeE 75.021

IAAA?AAEUeI? ? AA?AAEUeI? CANIAE

A IA?ACIOAI?*?E Ae?ssEUeIINO?

Niaoe?aeuei?noue 17.00.01 — oai??y ? ?noi??y eoeueoo?e

AAOI?AOA?AO

aeena?oaoe?? ia caeiaoooy iaoeiaiai nooiaiy

aeieoi?a ienoaoeoaiciaanoaa

Oa?e?a 1998

Aeena?oaoe??th ? ?oeiien.

?iaioa aeeiiaia ia eaoaae?? eoeueoo?ieia?? Iaoe?iiaeueii? th?eaee/ii?
aeaaeai?? Oe?a?ie ?i. ss?ineaaa Ioae?iai, I?i?noa?noai ina?oe Oe?a?ie.

Iaoeiaee eiinoeueoaio — aeieoi? o?einionueeeo iaoe, i?ioani? Eiciaie
A?eoi? Ieaen?eiae/, Iaoe?iiaeueia th?eaee/ia aeaaeai?y Oe?a?ie ?i.
ss?ineaaa Ioae?iai, caa. eaoaae?e eoeueoo?ieia??.

Io?oe?ei? iiiiaioe — aeieoi? ienoaoeoaiciaanoaa Aai?na?aonueeee Ieaa
?ai?aae/, ?inoeooo ethaeeie ?in?enei? Aeaaeai?? iaoe, canooiiee
aee?aeoi?a;

— aeieoi? a?o?oaeoo?e, i?ioani?

E?aaaoeue Aieiaeeie? Eineiiae/,
Oa?e?anueeee aea?aeaaiee oaoi?/iee oi?aa?neoao aoae?aieoeoaa ?
a?o?oaeoo?e, caa. eaoaae?e ia?acioai?/iai ? aeaei?aoeaiiai ienoaoeoaa;

— aeieoi? o?einionueeeo iaoe, aeioeaio

Ao?iaa Ieueaa Eocueiei?aia,
Oa?e?anueeee aea?aeaaiee
oi?aa?neoao, i?ioani? eaoaae?e o?einio??.

I?ia?aeia onoaiiaa — Iaeanueeee aea?aeaaiee iie?oaoi?/iee
oi?aa?neoao, eaoaae?a eoeueoo?ieia??, I?i?noa?noai ina?oe Oe?a?ie, i.
Iaeana

Caoeno a?aeaoaeaoueny “25” eenoiiaaea 1998 ?. i 11.30 aiaeei? ia
can?aeaii? niaoe?ae?ciaaii? a/aii? ?aaee Ae 64.807.01, Oa?e?anueea
aea?aeaaia aeaaeai?y eoeueoo?e, 310003, Oa?e?a, Ao?naoeueeee oca?c, 4,
iaeee cae.

C aeena?oaoe??th iiaeia iciaeiieoenue o a?ae?ioaoe? Oa?e?a-nueei?
aea?aeaaii? aeaaeai?? eoeueoo?e ca aae?anith: 310003, Oa?e?a,
Ao?naoeueeee oca?c, 4.

Aaoi?aoa?ao ?ic?neaiee ” 25 ” aeiaoiy 1998 ?.

A/aiee nae?aoa?

niaoe?ae?ciaaii? a/aii? ?aaee

eaiae. ienoaoeoaiciaanoaa, i?io. ………………….
?.I.Ai?oiee CAAAEUeIA OA?AEOA?ENOEEA ?IAIOE

Aeooaeuei?noue aeine?aeaeaiiy. No/ania eoeueoo?ia neooaoe?y a ooaeiaei?e
ae?yeueiino? oa?aeoa?eco?oueny cai/ii aeyaeaiei ieth?a-e?ciii ?oiie,
o?iiinieo i???ioaoe?e, i?aeoiae?a aei noai?aiiy cia?a-aeaiiy ? aei
naiiai oai?o.

Ca oe??th ianoaaeiith noiyoue caaaeuei? caeiiii??iino? ?icaeo-eo
ooaeiaeiuei? eoeueoo?e 20 no.

?aoe?iiae?ci Iiaiai /ano aacoaaany ia aeeaieiio ? anaa?/-iiio eoeueo?
I?e?iaee — Iaoo?e, ui oi?ioaaei ? a?aeiia?aeiee oei ia?acioai?/iai
ienoaoeoaa. Noai?thaaiee iei a?oaoaeo aoa i?ae-oi iane?aeeii Iaoo?e,
aeaiaeeany c ia?, a?aoo?-?aoo, aoa ?? aea?e-ieeii ? aeoae?eaoii. I?e
oeueiio ?icaeoie aeeaiieno Iiaiai /ano a?ae ii?iaoeaieo anoaoee aa?iei ?
eeaneoeecio aei ?ii?an?ii?cio aoa i?aaiaiiyi “i?i?aaoenue” e??cue
i?ioeiinoaaeaio Iaoo?? eoeue-oo?io ii?io ? iaaeeceoeny o oai?? aei
niiaeyaeaeueii? i?e?iaeiino? aae aei iiaii? iaa?ae??ciaiino? a?aaeaiue
a?ae aeeaiieno ? a?ae cia?aaeo-aaiiai iei ia’?eoa.

E?eca iiai?a?iiaenueeiai oeio eoeueoo?e aoea iaoiiaeaia
aaeeeiianooaaiith ci?iith i???ioe??a nioe?aeueii? ae?yeueiino? ?
iia’ycaiei c iath ia?ainieneaiiyi ii/ooo?aiai ? aeooiaiiai aei-na?aeo.
Aeyaeeinue, ui noai?thaai? ethaeeiith a?oaoaeoe oae aea ae?-yeueii
aa?ooue o/anoue a i?e?iaeinoai?thth/eo i?ioeanao, ye ? i?e?iae-i? noeo??
Iaoo?e, ui ae?oaa — ciaeiaa — i?e?iaea a cia/ii a?eue-o?e i??? ?
na?aaeiaeuai iaoeaiiy ethaeeie, /ei ?iiaioeciaaia iei Iaoo?a.
Ae?yeuei?niei iane?aeeii oeeo eiinoaoaoe?e noaei a?ae-e?eooy oiai, ui
oyaeaiiy noai?th? aaoiiiiio a?ae iaoo?e ae?en-i?noue, ? ?iaioa c iaoo?e
ia ?aeaioe/ia ca nai?ie iaoiaeaie ?iaio? ca oyaeaiiyi.

Iane?aeeii oeueiai a ienoaoeoa? 20 no. noa? ?ioaineaia ?ic?iaea ?
eaoaeia?caoe?y iaoiae?a ii?iaeaeaiiy ciae?a, neeaaeaiiy c ieo aaoiiiiieo
ciaeiaeo nenoai ? aeeth/aiiy ?o a niaoe?aeueii i?-aai?ciaaia ca ?o
caeiiaie aeeooy. Oaeoe/ii, oea ? aoei i?ia?aiith iiaea?i?cio.

Iinoiiaea?i?ci noa? ianooiiei e?ieii ia oeueiio oeyoo, ei-ee
iaaei??i?noue ooo/ii noai?thaaieo ciaeiaeo nenoai ii/eia? ii-aeeiaoe
ethaenueea aeeooy. A iueiio ia caeeoa?oueny i?/iai, ui ia iaei a
nai?ioe/iiai naino. Aiii ?iaeoueny iaa?ae??ciaiei a?ae a?oa-oaeoa oiio,
ui naia a?aei?ii?noue Iaoo?e ? Eoeueoo?e, i?e?iaeiino? ? a?oaoaeoa
ao?a/a? ca oeeo ianoaaei nieneinoai?thth/a cia/aiiy. A ?acoeueoao?
oi?io?oueny ?icoi?iiy iaceeaaiino? aeieia?/ieo i?o eoeueoo?e ? iaoo?e,
ae?yeuei?niiai ? i?e?iaeiiai ia/ae, ui ?iaeoue iac??eei aea/aiiy ia
o?eueee e?ioeaaeo ?acoeueoao?a — i?iaeoeo?a ? oai??a eoeueoo?ii?
ae?yeueiino?, — aea ? caeiiii??iinoae noai?aiiy a?oaoaeo?a.

I?iiiiiaaia aeena?oaoe?y cina?aaeaeo?oueny ia aea/aii? ni?a-a?aeiioaiiy
aa?aaeueieo ? iaaa?aaeueieo — ?eii?/ieo — neeaaeiaeo o ooaeiaei?e
ae?yeueiino? a i?ioean? noai?aiiy cia?aaeaiiy. No?aoaa?y aeine?aeaeaiiy
aaco?oueny ia oyaeaii? i?i aa?aaeueiee oa?aeoa? ien-eaiiy. I?e oeueiio c
?aoeaen?? ooaeiaeiueiai aeina?aeo a?aeiii, ui ii-?yae c aa?aaeueiei
aecia/aiiyi i?aaeiaoa aiii ia? caeaoi?noue ? eiai ieanoe/iiai ae?aco a
aoaeue-yeiio aano?aeoiiio iaoa??ae? — caeao-i?noue noai?thaaiiy eiai
/ooo?ai? iiae?aiino?. Oea — ieanoe/ia ien-eaiiy. Aiii
aano?aeoii-aa?aaeueia ? eiie?aoii-/ooo?aa aiaeii/an. Ca’ycie i?ae
ieanoeeith (oiaoi ?eii?/iei ia?acii) ? oaenoii (oiaoi eiai aa?aaeueiei
aecia/aiiyi) anoaiiaeth?oueny ia a ooaeiaeiueiio ia?ac? ye ia’?eo?
ooaeiaeiuei? oai?/ino?, a a iniaeeainoyo iean-oe/iiai ieneaiiy, a eiai
i?e?iae?. A oai?aoe/iiio ieai? oea ie-oaiiy ia ao?a/a? nai?? aino?ioe
i?ioyaii o?eaaeiai /ano, ine?eue-ee ?icaeoie ieanoe/iiai ieneaiiy
a?aeaoaa?oueny o o?niiio ca’yceo c ?icaeoeii ooaeiaeiuei? i?aeoeee, ?
ciaeoei nai? a?aeia?aaeaiiy a i?aoeyo I.A.Iioaai?, I.O.Einaaa,
I.I.Oei?ainueeiai, TH.I.Eio-iaia, A.A.Oniainueeiai oa ?i.

?acii c oei, o iei?oi?e nioe?ieoeueoo?i?e neooaoe?? ieoaiiy i?i
ni?aa?aeiioaiiy aa?aaeueieo ? ?eii?/ieo neeaaeiaeo o ooaeiaei?e
ae?yeueiino? a i?ioean? noai?aiiy cia?aaeaiiy iaaoaa? iniaeeai?
o?aeoiaee. Eaeaoueny ia no?eueee i?i aiae?c oaea noai?aieo ?ia?o, ia i?i
ieanoe/i? iiae??, ui oaea a?aeaoeenue, ne?eueee i?i iiaeaethth/o
caeaoi?noue na?aeiiino? ooaeiaeieea, i?i eiai aioiai?noue ia i?inoi
a?-oaeueii “ni?eeiaoe”, aea ? aeoeaii inaithaaoe, nooo?ai inyaaoe
aa-/aiee na?o, ?ioa?i?aooaaoe eiai aeey oiai, uia c?iaeoe oea inya-iooa
yaiei, oei naiei ia’?eoeaoaaoe na?e noa’?eoeaiee /ooo?aee aeina?ae,
c?iaeoe eiai oaeoii eoeueoo?e ? iaaeaaiiyi ethaenoaa.

C ?ioiai aieo, nai oeae aeina?ae ia ? aeiaaeeiaei ? aeia?eue-iei. A?i ?
?acoeueoaoii eoeueoo?ii? o?aaeeoe??, ui ?icaeaa?oueny, ? yeo ooaeiaeiee
ni?eeia? iacaeaaeii a?ae oiai, ?icoi?? a?i naaa ?? /anoeith /e na?aeiii
i?ioenoi?oue ?e. Oey iiceoe?y aeoioeth? aaaa-oia?eiaee aeina?ae
ii/ooo?aiai i?ciaiiy na?oo. ? ooaeiaeiee noa? a oeueiio ?icoi?ii?
i?aaiii caaaeueiiethaenueei? /ooo?aino?: a?i ia i?i-noi
naiiae?aaea?oueny, a ae?aaea? iiaeeeaino? ii/ooo?aiai inya-iaiiy na?oo ?
oae?, ui oaea iaeiie/ai? ethaenoaii, ? oae?, ui o?eueee-ii oi?iothoueny.

O oeeo oiiaao ni?aa?aeiioaiiy aa?aaeueiiai ? ?eii?/iiai ia-/ae iaaoaa?
ia o?eueee iieniaiai oa?aeoa?o, aea ? oa?aeoa?o i?i-aeoiiai, yeee
noai?th? ua ia ?nioth/ee ia?ac. A oea oai?aiiy, a?aoo? ?aoo,
aecia/a?oueny iiaeeeainoyie oiai ii?iaoeaiiai aia-?aoo ? caaacia/ai?noth
?ioaeaeooaeueieie caniaaie, ye? ia? oo-aeiaeiy ae?yeuei?noue o eiaeiee
?noi?e/iee iiiaio naiai ?icaeoeo. Aiie neeaaeathoueny a ?noi?e/ii
iaoiiaeaiiio iioioe? noni?eueii? i?aeoeee. Oiio ? iinoa? iaiao?aei?noue
aeyaeoe caeiiii??iee oa-?aeoa? ni?aa?aeiioaiiy aa?aaeueieo ?
iaaa?aaeueieo cania?a ia?a-cioai?/i? ae?yeueiino? ? aea/aoe oe?
caeiiii??iino? aeey caa?aaeaiiy ? ?icaeoeo i?ioan??. O ca’yceo ?c
cacia/aiei aeine?aeaeaiiy oeueiai ni?aa?aeiioaiiy caa?oa?oueny aei
ia?acioai?/i? ae?yeueiino? ia a ?? noa’?eoeaiiio aniaeo?, a ye aei
oaiiiaia noni?eueii-?noi?e/ii? i?aeoeee oaeiai, ui ia?aaeeaa? nueiaiaei?
iiao e?eco naiiae-cia/aiiy, aea caa??aa? iiaooi?e ia?acioai?/ee, a oei
naiei ? na?-oioai?/ee, iioaioe?ae. Iaiao?aei?noue aeyaeaiiy eiai
?ano?n?a, ui oae i/aaeaeii i?iyaey?oueny nueiaiaei?, ?iaeoue aeooaeueiei
? iaia-o?aeiei cai?iiiiiaaia aeine?aeaeaiiy.

Eiai iaoeiaa i?iaeaiaoeea aeieea? ?c ?aoeaen?? ooaeiae-iueiai aeina?aeo.
Ooo inoaii?i /anii i??i?eoaoieie noathoue iiooee ? ?ic?iaee oai?/iai
iaoiaeo, eiioeaiooaeueiiai ?icoi?iiy i?inoi?o ? oi?ie a cia?aaeaii? ? o.
?i. Ia oeueiio cina?aaeaeothoueny coneeey ooaeiaeiee?a. Ia oeueiio ae
oieono?oueny oaaaa ienoaoeoaiciaaoe?a, ui ana a?eueoa cina?aaeaeothoueny
ia eoeueoo?ieia?/ieo aniaeoao i?ia-eaie. Oeae i?aeo?ae ?aae?co?oueny a
i?aoeyo I.I.Aaoo?ia, N.N.Aaa-??ioeaaa, ?.?.Aeaieeiai?, N.I.Aeai?aey,
I.I.Aeieo???ai?, A.E.E?aa-oey, Ae.N.Eeoa/iaa, TH.I.Eioiaia,
I.?.Ii?iciaa, Ae.A.Na?aa’yiiaa, A.TH.Noa?i?ia oa ?i.

?ioa?an aei i?iaeai oai?/iai iaoiaeo, ui ?icoi??oueny ia ee-oa a ieai?
?noi?eei-oai?aoe/iiio, a ia?aaaaeii ye ?ioaeaeooaeueia caaacia/aiiy
ooaeiaeiuei? i?aeoeee, ?iaeoue iaiao?aeiei caa?iaiiy aei nenoaiiiai
aea/aiiy ?a?acioai?/i? ae?yeueiino?, aei noa?e ne-noaiii-no?oeoo?ii?
iaoiaeieia??. I???ioiaaiee ia ?iaeeeaino? ?aa-e?c?oe??, i?iaeoiee,
??aeoeeini?yiiaaiee oa?aeoa? oaeiai aei-ne?aeaeaiiy aeooae?co? oaaao aei
cania?a ? iaoiae?a aiae?co, ae?ia-eaieo ? iaaeao
nenoaiiieneaae?yeuei?niiai i?aeoiaeo, aacia? ia?aaeo-?iae yeiai
oi?ioaaeeny o i?aoeyo A.I.Uaae?iaeoeueeiai, I. ?. Aai?-na?aonueeiai,
?.A.?aiiaii?oa oa ?i. ?iai nooi?noue iieyaa? o i?aa-iaii? ii?aeiaoe
ciaiiy i?i ae?yeuei?noue ? ieneaiiy c? ciaiiyie i?i ?o ia’?eoe.
Caaaeueiioai?aoe/i? iieiaeaiiy oeueiai i?aeoiaeo ?oee canoin?aai? aei
noa?e ?ine?aeaeaiiy ooaeiaeiuei? ae?yeueiino? a ??aoeyo
I.?.Aai?na?aon?eiai, A.E.Aeace/aaa, ?.A.?aiiaii?oa, A.O.Neaei-?aiea,
I.I.Ao?yea oa ?i.

Niaoeeo?ea oeueiai i?aeoiaeo iaaoaa? iniaeeai?i cia/aiiy ?
ae-ooaeueiino? ?oiniaii ia?acioai?/eo a?oaoaeo?a, ine?eueee ?o
aean-oeaino? ?aeaa?eueoiai aecia/athoueny ?aia oa?aeoa?ii o???
ae?-yeueiino?, a ?aaeao yei? aiie aeieeathoue.

Iaaaaeai? i??eoaaiiy na?ae/aoue i?i ?ai??ani?noue cae?e?ith-aaiiai
aeine?aeaeaiiy a no/ani?e eoeueoo?i?e neooaoe??.

Ca’ycie ?iaioe c iaoeiaeie i?ia?aiaie, ieaiaie, oaiaie. Aeena?oaoe?y
ocaaaeueith? ?acoeueoaoe a?n?iiaaeoeyoe??/ieo aeine?ae-aeaiue aaoi?a a
aaeoc? iaoiaeieia?? ooaeiaeiuei? ae?yeueiino? ? aeayeee aeina?ae
i?aeoe/ii? oai?/i? ?iaioe. Aiia a?eiiaia ia eaoaae?? eoeue-oo?ieia??
Iaoe?iiaeueii? th?eaee/ii? aeaaeai?? Oe?a?ie ?i. ss?ineaaa Ioae?iai a
?aaeao eiiieaenii? iaoeiai-aeine?aeieoeueei? i?ia?aie “Ii?aeueia ?
anoaoe/ia eoeueoo?a iniae?oino? ? oaeoi?e ?? oi?io-aaiiy”.

Iaoa ? ca?aea?iy aine?aeaeaiiy. I?iaeaia, ui ciaoiaeeoueny o oeaio??
aeine?aeaeaiiy, aecia/a?oueny noia?a/eeaei oa?aeoa?ii iean-oe/iiai
ieneaiiy, yea ii?aeio? aa?aaeueio ? ?eii?/io neeaaeia?, ii-a’ycai? iaeia
c iaeiith a eiie?aoii-?noi?e/ieo oi?iao ? i?ioean? ?a-?acioai?/i?
ae?yeueiino?.

A ?? ?aaeao oi?io?oueny ?niaeeaa ?ioaeaeooaeueia ae?eni?noue, ?ea
iiaeae?? ieanoe/iee ia?ac, — a aeena?oaoe?? aiia iacaaia “cia-eiaith
ii?oieia??th”. ? ?? iaaeao a?aeaoaa?oueny ii?aeiaiiy cia/aiue
aa?aaeueii? ? ?eii?/ii? neeaaeiaeo ieanoe/iiai ia?aco. Iaoith aea-iiai
aeine?aeaeaiiy ? aeae?eaiiy oe??? ae??niino? a no?oeoo?? ia?a-cioai?/i?
ae?yeueiino? ? ?? iiaeaeueiee iien, aeyaeaiiy no?oeoo?e ? ooieoe?e ??
aeaiaio?a ? oeo ae?yeueiinieo neooaoe?e, a yeeo aiia ae-nooia? ye
iaoai?ci, ui oi?io? eiie?aoiee ieanoe/iee ia?ac, ?e-cia/aiee iaaieie
caaeaieie oa?aeoa?enoeeaie.

Aeinyaiaiiy iinoaaeaii? iaoe ?a?aaeaa/a? ae??oaiiy eii-ieaeno ca?ae?iue
??ciiai oa?aeoa??, ianooaa? ? nooiaiy neeaaeiino?, ye? iiaeooue aooe
ia’?aeiai? o aea? a?oie: ?ae?, ui aiae?co?ue, oiaoi ?ici?iath?ue
o?e?niee i?ioean ia?acioai?/i? ae?yeueiino? ia eiai neeaaeia? aeaiaioe ?
cae?enithth?ue ?o iien c oi/ee ci?o no?oeoo?e, ooieoe?e ?
i?aai?ciaaiino? iaoa??aeo; ? ?ae?, ui aine?aeaeoth?ue ?o neioac ?
eiioaenoao ??ciiai ??aiy — a?ae ?iaeea?aeoaeueieo ineoi-oaoi?/ieo
i?eeii?a noai?aiiy ?eii?/iiai ia?aca aei nioe?aeueii ?i-noeooae?ciaaieo
nenoai ae?yeueiino? — eaiii?/ii? ? iaeaiii?/ii?.

A?aeiia?aeii, ? aeena?oaoe?? noaaeyoueny oae? ca?aea?iy:

1-a a?oia:

1. Caaeaoe iiaeaeueia oyaeaiiy i?i ieanoe/ia a?aeiioaiiy oo-aeiaeieea
aei na?oo, ?ea aeieea? a ia?acioai?/?e ae?yeueiino?, ye ??i oi?i?
?ioa?i?aoaoe?? iaoo?e a i?ioean? noai?aiiy cia?aaeaiiy;

2. Ae?ia/eoe i?noea ? ?ieue ciaeiaeo ii?oieia?e ? no?oeoo??
ia?acioai?/i? ae?yeueiino?;

3. Aeyaeoe no?oeoo?o ciaeiai? ii?oieia??;

4. Ae?ia/eoe ? iienaoe nieneiaee eiioaeno, o yeiio aeooa-e?c?thoueny
ciaeia? ii?oieia??, i?iyaey?oueny ?o eiie?aoii-?noi-?e/i? ye?no? ? iaaia
oi?ia ?o o?enaoe??;

5. Aeyaeoe ? iienaoe no?oeoo?o ? ooieoe?? aeaiaio?a, ?i neeaae?thoue
ciaeia? ii?oieia??;

6. Aecia/eoe ae?yeuei?nio niaoeeo?eo ia?acioai?/i? ?iae, ca aeiiiiiaith
yei? ciaeia? ii?oieia?? ao?eth?oueny a iaoa??ae? ia?a-cioai?/iai
ienoaoeoaa;

7. Aeyaeoe nioe?ieoeueoo?iee iaoai?ci, ?i aaoa?i?io? noai-?aiiy
cia?aaeaiiy ? n?eaaea? ia?aaeo?iae aey neioac? eiai aa?-aaeueieo ?
?eii?/ieo neeaaeiaeo.

2-a a?oia:

1. I?iaiae?coaaoe ae?? iaoai?cio, ?i aaoa?i?io? noai?aiiy cia?aaeaiiy,
ia ??ai? oi?ioaaiiy oiiaiinoae ia?acioai?/i? iiae a eiioaeno?
?iaeea?aeoaeueiiai oai?/iai ?aoiaeo;

2. Aeyaeoe ie?ai? ineoioaoi?/i? i?eeiie ca’ycoaaiiy aa?-aaeueieo ?
?eii?/ieo neeaaeiaeo a ?iaeea?aeoaeuei?e oai?/?e i?aeoeoe?;

3. Ia eiie?aoii-?noi?e/iiio iaoa??ae? i?inoaaeeoe, ye ni-oe?ieoeueoo?iee
eiioaeno ?icaeoeo ooaeiaeiuei? ae?yeueiino? aieeaa? ia iiaeaethaaiiy ?
?ioa?i?aoaoe?th ?eii?/iiai ia?ac? a iniaenoiio ia?acioai?/iio aeina?ae?;

4. Aeyaeo? ae?yeuei?niee iaoai?ci, ?i neioaco? aa?aaeuei? ? ?eii?/i?
neeaaeia? a i?ioean? noai?aiiy cia?aaeaiiy;

5. Iiaoaeoaaoe oeiieia?th a?aeii?aiue, ui neioacoth?ue aa?-aaeueio ?
?eii?/io neeaaeia? a i?ioean? noai?aiiy cia?aaeaiiy.

Ia’?eoii aeine?aeaeaiiy ? eaiii?/ia (na?aaeiueia?/ia) ? iaea-iii?/ia
(iiai?a?iiaenueea) nenoaie ooaeiaeiuei? ae?yeueiino?, oai?e
ia?acioai?/iai ienoaoeoaa (ia?aaaaeii aeeaiieno), ?i aeieeee a ?o
eiioaeno?, ? noiooi? i?ioeano ?o noai?aiiy ?ioaeaeooaeuei? caniae,
i?aeai? o aeaeyae? aa?aaeueieo oaeno?a.

I?aaeiaoii aeine?aeaeaiiy ? ?ioaeaeooaeuei? caniae ?ioa?-i?aoaoe??
iaoo?e, ui aeieeathoue a i?ioean? noai?aiiy cia?aaeaiiy ? i?aeai? a
na?aeiiino? ooaeiaeieea.

Iaae? aine?aeaeaiiy aecia/ai? oi/eith ci?o ia ooaeiaeith ae?-yeuei?noue
ye ia o?iiiai noni?eueii-?noi?e/ii? i?aeoeee. Iaoa??a-eii aeine?aeaeaiiy
? oai?e ia?acioai?/iai ienoaoeoaa na?aaei?o a?-e?a, Iiaiai ? Iia?oiueiai
/ano, ?o ?a?aaeuei? oa?aeoa?enoeee, ui aeieeee a i?ioean? ?iaioe ?
caa??aeeny a ii?eethaeiaieo aenooiao ieooe?a, o iaioa?i?e e?oa?aoo??, a
e?oiienieo aeaea?aeao oiui.

Eiaeiee i?iaeaiiee aeie aeeeaaeaiiy i?noeoue a nia? ??-oaiiy ie?aii?i
ca?aeaiiy.

Oea aeicaiey? ?iaeii/an c caaaeueiei oai?aoe/iei ?ooii aei iinoaaeaii?
iaoe iaea?aeoaaoe ua e ie?ai? ?acoeueoaoe, ?e? iathoue oa?aeoa?
ooi/iaiue ?nioth/eo ciaiue a ?aeoc? ?noi??? ienoaoeoaa. ?i-ie ia
i?aoaiaeoth?ue ia ?noaoi/i?noue, aea iathoue ain?oue i?eioee-iiae?
oa?aeoa?, uia noeioethaaoe iiaeaeueo? aeine?aeaeaiiy o oe?e ?a-eoc?
ciaiue.

Iaoeiaa iiaecia io?eiaieo ?acoeueoao?a coiiaeaia oei, ui aia?oa caniae
nenoaiiieneaae?yeuei?niiai i?aeoiaeo canoiniaai? aei aiae?co iaoa??ae?
ia?acioai?/iai ienoaoeoaa. Oea ?icaieeei io?eiaoe ?eceo ?acoeueoao?a,
i?eioeeiiai a?aei?iieo a?ae ?aea a?aeiieo.

Oae, oia?oa yaeua ieanoeee a ia?acioai?/iio ienoaoeoa? ?icaeyaea?oueny
ia ? ca’yceo ?c aeanoeainoyie iaoa??ae? ?, a?ae-iia?aeii, ia ? ca’yceo c
ia’?eoaie — ae?iaaie ieanoeee, ? naia ci-a?aaeaiiyie, ?e? ?c oeueiai
iaoa??aeo ?oai?ai?, — ? iaa?oue ia ye aeanoea?no? oi?ie, iacaeaaeii a?ae
iaoa??aeo, ui ?? noai?th?, a ye ?acoeueoao ?ioaeaeooaeueiiai a?aeiioaiiy
aei aoaeue-yeiai ia’?eoa ye ?i i?aaeiao? a?coae?caoe??.

Oae ?icai?iooa iiiyooy ieanoeee aeicaieeei ia eiai iniia? ?ia?oa
iaea?aeaoe iiaeaeueia oyaeaiiy i?i a?coae?caoe?th ye ??i
?ioa-eaeooaeueio caeaoi?noue cai?u?aaoe ia’?eo eiai a?coaeueiei ia?acii
? ieneaii? ? ii?aaeia/oaao? caeiaoo? ia?ace a ciaeia?e oi?i?, a
?a-coeueoao? /iai noai?th?oueny cia?aaeaiiy.

Aeoiaey/e c oeueiai, oaeiae oia?oa, aoei iaea?aeaia iiaeaeueia oyaeaiiy
i?i aeo ia?acioai?/i? ae?yeueiino? ye ??i neeaaei?
eii-ia?aoeaii-eiioi?eaoeai? no?oeoo??, ui iia’yco? a ?aeei? oe?ea
ooieoe?iiaeuei? iiceoe??, ye? iia?othoue aa?aaeueieie ? ?eii?/ieie
ciaeaie aeey noai?aiiy cia?aaeaiiy.

Oey iaoiaeieia?/ia aaca ?iaioe ae?ea ?iiao iaea?aeaoe ?eceo i?eioeeiiai
iiaeo ?acoeueoao?a, a oaeiae ooi/ieoe ? ?aaaoe ii-aeaeueoee ?icaeoie
?ecoe? iayaieo ciaiue.

Aia?oa:

iaa?aeaii iiaeaeueia oyaeaiiy i?i eiino?oeoeaiee aeaiaio ieanoe/iiai
a?aeiioaiiy — ciaeiao ii?oieia?th, ui eaaeeoue a in-iia? ?ioa?i?aoaoe??
iaoo?e a ia?acioai?/iio ienoaoeoa?;

aeyaeaia no?oeoo?a ? ooieoe?? ciaeiai? ii?oieia?? ? aea-iaio?a, ye? ??
neeaaeathoue — oeiieia?/iiai ? oiiieia?/iiai iien?a;

a ia?acioai?/?e a?yeueiino? aeyaeai? aea? ??ciiiai?oi? no?aoa-a??
anoaiiaeaiiy iiae?aiino? i?ae ia’?eoii ? cia?aaeaiiyi — “?a noiae?no?” ?
“?a a?aei?i???oth”;

iiaoaeiaaia oeiieia?y ??cieo oi?i ieanoe/iiai a?aeiioaiiy ooaeiaeieea
aei iaoo?e a ia?acioai?/?e a?yeueiino?.

Iiaeaeueoee ?icaeoie ae?noaee:

aea/aiiy eaiii?/ii? ? iaeaiii?/ii? nenoai ooaeiaeiuei? ae?-yeueiino?.
Iieacaii, ui aiie ia caia?a/othoue, a aca?iiaeiiia?th-thoue iaeia iaeio.
Iaeaiii?/ia nenoaia aeeth/a? eaiii?/io a naith no?oeoo?o, aeiiiaithth/e
?? iaai?ii ?aoeaeneaieo iiceoe?e, ui ae-ooae?cothoueny a i?iaeaiieo
neooaoe?yo ae?yeueiino?;

aea/aiiy eaiii?/iiai c?acea ye iaoo?ae?ciaaiiai a ia’?eo?-aoaeii?
iaoai?cio ae??oaiiy i?iaeaiieo neooaoe?e ia?acioai?/i? ae?yeueiino?;

aea/aiiy ae?yeuei?nii? niaoeeo?ee ia?acioai?/i? iiae a eaii-i?/i?e ?
iaeaiii?/i?e nenoaiao ooaeiaeiuei? ae?yeueiino?. Iieacai?e ca’ycie
eiioeaiooaeueiiai ?icoi?iiy i?inoi?o cia?aaeoaaeueii? ii-aa?oi? ia
o?eueee c na?oiaeyaeieoeueeeie iniaeeainoyie na?aae-iueia?//y ? Iiaiai
/ano, a ? c iniaeeainoyie i?ioeaaeo? ia?aci-oai?/i? ae?yeueiino?,
cie?aia, c oaoiieia?/ieie iniaeeainoyie ?ei-iiieno ? aeeaiieno;

aea/aiiy i?iaeai ?iae?aiino? a n?aaeiueia?/ieo oai??yo ia?a-c?a, ?
?acoeueoao? /iai iaea?aeai? oyaeaiiy i?i eiie?aoii-?noi-?e/iee oa?aeoa?
eiinoaoaoe?e i?i noiae?noue ia’?eoa ? eiai ia?ac?;

aea/aiiy i?eioeei? a?ae/oaeiaiiy (?in. ino?aiai?y), yeee aoa aeiiiaiaiee
iiiyooyi neooaoe??, ui aeaei ciiao ?icaeyaeaoe oeae i?eioeei ia o?eueee
ye ooaeiaei?e i?eeii, aea ? ye ae?yeuei?niee iaoa-i?ci, ui ?aaoeth?
i?ioean noai?aiiy cia?aaeaiiy, — iaoai?ci, a?-oeo?eoth/ee ?
ii?e?iaeithth/ee iioaioe?ae yeiai aeicaiey? noai-?thaaoe i?iaeaii?
neooaoe?? a i?ioean? iinoaiiaee oai?/eo ca?aeaiue ? iiooea ooaeiaeiueiai
??oaiiy ? ci?iao? i?iaeaie a aeiaaeeo oai?-/eo ciao?aeie.

Ooi/iai?:

oyaeaiiy i?i iaienaiiy aeeo?eii? ?eiie. Ia iaoa??ae? ?aeii-no?oeoe??
i?ioean? noai?aiiy ? iiaeaeueoi? o?aineyoe?? ? /an? cia?a-aeaiiy a ?eii?
“Ee?ee? A?eica?n?eee c aeeo??i” aeyaeai? a?aei?i-iino? a neio?ii?? ?
ae?ao??i?? ?icaeoeo ?eii?/iiai ia?aco;

ciaiiy i?i oai?/o eaai?aoi??th ? oai?/ee iaoiae ?.TH.??i?ia. Ia
iaoa??ae? ?aeiino?oeoe?? eiai ?iaioe iaae ia?acii Ai?aoia a ea?oei?
“??aniee o?ae ? Eo?n?e?e aoaa?i??” aeyaeai? niaoeeo?/i? ineoioaoi?/i?
i?eeiie, ?e? aeicaieythoue anioe?aoeaii iia’ycoaaoe aa?aaeuei? ?
?eii?/i? neeaaeia? a i?ioean? noai?aiiy ?eanoe/iiai ia-?ac?. Ia
iaoa??ae? ?aeiino?oeoe?? ??ioeano noai?aiiy, ?ine?aeaeaiiy iniaeeainoae
?aeaeii-ooaeiaeiueiai ci?no? ? oi?iaeueii-eiiiice-oe?eiiai ?e??oaiiy
ea?oeie “Iooe?i ia iaaa?aaei?e Iaa?. 1835 ?.” c’yniaaii aieea, yeee
ci?ie nioe?ieoeueoo?ieo oiia ?iaioe ni?e/e-iyee ia ?icaeoie ?eii?/iiai
ia?ac? a oai?/ino? ??i?ia;

a?aeiiino? i?i “aaiiao?e/iee iiioaae”, ?i iaaoa ?icaeoeo a oai?/iio
?aoiae? no/aniiai oa?e?anueeiai ooaeiaeieea A.I.Eoeeei-aa ? noaa
iaei??th c a?aeiia?aeae ia ea?aeeiaeuei? ieoaiiy no/aniiai
ia?acioai?/iai ienoaoeoaa, iia’ycai? c neioacii aaci?aaeiaoiiai ?
o?ao?aoeaiiai ia/ae, c aeai?noith i?e?iaeith ea?oeie, yea noa?
ia-i?ee?ioe? 20 no. i?iaeoeoii ia o?eueee ia?acioai?/iai ienoaoeoaa, a e
aeecaeia;

oyaeaiiy i?i “na?aaeiaeuiee” aeeaiien ye iniaeeaee eean ieanoe/?eo
ca?aeaiue o ca’yceo c i?aai?caoe??th cia?aaeoaaeueii? iiaa?oi? ?
iaoa??ae?, ca aeiiiiiaith yeiai noai?th?oueny ci-a?aaeaiiy.

I?aeoe/ia cia/aiiy i??eiaieo ? aeine?aeaeaii? ?acoeueoao?a aeaiyea.

C iaeiiai aieo, aiie ? iniiaith aeey oi?ioaaiiy ie?aieo
aei-ne?aeieoeueeeo i?ia?ai, ?i ci???ioiaai? ia aea/aiiy ae?yeueiinieo
caeiiii??iinoae noai?aiiy ? ooieoe?iioaaiiy ooaeiaeiueiai ia?aca a
eiie?aoiiio nioe?ieoeueoo?iiio eiioaeno?.

C ?ioiai aieo, aiie iiaeooue aooe aaciina?aaeiuei ao?eai? o iaaeaaia?/io
i?aeoeeo.

Iieiaeaiiy, aeeeaaeai? a aeena?oaoe??, neeaee ci?no eaeoe?e, ye?
/eoaeenue aaoi?ii ? oai?aoe/ieo eo?nao “?noi??y eoeueoo?e” a OAe?OE a
1992-1993 ??., “Iniiae ooaeiaeiuei? eoeueoo?e”, “An-oaoeea” ?
“Oe?a?inueea ? ca?oa?aeia ooaeiaeiy eoeueoo?a” a Iaoe?i-iaeuei?e
th?eaee/i?e aeaaeai?? Oe?a?ie ?i. ss?ineaaa Ioae?iai a 1993-1998 ??.

Aeyaeai? caeiiii??iino? noai?aiiy cia?aaeaiiy aeei?enoi-aoaaeenue
aaoi?ii ?a i?aeoe/ieo caiyooyo ? eo?n?a “?enoiie” ? “AEeaiien” ia
a?o?oaeoo?iiio oaeoeueoao? O?A? a 1983-1984 ??. ? a oai?/?e nooae??
Aoaeeiea a?o?oaeoi??a Oa?e?anueei? i?aai?caoe?? Ni?e-ee a?o?oaeoi??a
Oe?a?ie a 1989-1993 ??. Aiie ciaeoee a?ae?eooy oaeiae ? aeani?e
ooaeiaei?e i?aeoeoe? aaoi?a, ?acoeueoaoe yei? ?i-no?eii aaiiino?othoueny
ia i?aeia?iaeieo, ?anioae?eainueeeo ? iaea-nieo aenoaaeao N??eee
ooaeiaeiee?a Oe?a?ie, ii/eiath/e c 1989 ?ieo.

Ai?iaaoe?y ?acoeueoao?a aeena?oaoe??. Iaoeia? iieiaeaiiy ? ae-?iiaee
aeena?oaoe?? aoee ?i?eethaeiai?:

ia i?aeia?iaeieo iaoeiaeo c’?caeao ? eiioa?aioe?yo: 1-io
iaoi-aeieia?/iiio eiia?an? “Iaoiae: a/??a, n?iaiaei?” (Iineaa, 1994);
“?ieue aoc?a ? ae??oai?? i?iaeai ?acia?a?aii? i?a?oe ? aeoiaaiiy
iniaenoino?” (Oa?e?a, 1995); 7-e Aaoo?inuee?e ?iioa?aioe?? (Iineaa,
1995); “O?ao? oeny/?e?ooy: aa?iii?y ?thaeeie, noni?euenoaa ? i?e-?iaee”
(*oao?a, 1996); ” Oai?/a, i?aeoe/?a ? e?eoe/?a i?neai?y” (?eoiie?,
1997); “Eoeueoo?a ? o?einio?? 20 noie?ooy” (Oa?e?a 1997);

ia ?anioae?eainueeeo, iaeanieo ? aaeocaaeo iaoeiaeo eiioa-?aioe?yo: 42-?
? 43-e iaoeiai-oaoi?/i?o O?A? (Oa?e?a, 1987, 1988); “Oe?e?ni?noue
e?oa?aoo?iiai ?ai?o ? i?iaeaie ?iai aiae?c? oa ?ioa?i?aoaoe??”
(Aiiaoeuee, 1992); “? ?noi??? ?in?enueei? anoaoe/?i? aeoiee”
(Naieo-Iaoa?ao?a, 1993); “Ooaeiaei? aeeooy Oe?a?ie ia?oi? o?aoeie XX
noie?ooy” (Oa?e?a, 1995); “Oa?e?a 1930-1940-o ??. ?noi??y. E?oa-?aoo?a.
Ienoaoeoai” (Oa?e?a, 1998); “?iaoo, ?eooae, o?aaeeoe?y” (Oa?e?a, 1998);
i?aenoieia?e 1995 ?. OOI? (Oa?e?a, 1995); i?aenoieia?e 1996 ?. OOI?
(Oa?e?a, 1996);

ia can?aeaii?o i??eaoaae?aeueiiai iaoiaeieia?/iiai nai?ia?o
Iaoe?iiaeueii? th?eaee/ii? aeaaeai?? Oe?a?ie ?i. ss?ineaaa Ioae?iai
(Oa?e?a, 1996); e?oaeiai noieo Iaoe?iiaeueii? th?eaee/ii? aeaaeai??
Oe?a?ie ?i. ss?ineaaa Ioae?iai “Eoeueoo?a ? i?aai” (Oa?e?a, 1997);

ia can?aeaiiyo eaoaae?e eoeueoo?ieia?? Iaoe?iiaeueii? th?eaee/-ii?
aeaaeai?? Oe?a?ie ?i. ss?ineaaa Ioae?iai ? oai?aoe/iiai nai?ia-?o
eaoaae?e (Oa?e?a, 1994 — 1998 ??.); oai?aoe/iiai nai?ia?o
ia-oiaea?aeae?eo Oa?e?anueeiai ?ie?oaoi?/iiai oi?aa?neoaoo (Oa?e?a,
1990-1997 ??.); iaoiaeieia?/iiai nai?ia?o naeoe?? oai??? a?o?oae-oo?e
Oa?e?anueei? i?aai?caoe?? Ni?eee a?o?oaeoi??a Oe?a?ie (Oa?e?a, 1988).

Aaciina?aaeiuei ?a oai? aeena?oaoe?? iioae?eiaai? 35 ?ia?o caaaeueiei
ianyaii a?ecueei 38 a?oe. a?e., o oiio /ene?: iiiia?a-o?y “Ieanoeea e
oaeno a ooaeiaeanoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe” (Oa?e?a: Iniiaa, 1997, 21
ae?oe. a?e.); ?icae?ee 4 iaa/aeueieo iin?aiee?a; 21 noao?y a ca??eao
iaoeiaeo i?aoeue; 9 ioae?eaoe?e ? ca??eao iaoa??ae?a ? oac iaoeiaeo
eiioa?aioe?e.

No?oeoo?a aeena?oaoe??. Aeena?oaoe?y ia? 381 noi?. oaenoa ?
neeaaea?oueny c? anooio, aeaio /anoei, ui ia’?aeiothoue i’youe
?icae?e?a, ? ?eniiae?a; nienie aeei?enoaieo aeaea?ae i?noeoue 280
iaeiaioaaiue, o ??e aiaeaoee aeeth/ai? 4 ??aaiaioe aeaea?ae, ui
aiae?cothoueny, 18 noai ? 38 ?ethno?aoe?e. Caaaeueiee ianya aeena?oaoe??
478 noi?.

INIIAIEE CI?NO ?IAIOE

Anooi i?noeoue iaa?oiooaaiiy aeooaeueiino? oaie, o iueiio
?icaeyaea?oueny noai ?? ?ic?iaee o iaoeia?e e?oa?aoo??, aecia/athoueny
iaoa ? caaaeaiiy aeine?aeaeaiiy, eiai ia’?eo ? i?aaeiao, iaae? ?
iaoa-??ae, oi?ioeth?oueny iaoeiaa iiaecia io?eiaieo ?acoeueoao?a,
iaaea-thoueny a?aeiiino? i?i ai?iaaoe?th ?iaioe ? ii?eethaeiaiiy
iniiaieo ?? iieiaeaiue ? aeniiae?a.

*anoeia 1 “Aiae?c aa?aaeueii? ? ?eii?/ii? neeaaeiaeo a i?ioean?
noai?aiiy cia?aaeaiiy” i?noeoue o?e ?icae?ee.

?icae?e 1 “Aeae?eaiiy aa?aaeueii? ? ?eii?/ii? neeaaeiaeo a i?ioean?
noai?aiiy cia?aaeaiiy” neeaaea?oueny c aeaio i?ae?icae?e?a: 1.1.
“Ciaeiaa ii?oieia?y a no?oeoo?? ia?acioai?/i? ae?yeueiino?”, yeee
ia’?aeio? ioieoe 1.1.1. “Noai ieoaiiy ? iaoiae aeine?aeaeaiiy” ? 1.1.2.
“Aeo?aei? iiiyooy, ?oi?e ae?yeuei?niee ci?no”, ? 1.2. “I?iaeaia
iiae?aiino?”.

O ieanoe/iiio ieneaii? aeae?ey?oueny ?ioaeaeooaeueia ae?eni?noue, yea
iiaeaeth? iaoo?o ? iia’ycaia c ia?aoai?thaaiiyi ciai?oiueiai aeaeyaeo
cia?aaeoaaiiai ia’?eoo, ui a?coaeueii ni?eeia?oueny, a inoaoi/ia
cia?aaeaiiy. Iaoiaeii aeae?eaiiy ? aeine?aeaeaiiy oe??? ae?eniino? ?
oai?aoe/ia ?aeiino?oeoe?y i?i-oeana ooaeiaeiuei? ae?yeueiino? ia aac?
aeinyaiaiue no/anii? nenoai-ii-no?oeoo?ii? iaoiaeieia??. A iniiao oe???
?aeiino?oeoe?? ii-eeaaeaii oyaeaiiy i?i ?aei?noue
aano?aeoii-aa?aaeueiiai ? eii-e?aoii-/ooo?aiai oa?aeoa?o ieanoe/iiai
ieneaiiy. Eiai nia-oeeo?eith ? ca’ycie i?ae aa?aaeueiith ? ?eii?/iith
neeaaeiaeie a i?ioean? noai?aiiy cia?aaeaiiy.

?aei?noue aa?aaeueiiai ? ?eii?/iiai ia/ae ?ieyaa? a cia-eia?e ii?oieia??
— ?aeaaeuei?e oi?i?-iina?aaeieoe?, yea a?eiio? a ieanoe/iiio ieneaii?
ooieoe?? iiaeaethaaiiy, caa??aaiiy ? ia?aaea/? o /an? ?eii?/iiai ia?ac?.
Ciaeiaa ii?oieia?y — i?-aai?ciaai?noue ieanoe/iiai iaoa??aeo a oi?io, ?i
ia? niene eiinoaioiiai ciaea. A?i ao?eth? i?eienai? eiio eoeueoo?i?
cia-/aiiy ? a?aeoai?th?oueny a eiie?aoi?e oi?iaeuei?e no?oeoo??
aoaeue-yeiai ia’?eoa, yeiai ?oinothoueny aeai? eoeueoo?i? cia/aiiy.
Ciaeiaa ii?oieia?y ? no?oeoo?iith iaeeieoeath aeo? ia?a-cioai?/i?
a?yeueiino? ? ieanoe/iiai ieneaiiy, ?i aoiaeeoue aei iueiai.

Ae?yeuei?niee ?i?no iiiyooy ieanoeee a aeeaiien? iieyaa? o ?oaaeaii? ai
aoaeue-yeiai yaeua ye aei i?aaeiaoa a?coae?caoe??.

Ieanoe/ia a?aeiioaiiy ooaeiaeieea aei na?oo — oaea eiai
eiioeaiooae?caoe?y, ??e ye?e na?o noa? i?eioeeiiai a?aeoai??aa-iei aeey
ci?iaiai ni?eeiyooy o oi?i? oiiaiiai a?coaeueiiai ia?ac?. Ieanoe/ia
a?aeiioaiiy ?i?io?oueny ye nenoaia iine?-aeiaiiai ciaeiaiai cai?uaiiy
ia’?eo? a ieneaii? eiai a?co-aeueiei aiaeiaii. Oey nenoaia ?oiieth?
??ai? ia’?eoa a?coae?-caoe??, i?aaeiaoa a?coae?caoe?? ? a?coaeueiiai
ia?ac? ia’?eoa.

Oe? ??ai? a ooaeiaei?e ae?yeueiino? ii?aaeia/oththoueny o a?ae-iinii
a?aeie?aieaieo ? naiino?eieo ciaeiaeo oi?iao a?aeii-a?aeii: iaoo?e
(ia’?eo? cia?aaeaiiy), ciaeiai? ii?oieia?? ? ci-a?aaeaiiy.

Ciaeiaa ii?oieia?y a?aeiia?aea? ??aith i?aaeiao? a?coae?-caoe??, ia
yeiio ?oaaeoueny oai?/? ca?aeaiiy. Ciaeiaa ii?oiei-a?y iiaea iaoe
?eii?/ia ao?eaiiy (ia/a?ee, noaie, e?iee ? o. ?i.), aea iiaea iaoe ?
?aeaaeueiee oa?aeoa?, noi?ioeueiaaiee aa?aaeueii oae, uia ?a iei
iiaeeeaa aoea ?aeiino?oeoe?y ci-a?aaeaiiy.

Aeey oai?aoe/ii? ?aeiino?oeoe?? no?oeoo?e ciaeiai? ii?-oieia??
aeioe?eueii i?iaiae?coaaoe oaeo nenoaio ooaeiaeiuei? ae?-yeueiino?, a
iaaeao yei? aoa ae caaaeaiee aei i?i?ioio (oi/a, c?icoi?ei, ia
aeeeth/aiee cian?i) aieea noa’?eoeaieo oaeoi-??a, a naia ciaeiaa
ii?oieia?y aoea a a i?e ia’?eoeaiaaia ye iaaeiniaiaa,
iica?iaeea?aeoaeueia i?aaeei.

Oaeith ? nenoaia eaiii?/ii? ooaeiaeiuei? ae?yeueiino?, ui aoea
i??i?eoaoiith a aiioo na?aaei?o a?e?a. O iaaeao na?aaeiuei-a?/ii?
eaiii?/ii? ooaeiaeiuei? ae?yeueiino? nieneiaei eiioae-noii, a yeiio
oi?ioaaeeny ciaeia? ii?oieia?? eiie?aoieo ieanoe/ieo ia?ac?a, aoea
i?iaeaia iiae?aiino? cia?aaeoaaiiai ? cia?aaeaiiy, ui ona?aeiiethaaeanue
ye i?iaeaia anoaiiaeaiiy iaeiicia/ii? a?aeiia?aeiino? i?ae oiiaeyaeieie
— aa?aaeueieie —oyaeaiiyie Nayoiai ienueia ? ?o a?coaeueiei — ?eii?/iei
— ao?eaiiyi.

Caniaii, ui caaacia/o? ae??oaiiy oe??? i?iaeaie ?, a?ae-iia?aeii,
oi?ioaaiiy ciaeiaeo ii?oieia?e, aoee ?eiiii?ni? i?ea?iaee. ? ieo
aa?aaeuei? iiene caaacia/othoue ca’ycie i?ae ia’?eoii ? eiai
cia?aaeaiiyi — oiaoi aeania iiae?ai?noue. Aiia aecia/a?oueny
iiaeeea?noth cai?uaoe cia?aaeaiiyi ciai?oi?e aeaeyae ia’?eoa ? nai
ia’?eo a oyaeaii? ?iai, ooi eiai ni?eeia?.

N??aaeiueia?/ia cia?aaeaiiy, caa??aath/e naith aaoiiii-i?noue ?oiniaii
cia?aaeoaaiiai, caeiaoaa? iioieia?/i?ai naino: aiioe??ii-/ooo?a?
?aaeoe?? a?ae niiaeyaeaiiy ia’?eoa — ia?oi-ia?ac? — ? cia?aaeaiiy —
ia?ac? — ? iaeii??aeieie. Oea caaac-ia/o?oueny aeeoo?ai-eiie?aoiei
oa?aeoa?ii cia?aaeaiiy, ui i?aeoe/ii ?aae?co? iiae?ai?noue ia?ac? ?
ia?oiia?ac?.

Oae o?a?aeiieaia iiae?ai?noue caa??aa? na?e niene ? i?e ia-?aoiae? aei
iaeaiii?/ii? nenoaie ooaeiaeiuei? ae?yeueiino?. ?iia noa?
oi?aa?naeueiith oa?aeoa?enoeeith aeeoo?ai-eiie?aoiiai ieanoe/iiai
ia?ac?.

Ae?neo?n, ui oi?io? oeae ia?ac, aeieea? ia ?a?ao?a?o? iia?aoeaiiai ?
?ioi?iaoe?eiiai ieai?a eiioi?eaoe?? a nienei-ia?iaiaiiio
eiie?aoii-?noi?e/iiio nioe?ieoeueoo?iiio eii-oaeno?. ?a oe??? ianoaaei?
oi?io?oueny no?oeoo?a aoaeue-yei? cia-eiai? ii?oieia??.

?? neeaaeathoue: oiiieia?/iee iien, yeee ? neeaae? ciaeiai? oi?ie o?eno?
i?noeaciaoiaeaeaiiy; oeiieia?/iee iien, ui i?n-oeoue oa?aeoa?enoeeo
eiie?aoieo ?i?ciaaaeueieo ?ciae (?en) ciaeiai? oi?ie; eaiii?/iee c?acie
— “noaia cae?aiiy” oi-iieia?/ieo ? oeiieia?/ieo iien?a a ?ae?ia oe?ea —
iioeiaeueia ni?aa?aeiioaiiy caaaeueieo ? iniaeeaeo iciae, ui i?ieoee
o?eaaeo i?ioeaaeo?o a?aea??? ? aoee cae??ieai? o aeae? ii?ie a
ae?yeueiino? noai?aiiy cia?aaeaiiy ? ye aoaeiiiee aecaiiey? i?e eiai
ni?ee?yoo?.

O i?ioean? noai?aiiy cia?aaeaiiy ciaeiaa ii?oieia?y ? niieo/iith eaieith
i?ae eiiiiceoe??th — i?aai?ciaai?noth iei-ueie cia?aaeaiiy, ?ea aii?io?
a iia?aoeaiiio ieai? eiioi?eaoe??, — ? eiino?oeoe??th — i?aai?ciaai?noth
ia’?eoa ci-a?aaeaiiy, ui aeii?io? a ?ioi?iaoe?eiiio ieai? eiioi?eaoe??.

Oiiieia?/iee ? oeiieia?/iee iiene ?iaea?oue a no?oeoo?? ia’?eo?
caeiiii??iino? aeaii? eiie?aoii? eiiiiceoe??, aecia/a-thoue iiaeeea?noue
i?aai?/ii? iiya? ia’?eoa a ??? ? aenooiathoue caniaii a?aeai?o a
iaaei??i?e eiino?oeoe?? ia’?eoa oeo aeaiai-o?a, ye? iaiao?aei? aeey
aeaii? eiiiiceoe??.

Eaiii?/iee c?acie ?iaea? a eiiiiceoe?? i?eioeeiiao eii-no?oeoe?th
ia’?eoa ? ? oaeei eiai ciaeiaei ca??uaiiyi, ye? ? ?ciii?oiei eiiiiceoe??
? o?eno? a i?e ciaiiy i?i ia’?eo. Ea-iii?/iee c?acie ?iaeoue iiaeeeaei
i?iya i?aaeiaoiino? eii-iiceoe??.

Oiiieia?/iee ? oeiieia?/iee iiene ? ?acoeueoao?i i?i-aeoe?? eiiiiceoe??
cia?aaeaiiy ia eiino?oeoe?th ia’?eo?; eaii-i?/iee c?acie — ?acoeueoao
i?iaeoe?? eiino?oeoe?? ia’?eo? ia eiiiiceoe?th.

Eaiii?/iee c?acie ?ia’ycaiee a?aeiioaiiyi iiae?aiino? c ia’?eoii
cia?aaeaiiy, aea nai?ie ia?enaie aeeth/aiee ?i neeaae? eiiiiceoe??;
iiene ?ia’ycai? c eiiiiceoe??th cia?aaeai-iy, oi/a iiaeooue aooe
ae?aaeai? aa?aaeueii, oiio o neeaae? ci-a?aaeaiiy aooe a?aen?oi?ie, a
ci?noiaii a?aeiineoen? aei cia?a-aeoaaiiai ia’?eoa. A oiiieia?/iii? ?
oeiieia?/iii? iienao eiiiiceoe?eiee — i?iaeoe?eiee — ? ia’?eoiee —
iioieia?/iee — ??ai? ci?noo ceeo? ? i?aeai? ye oaeno i?i ia’?eo
cia?aaeaiiy.

Ciaeiaa ii?oieia?y — niaoeeo?/iee eiioi?eaoeai?e ?i-oaeaeooaeueiee
can?a, yeee aeei?enoiao?oueny a ia?acioai?/?e ae?yeueiino? aeey
anoaiiaeaiiy iaeiicia/ii? iiae?aiino? ia’?eoa ? cia?aaeaiiy. ?i ??
no?oeoo?? iaaeoiaeyoue aa?aaeueia ? ?eii?/ia neeaaeia?, a?aeiia?aeii,
oiiieia?/iee ? oeiieia?/iee iiene ? ea-iii?/iee c?acie. Ciaeiaa
ii?oieia?y ia? ia’?eoeaiee oa?ae-oa? ye ii?ioth/a ooieoe?y a
ia?acioai?/?e ae?yeueiino?.

?icae?e 2 “Ciaeiaa ii?oieia?y: no?oeoo?a ? ooieoe??” neeaaea?oueny ?c
o?ueio i?ae?icae?e?a: 2.1. “Oiiieia?/iee iien”, 2.2.”Oeiieia?/iee iien”,
2.3. “Eaiii?/iee c?acie”.

Oiiieia?/iee iien — ooieoe?iiaeueiee aeaiaio ciaeiai? ii?oieia??, ui
i?noeoue an? iicia/aiiy i?noey a ?? no?oeoo??. Aiie iiaeooue
a?aeiineoenue aei cia?aaeaiiy ia’?eoa ye oaeiai, ? oiae? oea —
iioieia?/iee oiiieia?/iee iien; iiaeooue a?aeiineoenue aei ieiue-ie
cia?aaeaiiy ? oa?aeoa?ecoaaoe ?? ye oaeo, ? oiae? oea —i?iaeoe?e-iee
oiiieia?/iee iien. O aeeneo?n? i?ea?iae?a aiie nooi ia ?ic??c-iythoueny
? ?o ooieoe?? iiaeia ?aeiino?othaaoe ?c eiioaenoo. Aaai-ieie a oe?e
?aeiino?oeoe?? noathoue ia o?eueee caaaeoaai? a iien?
i?n-oeaciaoiaeaeaiiy, aea e caiia/oaaiiy, ye? a?aeii? oei, eiio
aae?ani-aaiee oaeno — ?eiiiienoeyi, — ? ia iio?aaothoue niaoe?aeueieo
ii-yniaiue.

Oiiieia?/iee iien aecia/a? ooieoe?iiaeueii aaaii? i???i-oe?e a
cia?aaeaii?. C iaeiiai aieo, aiie iia’ycai? c nthaeaoii ci-a?aaeaiiy, ?
a oeueiio ?icoi?ii? aiie a?aeiini?. C ?ioiai aieo, aiie oa?aeoa?ecothoue
naiaioe/io iaiaeii??aei?noue cia?aaeoaaeueiiai ii-ey, ? a oeueiio
?icoi?ii? iathoue oi?aa?naeueiee ? aeey aeaiiai nioe?i-eoeueoo?iiai
eiioaenoo aaniethoiee oa?aeoa?, yeee ia caeaaeeoue a?ae nthaeaoo
cia?aaeaiiy, iiaoi?th?oueny a ??cieo nthaeaoao. Cie?aia, aei ieo
a?aeiineoueny oi/ea “ii/aoeo” c/eooaaiiy ?eii?/iiai oaenoo — aa?oi?e
e?aee eoo cia?aaeaiiy. Ai?eciioaeue ce?aa-iai?aai aeoo-aeueia aeey
?eniiceoe?? ? ?ica’ycee — ia?eoa??eieo ae?e. Aeey ?icai?-oaiiy
eoeuei?iaoe?eii? ae?? i??i?eoaoiith a iiioaae? ai?ciae?a ? oeai-o?aeueia
aa?oeeaeueia a?nue cia?aaeaiiy, yea iia’yco? eiai aa?o ? iec.

Oiiieia?/i? i???ioe?e a cia?aaeaii? caaa?aeai? aia?aaeaio-i?noth
neiaie?/iiai ? iiaooiaiai niene?a ? iia’ycothoue ?iciia?aei? ?
oi?iaeueii-eiiiiceoe?ei? eiai iciaee. Caaaeyee oeueiio aeyaey?oueny
?iaa?n?y e?aiai ? i?aaiai uiaei oi/ee ci?o ia?niiaaeo (ia’?eoa
ci-a?aaeaiiy) ? aeyaea/a. Oey ?iaa?neai?noue aoiaeeoue a i?ioe??//y c
na-iaioe/iith iaiaeii??aei?noth cia?aaeoaaeueiiai iiey: i?aaa ia? no?eeo
oa?aeoa?enoeeo iiceoeaiiai ia/aea, a e?aa — iaaaoeaiiai. Naiaioe/ia
iaiaeii??aei?noue cia?aaeoaaeueiiai iiey, ia a?aei?io a?ae
i??i?eoaoiino? oi/ee ci?o, ia? ia a?aeiiniee, a aaniethoiee oa-?aeoa? ?
anoaiiaeth?oueny caeaaeii a?ae iiceoe?? ia’?eoa cia?aaeaiiy a ea?oeii?e
ieiuei?.

Oiiieia?/iee iien ? noeaia???i nthaeaoo, ui cia?aaeaiee. O iueiio
ooieoe?? iioieia?/iiai ? i?iaeoe?eiiai oaeno?a ca?aathoueny. Oe??th
?ieeth oiiieia?/iiai iieno aeooae?co?oueny iiioaae o?aa-iaio?a
cia?aaeaiiy ia o?eueee ye oi?iaeueiee, aea ? ye ci?noiaiee i?eioeei. Oei
naiei o oiiieia?/iiio iien? caeeaaeathoueny i?ae-noaae aeey oi?ioaaiiy
oiiaiinoae ia?acioai?/i? iiae.

Oiiieia?/iee iien neeaaea?oueny oaeei /eiii, ui eiiiice-oe?y cia?aaeaiiy
i?noeoueny a iueiio a i?eoiaaiiio aeaeyae? ? ia? ae?-yeuei?niee oa?aeoa?
i?iyao, iia’ycaiee c iine?aeiaiith o?enaoe??th ai?ciae?a, eiaeiee c yeeo
i?ea’ycaiee aei yeiai-iaaoaeue iaaiiai i?n-oey cia?aaeoaaeueiiai iiey —
oeaio?aeueii? aai ia?eoa??eieo eiai cii.

Oaeei /eiii, no?oeoo?ii oiiieia?/i? iiene i?noyoue a?aeiii-no? i?i noaio
c/eooaaiiy cia?aaeaiiy; i?i ia?ae?e cia?aaeoaaieo ai?ciae?a (noeaia??e);
i?i naiaioe/io iaiaeii??aei?noue cia?aaeoaaeue-iiai iiey —
?aeaeii-aoe/iee ? oi?iaeueii-eiiiiceoe?eiee ieaie cia?aaeaiiy; i?i eiai
ianooaa ? nenoaio i?iii?oe?e (e?euee?niee ieai cia?aaeaiiy); i?i eiai
oeaio?aeuei? ? ia?eoa??ei? ciie.

Cia?aaeaiiy, iia’ycai? c oeaio?aeueieie nthaeaoieie ai?ci-aeaie, ye
i?aaeei iathoue eaiii?/ii cae??ieaiee, iino?eiee ? ia-ci?iiee aeaeyae.
Cia?aaeaiiy, ye? oyae?thoue aei ia?eoa??eieo cii, iiaeooue aeinoaoiuei
a?eueii aa??thaaoeny. Caaaeyee oeueiio oaeno iieno, aenooiath/e
ii?ioth/ei caniaii ae?yeueiino? ooaeiaeieea, ia?aaeie-naeueii noai?th?
i?ino?? eiai i?ioan?eii? naiaiaee.

Oaenoe, ye? aeei?enoiaothoueny a i?ioean? noai?aiiy cia?a-aeaiiy,
??ciyoueny ca nai?ie ooieoe?yie o eiioi?eaoe??, a ia ca niini-aii
aeeeaaeaiiy. ?o iiaeeeai ?aeiino?othaaoe ?c eiioaenoo.

Oeiieia?/iee iien — ooieoe?iiaeueiee aeaiaio ciaeiai? ii?oieia??, yeee
i?noeoue ai?ciaaaeuei? iciaee eiie?aoii? oi?ie. Oiiieia?/iee iien ?
uiaei oeiieia?/iiai caaaeueiei noiniaii iniaeeaiai.

Oeiieia?/iee iien ni?eeiaany ?eiiiienoeai ia?aaaaeii ye iioieia?/iee. A
iniia? no?oeoo?e oeiieia?/iiai iieno iieeaaea-iee iaaiee noeeue ieneaiiy
? aeinoaoiuei caaaeueiee niin?a ni?ee-iyooy cia?aaeaiiy. Aieiaia i?noea
a i?e iin?aea? aeac?aea ia caaaeue-iia?aeiiee c?acie ? ia ie?ai?
a?aeoeeaiiy a?ae iueiai ie?aieo iciae, /anoi aeiiiaiai? noaiaoe/iei
cia?aaeaiiyi. O nai?ioe/i?e no?oe-oo?? oeiieia?/iiai iieno i?noyoueny
aa?aaeueiee ? ?eii?/iee oa?e oaeno?a, ye? iaeiicia/ii ni?aa?aeianai?
iaeei c iaeiei ca ?aooiie eiiaaioe?eii anoaiiaeaieo a?aeiia?aeiinoae.

*enaeuei?noue iiaeeeaeo cia?aaeoaaeueieo ?ioa?i?aoaoe?e aoaeue-yeiai
ia’?eoo aeiea?oueny ia i?aaiaiiyi caanoe an? cia?aaeaiiy aei
a?aeoai?aiiy ?aeeiiai c?acea, a iaiaaaiiyi inyaiooe nai ia’?eo o eiai
?aeeiinooiino?. Oeiieia?/iee iien noai?th?oueny ca i?eioee-iii
“a?aei?iaiiy” iciae, ye? ca?aathoueny ?c c?aceii, caaaeaiiy ?o aei
i?i?ioio, aei i?ciaaaeueii? oi?ioee ia’?eoa cia?aaeaiiy.

O iaaeao eaiii?/ii? ooaeiaeiuei? ae?yeueiino? i?i?eniaoaaiiy i?ea?iaeo
ia iiaoi?thaaeinue iaoai?/ii. Nie?ath/enue ia oea, iaia-o?aeii aoei
i?i?aaoenue /a?ac a?c?iia?nuee? aeiaaeeiaino? aei iaeii-cia/ii?
iiae?aiino? ia?aco ? ia?oiia?aco. A onoaiiaeaii? oe??? ii-ae?aiino?
aa?aaeueiee oaeno aenooiaa ye eiinoaoaoe?y aaoi?eoaoiiai na?aeioeoaa,
oiae? ye cia?aaeaiiy aoei ooeaiei ?acoeueoaoii ae?yeue-ieo coneeue
ooaeiaeieea.

Eiie?aoi?noue iiae?aiino? a ?eiiiieno iaea eoeueoo?ii-?noi-?e/io
i?e?iaeo, ?noi?e/ii aecia/aiee eiioi?eaoeaiee oa?aeoa?: iiae?aiei
ni?eeiaeinue oa, ui na?aaeiueia?/ia eoeueoo?a aaaaeaea ii-ae?aiei, a ia
aoeaaeueiee ce?iie aai ioeyae.

Na?aaeiueia?/iee ooaeiaeiee ae?iaeya o nai?e na?aeiiino? caeeaeaiiy
?iaeea?aeoaeueieo aeaeyae?a ia o?eueee ye cia?aaeaiue, aea ? ye iaee/.
Oeei aecia/aeenue iniaeeaino? ni?eeiyooy eiie?aoiiai aeaeyaeo
na?aaeiueia?/iith ethaeeiith — ia?aaaaeii “ca noiae?noth”, a ia “ca
a?aei?ii?noth”, ui ianaiia?aae aacoaaeiny ia na?aaeiueia?/i?e
eiioeaioe?? iniaenoino?.

Iiae?ai?noue “ca a?aei?ii?noth” — oea iiae?ai?noue cia?aaeaiiy
cia?aaeoaaiiio ia’?eoo a eiai iaeeie/iino? e oi?eaeueiino?, ye
a?ae-i?ii?noue eiai a?ae on?o ?ioeo ia’?eo?a aeaiiai aeaeo. Iiae?ai?noue
“ca noiae?noth” — oea iiae?ai?noue cia?aaeoaaiiai ia’?eoa eaiii?/iiio
c?aceo, iioieia?/iiio ia?oiia?aco, yeee neoaeeoue i?ioioeiii
ciai?oiueiai aeaeyaeo on?o ia’?eo?a aeaiiai aeaeo.

Noiae?noue o na?aaei? a?ee ona?aeiiethaaeanue ia ye a?aei?ii?noue
iaaiiai iaee//y a?ae ?ioeo, ?, a?aeiia?aeii, ia ye noiae?noue ia iueiai
cia?aaeaiiy, a ye iiae?ai?noue on?o aeinoieieo aooe ao?eaieie ia ?eii?
iaee/ aiaeanoaaiiiio eeeo ia?oiia?aco, aeae?eaiiy o oeueiio iaee//?
oiai, ui ?iaeoue eiai iiae?aiei aei eeeo. I?iaeaia noi-aeino?
eiie?aoiiai ethaenueeiai ia?aco ? eaiii?/iiai c?acea aaa/a-?oueny a
iiaeieaii? iaeeie/iiai a cia?aaeoaai?e inia? aeey iaaee-aeaiiy aei
ocaaaeueiaiiai iioieia?/iiai ci?noo, ui eaaeeoue iica iniaith. Oea ?
aeyaeaiiyi caaaeueiiai o aeaiiio eiie?aoiiio ia-ee//?.

Aeinyaiaiiy iiae?aiino? a?aeiinii?, a?c?iia?nueei?, ? aanietho-ii?, ui
iiaeieaea a?c?iia?noai, iioieia?/ii?, ona?aeiiethaaeenue o na?aaei? a?ee
ye oe?eeii ??ci? caaaeaiiy ? ??ci? no?aoaa?? ?iaioe — “ca a?aei?ii?noth”
? “ca noiae?noth”. Aiie canoiniaoaaeenue a ye?nii ??cieo neooaoe?yo
ia?acioai?/i? ae?yeueiino?, i???iooaaeeny ia na?o-nueeee a iaeiiio ?ac?
? nae?aeueiee a ?ioiio oeie ia?aco aeeooy. Nooo?aei a ?o a?aei?iiino? ?
niin?a noaaeaiiy aei eaiii?/iiai c?acea.

O nae?aeuei?e neooaoe?? iaaeeaeaiiyi aei oeueiai c?acea oaeoe/-ii
ae/a?io?oueny iien iaee//y. An? ?io? ooi/iaiiy cina?aaeaeo-thoueny ia
ie?aieo i?ciaaaeueieo ao?eaooao. O na?onuee?e neooaoe?? iaaiaee:
aeieeaaeii i?iienothoueny ?ene iaee//y, ye? noathoue ai?-ciaaaeueieie
iciaeaie, ? cia/ii iaioa — “iicainiaeno?” ao?e-aooe. Na?onueea
cia?aaeaiiy ?iaeea?aeoae?co? iaee//y, noaiaoecoth/e ana “iicainiaenoa”;
nae?aeueia cia?aaeaiiy noaiaoeco? “iniaenoa”, aiineoue ? a “iniaenoee”,
? a “iicainiaenoee” iiene eeoa ie?ai? ai?ciaaaeuei? ?iaeea?aeoae?ciaai?
aeaiaioe.

No?oeoo?ii ?ic??ciythoueny caaaeuei?, iiiaeeiie? e ?iaeea?aeo-aeuei?
oeiieia?/i? iiene, ye? aecia/athoue ??ci? ca nooiaiai oca-aaeueiaiiy
oa?aeoa?i? ?ene cia?aaeoaaiiai ia’?eoa. Aei ieo a?aeii-neoueny
oa?aeoa?enoeea aeaeiai? iaeaaeiino? ia’?eoa; eiai caaaeueiee ia?en;
iaae?iaeea?aeoaeuei?, ?iaeea?aeoaeuei?, iica?iaeea?aeoaeuei? ?
ao?e-aooeai? ?ene.

Eaiii?/iee c?acie — oea aoaeiiia iae?aneaiiy ciaeiai? oi?ie, caaaeueia
noaia yeiai i?enooiy a aoaeue-yeiio cia?aaeaii? ciaea aeaiiai aeaeo.

Ia?oiia?acii ? aoaeiiiei c?aceii cia?aaeoaaiiai ia ?eii? eeeo ? ia?ac
O?enoa. Aeei?enoaiiy ia?aco O?enoa ye eaiii?/iiai c?acea iaaea? iniaeeao
oai?aoe/io aino?ioo i?iaeai? iiae?aiino?, ine?eueee aiia iia’ycaia c
iioieia?/ieie oyaeaiiyie i?i ?noeio a?aeaa?oino?. O oeueiio ?icoi?ii?
eaiii?/iee c?acie aenooiaa ye i?eaeaaia, yaeaia ? aaoi?eoaoii
cana?ae/aia ?noeia.

Oeaio?aeueiith i?iaeaiith ia?acioai?/i? ae?yeueiino? noa?
ia-iao?aei?noue ? iaiiaeeea?noue a?aeoai?eoe aeoae?ci aiaeanoaaiii? ?
ethae-nueei? i?e?iaee a inia? O?enoa. Oiio aeooeo?oueny niaoe?aeueiee
i?aaeiao a?coae?caoe??, caeaoiee ia?aaeaoe aiaeanoaaiia /a?ac
ethae-nueea, i?eoiaaia /a?ac yaeaia.

Ni?eeiyooy ?eiie iaea?/ii eiioaenooaeueia. Aanue ianea na-?aaeiueia?/ieo
?eiiiienieo cia?aaeaiue aoa oe?e?niei ? aioo??oiuei ?aeeiei eiiieaenii,
a ie?aia ?eiia — eiai /anoeith. I?eioeeiiaa ae??oaiiy i?iaeaie
aeae?eaiiy i?aaeiaoa a?coae?caoe?? ia ??ai? ea-iii?/iiai c?acea ci?ia?
?? aeey ie?aiiai cia?aaeaiiy, ?iaeoue eiai aaci?iaeaiiei.

A yeino? i?aaeiaoa a?coae?caoe?? cae??ieth?oueny cia?aaeaiiy caiiiai
oeyoo O?enoa. I?e cia?aaeaii? nayoeo i?aaeiaoii a?co-aeecaoe??
aeae?aeeny o? ai?ciaee ?o aeeo?e, ye? ni?aa?aeiineeenue ?c caiiei
aeeooyi O?enoa, ? ao?ethaaeenue aiie oith i??ith, a ye?e cia-oiaeeee
ieanoe/io c iath a?aeiia?aei?noue.

Ethaenueea ao?eaiiy O?enoa aea?oueny a cia?aaeaii? ye aioeoaca aioe/i?e
o?e?niino?. Aio?iiiii?oiee ia?ac iaaoaa? aeaeo: ethae-nueeee ia?en, a
yeiio ao?eeany O?enoin, — i?eieaeaia, oiaoi ia-?aai?aia o?ei, a yeiio
aena?oeeany aeoo, — c??, yeee iaooioa, a?ae-iiaea ia?aai?aio ieioue aei
iiaiioe ethaenueeiai ia?aco.

I?e oeueiio ciai?oi?noue O?enoa iieno?oueny “ca a?aei?ii?noth” c iaoith
aeaoe iaeneiaeueii eiie?aoiee ia?ac. O iiaeaeueoiio a?i
aeei?enoiao?oueny ye ?eii?/iee oaaeii, ca aeiiiiiaith yeiai
a?ae-oai?th?oueny iiae?ai?noue “ca noiae?noth” an?o ?ioeo iien?a ?
ci-a?aaeaiue o nenoai? eaiii?/ii? ooaeiaeiuei? ae?yeueiino?.

No?oeoo?ii eaiii?/iee c?acie i?noeoue ni?aa?aeianai? iaeei c iaeiei
aeiee ao?aeiiai iaoa??aeo, i?aaenoaaeaiiai oiiieia?/iei ? oeiieia?/iei
iienaie, ? aoaeiiiiai aeaeo ia’?eoa; ?eii?/iiai oaaeiio ? nenoaie
oiiaiinoae cia?aaeoaaeueii? iiae; aoaeiiiiai cia?aaeaiiy ? oi?ioee oeio
— nenoaie ?iaa??aioieo ?en — aeaii-ai ia’?eoa.

Oai?/? iiaeeeaino? ooaeiaeieea o eaiii?/i?e ooaeiaei?e ae?yeue-iino? ia
aeeeth/athoueny, aea ii?iothoueny on??th nenoaiith na?aae-iueia?/iiai
na?oiaeyaeo, ui i?aaia inyaiooe aeaio ethaenoao a?ae-aa?o?noue.
Ooaeiaeiee iia?o? neiaii ? aeaeii. O no?oeoo?? eaii-i?/iiai c?acea
cia?aaeaiiy ? iaien, eee ? ?i’y ni?aa?aeianai? ye iae-iicia/ii
a?aeiia?aei? iaeei iaeiiio, ye “iaceo/aia ? iaiiae?eueia” ?ae-i?noue
aa?aaeueii? ? ?eii?/ii? ciaeiaeo nenoai, ui cieaeo? ??aaiue
noa’?eoeaiino? i?e ni?eeiyoo? ? i?aeaeuo? nooi?iue iaeiicia/iino? i?e
ao?eaii? aeooiaiiai aeina?aeo.

Eaiii?/iee c?acie yaey? niaith neeaaeio nenoaio ni?a-a?aeianaiiy
a?coaeueieo ? ieneaieo ia?ac?a. Ca eiai aeiiiiiaith ae-??oothoueny
iniiai? na?oiaeyaei? ? i?aeoeei-iia?aoeai? i?iaeaie, iia’ycai? c aeai?ii
cia?aaeoaaiiai ia’?eoa, aeiai?ii ae?aaeaeueieo cania?a,
oi?iaeueii-eiiiiceoe?eiei ??oaiiyi ? aeeiiaiiyi cia?a-aeaiiy.
I?eioeeiiaa ae??oaiiy i?iaeaiii? neooaoe?? ia ??ai? eaii-i?/iiai c?acea
ca?eueiy? iio?i eiie?aoiiai ooaeiaeieea a?ae iaia-o?aeiino? eiaeiiai
?aco ciiao iiaa?oaoeny aei iiooeo aeoiaeo ?c aiaeia?/ieo oneeaaeiaiue o
nai?e ae?yeueiino?.

Eaiii?/iee c?acie ia? ia’?eoii-?a/iaee aeaeyae ? o aeoioe? iiaea aooe
?iceeaaeaiei ia ie?ai? neeaaeia? aeaiaioe, eiaeiee c yeeo ? e?ieii o
i?ioean? noai?aiiy cia?aaeaiiy. Eaiii?/iee c?a-cie aenooia? ye
?ioaeaeooaeueii-ae?yeuei?niee iaoai?ci ia?a?iaee aoaeue-yeiai ao?aeiiai
ia’?eoiiai iaoa??aeo — ciai?oiueiai aeaeyaeo — o cia?aaeaiiy iaia?aae
caaeaiiai aeaeo. A?i ?iie?oeeoii yaey? ni-aith ciaeiao ii?oieia?th a
nenoai? eaiii?/ii? ooaeiaeiuei? ae?yeue-iino?.

I?e ia?aoiae? a?ae eaiii?/ii? aei iaeaiii?/ii? nenoaie eaii-i?/iee
c?acie anei?eth?oueny a?eueo neeaaeiei ii?iaoeaiei aia?a-oii o
neooaoe??, eiee ca?eueoo?oueny ??aaiue iaaecia/aiino? ?
iaiaeii-cia/iino? ni?aa?aeiioaiiy aa?aaeueii? ? ?eii?/ii? neeaaeiaeo a
i?i-oean? iiooeo eiie?aoiiai ae??oaiiy oai?/iai caaaeaiiy. Oea
iia’y-caii c i?iaeaiiei oa?aeoa?ii neooaoe?e ia?acioai?/i? ae?yeueiino?,
i?aeneeaiiyi ?ioo?oeaieo neeaaeiaeo oai?/ino?, ?iaeea?aeoaeueieie
ia?aaaaaie ooaeiaeieea ? o. ?i. Aea ? a oeeo oiiaao eaiii?/iee c?a-cie
ia cieea? ?c ooaeiaeiuei? ae?yeueiino? inoaoi/ii.

?icae?e 3 “Nioe?ieoeueoo?ia iaoiiaeai?noue noai?aiiy cia?a-aeaiiy”
i?noeoue a nia? o?e i?ae?icae?ee: 3.1. “Ae?yeuei?nia niaoeeo?ea
ia?acioai?/i? iiae”; 3.2. “Neooaoe?y a?ae/oaeiaiiy ye iaoai?ci i?i-oeana
noai?aiiy cia?aaeaiiy” ? 3.3. “I?eeiie i?aai?caoe?? cia?aaeo-aaeueii?
ieiueie a eiioaeno? neooaoe?? a?ae/oaeiaiiy”.

I?ae oiiai?noth ia?acioai?/i? iiae ?icoi?thoue nenoai? aea-oi?iaoe?e,
iaieio/eo i?e noai?aii? aeaii??iiai cia?aaeaiiy o?ueioaei??iiai ia’?eo?.

Aoaeue-yea ooaeiaeiy nenoaia ca’ycaia c aeaoi?iaoe?yie iaoo?e. I?e
oi?ioaaii? aai aeei?enoaii? oiiaiinoae ia?acioai?/i? ii-ae caaaeaee
ia?o? ia oaac? iayai?noue ? ianoiae?noue ye i?i?ioi aeaio ii?iaoeaieo
nenoai, c yeeo iaei? i?eeia?oue ca “ii?iaeueio”, oia-oi oae?, aieea
aee?eaeaiue ?ei? ia cia?aaeaiiy ? ni?eeiyooy ia ii-i?/a?oueny.
A?aeiia?aeii, ?ioa ii?iaoeaia nenoaia ?icaeyaea?oueny c oi/ee ci?o
ii?ooaiiy ii?i ia?oi?, ?i ia aeicaiey? onoaiia-ethaaoe a na?aeiiino?
a?aeiinei cai?uaiiy i?ae iaoo?ith ? ?? cia?a-aeaiiyi ? ni?eeia?oueny ye
aenoean.

I?inoi?iai-/ania? a?aeiioaiiy na?oo, ye? ia?aaea? nenoai? oiiaiinoae
ia?acioai?/i? iiae, aenooiathoue o aeaio a?aeiinii aa-oiiiiieo yeinoyo.
Ii-ia?oa, oea — iaea?eueo aano?aeoiee eaoa-ai??aeueiee ae?ac
i?i?iaaeaiino? ? o?eaaeino?, iiaeaeuei?th ?ai?a-caioaoe??th yeiai ?
nenoaia ia?acioai?/eo oiiaiinoae. Ii-ae?oaa, oea ?noi?e/ii eiie?aoia
ao?eaiiy oeeo a?aeiinei, ia?aaaaeaia ?c oii-aeyaeo a ieai ii/ooo?aino?,
ui a?aeia?aaeaii oi?iaeueiei ?aaeii oiiaiinoae ia?acioai?/i? iiae.

Iiaeia oi?ioaaoe /ooo?aee aeina?ae ??aeiia?aeii aei aano?aeo-ii?i ciaii?
i?i i?inoi?iai-/ania? a?aeiineie, ia ui ?i???ioiaaia no/ania ienoaoeoai.
?ea ae iiaeia, nie?ath/enue ia ii/ooo?aee aein-a?ae, a?aeiia?aeii eiio
oi?ioaaoe oiiaeyaeia ciaiiy i?i i?ino?? ? /an. Ia oea ?aeaa?eueoiai
ci???ioiaaia ienoaoeoai na?aaeiueia?//y, ? iaaeao yeiai oiiaeyae
cae??iey??ueny a o?aaeeoe??, ?i a?aeoai?th?oueny eiaei?ai ?ac? a
i?ioean? noai?aiiy cia?aaeaiiy.

O ?? iaaeao aeieea? “iioieia?/iee ?aae?ci” cia?aaeaiiy. Ei-ai n?in —
cao?enoaaoe ia?aoai?aiiy, aeinyaiooa a ?acoeueoao? aeo-oiaiiai iiaeaea?.
Oei naiei aeaoi?iaoe?? a ?eii? iathoue ia aa-no?aeoio
iioeei-aaiiao?e/io, a nieneiao i?e?iaeo. I?e oeueiio oo-aeiaeiee i?aaia
aeai?ioaaoe aeanio noa’?eoeaio iiceoe?th. ?ooath-/enue ? noai?aii?
cia?aaeaiiy a eaiii?/i?e ooaeiaei?e nenoai? a?ae i/aaeaeiino? aei
oiiaeyaeo, ooaeiaeiee iaiaaa?oueny ?iaeieaoe i/a-aeaei?noue,
a?c?iia?noai ? iai?oaeaiiio ?ioaeaeooae?ci? nai?? i?aoe?. Oe?? iao? ?
neoaeeoue nenoaia oiiaiinoae ?a?aaeiueia?/ii? ia?aci-oai?/i? iiae. Aiia
anoaiiaeth? iaaeo i?ae ?a?oii ?eoo?aeo i/a-aeaeiinoae ? ?a?oii
aeooiaiiai niiaeyaeaiiy, i?ae iiaooiaei i?i-noi?ii aeyaea/a ?
cia?aaeaiei iaoao?ce/iei i?inoi?ii.

A ?eii? ia’?eoe ? ?o cia?aaeaiiy ni?aa?aeiinyoueny aaciina?aae-iuei ye
a?aeiia?aei? iaeei iaeiiio. Aiaeii/an a?c?iia?nueea ni?eeiaiiy iio?aao?
iiin??aae?iaoaa?e ?o a?aeiioaiiy ciaeiaeie oi?iaie, ui caaacia/othoue
?ethc?ii?noe/i?noue cia?aaeaiiy, ?ea a?aeiia?ae?? a?c?iia?nueeiio
aeina?aeo. Ine?eueee ?aaeueiee ? a?coaeueii ni?eeia-iee na?oe a
n??aaeiueia?/i?e na?aeiiino? ia aeciathoueny oioiaeieie, oi a
ae?yeuei?niiio ieai? i?iaeaia aeinoia??iino? cia?aaeaiiy ?i-eyaa? a
niin?a? i?iaeoe?thaai?y ?aaeueiiai na?oo ia ieiueio ea?-oeie ? niin?a?
?iaioe c ??cieie i?iaeoe?yie ? niieo/aiiyi ?o.

?eiia — ia o?aaiaio iaoao?ce/ii? ?aaeueiino?, a any ?aaeue-i?noue
cia?aaeoaaiiai na?o? a eiai eiie?aoii yaeai?e oi?i?. Aeaee-i?,
i?aaenoaaeai? ia?acaie aeaiaioe iaoao?ce/iiai na?o? ia
“ia?a-i?aai?ciaothoueny” a ?eii? ca?aeii oiiai?e ia?acioai?/?e iia?, aea
caiiai, ia?ethc?ii?noe/ii, i?aai?cothoueny ??aeiia?aeii ?o i?noeth ?
cia/aiith a oiiaeyaeiiio iaoao?ce/iiio na?o?.

I?ino??, cia?aaeaiee a ?eii?, ii/aoeiai ieineee ? aa?oe-eaeueiee. Oeei
aecia/a?oueny iniiaia oi?ia i?iaeoe??, iaeneiaeueii i?eaeeaeaia aei
?aaeueiiai aeaeyaeo cia?aaeoaaiiai ia’?eoa, — oan. ?iaii/an
anoaiiaeththoueny ???a?o?/i? a?aeiioaiiy i?ae iath ?a ?i-oeie iiaeeeaeie
aa?oeeaeueieie i?iaeoe?yie, ?i a?aeaiaeeoueny ?ieue ae?oai?yaeieo ?
aeiiii?aeieo. Ii?aeiaiiy i?iaeoe?e ? cia?aaeai-i? ? ??e?iaei?i ae?acii
eiino?oeoe?? ia’?eoa.

??cieoey i?ae eaiii?/iith — na?aaeiueia?/iith — ? iaeaiii?/-iith —
iiai?a?iiaenueeith — nenoaiaie ooaeiaeiuei? ae?yeueiino? ii-eyaa? a
??cieoe? a?aeiioaii? o ieanoe/iiio ieneaii? aei cia?aaeo-aaeueii?
ieiueie.

Aeey na?aaei?o a?e?a oa?aeoa?ii ?? iaoo?aeueia, ia’?eoii-i?aae-iaoia
?icoi?iiy, aaiaoe/ii iia’ycaia c aa?oeeaeueiith ieiueiith no?ie o?ai?
aai ai?eciioaeueiith ieiueiith caie?. Aeey Iiaiai /a-no — ?? ?aeaaeueia
?icoi?iiy ye aano?aeoii? iaoaiaoe/ii? i?iaeoe?e-ii? iiaeae? i?inoi?o —
ionoioe. A?aeiia?aeii, cia?aaeoaaeueia iei-ueia na?aaeiueia?//y naia ii
nia? neiaie?/ia ? iaoao?ce/ia; ci-a?aaeoaaeueia ieiueia Iiaiai /ano ia
ia? nai?? neiaie?ee ? iaoa-o?ceee. Oe??th ianoaaeiith, cie?aia,
iaoiiaeaia ia?aaeienaeueia iiaeeea?noue iiya? aace?/? aaoi?nueeeo
eiioeaioe?e i?inoi?o a ia?a-cioai?/iio ienoaoeoa? Iiaiai ? Iia?oiueiai
/ano.

Niene ii?aeiaiiy i?iaeoe?e ? eaiii?/iiio cia?aaeaii? iia’y-caiee c
iaoo?aeueiei ?icoi?iiyi ieiueie ? iaea?/ii ? ae?yeuei?n-iee: oea aoee
caea?aiaai? o iai’yo? ae?? ii a?aeoai?aiith ia’?eoa ci-a?aaeaiiy ca
aeiiiiiaith nenoaie i?iii?oe?e aai ae iinoaaiiy o aeoioe? ?caeiaae
ia’?eoa. Eiee ae cia?aaeoaaeueia ieiueia ona?-aeiieth?oueny ye
?aeaaeueia, ca’ycee i?ae i?iaeoe?yie oaeiae iaaoaathoue ?aeaaeueiiai ?
iaiaia’yceiaiai oa?aeoa?o, a?eueoa oyaiiai, i?ae ae?ei-aiai. I?eioeei
ii?aeiaiiy i?iaeoe?e ia?anoa? a?ae?a?aaaoe no?oeoo-?iooai?thaaeueio
?ieue ? cia?aaeaii?.

A eaiii?/iiio cia?aaeaii? ae??a?noue noai?aiiy cia?aaeaiiy
ni?aa?aeiineoueny c ae??a?noth noai?aiiy ia’?eoa. A?aeiia?aeii, oey
ae??-a?noue ia naaa?eueia, — ? ioaea noa’?eoeaia. ?iia caeaaeeoue a?ae
eii-no?oeoe?? ia’?eoa, ia? ia’?eoeaiee — ?iaoi i?eioniaee aeey aey-aea/a
? aacia?a?aiee oa?aeoa?.

? nthaeaoii-nieneiaee, ? oi?iaeueii-eiiiiceoe?eiee aniaeoe ii?aeiaiiy
i?iaeoe?e caaeathoueny aacia?a?aiei oeeee?/ii caieio-oei o i?inoi??
cia?aaeaiiy ?ooii ci?o aeyae?/a. O?ce/iee ?oo, ui eaaeeoue a iniia?
i?eioeei? ii?aeiaiiy i?iaeoe?e eaiii?/iiai cia?a-aeaiiy ? cae??ieaie? o
iueiio, iaaoaa? iaoao?ce/iiai niene? aeo-o?aiiai ?ooo, yeee ?iea?
i/aaeaei?noue aeey inyaiaiiy noo? ?a/ae.

Iaaiaee, a ?aeaiii?/iiio cia?aaeaii? Iiaiai /ano ?oo ci?o a aeeaeio
?caeiaae ia’?eoa noaiiaeoueny ia noai?thth/ei eiai i?ei-oeeiii, a aeania
cia?aaeoaaiith iiae??th. O?eniaaia oi/ea ci?o — iiiaio, ui aeieea? ia
no?auaii? aeaio ai?eciioaeueieo e?i?eieo ?oo?a: ocaeiaae cia?aaeaeueii?
ieiueie a ?aaeueiiio i?inoi?? ? a aeeaeio a cia?aaeaiiio. Oeae iiiaio
nooo?ai a?aeiia?aea? aeeiai?/-i?e eoeueoo?i?e iiaeae?, yea ?oea
cai?iiiiiaaia aiioith A?ae?iae-aeaiiy ? ?aae?co?oueny a iaeaiii?/i?e
nenoai? ooaeiaeiuei? ae?yeueiino? Iiaiai /ano.

Nioe?ieoeueoo?iee iaoai?ci, ?i aaoa?i?io? oiiaiino? iea-noe/ii? iiae,
aeeth/a? iayai?noue i?i?ioi aeaio i?eioeeiiai a?ae-i?iieo iaeia a?ae
iaeii? neooaoe?e. ?aeia c ?eo iia’ycaia c inyaiai-iyi cia?aaeaiiai na?oo
— eiai niiaeyaeaiiyi. ??oaa ae aeeth/a? cia?aaeaiiy o na?o aeeoo?aeo
?aae?e ye iae?i ?c ia’?eo?a — eiai ia-?aaeyaeaiiy. I?aei?ia niiaeyaeaiiy
ia?aaeyaeaiiyi ? i?ioeaaeo?a ii?e?iaeithaaiiy ?ia?aaeaiiy, ui
aaoiiaoeco? ?iai ni?eeiyooy ? i?aaeth? oiiaiino? cia?aaeoaaeueii? iiae.
A oeueiio aeiaaeeo ?iio-i?eaoe?y i?ae ooaeiaeieeii ? aeyaea/ai ca
aeiiiiiaith oai?o i?eie-iy?oueny.

Aeey ?? a?aeiiaeaiiy ooaeiaeieeo iaiao?aeii i?eioneoe aeyaea/a ia?aeoe
a?ae ia?aaeyaeo aei n?iaeyaeaiiy, oiaoi ci?ieoe oei neooaoe??. ?ieaiiy
i?e?iaeiino? ? aaoiiaoecia ni?ee?yooy ? ci?ia oeio neooaoe?? ?
i?ioeaaeo?a a?oeo?eaoe?? — noai?aiiy ooo/ieo oiia caoaeaeaiiy oaaae
aeyaea/a aei cia?aaeaiiy.

I?eeiie a?oeo?eaoe?? cai?iaaaeaeothoueny aei neeaaeo cia?a-aeaiiy, aea
aiie ia oioiaei? naiiio cia?aaeaiith — i? eiai eii-no?oeoe?? ?
eiiiiceoe??, i? iia’ycoth/ei ?o a ?aeeia oe?ea oiiieia?/-iiio ?
oeiieia?/iiio iienai ? eaiii?/iiio c?aceo. Oe? i?eeiie, ?i i?aai?coth?ue
cia?aaeoaaiee i?ino??, iaeaaeaoue i?inoi?o, aei yeiai cia?aaeaiiy
aoiaeeoue a nai?e ?a/ia?e, iaoa??aeueii-ia’?eoi?e yeino?. I?eeiie
a?oeo?eaoe?? oi?iothoue iniaeeao ia?ao?aeio neooaoe?th, a ye?e ?aae??
cia?aaeaiiai ? aeeoo?aiai na?o?a ?ici?uai? ? c?noaaeai? a aeeaieo
a?aeiioaiiyo iaeei c iaeiei. Oey iniaeeaa ia-?ao?aeia neooaoe?y ?
neooaoe?y ??ae/oaeiaiiy (?in.: ino?aiaiey).

I?eioeei ??ae/oaeiaiiy, a?aee?eoee A.A.Oeeianueeei, aeanoe-aee
aoaeue-yeiio aeaeo ?ai?/ino?. ?icoe?aiiy eiai aei iiiyooy ne-ooaoe??
??ae/oaeiaiiy iaiiaith? oi?iaeueiee ooaeiaei?e i?eeii aoe/-iei ci?noii,
iia’ycaiei ?c oai?/ei naiiaecia/aiiyi ooaeiaeieea. Oi?iaeueiee i?eeii
?icai?oa?oueny aei ianooaa? ia?aciaeeoo?ai? neooaoe?? caaaeyee
i?ioeaaeo?? a?oeo?eaoe??, a neooaoe?y cai?oa?oueny aei oi?iaeueiiai
i?eeii? caaaeyee i?ioeaaeo?? ii?e?iaeithaaiiy.

Neooaoe?y ??ae/oaeiaiiy aeyaey? i?eoiaai? a nioe?ieoeueoo?ii-io
eiioaeno? oi?ie eoeueoo?iiai ? ??oaeueiiai ?ina?aeo, ?iaeoue ?o
a?aee?eoeie aeey aaciina?aaeiueiai ia?aaeeaaiey; ? ?ioiai aieo, ai-ia ?o
ii?io?, aaiaeeoue a cae/i? ianoaaeie aeeooy, ?iaeoue cae/ae-ieie. Aiia
??ae?a?a? ?ieue ia?aeeaaea/a i?ae ??cieie oeiaie oiia-iinoae
ooaeiaeiuei? iiae, ui aeyaeythoueny a ??cieo — “ii?iaeue-iiio” ?
“aenoeaneaiiio” — oeiao ia?aciaeeoo?aeo neooaoe?e.

No?oeoo?a neooaoe?? ??ae/oaeiaiiy aecia/a?oueny iiceoe?yie aa-oi?a,
aa?iy (a?oaoaeoa), ?iai, ooi ni?eeia? (aeyaea/a), ? e?eoeea, ?eee
?aoeaeneaii ?icoioiaeith? ? ca’yco? a?oaeueiee (“ooee?oa?-iee”) ?
?ioaeaeooaeueiee (eoeueoo?iee) eiioaenoe ?nioaaiiy a?oa-oaeoa — ?ecee
iiae?aieo a?oaoaeo?a, ?i aaea ?noi?e/ii ?nioth?ue, ii?i? ?o ni??eiyooy,
c?ace? ae?yeueiino? ?iui.

Aoaeaii? (“ooee?oa?i?”) oyaeaiiy iiin??aae?iaothoue ni?ee-iaiiy ?aae?e
a?oaeueii? ? ?ioaeaeooaeueii? ae?eniino?, aeiaiaey/e ?o aei iiaii?
iaa?aei?iiino?, ui e neeaaea? noae? eiioaenoe ?nioaaiiy a?-oaoaeo?a.
Aaoi? oi?io? iiin??aae?oaaiiy — neooaoe?th ??ae/oaeiai-iy, — ca
aeiiiiiaith yeiai ia?oa iiin??aae?oaaiiy — ?oaeaii?noth —
a?oeo?eo?oueny. Oeei ?iaa?eiei iiin??aaeiaiiyi aecia/a?oueny
nieneiooai?thth/ee iioaioe?ae neooaoe?e ??ae/oaeiaiiy, aeaoa?i?io-th/e?
oiiaiino? ieanoe/ii? iiae.

I?e ia?aoiae? a?ae eaiii?/ii? aei iaeaiii?/ii? ooaeiaeiuei?
ae?-yeueiino? eiinoeooth/ei i?eioeeiii ?iaiai ?eio eoeueoo?e noa?
ia?aeaeueia ?nioaaiiy oaiaeaioe?e aei ii?ioaaiiy, eiina?aaoe??
aein-a?aeo, o?aaeeoe?eiino?, “ii?iaeueiino?”, ? aei ii?ooaiiy noa?i?
ii?ie, aei ?oeioaaiiy onoaeaieo ?aiie, iiaeieaiiy o?aaeeoe??, aei
“aenoea-neaiino?”. Iae?a a?aeiinii iaeii? aiie ??ae?a?athoue ?ieue
iaoai?cio, ?i a?ae/oaeith?. A?i i?iyaey?oueny o noai?aii? ?iaoe?aeueii?
onoaiia-ee na?aeiiino? ? ieanoe/iiai a?aeiioaiiy ooaeiaeieea aei
cia?aaeo-aaii? ?i ae?eniino?, ui ?aae?cothoueny aaciina?aaeiuei /a?ac
iaoa??ae cia?aaeaiiy ? ui oi?iothoue eiai na?aaeiaeua.

Noai?aiiy na?aaeiaeu?i? onoaiiaee na?aeiiino? ?oei iia’yca-i? c
?aoi?iaie, ?i a?aeaoeeny ca aiioe ??ae?iaeaeaiiy a aaeoc? oiiaiinoae
ia?acioai?/i? iiae ? ieanoe/iiai ieneaiiy, cina?aae-aeaiiai ia ae?aciiio
ooaa?aeaeaii? /ooo?ai ni?eeiaiiai na?o? ye na?o? ae?eniiai.

Oeaio?aeueiith i?iaeaiith ooo ? ?ethci?ia a?aeoai?aiiy na?oea ? o?i? i?e
caa?aaeaii? ?aeiino? ?iaei iaoa??aeo, yeee cia?aaeo?. Ci-a?aaeaiiy
?na?aaeei? ?aaoey?iiai iiey ea?oeie ii/eia? ieneeo?ny ye a?coaeueii
iaeii??aeia oe?ea. Aeina?ae n??aaeiaeuiiai ni?eeiyooy cia?aaeaiiy iio?i
ia?aiineoueny ia niiaeyaeaiiy iaoo?e. Na?aaei-aeuia a?aeiioaiiy aei ia?
aeiaaa? ?icoi?iiy ?? ye ?aeiino? ?aaii? aano?aeoii? iaoa???,
??cii??eueiee ?iciiae?e yei? ? noai?th? i?aae-iaoe o i?inoi??.

Iiae?aia ?icoi?iiy aeeaiieniiai na?aaeiaeua ye iaoa??aeue-ii? noeo??
i?ioenoaaeai? aia?a?? ooaeiaeieea, yeee ?iciiae?ey? ci-a?aaeoaaeueiee
iaoa??ae ?i iiaa?oi? ea?oeie. Noeo?ei?noue i?i-oenoaaey?oueny
?iaeea?aeoae?noe/i?e ?ie? a i?aai?caoe?? cia?aaeaiiy ?a iiiceoe?y?e
“i?e?iaeia” — “ooo/ia” ? “ii?e?iaeithaaiiy” — “a?-oeo?eaoe?y”. Aiie
noaee iniiaith na?aaeiaeuiiai aa/aiiy, yea ia-aoei ?icaeoeo a ienoaoeoa?
Iiaiai /ano ye can?a ?aeaaeueiiai — oya-iiai — ??ae/oaeiaiiy ae?eniino?.

O iaeaiii?/i?e ooaeiaei?e ae?yeueiino? ae?eni?noth, ui ii?iae-aeo?
neooaoe?? ??ae/oaeiaiiy, noa? a?a. ?iia ?aae?c?? ?aea? no/aniiai
ooaeiaeiueiai aaaiaa?ae? i?i iiaeieaiiy iaae? i?ae aeeooyi ?
ienoaoe-oaii. Aiia ?aaeoiaeeoue o iinoaaaiaa?aeenon?eee eiioaeno, aea
iaoa-??ae ienoaoeoaa aeei?enoiao?oueny ye iaoa??ae aeeooy, noai?thth/e
“ia?aeaeueio ?aaeuei?noue” ? iaaeath/e neooaoe?? ??ae/oaeiaiiy
aeeia-i?/i?noue.

Oey aeeiai?/i?noue caaacia/o?oueny niaoe?aeueiith ae?yeuei?niith
no?oeoo?ith, yea ??noeoue iiceoe?? aiae?c? neooaoe??, ?i
a?ae/oaeith-?oueny, oi?ioaaiiy ?? niaoeeo?/ieo iien?a, e?eoee?
canoa??eeo ii?i ? oi?ioaaiiy i?eioeei?a ?o ii?ooaiiy ye iiaeo ii?i
?iaioe iaae a?oaoaeoii ? ?o nioe?ae?caoe??. Oeei aeinyaa?oueny
iiaeeea?noue oi?ioaaoe oiiai? ia?acioai?/? iiao ia ??cieo ??aiyo
i?ioeano noai?aiiy cia?aaeaiiy — a?ae iica?iaeea?aeoaeueieo
nioe?ieoeueoo?ieo caeiiii??iinoae ?a?acioai?/i? a?yeueiino? ?
noeeaooai?aiiy aei ?i-aeea?aeoaeueiiai oai?/iai iaoiaea ? ie?aiiai
oai?o.

*anoeia 2 “Neioac aa?aaeueii? ? ?eii?/ii? neeaaeiaeo a i?ioean?
noai?aiiy cia?aaeaiiy” i?noeoue aeaa ?icae?ee.

?icae?e 4 “Noai?aiiy cia?aaeaiiy ye ?iaeea?aeoaeueiee ia?acioai?/ee
aeina?ae” neeaaea?oueny c i?ae?icae?e?a 4.1. “Oiiai?noue no/anii?
ia?acioai?/i? iiae a eiioaeno? ?iaeea?aeoaeueiiai ooaeiaeiueiai iaoiaea
(ia iaoa??ae? oai?/ino? A.I.Eoeeeiaa)”, 4.2.”Anioe?aoeaiee iaoai?ci
noai?aiiy neoaoe?? a?ae/oaeiaiiy a ?i-aeea?aeoaeueiiio ia?acioai?/iio
aeina?ae? (ia iaoa??ae? ?aeiino?oeoe?? i?ioeano ?iaioe ?.TH.??i?ia iaae
ia?acii Ai?aoia a ea?oei? “O?a-niee o?ae o Eo?nuee?e aoaa?i??”)” ? 4.3.
“Nioe?ieoeueoo?ia iao-iiaeai?noue ?iaeea?aeoaeueiiai ia?acioai?/iai
aeina?aeo (ia iaoa??ae? ?aeiino?oeoe?? i?ioeano ?iaioe ?.TH.??i?ia iaae
ia?acii I.N.Iooe?ia a ea?oei? “Iooe?i ia iaaa?aaei?e Iaae. 1835 ?. ”)”.

Aeey aeine?aeaeaiiy oiiaiinoae no/anii? ?iaeea?aeoaeueii? iea-noe/ii?
iiae aioe?eueii caa?iooen? aei ?e??oaiiy i?iaeai, iinoa-iiaea yeeo
a?aeiineoueny ua aei 1920-1930-? ??. Aiia iia’ycaia c aeae?eaiiyi ?
i?ioenoaaeaiiyi aaci?aaeiaoiiai ? o?ao?aoeaiiai ienoaoeoaa. A i?aeoeoe?
ooaeiaeiueiai aeeooy 20 no. niinoa??aaeenue ye ?o aino?a i?ioenoiyiiy,
oae ? ia?aaeienaeueia ?o caeeaeaiiy a niaae-uei? aeaeaoieo iaeno??a —
E.N.Iaeaae/a, ?.Aooooci, I.I?eanni, A.Io?a oa ?i. A ?o oai?/ino? noaa
i?iyaeyo?ny neioac aaci?aaeiao-ii?i ? o?ao?aoeaiiai ia/ae, ui na?ae/eei
i?i nooo?a? i?iaeaie oai?/iai iaoiae?, ye? aeooae?c?aaeenue o 20 no.

A?aeiiee oa?e?anueeee ooaeiaeiee A.?.Eoeeeia ciaeoia aean-iee aa??aio ?o
ae??oaiiy. Eiai iiaeia iacaaoe “aaiiao?e/iei iiioaaeai”. ?iai niene
iieyaa? a caoaa?aeaeaii? cia?aaeoaaeueii? ieiueie ye aaiiao?e/ii?
iiaeae? i?inoi?o, aea an? ia’?iii-i?i-noi?ia? a?aeiioaiiy ciaoiaeyoue
na?e ieiueiii-i?iaeoe?eiee aea?-aaeaio. Cia?aaeoaaeueia ieiueia aenooia?
a oeueiio aeiaaeeo o nai?e “iaoo?aeuei?e” yeino? ieiuei?th ea?oeie a
i?inoi?? ?aaeueii? a?a-a?oaoe?? ? ?iaeii/an a ye?no? eiioeaiooaeuei?ai
i?ino??? cia?aaeaiiy, a yeiio a?aa?oaoe?ei? ? nieneia? a?aeiioaiiy
anoaiiaeththoueny a?ae-iia?aeii ?i oi/?e ci?o ooaeiaeieea ?a
a?aeoai?thaaiee iei ia’?eo. Oy aeai?no?noue ia?aaea?oueny ? an?i
aeaiaioai ea?oeiii? ieiueie, ye? neeaaeathoue cia?aaeaiiy.

Ooaeiaeiee aieueiaei coneeeyi a?aeoai?th? c?eiee na?o ? i?i-noi??,
caoaeiaaiiio ?a caeiiaie ia?oeaioeaii? aaiiao???. I?e oeuei-io
?iea?oueny aeaiyeee ii?? iaoa??aeo: o?ce/ia ieiueia /eieoue ii??
ia?aoai?aiith a eiioeaiooaeueiee i?ino??, ui ii?iaeaeo? ?eoi — o?
“?ic?eae” ? “neeaaeeie” oi?ie, ye? aeieeathoue ?c c?oeiaiiy
o?ueioi??iiai iioea? ? ieiueie ea?oeie. ?eoi?/ii i?aai?ci?aii-io
eiioeaiooaeueiiio i?inoi?o /eiyoue ii?? ?aaeuei? ia’?eoe, ye?
a?aeoai?ththoueny a ea?oei?, ui ia?iaeaeo? iiioaaei? noeee i?iaeoe?e
ia’?eo?a, aeooae?coth/e aeyaeaiiy ?o eiino?oeoe?? ? oaeoii?ee.

Iiioaae i?iaeoe?e, c?icoi?eee ye ieanoe/ia i?iaeaia, ae??-oo?oueny
a?ioaneii — i?aee?aneaiiyi ? ia?aa?eueoaiiyi oa?aeoa?-ieo cia/?ieo ?en
oi?ie, — nieneiaith ?? ?ioa?i?aoaoe??th. A?i-oaneia ?e??oaiiy oi?ie
i?aee?aneth?oueny oiiii, eiei?eoii ? oae-oo?ith — caniaaie, ui
noai?ththoue ?ethci?io i?inoi?ia?noue, iaoa-??aeuei?noue ? ia’?ii?noue
cia?aaeaiiy. ?iie o?aeoothoueny ooaeiaeie-eii ye i?aee?aneaii ciai?oi?,
einiaoe/i?, a ia i?eoaiaii? iaea?/ii ea?oeii?e ieiuei?.

A ?acoeueoao? ?aae?caoe?? iaoiae? aaiiao?e/iiai iiioaae? ae-ieea?
aeai?no?noue ?eii?/ii? ciaeiai? nenoaie: eiaeiee aeaiaio ea?-oeie
aenooia? iaeii/anii ? ye /anoeia ea?oeiii? ieiueie, ? ye o?aaiaio
cia?aaeaii? iaoo?e. Oeei noai?ththoueny ia?aaeoiiae aeey ieanoe/ii? a?e,
yea ii?iaeaeo? neooaoe?? ??ae/oaeiaiiy ye i?e noai-?aii?, oae ? i?e
ni?eeiyoo? oai?o. Ooaeiaeiee oaeei ?eiii a?aeae-?a? ? iiioaaeii
c?ooiaoo? iaoo?iee iaoa??ae, ui i?iaieo? aeyaea-/a ia ?ethc??, aeoiaey/e
?c a?coaeueiiai ? ?ioaeaeooaeueiiai aeina?aeo 20 no., yeee noa?
i?eaiaeii ae?aeia? i?ae aaoi?ii ? aeyaea/ai ca aei-iiiiaith ea?oeie.

Oei naiei ooaeiaeiee caa?oa?oueny ia aei aano?aeoiiai aeyaea-/a, a aei
naiai no/anieea. Oeae eiie?aoii-?noi?e/iee ia?ac aeyaea/a noa?
ae?acieeii noai?thaaieo ?eooeai iaoaoi?. Aiie aoaeothoueny ia no?auaii?
??cieo nieneiaeo eiioaeno?a, ye? ?athoue ?eii?/i? ? aa?aaeuei?
ae?aae?iiy. I?e oeueiio aeyaeythoueny nieneia? ?ic?eae, iia’ycai? c
iaaaeaeaaoi?noth ?icoi?iiy eoeueoo?ieo cia/aiue, ?i ii-?iaeaeai?
caaaeueiina?oiaeyaeiith ? eoeueoo?iith e?ecith 20 no. Noai-?thaaiee
ooaeiaeieeii ieanoe/iee ia?ac o oe?e neooaoe?? noa? ca-niaii ?o ca’yceo.

Oei naiei oai?/?noue A.?.Eoeeeiaa c?eii i?iyaey? noia-?a/eea?
oaiaeaioe??, i?eoaiaii? no/ani?e nioe?ieoeueoo?i?e neooaoe??: c iaeiiai
aieo, — oea i?aaiaiiy ?ioa?i?aooaaoe ii-iiaiio o?aaee-oe?ei? eoeueoo?i?
cia/aiiy ? i?eaeaoe ?i aino?ino/aniee niene, c ae?oaiai aieo, —
i?aaiaiiy iaaeaoe iiaei, ui aeieeathoue nueiaiae-i?, nieneai ? cia/aiiyi
o?aaeeoe?eio eoeueoo?io oi?io, aienao? ?o a caaaeueiieoeueoo?iee
eiioaeno, aaanoe ia o?eueee ? a?oaeueio (“ooe-e?oa?io”), aea ? a
?ioaeaeooaeueio (eoeueoo?io) ae?eni?noue.

Aeine?aeaeaiiy anioe?aoeaiiai iaoai?cio ca’yceo aa?aaeueii? ? ?eii?/ii?
neeaaeiaeo ? eiioaeno? ?iaeea?aeoaeueiiai oai?/iai iaoiae? iio?aao?
caa?iaiiy aei iine?aeiaieo aoai?a noai?aiiy ooaeiaeieeii ieanoe/iiai
ia?ac?, ui ?ae i?ye ia caaaeaee aaea?oueny i?inoaaeeoe. ?iaioa
?.TH.??i?ia iaae ia?acii Ai?aoia a ea?oei? “??ani?e o?ae ? Eo?n?e?e
aoaa?i??” — iaeei c ??aee?nieo aeiaaee?a, ?i aicaiey? i?i-aiae?coaaoe
on? noaae?? noaiiaeaiiy ia?ac? — a?ae aaciina?aaeiueiai niinoa?aaeaiiy
iaoo?e aei ?? ?ioa?i?aoaoe?? a ea?oei?.

Aeey oai?/iai iaoiaea ??i?ia ??eoaiaiiei ? iiaeaethaaiiy ia?ac?, yea
i?ioenoaaey? aea? iiceoe?? eiai ni?eeiyooy: ciai?oith, ui iaeaaeeoue
noi?iii?io niinoa??aa/aa?, ?io?ee ao?eth? caaaeueii-i?eeiyoo oi/eo
ci?o, ? aioo??oith, ui iaeaaeeoue ia?niiaaeo, oini-aeth? eiai aioo??oi?e
ineoieia?/iee noai, ia?aaeeaaiiy cia?a-aeaieo ianoaaei, a ?io?? a?i
aeeth/aiee. O?aeoiaea ia?ac? oei na-iei iaaoaa? ae?aeia?/iiai oa?aeoa?o,
noa? ae?aeaeoe/iith, aio-o??oi? noia?a/eeaith, ?aeith, ui iioaioe?eii
?icaeaa?oueny. ?a noa? iiaeeeaei caaaeyee ?aeaaeuei?i? ia?aao?e?iith
ooaeiaeieea ? noai??aaiee ?ei ia?ac.

Cia/io ?ieue a i?aai?caoe?? oaeiai ia?aao?ethaaiiy, ui ii noo? ?
neooaoe??th ??ae/oaeiaiiy aeey naiiai ?eooey, a?ae?a?a? aa?aaeueiee iien
ia?ac?, iaa?oue ia cae??ieaiee iaoa??aeueii. A?i neoaeeoue e?oa-?aoo?iei
noeaia???i, o yeiio ia?niiaae i?aaenoaaeaiee a cai?i-iiiiaaieo eiio
ianoaaeiao.

Aeey caoaeaeaiiy ia?aaeeaaiiy, a?aeiia?aeiiai ?i noaio, ui a iueiio
ia?aaoaa? ia?niiaae, a ye?e ?aeaaeueii ia?aao?eth?oueny oo-aeiaeiee, a?i
aeei?enoiao? caoeia? anioe?aoe??, ui iienothoueny aa?-aaeueii. Oe?
anioe?aoe?? noathoue caniaii ca’yceo ciai?oiueiai iea-noe/iiai ae?aco
oi?ie ? ?iai aei?aaaeaiino? aioo??oi?i noaiii cia?aaeoaaiiai ia?niiaaea,
?eee ia?aaee? aaoi?.

Oaeee iaoai?ci noai?aiiy ?aeaaeueii? neooaoe?? ?eae/oaeiaiiy ? no?i
?iaeea?aeoaeueiei, aeanoeaei aiioe?eii-aieueiaiio ineoiei??/-iiio
neeaaeo ?eooey, i?aai?/ii iia’ycaiei c a?oenoeciii eiai oai?/i? iaia?e.
A ?acoeueoao? aeei?enoaiiy oeueiai i?eeiio aeiny-aa?oueny iiaiioa
oa?aeoa?enoeee ia?ac?, eiee aeyaea/ iiaea oyaii, anioe?aoeaii
aeiaoaeoaaoe eiai iaaeinoaoi? oa?aeoa?enoeee, ye? ia-iiaeeeai
a?aeoai?eoe caniaaie ia?acioai?/iai ienoaoeoaa.

I?? oei oea icia/a?, ui a na?aeiiino? aeyaea/a oae? oa?aeoa-?enoeee ye
iioaioe?ei? oaea oo?eiothoueny. Aiie aeooae?ciaai? oei nioe?ieoeueoo?iei
eiioaenoii, a yeiio ooaeiaeiee ? aeyaea/ eiio-i??othoue ca aeiiiiiaith
ia?niiaaea.

Aeey aea/aiiy nioe?ieoeueoo?ii? iaoiiaeaiino? noai?aiiy ?ei-i?/iiai
ia?ac? iaiao?aeii iaoe iiaeeea?noue i?inoaaeeoe, ye ci?ia
nioe?ieoeueoo?ieo neooaoe?e aieeaa? ia eiai ?icaeoie. Aeey oeueiai
iaiao?aeii caa?iooen? aei aea/aiiy oaeiai i?ioeano ?aienaiiy oai-?o, ?i
iaa ae aaeeeo o?eaae?noue ? /an? ? a ye?io aieea nioe?ieoeue-oo?ieo oiia
a?aeaeany a o oa?aeoa?? ??ci?iai?oieo o?aeoiaie ? ?i-oa?i?aoaoe?e
?aei??? ? o??? ae oi?ie. Oaeo ??aee?nio iiaeeea?noue aea? ?aeiino?oeoe?y
?iaioe ?.TH.??i?ia iaae ia?acii I.N.Iooe?ia a ea?-oei? “Iooe?i ia
iaaa?aaei?e Iaa?. 1835 ?.”, ui i?iaeiaaeoaaeanue a?eueoa, ??ae 30 ?ie?a
? aeaea aaeeeo e?euee?noue aa??aio?a ?e??oaiiy, eiaeiee c yeeo ?, ii
noo?, naiino?eiei caaa?oaiei oai?ii.

A ?acoeueoao? oe??? ?aeiino?oeoe??, i?iaaaeaii? ? aeena?oaoe??,
ae-yaey?oueny, ui a nieneiiane/aiiio nioe?ieoeueoo?iiio eiioaeno? a
oiiaao iaeaiii?/ii? ooaeiaeiuei? ae?yeueiino? ia?aeaeueii
ooie-oe?iiothoue ??ciiiai?oi?, /anii aca?iiaeeeth/ath/? oyaeaiiy i?i
iaeei ? oie aea ia’?eo cia?aaeaiiy. Iniaa aaoi?a a?eueii /e iaa?eueii
ciooaia ?ii’yeooaaoe ? niieo/aoe oe? i?ioe??//y aeey noai?aiiy aeeoo?ai
eiie?aoiiai ? ia?aeiieeaiai ia?aco. I?e oeueiio ?ai?-icen, ui ao?eth?
??ci? aa?n?? ia’?eoa cia?aaeaiiy, aieea?? ia na?aei-i?noue ooaeiaeieea,
oi?io? ?? ? noeioeth? iinoaiiae? oai?/i?i ca?-aeaiiy ? iiaeaeueoa ?iai
ei?aeooaaiiy.

Neooaoe?y ??ae/oaeiaiiy, oaeei /eiii, ia o?eueee i?iaieo?oueny aieath
ooaeiaeieea, aeieeath/e a ?acoeueoao? canoinoaaiiy oi?iaeue-ieo
i?eeii?a, aea ? ia? ia’?eoeaia ?nioaaiiy a c?oeiaii? a ?aee-iiio iie?
ci?o ? iaeeaaeaii? iaeei ia iaeiiai ??cieo a?coaeueieo ei-ae?a /anii
i?ioeeaaeieo ciaeiaeo nenoai.

A iaeaiii?/i?e ooaeiaei?e ae?yeueiino? aiane?aeie a?aecia/aii?
i?iaeaiiino? neooaoe?? ??ae/oaeiaiiy cieea? iaeiicia/i?noue ?
?ai?io-i?noue ? a?aeiia?aeiino? aa?aaeueieo ? ?eii?/ieo neeaae?ee?a
ieanoe/-iiai ia?ac?. I?iaeaia anoaiiaeaiiy oeeo a?aeiia?aeiino?e
ae??oo-?oueny eiaeiiai ?aco ie?aii, a?aeiia?aeii ?i eiie?aoi??
iinoaiia?e oai?/i?i caaaeaiiy, ? ia? oi?eaeueiee oa?aeoa?. I?e ?ueiio
nioe?i-eoeueoo?iee eiioaeno, a yeee caaeeaeai? ? nai ooaeiaeiee, ?
aa?-aaeuei? ? ?eii?/i? ciaeia? nenoaie, ?io?eie a?i iia?o?, aenooia?
iaaei??iei oiiaeii eoeueoo?ieo cia/aiue. Oea aeicaiey? eiaeai ?ac ie?aii
?noaiiae?aaoe ooeai? a?aeiia?aeiino? aeey iaea?aeaiiy eii-e?aoiiai ?
ia?aeiieeaiai ieanoe/iiai ia?aco. Oei naiei eiai o?aeoiaea iaaoaa?
eiie?aoii-?noi?e/iiai oa?aeoa?o. Ia?ac ia?a-noa? aooe iica/aniaei, ui
aoei oa?aeoa?iei aeey eaiii?/ii? oo-aeiaeiuei? nenoaie, ? ao?eth? niaith
ia o?eueee nthaeaoii-oaiaoe/io neooaoe?th, ?i ? eiai ci?noii, aea e
nioe?ieoeueoo?io neooaoe?th, a ye?e a?i noai?thaaany ? yea iaoiiaeea
ieai eiai ae?aaeaiiy.

A oiiaao iaeaiii?/ii? ooaeiaeiuei? ae?yeueiino? a i?ioean? noai?aiiy
a?coaeueiiai ia?ac? noeeathoueny iaeia c iaeiei ?iaeea?aeo-aeueia ?ai?/a
aiey ooaeiaeieea ? aieea ?iai?oiuei? nioe?ieoeueoo?ii? neooaoe??, ui
iaoiiaeth? oeth aieth. ?o c?oeiaiiy o ?aaeao ?iaee-a?aeoaeueiiai
ia?acioai?/iai aeina?aeo i?e?aiaeeoue aei aioo??oiuei? i?iaeaiiino? ?
eiioe?eoiino? oai?/ino?, ?aaaeyee /iio o eiaeiiai ie?aiiai iaeno?a
oi?io?oueny nai? ?iaeea?aeoaeuei? ? oi?eaeuei? ca-niae ?e??oaiiy
i?iaeai, ?i aeieeath?ue, ? ciyooy eiioe?eo?a. Ana oea ?i?yiiaaii ia
aeinyaiaiiy i?aai?/iino? ? aeineiiaeino? ieanoe/-iiai ia?ac?.

?icae?e 5 “Ca’ycie ?a?aaeueieo ? iaaa?aaeueieo cania?a o ia?acioai?/?e
a?yeueiino?” i?noeoue i?ae??cae?ee 5.1. “Ca’ycie ?a?-aaeueieo ?
iaaa?aaeueieo cania?a a eaiii?/i?e ooaeiaei?e ae?yeueiino?” ? 5.2.
“Oeiieia?y a?aeiioaiue, ui iia’ycothoue aa?aaeuei? oa iaaa?aa-euei?
caniae a iaeaiii?/i?e ooaeiaei?e ae?yeueiino?”.

O eaiii?/i?e ooaeiaei?e ae?yeueiino? ?? ooieoe?iiaeuei? iiceoe?? oaa?aei
cae??ieai? ca o/anieeaie ?a?acioai?/iai aeoo, /ei ia-oiiaeaia no?ee?noue
? iiaoi?thaai?noue o /an? “i?e?iaeiiai” a?aeoai-?aiiy ia?ac?. O
iaeaiii?/i?e — i?ioeaaeo?a iiooeo ieanoe/iiai ??oaiiy iaaoaa?
i??i?eoaoiiai nieneo. Iiooe ? eiai ?acoeueoao caeaaeaoue ye a?ae
nioe?ieoeueoo?ieo oiia ooaeiaeiuei? ae?yeueiino?, oae ? a?ae iniaenoeo
yeinoae ooaeiaeieea, ??ae eiai aieueiaeo coneeue, ? ia-aoaathoue
“ooo/iiai” oa?aeoa?o.

Caa?iaiiy aei i?ioeano noai?aiiy aeeo?eieo ?eii, ?ine?aeaea-iiai a
aeena?oaoe??, aeicaiey? a?aeaa?iooeny a?ae ae?? aeiaaeeiaeo oae-oi??a ?
aeyaeoe oi?aa?naeueiee iaoai?ci neioaco aa?aaeueii? ? ?ei-i?/ii?
ciaeiaeo nenoai ? ooaeiaei?e a?yeueiino?. Oeei iaoai?ciii ? aeo
?a?acioai?/i? a?yeueiino? c iaai?ii ooieoe?iiaeueieo iiceoe?e, ui eiai
caaacia/othoue.

Aeey aeinyaiaiiy ?oeaii? ainoia??iino? ia?aco iio??ai? nia-oe?aeuei?
in?oioaoi?/i? i?eeiie, ui aaiaeyoue niiaeyaea/a a noai, a yeiio iiaeeeaa
ni?eeiyooy aeooiaiiai aeina?aeo. ? eaiii?/i?e ne-noai? ?th
ooieoe?iiaeueio ?ieue a?ae?a?aaaee i?noe/i? aeae?iiy; ? ia-eaiii?/i?e —
oaioac?y ? oyaeaiiy. Iio??aia oaeiae niaoe?aeueia ?a-oeaen?y oeueiai
aeina?aeo, ui ia?aaiaeeoue ni?eeiyoo aeinoia??i?noue a iiene, ye? iiaeia
ao?eeoe a ?eii?/i? ia?ace ca aeiiiiiaith ?yaea ia-oiaee/ii (oiaoi
iine?aeiaii, iaeei ca ae?oaei) i?aai?ciaaieo i?e-eii?a.

Oey ?aoeaen?y aeicaiey? a?ae??ciyoe a ??ioean? noai?aii? ci-a?aaeaiiy
neio?ii?th ? ae?ao?ii?th ?nioaaiiy ?eii?/iiai ia?ac?. Ai-ie
oa?aeoa?ecothoueny iaiaeiaeiaei ?oaaeaiiyi ooaeiaeieea aei ooieoe?e
oiiieia?/iiai ? oeiieia?/iiai iien?a a caeaaeiino? a?ae oi-ai, ui naia
noaiiaeoue yae?i ieanoe/iiai ia?ac? — oi?ioeo oei?, — oiaoi
caa??aa?oueny a iaaeioi?eaiino?, a ui aaaaea?oueny eiai nieneiaith
ia??oa???th, ci?ia yei? ia aee?eaey? ia?ac.

O eaiii?/i?e ooaeiaei?e ae?yeueiino? iaa?? oeeo ?ciae eiiaai-oe??ii
aeae?eaiee caa/anii, a iaeaiii?/i?e a?i aa??th?oueny ye e?eue-e?nii, oae
? ye?nii ?a aeaaae?ith aaoi?a ? caeaaeeoue a?ae oa?aeoa?o ii-noaiiaee
oai?/i?i ca?aeaiiy. Oei naiei aeooae?co?oueny iiceoe?y ooaeiaeieea ?iai
noai?thaaiiai ia?aco.

O eaiii?/i?e nenoai? ooaeiaeiuei? ae?yeueiino? ?oaaeaiiy oo-aeiaeieea
aei noai?thaaiiai ?eanoe/iiai ia?aco iineoue ?iia?ni-iaeueiee oa?aeoa? ?
ia ? i?aaeiaoii ?iaeea?aeoaeueiiai aeai?o. Ae-a??, iia’ycaiee ?c
oi?ioaaiiyi niaoeeo?/ii? onoaiiaee na?aeiiino?, aeooae?co?oueny a
iaeaiii?/i?e ooaeiaei?e ae?yeueiino? a oiiaao, eiee ? ioi/o?/iio ??
nioe?ieoeueoo?iiio eiioaeno? anoaiiaeth?oueny “ii?iaoeaiee ieth?ae?ci”,
iia’ycaiee ?c ?o?a?ith i??i?eoaoii? ?i-e? aoaeue-yei? c ii?iaoeaieo
anoaoe/ieo nenoai.

Aeae?eythoueny /ioe?e oeie oaeeo ?noaiiaie na?aeiiino?:
ia’-?eoii-eiino?oeoi?nueeee, i?aaeiaoii-oa?aeoa?enoe/iee,
i?inoi-?iai-ieanoe/iee, ciaeiai-?aeaia?ao?/i?e. Aiie aecia/athoue aacia?
i?aeoiaee ooaeiaeieea aei ?ioa?i?aoaoe?? iaoo?e a aeeaiien?, ia ?o
in-iia? oi?iothoueny a?aeiia?aei? i?aaeiaoe cia?aaeaiiy ? oeie oai?/eo
ca?aeaiue, a oaeiae aeaoaeiaothoueny oaiiiaiieia?/i? aa?aaeuei?
iii-ceoe??, ye? aeicaieythoue noai?thaaoe aaeaeaaoi? i?aaeiaoo
cia?aaeaiiy eiai oiiieia?/iee ? oeiieia?/iee iiene.

“Iaeeaaeai?y” oiai aai ?ioiai oeio ?eanoe/iiai a?aeii-oaiiy ooaeiaeieea
aei iaoo?e ia o?aaeeoe?eio aeai?iao noaio i?aa-i?caoe?? ?eanoe/iiai
ia?ac?, ui caeaaeeoue a?ae i?e?iaee ia’?eoa ci-a?aaeaiiy, noai?th?
??ae/oaeith?/ee aoaeo, yeee neoaeeoue i?aeaeuai-ith ae?aciino? oai?o,
ni?ey? iiya? aino?iai oi?iaeueiiai ??oaiiy. Ia’?eoii-eiino?oeoi?nueeee ?
ciaeiai-?aeaia?ao?/iee oeie ?aey-thoue niaith e?aei? aeiaaeee
?ioa?i?aoaoe?? iaoo?e, ia?oee ?c ?eo i?eaiaeeoue aei iiaii? ?o?aoe
ia’?eoa a cia?aaeaii?, aei aaci?aae-iaoiino?, ae?oaee aea — aei
ia?aoai?aiiy cia?aaeaiiy a naii???iee ia’?eo. Iaea?eueo iioe?ai? a
ooaeiaei?e i?aeoeoe? i?aaeiaoii-oa?ae-oa?enoe/iee ?
i?inoi?iai-ieanoe/iee oeie ?ioa?i?aoaoe?? iaoo?e, ye? aeathoue
i?ioeeaaei? oa?aeoa?enoeee oaiiiaio iiae?aiino?. ?o aiaeii/an
aca?iica’ycie ? i?ioenoaaeaiiy ? noai?ththoue iaiao?aeiee aeey
a?ae/oaeithth/iai aoaeoo ia?aeaeeci “ii?iaeueieo” oa “aenoea-neaieo”
i?iya?a ooaeiaeiueiai ??oaiiy oi?ie.

AENIIAEE

1. Ieanoe/ia ieneaiiy oa?aeoa??co?oueny aioo??oi?i noia-?a/eeaith
?aei?noth — “iaceeoii? ? ia?icae?eueii?” — aa?aaeueiiai ? ?eii?/iiai
ia/ae, ye? a noeoiiino? caaacia/othoue aeeoo?ao eii-e?aoi?noue ?
eoeueoo?io nieneiiane/ai?noue cia?aaeaiiy, ui noai-?th?oueny
ooaeiaeieeii. Nieneiaei eiioaenoii, a yeiio noa? iiae-eeaei anoaiiaeaiiy
iaeiicia/iiai ? aca?iiia?aoai?thaaiiai ca’yc-eo i?ae aa?aaeueiith ?
?eii?/iith ciaeiaeie nenoaiaie a ia?aci-oai?/?e ae?yeueiino?, ?
iiae?ai?noue cia?aaeaiiy ? cia?aaeoaaiiai. Ai-ia ia?
eoeueoo?ii-?noi?e/iee oa?aeoa?.

2. Ni?aa?aeianaiiy aa?aaeueieo ? ?eii?/ieo ciaeiaeo nenoai oi?io? a
ieanoe/iiio ieneaii? iniaeeao oaenoiao ae?eni?noue — ciaeiaeo
ii?oieia?e, — ?i ooieoe?? yei? aoiaeeoue iiaeaethaaiiy iiae?aiino? ??ae
cia?aaeaiiy? ? cia?aaeoaai?i a ia?acioai?/?e a?-yeueiino?. A ?? ?aaeao
niiniae na?aeiiiai iia?oaaiiy a?coaeueiith oi?iith, ui neeaeenue
?noi?e/ii, ni?aa?aeiinyoueny c aeooaeueieie eoeueoo?ieie cia/aiiyie.

3. Acaaae? aeae?eythoueny neooaoe?y “ii?iaeueiiai” ooieoe?iio-aaiiy
?a?acioai?/i? a?yeueiino? ? neooaoe?y “aenoean?a”. O ia?oiio aeiaaeeo a
i?ioean? noai?aiiy cia?aaeaiiy i??i??oaoiei ? i?aaiai-iy aei??eioaaoen?
ii?i ? i?aaee ?i?ioaaiiy ? ni?eeiaiiy iea-noe/iiai ia?ac?, ye? neeaeenue
o noni?euenoa?. O ae?oaiio — i??i?e-oaoiei ? iaiaaaiiy ii?oo?aaoe
anoaiiaeai? ii?i? ? i?aaee? ? neeaaea?e iia?.

4. Iaoai?ciii aeeth/aiiy ciaeiaeo ii?oieia?e a ia?aci-oai?/th
a?yeuei?noue ? neooaoe?y ??ae/oaeiaiiy. ?iia a?oeo?eo? “ii?-iaeueio”
neooaoe?th ? ii?e?iaeith? neooaoe?th “aenoean?a”. Oei naiei aiia
aeooae?co? iiiceoe?th “i?e?iaeiiai” — “ooo/iiai”, yea noa?
nieneiii?iaeaeoth/ei aeaea?aeii cia/aiue, ui ao?eththoueny o
iea-noe/iiio ia?ac?.

5. Neioac aa?aaeueii? ? ?eii?/ii? neeaaeiaeo ? i?ioean? noai-?aiiy
cia?aaeaiiy caaacia/o?oueny iaai?ii ooieoe?iiaeueieo ? ?ao-eaeneaieo
iiceoe?e aeo? ia?acioai?/i? ae?yeueiino?. ? ?aaeuei?e oo-aeiaei?e
i?aeoeoe? naiiaecia/aiiy ?eooey a oeeo iiceoe?yo ?aoiia-eaia
nioe?ieoeueoo?i?ie ?anoaaeiaie, a yeeo noai?th?oueny ?eii?/-iee ia?ac,
oai?/ei iaoiaeii ooaeiaeieea ? ?anoinoaaiiyi ??ci?-iai?oieo
in?oioaoi?/ieo i?eeii?a.

6. O i?ioean? noai?aiiy cia?aaeaiiy ?eae?eythoueny ?ioe?e aa-ciaeo oei?
ieanoe/iiai a?aeiioaiiy ooaeiaeieea aei ?ioa?i?aoaoe?? iaoo?e, ui
anoaiiaeththoue anioe?aoeaiee ca’ycie i?ae ?a?aaeueieie ? iaaa?aaeueieie
caniaaie a ia?acioai?/?e ae?yeueiino?: ia’?eoii-eiino?oeoi?nueeee,
i?aaeiaoii-oa?aeoa?enoe/iee, i?inoi?iai-iea-noe/iee ?
ciaeiai-?aeaia?ao?/iee. ? noeoiiino? c ?nioth/eie aeai-?iaeie noaiaie
i?aai?c?oe?? ia’?eo? cia?aaeaiiy oe? aacia? oeie ia ??ai? ciaeiai?
ii?oieia?? noaiiaeyoue ??ae/oaeith?/ee iaoai?ci o i?ioean? noai?aiiy
cia?aaeaiiy.

NIENIE IIOAE?EIAAIEO ?IA?O

1. Ieanoeea e oaeno a ooaeiaeanoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe — Oa?ueeia:
Iniiaa, 1997. — 260 n. (21,1 ae.a.);

2. Ooaeiaeiy eoeueoo?a Neia?aenueei? Oe?a?ie — Oa?e?a: Iaoe. th?. aeaae.
Oe?a?ie, 1995. — 107 n. (6.3/1.7 ae.a.). (O ni?aaaoi?noa? c Iaaeiaith
I.A., Na?aetheii I.A., Aiooiiaith A.ss., Aoaeaie I.I., Iaioeiaith A.N.,
?iiaiaiei A.A., O?aaai A.I.);

3. Ooaeiaeiy eoeueoo?a. Nei?i/aiee neiaiee oe?a?inueeith oa
?in?e-nueeith iiaaie — Oa?e?a: Iaoe. th?. aeaae. Oe?a?ie, 1996. — 252 n.
(15,0/0,5 ae.a.). (O ni?aaaoi?noa? c Aio/eiith E.A., Ea?iiaith I.I.,
Eieani?eiaith I.A., Eooeeiith A.I., Eiciaei A.I., Iaaeiaith I.A.,
Iaioeiaith A.N., Na?aetheii I.A., Oa?oe/iith A.O., Oeaiei I.A.);

4. Ynoaoeea. Eiiniaeo eaeoeee — Oa?ueeia: Iei, 1997. — 240 n. (12,0/3,0
ae.a.). (O ni?aaaoi?noa? c Eieani?eiaith I.A., Iaaeiaith I.A.);

5. Iniiae ooaeiaeiuei? eoeueoo?e. *anoeia 1. Oai??y oa ?noi??y na?oi-ai?
ooaeiaeiuei? eoeueoo?e — Oa?e?a: Iniiaa, 1997. — 320 n. (19,0/1.5
ae.a.). (O ni?aaaoi?noa? c Aio/eiith E.A., Ea?iiaith I.I., Eieani?eiaith
I.A., Eo?eianueeith A.I., Eiciaei A.I., Iaioeiaith A.N., Na?aetheii
I.A., Oa?oe/iith A.O.);

6. Eaai?aoi?ey / Eaoaeia aunoaaee aeeaiiene e a?aoeee A.Aiea-ieuaaa,
A.Eunaiei, A.Oeei, A.THooiaia — Oa?ueeia: Eei, 1996. — 28 n. (0,62
ae.a.);

7. *a?ou Einiina a iiyoe/aneie oiiieiaee aeeeeua // A?oeoae-oo?a e
a?aaeino?ieoaeuenoai. — Oao?. 1. Ioa/anoaaiiue iiuo — 1990. — ? 5. — N.
27-30 (0.15 ae.a.);

8. I?iaeaia aoiaieoa?ecaoeee eiaeaia?iiai i?iaeoe?iaaiey n oi/ee c?aiey
ynoaoeee // Aanoiee Oa?ueeianeiai iieeoaoie/aneiai einoeoooa-1/92. —
Iao/ii-iaoiaee/aneea i?iaeaiu aeoeaecaoeee iiciaaaoaeueiie
aeayoaeueiinoe nooaeaioia. — Aui.5 — Oa?ueeia: Iniiaa, 1992. — N. 86-90.
(0.25 ae.a.);

9. I?iaeaiaoeea oai?/aneiai naiiii?aaeaeaiey a iinoiiaiaa?i-iaeneoth
yiioo: io ynoaoeee aeayoaeueiinoe e i?aeoe/aneie iiyoeea // Ec enoi?ee
?onneie ynoaoe/aneie iunee / Iaaeaoc. na. iao/. o?oaeia — NIa.,
Ia?aciaaiea, 1993. — N. 98-108. (0,5 ae.a.);

10. Aaiiao?e/aneee iiioaae Aeoaeey Eoeeeiaa // Noi?aion — 1994. — ? 4. —
N. 12 (0,25 ae.a.);

11. “Aaoi?” e “aa?ie” a ii?o?aoa e iaecaaea // Naaeueiay
iaaeaeoia-?iaeiay Aaooeineay eiioa?aioeey. Na. o?oaeia. — O.1. — I.:
IAIO, 1995. — N. 185-192. (0,25 ae.a.);

12. Iaoiaeieiaey e iiyoeea // Iaoiae: a/a?a, naaiaeiy / Ii iaoa?ea-eai 1
Iaoiaeieiae/aneiai eiia?anna — I.: OEI, 1995. (0,15 ae.a.);

13. E i?iaeaia aaeeinoaa iao/iiai e ooaeiaeanoaaiiiai iuoeaiey a yiioo
iicaeiaai N?aaeiaaaeiauey e ?aiiaai Aic?iaeaeaiey // Oai?-/a, i?aeoe/ia
? e?eoe/ia ieneaiiy — AEeoiie?, 1997. — N. 111-112. (0,2 ae.a.);

14. Iaoaoi?a — eneonnoai — ea?a // Eoeueoo?a o o?einio?? OO noie?ooy.
Iaoa??aee IV Oa?e?anueeeo i?aeia?iaeieo Neiai?iaeei?a-nueeeo /eoaiue —
Oa?e?a: Iniiaa, 1997. — N. 392-394. (0,2 ae.a.). (O ni?aaaoi?noa? c
Ioiaeeeii ss.E.);

15. AEeaiienue 20 a.: iiaea?i—iiaea?ieci—iinoiiaea?i — Eoeue-oo?a eee
Iaoo?a? // Eoeueoo?a o o?einio?? OO noie?ooy. Iaoa??aee IV Oa?e?anueeeo
i?aeia?iaeieo Neiai?iaeei?anueeeo /eoaiue — Oa?e?a: Iniiaa, 1997. — N.
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16. Ia niia?acoynue n aaeii nei (caiaoee i oai?/anoaa ooaeiaeieea
A.I.Eoeeeiaa) // O?aaeeoe?? oa iiaaoe?? o aeu?e a?o?oaeoo?ii-ooaeiae-i?e
ina?o?. — Aei. 5. — Oa?e?a: OOI?, 1997. — N. 93-103. (1,0 ae.a.);

17. I?aia?acoynue iaiiaeaieai oia (caiaoee i oai?/anoaa ooaeiae-ieea
A.I.Eoeeeiaa) // O?aaeeoe?? oa iiaaoe?? o aeu?e a?o?oaeoo?ii-ooaeiaei?e
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18. O?aaeeoeee e nia?aiaiiinoue a oai?/aneii iienea A.Eunaiei //
O?aaeeoe?? oa iiaaoe?? o aeu?e a?o?oaeoo?ii-ooaeiaei?e ina?o?. — Aei. 6.
— Oa?e?a: OOI?, 1997. — N. 49-51. (0,3 ae.a.);

19. I iiieiaiee noiaenoaa a eaiiie/aneie e iaeaiiie/aneie
oo-aeiaeanoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe // O?aaeeoe?? oa iiaaoe?? o aeu?e
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20. ?aiei e Na?ia: aeaa iiaeoiaea e ii?o?aoo // O?aaeeoe?? oa iiaaoe?? o
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21. A?eai??e Aiiaea?aiei ? oa?e?anueea oeiea a?ao?ee // Oa?e?a 1930—1940
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Oa?e?a: Ciaiiy, 1998. — N. 155-158 (0,35 ae.a.);

22. ?acaeoea i?iaeaiaoeee noeey a a?oeoaeoo?ii-ooaeiaeanoaaiiie oai?ee
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35. A.A.Aiiaea?aiei — iaenoa? i?iaeoe?eiiai iaethiea // Oa?e?a-nueeee
ooaeiaeiuei-i?iieneiaee ?inoeooo. Iaoa??aee iaoe.-iaoiae. eiio.
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Oeei I.A. Iaaa?aaeuei? ? aa?aaeuei? caniae a ia?acioai?/?e ae?yeueiino?
— ?oeiien.

Aeena?oaoe?y ia caeiaoooy iaoeiaiai nooiaiy aeieoi?a ienoaoeoaiciaanoaa
ca niaoe?aeuei?noth 17.00.01 — oai??y oa ?noi??y eoeueoo?e. Oa?e?anueea
aea?aeaaia aeaaeai?y eoeueoo?e. Oa?e?a, 1998.

O aeena?oaoe?? aeine?aeaeo?oueny aca?iica’ycie aa?aaeueieo oa ?eii?/ieo
cania?a ieanoe/iiai ieneaiiy, ye? caaacia/othoue iiae?ai?noue
cia?aaeaiiy ? oiai, ui cia?aaeo?oueny. O no?oeoo?? aeoo ia?acioai?/i?
ae?yeueiino? aeae?eaia niaoe?aeueia nai?ioe/ia eiino?oeoe?y, yea
caaacia/o? eiie?aoi?noue ieanoe/iiai ia?aco, — oae caaia ciaeiaa
ii?oieia?y. Aeine?aeaeai? ?? no?oeoo?a oa ooieoe?? neeaaeath/eo ??
aeaiaio?a — oiiieia?/iiai ? oeiieia?/iiai iien?a ? eaiii?/iiai c?aceo.
I?iaiae?ciaaii iaoai?ci, yeee aeeth/a? ciaeiao ii?oieia?th aei
ia?acioai?/i? ae?yeueiino?, — oae caaia neooaoe?y a?ae/oaeiaiiy.
Aeyaeai? ?? no?oeoo?a ? aacia? i?ioeaaeo?e — a?oeo?eaoe?? ?
ii?e?iaeiaiiy. Iiaoaeiaaia oeiieia?y iniiaieo oi?i ieanoe/iiai
a?aeiioaiiy ooaeiaeieea aei iaoo?e, ca aeiiiiiaith yeeo iiaeeeaa ??
?ioa?i?aoaoe?y. Iniiai? ?acoeueoaoe ?iaioe ciaeoee aeei?enoaiiy o
iaaeaaia?/i?e ? oai?/?e i?aeoeoe?.

Eeth/ia? neiaa: ia?acioai?/a ae?yeuei?noue, aa?aaeuei? oa ?eii?/i?
caniae, ciaeiaa ii?oieia?y, oiiieia?/iee ? oeiieia?/iee iiene,
eaiii?/iee c?acie, neooaoe?y a?ae/oaeiaiiy.

Oeei A.A. Iaaa?aaeueiua e aa?aaeueiua n?aaenoaa a ecia?aceoaeueiie
aeayoaeueiinoe — ?oeiienue.

Aeenna?oaoeey ia nieneaiea o/aiie noaiaie aeieoi?a eneonnoaiaaaeaiey ii
niaoeeaeueiinoe 17.00.01 — oai?ey e enoi?ey eoeueoo?u. Oa?ueeianeay
ainoaea?noaaiiay aeaaeaiey eoeueoo?u. Oa?ueeia, 1998.

A aeenna?oaoeee enneaaeoaony acaeiinaycue aa?aaeueiuo e eeiie/aneeo
n?aaenoa ieanoe/aneiai iuoeaiey, eioi?ua iaania/eaatho iiaeiaea
ecia?aaeaiey e ecia?aaeaaiiai. A no?oeoo?a aeoa ecia?aceoaeueiie
aeayoaeueiinoe auaeaeaia niaoeeaeueiay naieioe/aneay eiino?oeoeey,
iaania/eaathuay eiie?aoiinoue ieanoe/aneiai ia?aca, — oae iacuaaaiay
ciaeiaay ii?oieiaey. Enneaaeiaaia aa no?oeoo?a e ooieoeee ninoaaeythueo
aa yeaiaioia — oiiieiae/aneiai e oeiieiae/aneiai iienaiee e
eaiiie/aneiai ia?acoea. I?iaiaeece?iaai iaoaieci aeeth/aiey ciaeiaie
ii?oieiaee a ecia?aceoaeueioth aeayoaeueiinoue — oae iacuaaaiay
neooaoeey ino?aiaiey. Auyaeaia aa no?oeoo?a e aaciaua i?ioeaaeo?u —
a?oeoeeaoeee e ianoanoaeaiey. Iino?iaia oeiieiaey iniiaiuo oi?i
ieanoe/aneiai ioiioaiey ooaeiaeieea e iaoo?a, n iiiiuueth eioi?uo
aiciiaeia aa eioa?i?aoaoeey a ecia?aceoaeueiie aeayoaeueiinoe. Iniiaiua
?acoeueoaou enneaaeiaaiey iaoee i?eiaiaiea a iaaeaaiae/aneie e
oai?/aneie i?aeoeea.

Eeth/aaua neiaa: ecia?aceoaeueiay aeayoaeueiinoue, aa?aaeueiua e
eeiie/aneea n?aaenoaa, ciaeiaay ii?oieiaey, oiiieiae/aneia e
oeiieiae/aneia iienaiey, eaiiie/aneee ia?acaoe, neooaoeey ino?aiaiey.

Shilo A.V. The non-verbal and verbal means in the imitative art activity
— A manuscript.

The thesis for a doctor’s of the study of art degree by speciality
17.00.01 — theory and history of culture. Kharkov State academy of
culture. Kharkov, 1998.

The interdependence of the verbal and imitative means of plastic
thinking have been researched in the thesis. A special semiotic
construction, securing concrete perception of the plastic image, a so
called symbolic morfology, has been singled out in the structure of the
imitative act. The structure and functions of the elements, such as the
topological and typological descriptions and the canon standard, making
up this morphology, have been researched by the author. The mechanism of
including of this symbolic morphology into the imitative activity, a so
called situation when an object can be reflected in the strange manner,
has been analysed in this work. The structure and basic procedures, the
artification and the adoption, of this situation have been revealed. The
typology of the main forms of the plastic treatment of an artist for the
nature, with the help of which it may become possibl to make in
interpretation of the nature in the imitative activity has been created
by the author. The main results of this scientific research have been
used in teaching and in creative activity.

Key words: imitative activity, verbal and imitative means, symbolic
morfology, topological and typological descriptions, canon standard.

A?aeiia?aeaeueiee ca aeione —

aeieoi? o?einionueeeo iaoe, i?ioani? A.I.Eiciaie.

I?aeienaii aei ae?oeo 25.08.1998. Oi?iao iaia?o 60o90 1/16. Iai??
ionaoiee. A?aeae?oeiaaii ia ?ecia?ao?. Oiiai. ae?oe a?e. 2,0.
Iae?e.-aeae. a?e. 1,0. Oe?aae 100 i?ei. Cai. ? 386.

Ae?oea?iy

Iaoe?iiaeueii? th?eaee/ii? aeaaeai?? Oe?a?ie ?i. ss?ineaaa Ioae?iai.

310024, Oa?e?a-24, aoe. Iooe?inueea, 77.

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