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Організаційно-правові питання забезпечення захисту прав споживачів в сфері якості товарів: Автореф. дис… канд. юрид. наук / Т.О. Кагал, Київ. ун-т і

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_ EE?ANUeEEE OI?AA?NEOAO ?IAI? OA?ANA OAA*AIEA

Eaaae Oa?an Ieaen?eiae/

OAeE 366.544

I?AAI?CAOe?EII-I?AAIA? IEOAIIss

CAAACIA*AIIss CAOENOO I?AA NIIAEEAA*?A A

NOA?? ssEINO? OIAA??A

Niaoe?aeuei?noue 12.00.07. – Oai??y
oi?aae?iiy;

aaei?i?no?aoeaia i?aai ? i?ioean;

o?iainiaa i?aai

Aaoi?aoa?ao

aeena?oaoe?? ia caeiaoooy iaoeiaiai
nooiaiy

eaiaeeaeaoa th?eaee/ieo
iaoe

Ee?a – 1998

Aeena?oaoe??th ? ?oeiien

?iaioa aeeiiaia ia eaoaae?? i?aaiaiai ?aaoethaaiiy aeiiii?ee Ee?anueeiai
iaoe?iiaeueiiai aeiiii?/iiai oi?aa?neoaoo I?i?noa?noaa ina?oe Oe?a?ie.

Iaoeiaee ea??aiee – aeieoi? th?eaee/ieo iaoe, i?ioani?,

Ii?eoei A?oae?e Oaaei?iae/,

/eai-ei?aniiiaeaio IAI Oe?a?ie,

aee?aeoi? ?inoeoooo caeiiiaeaanoaa
Aa?oiaii? ?aaee Oe?a?ie

Io?oe?ei? iiiiaioe: aeieoi? th?eaee/ieo iaoe,

N??aiei Aaneeue Oaaei?iae/,

/eai-ei?aniiiaeaio IAI Oe?a?ie, aieiaa
Eii?oaoo Aa?oiaii?

?aaee Oe?a?ie c ieoaiue i?aaiai?
?aoi?ie

eaiaeeaeao th?eaee/ieo iaoe,

Ooaoai Na?a?e Ieoaeeiae/,

aeioeaio eaoaae?e aaei?i?no?aoeaiiai
oa i?aeia?iaeiiai i?aaa

Aeaaeai?? NAO

I?ia?aeia onoaiiaa: Iaeanueea aea?aeaaia th?eaee/ia aeaaeai?y

Caoeno a?aeaoaeaoueny ” 9 ” ea?oiy
1999 ?. i 12 aiaeei?

ia can?aeaii? niaoe?ae?ciaaii? a/aii? ?aaee Ae 26.001.04 ii caoenoo
aeena?oaoe?e ia caeiaoooy iaoeiaiai nooiaiy aeieoi?a th?eaee/ieo iaoe
i?e Ee?anueeiio oi?aa?neoao? ?iai? Oa?ana Oaa/aiea (252017, i.Ee?a, aoe.
Aieiaeeie?nueea, 64)

C aeena?oaoe??th iiaeia iciaeiieoenue a a?ae?ioaoe? Ee?anueeiai
oi?aa?neoaoo ?iai? Oa?ana Oaa/aiea (252017, i. Ee?a, aoe.
Aieiaeeie?nueea,64)

Aaoi?aoa?ao ?ic?neaiee ” 4 ” aa?aciy 1999
?ieo

A/aiee nae?aoa?

niaoe?ae?ciaaii? a/aii? ?aaee

eaiaeeaeao th?eaee/ieo iaoe,

aeioeaio
N.A. Aia?iaiee

CAAAEUeIA OA?AEOA?ENOEEA ?IAIOE

Aeooaeuei?noue oaie aeine?aeaeaiiy. Anaa?/ia caaeiaieaiiy iio?aa
ianaeaiiy o oiaa?ao oe?ieiai niiaeeaaiiy caeaaeeoue, c?icoi?ei, ia eeoa
a?ae ?o e?eueeino?, aea e a?ae ?o yeino?. Oiio oiaa?e iiaeii?
ae?iaeyoeny ? ?aae?ciaoaaoeny o a?aeiia?aeiino? aei aeiia
ii?iaoeaii-oaoi?/ieo aeo?a, ui cae??ieththoue nenoaio a?aeiia?aeieo
iieaciee?a oa aeio?eiaiiy yeeo aea? iiaeeea?noue caaeiaieueieoe iio?aae
?o niiaeeaa/?a. I?e oeueiio ne?ae aeiiaaaoeny aoaeoeaiiai aeei?enoaiiy
iaoa??aeueieo, o?oaeiaeo, o?iainiaeo oa ?ioeo ?ano?n?a. Oni?oia
ae??oaiiy oeeo ieoaiue aaaaoi a /iio caeaaeeoue a?ae i?aai?caoe??
oi?aae?iiy a oe?e noa??, i?aaiaiai eiai ?aaoethaaiiy. Oiio
i?aai?caoe?eii-i?aaia? ieoaiiy caaacia/aiiy caoenoo i?aa niiaeeaa/?a a
iaeano? yeino? oiaa??a a oe?ieiio ieai? iiaeii? ?icaeyaeaoeny ii
iiaeeeaino? ?c a?aooaaiiyi aeiiii?/ieo, nioe?aeueieo oa th?eaee/ieo
aniaeo?a aeaii? i?iaeaie. Aaaeeeai, uia caaacia/aiiy yeino? oiaa??a o
an?o ?? i?iyaao ?icaeyaeaeiny ye oi?ia caoenoo i?aa oa caeiiieo
?ioa?an?a noni?euenoaa, ie?aieo a?iiaaeyi, aea?aeaae.

E??i oiai, c iaoi? oi/ee ci?o, i?e ?icaeyae? ieoaiue caaacia/aiiy
caoenoo i?aa niiaeeaa/?a a noa?? yeino? oiaa??a iaiao?aeii a?aoiaoaaoe,
ui ae??oaiiy i?iaeaie yeino? oiaa??a ? iaeii/anii ? ae??oaiiyi i?iaeaie
?o e?eueeino?. Aaeaea i?e caaeiaieaii? iaaieo iio?aa niiaeeaa/?a
oiaa?aie aeui? yeino? ?o iio??aii cia/ii iaioa, a ii??aiyii? c oei, yeui
a oe? iio?aae caaeiaieueiyeenue oiaa?aie c a??oeie ye?nieie iieacieeaie.

Aeuaaeeeaaeaia aea? iiaeeea?noue i?aee?aneeoe iniaeeao
aeooaeuei?noue ieoaiue caaacia/aiiy yeino? oiaa??a ye aaaeeeaiai caniao
caoenoo i?aa niiaeeaa/?a. Oiio a ?ioa?anao niiaeeaa/a ne?ae caaacia/eoe
iaeaaeiee eiio?ieue ? iaaeyae ca ye?noth oiaa??a c aieo aea?aeaaieo
i?aai?a oa a?iiaaenueeeo i?aai?caoe?e.

I?aaeiaoii aeena?oaoe?eiiai aeine?aeaeaiiy ? nenoaia
ii?iaoeaii-i?aaiaeo aeo?a, ui ?aaoeththoue a?aeiineie uiaei caoenoo i?aa
niiaeeaa/?a a noa?? yeino? oiaa??a, i?aeoeea ae?yeueiino? aea?aeaaieo
i?aai?a oa iaaea?aeaaieo i?aai?caoe?e a oe?e noa??, a oaeiae e?oa?aoo?i?
oa ?io? aeaea?aea, ye? noinothoueny oeo ieoaiue, ui aeine?aeaeothoueny a
aeai?e ?iaio?.

Ia`?eoii aeena?oaoe?eiiai aeine?aeaeaiiy ? ??ciia?/ia ca nai?i
ci?noii ? ianyaii nenoaia noni?eueieo a?aeiinei, ui oa?aeoa?ecothoue
i?ioean caaacia/aiiy i?aa niiaeeaa/?a a noa?? yeino? oiaa??a.

Ca`ycie ?iaioe c iaoeiaeie i?ia?aiaie, ieaiaie, oaiaie.

Oaia aeena?oaoe?? aoea caoaa?aeaeaia ??oaiiyi A/aii? ?aaee
Ee?anueeiai iaoe?iiaeueiiai aeiiii?/iiai oi?aa?neoaoo oa a?aeiia?aea?
i?iaeaiaoeoe? aeine?aeaeaiue eaoaae?e i?aaiaiai ?aaoethaaiiy aeiiii?ee.
Aea?aiee iai?yiie aeine?aeaeaiue o?nii iia`ycaiee c aeeeaaeaiiyi
iaa/aeueieo eo?n?a “Ainiiaea?nueea i?aai”, “Aaei?i?no?aoeaia i?aai”,
“I?aei?e?iieoeueea i?aai”, “I?aaiciaanoai”, “I?aaiaa caaacia/aiiy yeino?
i?iaeoeoe??”. A?i iai/ii aeaiiino?o? nenoaio caeiiiaeaanoaa a
aeine?aeaeoaai?e noa??, i?noea eiie?aoiiai noa`?eoa a nenoai? i?aai?a
oi?aae?iiy ye?noth oiaa??a, i?aaiaee noaoon aea?aeaaieo i?aai?a oa
iaaea?aeaaieo no?oeoo?, i?eioeeie, ooieoe??, oi?ie ? iaoiaee ?o
ae?yeueiino? i?e caoeno? i?aa niiaeeaa/?a.

Iai?yiie o?nii iia`ycaiee ? c aaeocaaeie oa aea?aeaaieie ieaiaie oa
i?ia?aiaie. A?i aea? ciiao a?eueo aeeaiei c?icoi?oe caaaeaiiy ?icaoaeiae
iacaeaaeii? aea?aeaae a Oe?a?i?, ?iaeoe iaa?oioiaai? aeniiaee uiaei
i?eaeaoiino? eiie?aoiiai ?noi?e/ii-i?aaiaiai aeina?aeo iiaeieaiiy
aeiiii?/ii? e?ece ca oiia no/anii? Oe?a?ie, ia?aaeaa/eoe iane?aeee
?aae?caoe?? aea?aeaaii? iie?oeee a noa?? caoenoo i?aa niiaeeaa/?a.

Iniiaia iaoa aeena?oaoe?eiiai aeine?aeaeaiiy iieyaa? o eiiieaeniiio
aea/aii? ye oai?aoe/ieo, oae ? i?aeoe/ieo i?aai?caoe?eii-i?aaiaeo
ieoaiue caaacia/aiiy i?aa niiaeeaa/?a a noa?? yeino? oiaa??a. C oe??th
iaoith aeena?oaio iinoaaea ia?aae niaith ianooii? caaaeaiiy:

a) i?iaiae?coaaoe /eiia caeiiiaeaanoai, ui ?aaoeth? a?aeiineie
uiaei caaacia/aiiy i?aa niiaeeaa/?a a noa?? yeino? oiaa??a, oa aecia/eoe
eiai i?noea a nenoai? caeiiiaeaanoaa Oe?a?ie;

a) aecia/eoe oa i?iaiae?coaaoe nenoaio, i?aaiaee noaoon oa i?noea
aea?aeaaieo oa iaaea?aeaaieo no?oeoo?, ui caaacia/othoue caoeno i?aa
niiaeeaa/a;

a) ?ice?eoe iaoai?ci aca?iiae?? nenoaie ii?i, i?aaiaeo ?inoeooo?a,
aaeocae i?aaa, ??cieo iaoiae?a i?aaiaiai ?aaoethaaiiy oa i?aai?caoe?eieo
caoiae?a, ui aeei?enoiaothoueny i?e caaacia/aii? i?aa niiaeeaa/?a a
ia?ai?e aeey aeine?aeaeaiiy noa??;

a) ocaaaeueieoe oa i?iaiae?coaaoe i?aeoeeo canoinoaaiiy
caeiiiaeaanoaa aea?aeaaieie i?aaiaie, i?aei?e?iieoeueeeie no?oeoo?aie oa
a?iiaaenueeeie i?aai?caoe?yie, yea iieeeeaia caaacia/oaaoe caoeno i?aa
oa caeiiieo ?ioa?an?a niiaeeaa/?a o noa?? yeino? oiaa??a;

ae) noi?ioethaaoe ia iniia? aeine?aeaeaiiy aeniiaee oa ?ic?iaeoe
i?iiiceoe?? uiaei oaeineiiaeaiiy nenoaie i?aai?a, ?o i?aaiaiai noaoono,
a oaeiae /eiiiai caeiiiaeaanoaa a cacia/ai?e noa?? oa i?aeoeee eiai
canoinoaaiiy.

Iaoiaeieia?/ia oa oai?aoe/ia iniiaa aeine?aeaeaiiy. A iniiao ?iaioe
iieeaaeai? ae?aeaeoe/iee, eia?/iee, ii??aiyeueiee, noaoenoe/iee,
nenoaiiee oa ?noi?e/iee iaoiaee iaoeiaiai aeine?aeaeaiiy.

A i?ioean? aeine?aeaeaiiy caieaiiaaieo ieoaiue aeena?oaioii
aeei?enoiaoaaeenue aeniiaee a/aieo, ye? caeiaeeny caaaeueieie i?iaeaiaie
oai??? aea?aeaae oa i?aaa, eiinoeoooe?eiiai oa aaei?i?no?aoeaiiai i?aaa,
aea?aeaaiiai oi?aae?iiy oa ?yaeo ?ioeo aaeocae th?eaee/ii? iaoee.
Iniaeeaa oaaaa aoea i?eae?eaia i?aoeyi a/aieo-th?eno?a, ye? caeiaeeny
aeine?aeaeaiiyi ??ciianiaeoieo i?iaeai caaacia/aiiy yeino? i?iaeoeoe??
(oiaa??a), cie?aia, A.E. A?eaoiaa, E.?. A?ineaanueeiai, A.I. A?eaaiiaa,
I.A. ?iaeueyiiai?, A.I. Caii?iaeoey, I.A. E?anaa/eeiaa, A.A. Eooey,
ss.A. Eoieea, A.E. Iaiooiaa, A.E. Iaoiiaa, A.?. Iiainueieiaa, A.I.
Ia?eceiaa, A.O. Ii?eoea, A.ss. Oaoe?y, A.ss. Oaeaia, A.N. Oaeanoiaa,
A.ss. ssc?aa oa ?ioeo. Naia aiie aeine?aeeee oe?ieee niaeo? i?aaiaeo
i?iaeai yeino? oa noaiaea?oecaoe?? i?iaeoeoe?? (oiaa??a).. ?acii c oei
ne?ae cacia/eoe,

?aeaaii? i?aai?caoe?? i?aaiaiai ?aaoethaaiiy caoenoo
i?aa niiaeeaa/?a, aecia/eoe oeyoe eiai oaeineiiaeaiiy a no/anieo oiiaao
ooieoe?iioaaiiy noni?euenoaa oa aea?aeaae.

Ia caoeno aeiinyoueny ianooii? iaoeia? iieiaeaiiy oa aeniiaee, a
yeeo a?aeaeaa?oueny iiaecia oeueiai aeine?aeaeaiiy:

1. sse?noue oiaa??a ye i?aaiaa eaoaai??y – oea noeoii?noue
niiaeea/eo aeanoeainoae, th?eaee/ii cae??ieaieo a noaiaea?oao, oaoi?/ieo
oiiaao, c?aceao (aoaeiiao), caoaa?aeaeaieo o anoaiiaeaiiio aea?aeaaith
ii?yaeeo aai coiiaeaieo aeiaiai?ii noi??i.

2. Caeiiiaeaanoai uiaei caaacia/aiiy i?aa niiaeeaa/?a a noa??
yeino? oiaa??a ? iaa?ae’?iiith /anoeiith iaoe?iiaeueiiai caeiiiaeaanoaa
? yaey? niaith i?aeaaeocaaee eiiieaeniee ?inoeooo caeiiiaeaanoaa
Oe?a?ie.

3. Ii?iaoeaii-i?aaia? aeoe, ui neeaaeathoue nenoaio /eiiiai
caeiiiaeaanoaa Oe?a?ie uiaei caaacia/aiiy i?aa niiaeeaa/?a a noa??
yeino? oiaa??a, iiaeia nenoaiaoecoaaoe a iaaeao /ioe?ueio a?oi: 1)
ii?iaoeaii-i?aaia? aeoe, ui a a?aeiia?aei?e oi?i? cae??ieththoue aeiiae
uiaei yeino? oiaa??a; 2) ii?iaoeaii-i?aaia? aeoe, ui cae??ieththoue
caoiaee th?eaee/iiai aieeao ia ii?ooiee?a aeiia uiaei yeino? oiaa??a; 3)
ii?iaoeaii-i?aaia? aeoe, ui cae??ieththoue i?aaiaee noaoon niiaeeaa/a;
4) ii?iaoeaii-i?aaia? aeoe, ui cae??ieththoue nenoaio i?aai?a, ye?
iiaeii? caaacia/oaaoe caoeno i?aa niiaeeaa/?a uiaei yeino? oiaa??a.

4. ?icaeoie a?aeiinei o noa?? caaacia/aiiy i?aa niiaeeaa/?a
noiniaii yeino? oiaa??a oa?aeoa?eco?oueny iiaeaeueoei c?inoaiiyi ?ie?
i?aaa a ?o ?aaoethaaii?.

5. I?aaie aea?aeaaiiai oi?aae?iiy, aei eiiiaoaioe?? yeeo
a?aeiinyoueny ieoaiiy caaacia/aiiy i?aa niiaeeaa/?a a noa?? yeino?
oiaa??a, ? nai???aeiith nenoaiith, a aea?aeaaia oi?aae?iiy a oe?e noa??
– neeaaeiaith /anoeiith nenoaie aea?aeaaiiai oi?aae?iiy aeiiii?eith
Oe?a?ie.

6. Aea?aeaaia oi?aae?iiy a aeai?e noa?? cae?enith?oueny ia eeoa ia
iniia? niaoe?aeueieo, aea e caaaeueieo i?eioeei?a aea?aeaaiiai
oi?aae?iiy a oe?eiio.

7. I?ae oi?iith aea?aeaaiiai oi?aae?iiy ye?noth oiaa??a ne?ae
?icoi?oe ae?? i?aai?caoe?eiiai oa i?aaiaiai oa?aeoa?o eiie?aoieo i?aai?a
aea?aeaaiiai oi?aae?iiy (a a ia?aaeaa/aieo caeiiii aeiaaeeao ?
iaaea?aeaaieo i?aai?a), a oaeiae ?o iinaaeiaeo in?a, ni?yiiaaieo ia
oni?oio ?aae?caoe?th cae??ieaieo ca ieie ooieoe?e c iaoith aeinyaiaiiy
iioeiaeueiiai ??aiy yeino? oiaa?o.

8. I?ae iaoiaeaie aea?aeaaiiai oi?aae?iiy caaacia/aiiyi yeino?
oiaa??a ne?ae ?icoi?oe nenoaio niinia?a ? i?eeii?a, ui canoiniaothoueny
aeeiiaa/eie oa ?icii?yae/eie i?aaiaie aea?aeaaii? aeaaee (?o iinaaeiaeie
iniaaie) oa ?ioeie eiiiaoaioieie a aeai?e noa?? aea?aeaaiiai oi?aae?iiy
noa’?eoaie i?e ?aae?caoe?? ieie nai?o ooieoe?e oa iiaiiaaaeaiue.

9. Ia iniia? aeine?aeaeaiiy oi?i ? iaoiae?a aea?aeaaiiai oi?aae?iiy
a aeine?aeaeoaai?e noa??, aiae?co caeiiiaeaanoaa oa i?aeoeee eiai
aeei?enoaiiy aaoi? c?iaea aeniiaie i?i oa, ui nenoaia caoiae?a
aaei?i?no?aoeaiiai i?eiono canoiniao?oueny ye aei o?ce/ieo, oae ? aei
th?eaee/ieo in?a.

10. Aea/aiiy oa ocaaaeueiaiiy i?aai?caoe?eii-i?aaiaeo oi?i
ae?yeueiino? iaaea?aeaaieo no?oeoo? o ni?aa? caaacia/aiiy i?aa
niiaeeaa/?a a noa?? yeino? oiaa??a aea? iiaeeea?noue c?iaeoe aeniiaie
i?i iayai?noue a Oe?a?i? oe?ieeo iiaeeeainoae uiaei ae??oaiiy
a?aeiia?aeieo ieoaiue. Aea ua iaaeinoaoiy eii?aeeiaoe?y ?o ae?yeueiino?
iaaaoeaii a?aeaeaa?oueny ia caaacia/aii? caoenoo i?aa niiaeeaa/?a.

Ocaaaeueiaiiy oa aiae?c ci?noo caeiiiaeaa/eo oa ?ioeo
ii?iaoeaii-i?aaiaeo aeo?a iaaeaei ciiao aeena?oaioo noi?ioethaaoe
a?aeiia?aei? i?iiiceoe?? uiaei aaeineiiaeaiiy i?aaiaiai ?aaoethaaiiy o
cacia/ai?e noa??. ?o nooi?noue caiaeeoueny aei ianooiiiai:

1. Iaiao?aeii aeiiiaieoe Eiaeaen Oe?a?ie i?i aaei?i?no?aoeai?
i?aaiii?ooaiiy ii?iaie uiaei iineeaiiy aaei?i?no?aoeaii?
a?aeiia?aeaeueiino? ca ii?ooaiiy caeiiiaeaanoaa i?i caoeno i?aa
niiaeeaa/?a.

2. I?aeoeea canoinoaaiiy caeiiiaeaanoaa o oe?e noa?? aeaco? ia
aeioe?euei?noue iaaeaiiy i?aaa ?icaeyaeo ni?aa i?i aaei?i?no?aoeai?
i?aaiii?ooaiiy o cacia/ai?e noa?? Aea?aeaaiiio eii?oaoo Oe?a?ie o
ni?aaao caoenoo i?aa niiaeeaa/?a.

3. Ca?eueieoe i?aaie Aea?aeniiaeeacaoenoo a?ae nieaoe ieoa, yeui
aiie aenooiathoue iiceaa/aie /e a?aeiia?aea/aie a noae? aai
a?a?o?aaeiiio noae? a ni?aaao, ui noinothoueny caoenoo i?aa niiaeeaa/?a.

4. Anoaiiaeoe a?aeiia?aeaeuei?noue ae?iaieea aai i?iaeaaoey o
aeaeyae? oo?aoo ia ei?enoue niiaeeaa/a ca i?ino?i/eo aeeiiaiiy eiai
aeiia uiaei aaciieaoiiai onoiaiiy iaaeie?e?a oiaa?o, ?ic??aaiiy
aeiaiai?o, a?aeoeiaeoaaiiy caeoe?a.

5. Eaa?iaoo I?i?no??a Oe?a?ie ae??oeoe ieoaiiy i?i caaacia/aiiy
nenoaiaoe/iiai ? ia`?eoeaiiai ?ioi?ioaaiiy ianaeaiiy i?i na?eici? oaeoe
ii?ooaiiy i?aa niiaeeaa/?a. A ca’yceo c oeei i?iiiio?oueny ciaia’ycaoe
Aea?aeniiaeeacaoeno oa Aea?aenoaiaea?o ?aaoey?ii cae?enithaaoe
ioae?eaoe?? o i?an? uiaei iaaaoeaieo ?acoeueoao?a na?oeo?eaoe??, niene?a
th?eaee/ieo in?a oa a?iiaaeyi-i?aei?e?ioe?a, ui aeiionoeee ii?ooaiiy
i?aa niiaeeaa/?a; nienie i?i?noa?noa, ui ia i?eaaee aaeocaa? na?oeo?eaoe
o a?aeiia?aei?noue aei no/anieo aeiia oiui.

5. C iaoith oi?ioaaiiy a?aeiia?aeieo ciaiue uiaei caoenoo i?aa
niiaeeaa/?a ? ianooiiiai ?o aeei?enoaiiy aeeth/eoe ieoaiiy caoenoo i?aa
niiaeeaa/?a aei iaa/aeueieo i?ia?ai iaa/aeueieo caeeaae?a eo?n “I?aaiaa
caaacia/aiiy i?aa niiaeeaa/?a”. E??i oiai, aaaaea?oueny ca aeioe?eueia
i?aai?coaaoe nai???aeiee anaiao/ aeey oe?ieeo aa?noa ianaeaiiy.

6. A caeiiiaeaa/iio ii?yaeeo cae??ieoe ciaia’ycaiiy aeaio?aieea,
aeeiiaaoey, i?iaeaaoey uiaei iaeaaeiiai ?ioi?ioaaiiy i?i no?iee neoaeae,
i?eaeaoi?noue oa aaciaeo oiaa??a oiui.

7. Aecia/eoe nenoaio i?aaiaeo oa ?ioeo caoiae?a uiaei oiaa??a, ye?
aeciai? oaeeie, ui ia a?aeiia?aeathoue /eiiei aeiiaai, i?ioeaaeo?o ?o
ooee?caoe?? oa cieuaiiy.

8. Aaaaeaoe ca aeioe?eueia i?iaanoe nenoaiaoecaoe?th caeii?a oa
?ioeo ii?iaoeaii-i?aaiaeo aeo?a, ui ?aaoeththoue i?aaia?aeiineie uiaei
caoenoo i?aa niiaeeaa/?a, oeyoii ?o eiaeeo?eaoe?? ?, cie?aia,
i?aeaiooaaoe i?iaeo “Eiaeaeno i?aa niiaeeaa/?a”.

I?aeoe/ia cia/aiiy aeine?aeaeaiiy iieyaa? a iiaeeeaino?
aeei?enoaiiy eiai iieiaeaiue oa aeniiae?a a i?aaioai?/?e,
i?aaicanoinia/?e oa iaoeiai-aeine?aei?e ae?yeueiino?. E??i oiai, eiai
?acoeueoaoe iiaeooue aooe aeei?enoai? a iaa/aeuei?e ?iaio? i?e aea/aii?
eo?n?a “Aaei?i?no?aoeaia i?aai”, “Ainiiaea?nueea i?aai”,
“I?aei?e?iieoeueea i?aai”, a oaeiae niaoeeo?n?a “I?aaiaa caaacia/aiiy
yeino? i?iaeoeoe??”, “I?aaiaa caaacia/aiiy i?aa niiaeeaa/?a” oa ?ioeo.

C?iaeai? aeniiaee oa noi?ioeueiaai? i?iiiceoe?? iiaeooue aooe
oaeiae aeei?enoai? ? aeey i?aeaioiaee a?aeiia?aeieo i?ae?o/iee?a,
iaa/aeueieo iin?aiee?a, aeia?aeeiai? oa iaoiaee/ii? e?oa?aoo?e,
iiiia?ao?e, neoaeeoe iaaiei oai?aoe/iei iaoa??aeii aeey aaeineiiaeaiiy
aea?aeaaiiai oi?aae?iiy ye?noth i?iaeoeoe?? ?, cie?aia, i?iaeai
caaacia/aiiy i?aa niiaeeaa/?a a noa?? yeino? oiaa??a. I?aeoe/i?
i?aoe?aieee, ui cae?eniththoue ??ciiai ?iaeo ooieoe?? oi?aae?iiy ye?noth
oiaa??a, i?iaeoeoe?? oa iineoa ? caaacia/othoue caoeno i?aa niiaeeaa/?a,
iiaeooue oaeiae aeei?enoiaoaaoe aeaia aeine?aeaeaiiy c iaoith
aaeineiiaeaiiy oi?aae?inueei? ae?yeueiino?, a niiaeeaa/? – c iaoith
caoenoo nai?o i?aa oa caeiiieo ?ioa?an?a.

Ai?iaaoe?y ? ai?iaaaeaeaiiy ?acoeueoao?a aeine?aeaeaiiy.
Aeena?oaoe?y aeeiiaia ia eaoaae?? i?aaiaiai ?aaoethaaiiy aeiiii?ee
oaeoeueoaoo i?aeia?iaeii? aeiiii?ee ? i?aaa Ee?anueeiai iaoe?iiaeueiiai
aeiiii?/iiai oi?aa?neoaoo. Iniiai? iieiaeaiiy oa aeniiaee aeena?oaoe??
i?noyoueny a iaoeiaeo ioae?eaoe?yo aaoi?a, eiai iia?aeiieaiiyo ia
iaoeiai-i?aeoe/ieo eiioa?aioe?yo. Aiie aeei?enoiaoaaeenue aaoi?ii
aaciina?aaeiuei i?e aeeeaaeaii? eo?n?a “I?aaiciaanoai”, “Ainiiaea?nueea
i?aai” oa niaoeeo?no “I?aaiaa caaacia/aiiy yeino? i?iaeoeoe??”
nooaeaioai Ee?anueeiai iaoe?iiaeueiiai aeiiii?/iiai oi?aa?neoaoo,
I?aeia?iaeiiai iaoeiai-oaoi?/iiai oi?aa?neoaoo oa ?ioeo iaa/aeueieo
caeeaae?a. ?acoeueoaoe aeena?oaoe?? iioae?eiaaii a iaoeiaeo aeo?iaeao,
iaoeiaeo eieaao, ca??ieeao iaoa??ae?a oa oacao eiioa?aioe?e.

No?oeoo?a aeena?oaoe?? aecia/aia caaaeaiiyie ? eia?eith
cae?eniaiiai aeine?aeaeaiiy. ?iaioa neeaaea?oueny ?c anooio, o?ueio
?icae?e?a, a yeeo ia’?aeiaii n?i i?ae?icae?e?a, aeniiae?a oa
i?iiiceoe?e, a oaeiae nieneo aeei?enoaieo aeaea?ae.

INIIAIEE CI?NO ?IAIOE

O Anooi? iaa?oioiao?oueny aeooaeuei?noue oaie ?ic?iaee,
aecia/a?oueny i?aaeiao, iaoa ? caaaeaiiy aeine?aeaeaiiy, iaoiaee/ia oa
oai?aoe/ia iniiaa, iaoeiaa iiaecia, noenei oi?ioeththoueny aeniiaee oa
i?iiiceoe??, ye? aeiinyoueny ia caoeno, aeaco?oueny i?aeoe/ia cia/aiiy,
a oaeiae niiniae eiai ai?iaaoe?? ? ai?iaaaeaeaiiy ?acoeueoao?a
aeine?aeaeaiiy a aeeooy.

A ia?oiio ?icae?e? “Caeiiiaeaanoai Oe?a?ie i?i caoeno i?aa
niiaeeaa/?a a noa?? yeino? oiaa??a”, yeee neeaaea?oueny c aeaio
i?ae?icae?e?a, i?noeoueny aiae?c oai?aoe/iiai aniaeoo uiaei ae??oaiiy
aeua aeacaii? i?iaeaie.

O i?ae?icae?e? 1.1 “sse?noue oiaa??a ye i?aaiaa eaoaai??y” iniiaia
oaaaa i?eae?ey?oueny aecia/aiith iiiyooy yeino? oiaa??a. ?ice?eaa?oueny
o?einionueea ?icoi?iiy yeino?, ?? aeiiii?/iee ci?no, aiae?co?oueny
iiiyooy yeino? oiaa??a ye i?aaiai? eaoaai???.

Aeena?oaio a i?ioean? aeine?aeaeaiiy i?eoiaeeoue aei aeniiaeo uiaei
iaiao?aeiino? cae??ieaiiy a ii?iaoeaii-i?aaiaiio ii?yaeeo iiiyooy yeino?
oiaa??a, oae ye oea aeineoue aaaeeeai aeey ?aaoethaaiiy a?aeiia?aeieo
noni?eueieo a?aeiinei.

A aeena?oaoe?? cacia/a?oueny, ui i?ioean caaacia/aiiy yeino?
i?iaeoeoe?? aeineoue neeaaeiee ? a iueiio i?eeia? o/anoue, ia?o ca ana,
?yae i?aai?a aea?aeaaiiai oi?aae?iiy. Naia ia ieo iieeaaea?oueny
caaaeaiiy uiaei ia eeoa cae??ieaiiy a?aeiia?aeieo aeiia noiniaii yeino?
oiaa??a, a e caaacia/aiiy aeio?eiaiiy oeeo aeiia an?ia noa’?eoaie
i?aaia?aeiinei. A aeai?e noa?? i?aaiaiai ?aaoethaaiiy i?eeiathoue
o/anoue i?aaie aea?aeaaiiai oi?aae?iiy (caaaeueii?, aaeocaai?
i?aeaaeocaai? eiiiaoaioe??), iaaea?aeaai? ainiiaea?thth/? i?aaie
(noa’?eoe i?aei?e?iieoeueei? ae?yeueiino?, ui cae?eniththoue aeione,
caa??aaiiy, o?ainii?ooaaiiy oa ?aae?caoe?th oiaa??a); a?iiaaenuee?
i?aai?caoe?? (ia’?aeiaiiy a?iiaaeyi-niiaeeaa/?a aeey caoenoo nai?o
?ioa?an?a, ?io? a?iiaaenuee? i?aai?caoe??, a oiio /ene? iie?oe/i?
ia?o??, i?ana oa ?io.). Oea, ia aeoieo aaoi?a, na?ae/eoue ia eeoa i?i
iiaeeeaino? caaacia/aiiy yeino? oiaa??a, a e i?i iaiao?aei?noue
cae??ieaiiy o i?aaia?e oi?i? ?? iieaciee?a, ui ia? aaaeeeaa cia/aiiy
aeey cae?eniaiiy i?aaiaiai ?aaoethaaiiy o oe?e noa??. Aea?aeaaa oeyoii
ae?yeueiino? caeiiiaeaa/iai oa iaaiiai eiea aeeiiaa/eo i?aai?a
aea?aeaaii? aeaaee a iaaeao ?o eiiiaoaioe?? caaacia/o? i?eeiyooy
ii?iaoeaii-i?aaiaeo aeo?a (a oiio /ene? noaiaea?o?a, oaoi?/ieo oiia),
caaaeueiiiaia’yceiaeo aeey o?ce/ieo ? th?eaee/ieo in?a, iacaeaaeii a?ae
oi?ie aeaniino?, a yeeo o?eno? eiie?aoi? aeiiae uiaei yeino?
i?iaeoeoe??, oiaa??a oa iineoa, a oaeiae aecia/a? nenoaio oa i?aaiaee
noaoon i?aai?a, ye? iathoue i?aai cae?enithaaoe eiio?ieue ca
aeio?eiaiiyi ?o aeiia, cae??ieththoue caoiaee th?eaee/ii?
a?aeiia?aeaeueiino? oiui. Oiio ye?noue oiaa??a ye i?aaiaa eaoaai??y ia?
aeineoue aaaeeeaa cia/aiiy ? nooi?noue ?? caiaeeoueny aei noeoiiino?
niiaeea/eo aeanoeainoae, th?eaee/ii cae??ieaieo a noaiaea?oao, oaoi?/ieo
oiiaao, c?aceao (aoaeiiao), caoaa?aeaeaieo o anoaiiaeaiiio aea?aeaaith
ii?yaeeo aai coiiaeaio aeiaiai?ii noi??i.

O i?ae?icae?e? 1.2 “Caeiiiaeaanoai i?i caoeno i?aa niiaeeaa/?a a
noa?? yeino? oiaa??a a nenoai? caeiiiaeaanoaa Oe?a?ie” cia/ia oaaaa
i?eae?ey?oueny ni?aa?aeiioaiith iiiyoue “aaeocue i?aaa” oa “i?aaiaee
?inoeooo”, aiae?co /eiiiai caeiiiaeaanoaa Oe?a?ie, ii?ie yeiai
?aaoeththoue noni?euei? a?aeiineie uiaei caoenoo i?aa niiaeeaa/?a a
noa?? yeino? oiaa??a, ?icaeyaeathoueny oeyoe nenoaiaoecaoe?? oeueiai
caeiiiaeaanoaa.

Aiae?c caeiiiaeaanoaa o noa?? caoenoo i?aa niiaeeaa/?a aea?
iiaeeea?noue c?iaeoe aeniiaie i?i eiai eiiieaeni?noue, i?aeaaeocaa?noue,
ye a oe?eiio, oae ? ie?aieo caeii?a. Ci?no Caeiio Oe?a?ie a?ae 12 o?aaiy
1991 ?. “I?i caoeno i?aa niiaeeaa/?a” (a ?aaeaeoe?? a?ae 15 a?oaeiy 1993
?.) na?ae/eoue i?i oa, ui ooo ? ii?ie, ye? a?aeiinyoueny ca nai?th
aaeocaaith iaeaaei?noth aei aaei?i?no?aoeaiiai i?aaa (iai?eeeaae, no. 5,
a ye?e ie?aneaia nenoaia iiaiiaaaeaiue Aea?aeaaiiai eii?oaoo Oe?a?ie o
ni?aaao caoenoo i?aa niiaeeaa/?a oa eiai i?aai?a), oeea?eueiiai i?aaa
(iai?eeeaae, no. 14, yea cae??ieth? ii?ie, a yeeo aecia/ai? i?aaa
niiaeeaa/a a ?ac? i?eaeaaiiy iei oiaa?o iaiaeaaeii? yeino?),
oeea?eueii-i?ioeanoaeueiiai i?aaa (iai?eeeaae, no. 24 uiaei noaeiaiai
caoenoo i?aa niiaeeaa/?a), o?oaeiaiai i?aaa (iai?eeeaae, /. 2, i. 3 no.
10, ui ?aaoeth? ieoaiiy eiiiainaoe?e o ?ac? eae?oeoaa /e ?iaae?aeiino?,
ui noaeeny o ca’yceo c aeeiiaiiyi neoaeaiaeo iaia’yce?a neoaeaiaith
iniaith aea?aeaaiiai i?aaio o ni?aaao caoenoo i?aa niiaeeaa/?a) oa ?io.
A caeiiiaeaanoa? i?i caoeno i?aa niiaeeaa/?a ia?aoeiathoueny
ii?iaoeaii-i?aaia? aeoe (i?e?iaeiuei, ? ii?ie) eiinoeoooe?eiiai,
oeea?eueiiai, o?oaeiaiai, aaei?i?no?aoeaiiai, e?ei?iaeueiiai oa ?ioeo
aaeocae caeiiiaeaanoaa. Aaea oea aea? iiaeeea?noue c?iaeoe aeniiaie i?i
i?aeaaeocaaee, eiiieaeniee oa?aeoa? ci?noo eiai ii?i. A oea cia/eoue, ui
aiii th?eaee/ii ia iaeii??aeia, ai aeeth/a? aei naaa ia eeoa ii?ie, aea
? ii?iaoeaii-i?aaia? aeoe ??cieo aaeocae caeiiiaeaanoaa. Oaeei /eiii,
aeeeaaeaia aeua aea? i?aenoaao ?icaeyaeaoe caeiiiaeaanoai i?i caoeno
i?aa niiaeeaa/?a ye i?aeaaeocaaa (eiiieaenia) ooai?aiiy a nenoai?
caeiiiaeaanoaa Oe?a?ie. Oea nai???aeiee eiiieaeniee, i?aeaaeocaaee
?inoeooo caeiiiaeaanoaa Oe?a?ie. A?aoiaoth/e aeuaaeeeaaeaia, aeineoue
aaaeeeaei ? ieoaiiy uiaei caaacia/aiiy nenoaiaoecaoe?? caeiiiaeaanoaa,
yea iieeeeaia caaacia/oaaoe caoeno i?aa niiaeeaa/?a o aeine?aeaeoaai?e
noa??. Iaea?eueo aaaeeeaith, c oi/ee ci?o aaoi?a, oi?iith oaei?
nenoaiaoecaoe?? ? eiaeeo?eaoe?y. Naia ?? aeei?enoaiiy o aeaiiio aeiaaeeo
iaaeaei a iiaeeea?noue ia`?aeiaoe ii?iaoeaii-i?aaia? aeoe, ie?ai? ?o
ii?ie, onoiooe i?ioe??//y ? aeoaethaaiiy, caiiaieoe i?aaia? i?iaaeeie.
?acoeueoaoii oaei? ?iaioe iiaeiai, ia aeoieo aeena?oaioa, noaoe “Eiaeaen
i?aa niiaeeaa/?a”.

A ae?oaiio ?icae?e? “Nenoaia aea?aeaaieo i?aai?a, ui
caaacia/othoue caoeno i?aa niiaeeaa/?a a noa?? yeino? oiaa??a” iniiaia
oaaaa i?eae?ey?oueny anoaiiaeaiith eiea aea?aeaaieo i?aai?a, ui
cae?eniththoue caoeno i?aa niiaeeaa/?a o aeacai?e noa??, aecia/aiith ?o
i?noey a nenoai?, aiae?co ooieoe?e, oi?i oa iaoiae?a ?o ae?yeueiino?.

O i?ae?icae?e? 2.1 “Caaaeueia oa?aeoa?enoeea nenoaie i?aai?a, ui
caaacia/othoue caoeno i?aa niiaeeaa/?a a noa?? yeino? oiaa??a”
aeaco?oueny, ui a nenoai? i?aai?a aeeiiaa/i? aeaaee aeae?eythoueny
no?oeoo?i? eaiee o?ueio i?aai?caoe?eii-i?aaiaeo ??ai?a: 1) aeuee ??aaiue
– Eaa?iao I?i?no??a (a ooieoe?iiaeuei?e aca?iiae?? c I?aceaeaioii); 2)
oeaio?aeueiee ??aaiue – i?i?noa?noaa, aea?aeaai? eii?oaoe oa ?io?
i?aea?aeii/? Eaa?iaoo I?i?no??a oeaio?aeuei? i?aaie aeeiiaa/i? aeaaee;
3) i?noeaaee, ?aa?iiaeueiee ??aaiue, ia yeiio cae?eniththoue naith
ae?yeuei?noue i?aaie aeeiiaa/i? aeaaee caaaeueii? eiiiaoaioe?? – ?aaea
I?i?no??a Aaoiiiiii? ?anioae?ee E?ei, iaeani?, ?aeiii?, Ee?anueea ?
Naaanoiiieuenueea i?nuee? aea?aeaai? aaei?i?no?aoe??.

Nenoaia aea?aeaaieo i?aai?a, ui caaacia/othoue caoeno i?aa
niiaeeaa/?a a noa?? yeino? oiaa??a, ia?aaeaa/a? iaoiiaeai?noue ie?aieo
?? neeaaeiaeo /anoei, eia?/i?noue oa aecia/ai?noue ?o ooieoe?e oa
iiaiiaaaeaiue oiui.

I?e aiae?c? nenoaie i?aai?a aea?aeaaiiai oi?aae?iiy a noa??
caaacia/aiiy caoenoo i?aa niiaeeaa/?a uiaei yeino? oiaa??a
aeei?enoiaoaaeenue aeciai? a aaei?i?no?aoeaii-i?aaia?e iaooe? e?eoa???:
ianya oa ci?no iiaiiaaaeaiue, i?noea a nenoai? aea?aeaaieo i?aai?a
oi?aae?iiy, ii?yaeie ?o noai?aiiy, ii?yaeie ae??oaiiy i?aea?aeii/eo
ieoaiue oa ?io? e?eoa???. Aeei?enoiaoaaeanue eeaneo?eaoe?y nenoaie
aea?aeaaieo i?aai?a oi?aae?iiy a oe?e noa??, a naia: ca oa?aeoa?ii
ci?noo niaoe?aeueieo ooieoe?e, ca ianyaii eiiiaoaioe?? i?aaio a noa??
oi?aae?iiy ye?noth i?iaeoeoe??, ca ??aiai oi?aae?iiy, ca oa?aeoa?ii
aioo??oiueinenoaiieo no?oeoo?ieo ca`yce?a oa i?aeii?yaeeoaaiiy i?ae
ie?aieie i?aaiaie, ca noaae?yie oi?ioaaiiy yeino? oiaa??a.

C oi/ee ci?o aeena?oaioa, ooieoe?? aea?aeaaieo i?aai?a, ui
caaacia/othoue i?aaa niiaeeaa/?a a noa?? yeino? oiaa??a, iiaeia caanoe a
o?e a?oie: caaaeuei?, niaoe?aeuei? oa aeiiii?aei?. Aei caaaeueieo
ooieoe?e aeaieo i?aai?a a?aeiinyoue i?iaiicoaaiiy, ieaioaaiiy,
?ioi?iaoe?eia caaacia/aiiy, i?aai?caoe?th, ea??aieoeoai ? eiio?ieue.

Aei niaoe?aeueieo ooieoe?e aea?aeaaiiai oi?aae?iiy ye?noth oiaa??a,
ui a?aeia?aaeathoue niaoeeo?/i? iniaeeaino? eiiiaoaioe?? eiie?aoieo
noa’?eo?a ? ia’?eo?a oi?aae?iiy a aeai?e noa??, iiaeia a?aeianoe
noaiaea?oecaoe?th, iao?ieia?th oa na?oeo?eaoe?th.

Na?aae aeiiii?aeieo ooieoe?e aea?aeaaiiai oi?aae?iiy ye?noth
oiaa??a iiaeia a?aei?oeoe ooieoe??, ui ni?eythoue ?aae?caoe?? ye
caaaeueieo oae ? niaoe?aeueieo ooieoe?e, oae? ye o?iainoaaiiy,
iaoa??aeueii-oaoi?/ia caaacia/aiiy, ?iaioa c eaae?aie, i?aaiaa
caaacia/aiiy oi?aae?iiy ye?noth oiaa??a, aaaeaiiy aooaaeoa?nueeiai
iae?eo, ca?oiino? oiui.

Oi?ie aea?aeaaiiai oi?aae?iiy ye?noth oiaa??a, ye ? oi?ie
oi?aae?inueei? ae?yeueiino? acaaae?, iiaeooue aooe i?aaiaeie ?
iai?aaiaeie. I?aaiaeie aeciathoueny oi?ie oi?aae?inueei? ae?yeueiino? a
noa?? yeino? oiaa??a, ui iia’ycai? c anoaiiaeaiiyi aai canoinoaaiiyi
ii?i i?aaa, aeei?enoaiiy yeeo ii?iaeaeo? (aeeeeea? ) iaai? th?eaee/i?
iane?aeee. *a?ac ieo ?aae?cothoueny iaeaaei? aea?aeaaiei i?aaiai
oi?aae?iiy iiaiiaaaeaiiy aea?aeaaii-aeaaeiiai oa?aeoa?o. Oiio aiie
iia’ycai?, ia?o ca ana, c i?eeiyooyi i?aaiaeo aeo?a, oiaoi ii?iaoeaieo
oa ?iaeea?aeoaeueieo aeo?a oi?aae?iiy ye?noth oiaa??a.

Iai?aaiaeie aeciathoueny oi?ie oi?aae?inueei? ae?yeueiino?, ui
iinyoue oa?aeoa? i?aai?caoe?eieo oa iaoa??aeueii-oaoi?/ieo ae?e.
I?aai?caoe?ei? oi?ie oi?aae?inueei? ae?yeueiino? a noa?? yeino? oiaa??a
ia?aaeaa/athoue ae??oaiiy ieoaiue i?aai?caoe?eiiai ii?yaeeo oeyoii
i?iaaaeaiiy an?eyeiai ?iaeo ?ino?oeoaae?a, i?iaaaeaiiy eiioa?aioe?e,
cai??a, ia?aae, cae?eniaiiy eiio?ieueieo caoiae?a, aeiaaaeaiiy iaaii?
?ioi?iaoe?? aei noa’?eo?a i?aaia?aeiinei a noa?? yeino? i?iaeoeoe??,
?ic?iaee, eii?aeeiaoe?? /e aaciina?aaeiuei? ?aae?caoe?? i?aai?caoe?eieo
caoiae?a ? o.?io. Iaoa??aeueii-oaoi?/i? ae?? oi/ ? cae?eniththoueny ia
a?aeiia?aei?e i?aaia?e iniia?, i?ioa ia ni?yiiaai? ia aeinyaiaiiy
th?eaee/iiai ?acoeueoaoo, ia noai?ththoue i?aaiaiai aoaeoo, iathoue
aeaui aeiiii?aeiee (oaoi?/iee, ainiiaea?nueeee) oa?aeoa?.

I?e eeaneo?eaoe?? iaoiae?a aea?aeaaiiai oi?aae?iiy uiaei caoenoo
i?aa niiaeeaa/?a, a oiio /ene? ? a noa?? ye?noth oiaa??a, iiaeooue
a?aoeny ca iniiao ??ci? iciaee. Oae, a caeaaeiino? a?ae cania?a aieeao
ia oi?aae?inueeo nenoaio iaoiaee aea?aeaaiiai oi?aae?iiy
i?ae?icae?eythoueny ia aaei?i?no?aoeai? oa aeiiii?/i?. I?e oeueiio i?ae
aaei?i?no?aoeaieie iaoiaeaie oi?aae?iiy ye?noth oiaa??a ?icoi?thoue oae?
caniae aieeao ia iiaaae?ieo, ae?yeuei?noue o/aniee?a a noa?? yeino?
oiaa??a ye ?icii?yaeaeaiiy, iaeace, ?io? aea?aeaaii-aeaaei? caniae. I?ae
aeiiii?/ieie iaoiaeaie cae/aeii ?icoi?thoue caniae iina?aaeiueiai aieeao
c aeiiiiiaith, iai?eeeaae, aeiiii?/ieo aaaeae?a oa noeioe?a.

O i?ae?icae?e? 2.2 “Aea?aeaaiee eii?oao Oe?a?ie o ni?aaao caoenoo
i?aa niiaeeaa/?a, eiai i?noea a nenoai? aea?aeaaieo i?aai?a, ui
caaacia/othoue caoeno i?aa niiaeeaa/?a a noa?? yeino? oiaa??a”
cacia/a?oueny, ui aeey ?aae?caoe?? iieeaaeaieo ia iueiai ooieoe?e
Eii?oaoo oa eiai i?aaiai iaaeaia aeineoue oe?iea nenoaia iiaiiaaaeaiue.
Oea ?o i?aai aeaaaoe ainiiaea?thth/ei noa`?eoai iaia`yceia? aei
aeeiiaiiy i?eiene, ni?yiiaai? ia onoiaiiy ii?ooaiue i?aa niiaeeaa/?a;
ia?aa??yoe o ainiiaea?thth/eo noa`?eo?a ye?noue oiaa??a a noa??
oi?a?ae?, a?iiaaenueeiai oa?/oaaiiy ? iineoa; aeeo/aoe o ieo c?acee
oiaa??a, ne?iaeie, iaoa??ae?a, iai?aoaa?eeao?a, eiiieaeooth/eo ae?ia?a
aeey ia?aa??ee yeino? ia i?noe? aai i?iaaaeaiiy iaeaaeii? aenia?oece o
a?aeiia?aeieo eaai?aoi??yo oa ?ioeo onoaiiaao c iieaoith aa?oino?
c?ace?a ? i?iaaaeaiiy aeine?aeaeaiue (aenia?oec) ca ?aooiie
ainiiaea?thth/eo noa’?eo?a, ui ia?aa??ythoueny; iaea?aeoaaoe a?ae ieo
aaciieaoii iaiao?aei? ii?iaoeai? aeieoiaioe oa ?io? a?aeiiino?, ye?
oa?aeoa?ecothoue ye?noue oiaa??a, ne?iaeie, iaoa??ae?a, eiiieaeooth/eo
ae?ia?a, ui aeei?enoiaothoueny aeey ae?iaieoeoaa oeeo oa ?ioeo oiaa??a.

Aaaeeeai oaeiae cacia/eoe, ui Aea?aeniiaeeacaoeno Oe?a?ie
cae?enith? ae?yeuei?noue uiaei caoenoo i?aa niiaeeaa/?a, ni?ey?
aeeiiaiith a Oe?a?i? Ea??aieo i?eioeei?a aeey caoenoo ?ioa?an?a
niiaeeaa/?a, i?eeiyoeo Aaia?aeueiith Anaiaea?th III 9 ea?oiy 1985 ?ieo,
a oaeiae eiio?ieth? aeio?eiaiiy caeiiiaeaanoaa i?i ?aeeaio.

Ocaaaeueiaiiy oa aiae?c iiaiiaaaeaiue Aea?aeniiaeeacaoenoo Oe?a?ie
(?o 20 ??ciiaeae?a) aeicaiey?, c oi/ee ci?o aeena?oaioa, ia’?aeiaoe ?o a
aeae?eueea a?oi. Ia?oa a?oia aeeth/a? iiaiiaaaeaiiy, ye? iaaeathoue
iiaeeea?noue cae?enithaaoe ooieoe?th eiio?ieth a aeine?aeaeoaai?e noa??.
Oae, aei oe??? a?oie a?aeiineoueny i?aai aacia?aoeiaeii aoiaeeoe aei
aoaeue-yeeo ae?iaie/eo, neeaaenueeeo, oi?aiaaeueieo oa ?ioeo i?ei?uaiue
ainiiaea?thth/eo noa’?eo?a aeey ia?aa??ee yeino? i?iaeoeoe??, oiaa??a
(?ia?o, iineoa), aeio?eiaiiy iaia’yceiaeo aeiia uiaei ?o aaciaee, a
oaeiae aeio?eiaiiy i?aaee ? iaaeaiiy iineoa; aeiaaaoe oa iaea?aeoaaoe
a?ae ainiiaea?thth/eo noa’?eo?a, ui ia?aa??ythoueny, iaiao?aei?
ii?iaoeai? aeieoiaioe, ye? oa?aeoa?ecothoue ye?noue i?iaeoeoe??, oiaa??a
(?ia?o, iineoa), ne?iaeie, iaoa??ae?a, iai?aoaa?eeao?a, eiiieaeooth/eo
ae?ia?a, ui aeei?enoiaothoueny aeey ae?iaieoeoaa, aeeiiaiiy ?ia?o,
iaaeaiiy iineoa, ?io? aeieoiaioe oa a?aeiiino?, iaiao?aei? aeey
cae?eniaiiy iiaiiaaaeaiue, a oaeiae iiyniaiiy uiaei aeyaeaieo ii?ooaiue;
iaea?aeoaaoe a?ae oeaio?aeueieo ? i?noeaaeo i?aai?a aeeiiaa/i? aeaaee,
i?aai?a i?noeaaiai naiia?yaeoaaiiy, a oaeiae ainiiaea?thth/eo noa’?eo?a
aeieoiaioe oa ?io? a?aeiiino?, iaiao?aei? aeey aeeiiaiiy nai?o
iiaiiaaaeaiue; iaea?aeoaaoe aaciieaoii a?ae i?aai?a aea?aeaaii?
noaoenoeee a?aeiia?aei? noaoenoe/i? iaoa??aee.

Ae?oaa a?oia aeeth/a? iiaiiaaaeaiiy uiaei aaciina?aaeiueiai
cae?eniaiiy eiio?ieueii? ae?yeueiino?. Oae, aei oe??? a?oie
a?aeiineoueny i?aai: ia?aa??yoe aeio?eiaiiy ?aeeaiiaeaaoeyie,
ae?iaieeaie oa ?iciianthaeaeoaa/aie ?aeeaie aeiia caeiiiaeaanoaa i?i
?aeeaio o noa?? caoenoo i?aa niiaeeaa/?a; aeiaaaoe oni? oa ienueiia?
iiyniaiiy , a oaeiae aoaeue-yeo ?ioo ?ioi?iaoe?th, iaiao?aeio aeey
cae?eniaiiy iiaiiaaaeaiue, ia?aaeaa/aiei caeiiiaeaanoaii i?i ?aeeaio;
aacia?aoeiaeii ia?aa??yoe ye?noue i?iaeoeoe??, oiaa??a (?ia?o, iineoa),
aeio?eiaiiy iaia`yceiaeo aeiia uiaei ?o aaciaee.

O?aoy a?oia iiaiiaaaeaiue ? iaea?eueo ?icaaeoaeaiith. Aiia aeeth/a?
nenoaio i?aa i?aai?a Aea?aeniiaeeacaoenoo Oe?a?ie ii canoinoaaiith
caoiae?a o ?ac? aeyaeaiiy a?aeiia?aeieo i?aaiii?ooaiue. Oe? i?aaa iiaeia
iiae?eeoe a naith /a?ao ia aea? i?aea?oie. Aei ia?oi? i?aea?oie ne?ae
a?aeianoe caoiaee, ye? oe? i?aaie aeei?enoiaothoue aaciina?aaeiuei, aei
ae?oai? – caoiaee, iia’ycai? c ae?yeuei?noth ?ioeo i?aai?a.

*aoaa?oa a?oia iiaiiaaaeaiue aeeth/a? nenoaio i?aa, iia’ycaieo c
i?aai?caoe?eiith ae?yeuei?noth i?aai?a Aea?aeniiaeeacaoenoo Oe?a?ie.

Aeine?aeaeoth/e oe? a?oie iiaiiaaaeaiue, aeena?oaio aeneiaeth?
ie?ai? i?iiiceoe??. Oae, iaa?oioiao?oueny i?iiiceoe?y uiaei caoaeaiiy a
iaaieo aeiaaeeao canoinoaaiiy e?ei?iaeueieo caoiae?a aieeao aai acaaae?
i?iiiio?oueny iiae?ai? i?aaiii?ooaiiy aeaanoe ?c nenoaie cei/ei?a,
?icoe?eaoe ca ?aooiie oeueiai ia?ae?e aaei?i?no?aoeaieo i?aaiii?ooaiue c
anoaiiaeaiiyi a?aeiia?aeieo caoiae?a aaei?i?no?aoeaii?
a?aeiia?aeaeueiino? ?, ia?o ca ana, oo?aoo.

O i?ae?icae?e? 2.3 “?io? aea?aeaai? i?aaie, ui caaacia/othoue a
Oe?a?i? caoeno i?aa niiaeeaa/?a a noa?? yeino? oiaa??a” aiae?co?oueny
?ieue, yeo a?ae?a?athoue aea?aeaai? i?aaie, oae? ye I?i?noa?noai
aeiiii?ee, Aea?aeaaia ?iniaeoe?y c eiio?ieth ca oe?iaie I?i?noa?noaa
aeiiii?ee oa aea?aeaai? ?iniaeoe?? c eiio?ieth ca oe?iaie a Aaoiiiii?e
?anioae?oe? E?ei, iaeanoyo, ii. Ee?a? oa Naaanoiiie?, Aea?aeaaiee
eii?oao Oe?a?ie c ieoaiue ?icaeoeo i?aei?e?iieoeoaa, Aea?aeaaiee eii?oao
aoae?aieoeoaa, a?o?oaeoo?e oa aeeoeiai? iie?oeee Oe?a?ie, I?i?noa?noai
ioi?iie caei?ia`y, I?i?noa?noai o?iain?a Oe?a?ie, Aea?aeaaia ieoia
neoaeaa Oe?a?ie, I?i?noa?noai ciai?oi?o ca`yce?a Oe?a?ie oa ?io.

Cia/ia oaaaa a oeueiio ?icae?e? i?eae?ey?oueny Aea?aeaaiiio
eii?oaoo Oe?a?ie ii noaiaea?oecaoe??, iao?ieia?? oa na?oeo?eaoe??
(Aea?aenoaiaea?oo Oe?a?ie). Aaeaea ia iueiai ye ia ?aeeiee
iaoe?iiaeueiee i?aai c? noaiaea?oecaoe??, iao?ieia?? oa na?oeo?eaoe??,
ui cae?enith? aea?aeaaio iie?oeeo o oe?e noa??, iieeaaea?oueny aeineoue
oe?iea eiei neeaaeieo caaaeaiue. ?o ocaaaeueiaiiy oa aiae?c aeathoue
iiaeeea?noue aeae?eeoe o?e iniiai? a?oie caaaeaiue Aea?aenoaiaea?oo
Oe?a?ie, a naia: 1) caaaeaiiy i?aai?caoe?eiiai oa?aeoa?o; 2) caaaeaiiy
eiio?ieueii-iaaeyaeiaiai oa?aeoa?o; 3) caaaeaiiy eii?aeeiaoe?eiiai
oa?aeoa?o.

Aeey aeeiiaiiy iieeaaeaieo ia iueiai oeeo caaaeaiue Aea?aenoaiaea?o
Oe?a?ie, ye ? aoaeue-yeee ?ioee aea?aeaaiee i?aai, iaae?ey?oueny iaaieie
iiaiiaaaeaiiyie ?, ia?o ca ana, i?aaiaiai oa?aeoa?o. ?o aiae?c aea?
iiaeeea?noue ia’?aeiaoe ?o a o?e a?oie, ye? ei?aniiiaeothoue
a?aeiia?aeiei, aaea ?icaeyiooei aeua a?oiai caaaeaiue.

Aei ia?oi? a?oie i?aa, ia iao iiaeyae, iiaeia a?aeianoe
iiaiiaaaeaiiy, ui aeieeaathoue ?c caaaeaiue i?aai?caoe?eiiai oa?aeoa?o.
Oea i?aaa Eii?oaoo ia i?iaaaeaiiy caoiae?a i?aai?caoe?eiiai oa?aeoa?o,
ui ? iaia’yceiaeie ia o?eueee aeey no?oeoo?ieo i?ae?icae?e?a
Aea?aenoaiaea?oo Oe?a?ie, aea ? aeey ?ioeo ye aea?aeaaieo, oae ?
iaaea?aeaaieo i?aai?a, ui ua ?ac i?aee?aneth? ?o i?aeaaeocaaee oa?aeoa?.

Aei ae?oai? a?oie iiaeia a?aeianoe i?aaa Aea?aenoaiaea?oo Oe?a?ie
ia cae?eniaiiy eiio?ieueii-iaaeyaeiaeo caoiae?a, a naia: canoinoaaoe
ca?aeii c /eiiei caeiiiaeaanoaii oo?aoe aei i?aei?e?inoa, onoaiia,
i?aai?caoe?e ? a?iiaaeyi – noa’?eo?a i?aei?e?iieoeueei? ae?yeueiino? (ca
aeiyoeii aaeoc? aoae?aieoeoaa, noa?e oi?a?ae?, a?iiaaenueeiai oa?/oaaiiy
? iineoa) o ?ac? ii?ooaiiy ieie noaiaea?o?a, ii?i ? i?aaee i?ae /an
?ic?iaeaiiy, aeioneo oa ?aae?caoe?? i?iaeoeoe??; ?icaeyaeaoe ni?aae i?i
aaei?i?no?aoeai? ii?ooaiiy, a/eiai? iinaaeiaeie iniaaie i?aei?e?inoa,
onoaiia, i?aai?caoe?e ? a?iiaaeyiaie – noa’?eoaie i?aei?e?iieoeueei?
ae?yeueiino? aai aeanieeaie i?aei?e?inoa, oa iaeeaaeaoe ia ieo
aaei?i?no?aoeai? noyaiaiiy; i?eoyaaoe aei aeenoeeie?ia?ii?
a?aeiia?aeaeueiino? ea??aiee?a i?noeaaeo i?aai?a Aea?aenoaiaea?oo
Oe?a?ie, i?aei?e?inoa, onoaiia oa i?aai?caoe?e, ui iaeaaeaoue aei noa?e
eiai oi?aae?iiy.

Aei o?aouei? a?oie iiaeia a?aeianoe i?aaa Aea?aenoaiaea?oo Oe?a?ie
ia cae?eniaiiy eii?aeeiaoe?eieo caoiae?a, ye? a o?e /e ?io?e i???
iiaeii? aieeaaoe ia ?iaioo iaoai?cio caaacia/aiiy yeino? oiaa??a,
i?iaeoeoe?? oa iineoa, a, cia/eoue, ? ni?eyoe ?aae?caoe?? i?aaa
niiaeeaa/a ia iaea?aeaiiy oiaa??a, i?iaeoeoe?? oa iineoa iaeaaeii?
yeino?.

Oaeei /eiii, iiaeia c?iaeoe aeniiaie, ui Aea?aenoaiaea?oo Oe?a?ie a
noa?? caoenoo i?aa niiaeeaa/?a a?aeaiaeeoueny cia/ia ?ieue ? eiai
i?aaiaee noaoon iino?eii ?icoe?th?oueny o iioi/iiio caeiiiaeaanoa?. A
oea a naith /a?ao aeiaaa? aianaiiy a?aeiia?aeieo ci?i aei Iieiaeaiiy i?i
iueiai ? caoaa?aeaeaiiy eiai o iia?e ?aaeaeoe??.

Aiae?c i?aaiaiai noaoono iacaaieo aea?aeaaieo i?aai?a aea?
iiaeeea?noue, c oi/ee ci?o aeena?oaioa, ae?eoe aeniiaeo, ui a nenoai?
i?aai?a aea?aeaaii? aeaaee iiaeia aeae?eeoe a?oio i?aai?a, ye?
cae?eniththoue caoeno i?aa oa caeiiieo ?ioa?an?a niiaeeaa/?a ye iaeio ?c
iieeaaeaieo ia ieo ooieoe?e. Eiaeai c oeeo i?aai?a noai?th?oueny aeey
?aae?caoe?? eiie?aoieo, o?eueee eiio i?eoaiaiieo caaaeaiue, iaae?eaiee
iaaieie iiaiiaaaeaiiyie, cae?enith? nai? ooieoe?? aeei?enoiaoth/e
eiie?aoi? iaoiaee oa ?io. I?ioa oea ua ia icia/a?, ui aeai? i?aaie
aeoaeththoue nai? ae??. Iaaiaee, iayai?noue ?icaaeoaeaii? nenoaie
aea?aeaaieo i?aai?a noai?th? oiiae aeey iaeaaeii? i?aai?caoe?? ?iaioe a
noa?? caoenoo i?aa niiaeeaa/?a, ni?ey? ?aaeuei?e ?aae?caoe?? i?aaa
niiaeeaa/a ia iaea?aeaiiy oiaa??a, i?iaeoeoe?? oa iineoa iaeaaeii?
yeino?.

A o?aoueiio ?icae?e? “Nenoaia iaaea?aeaaieo i?aai?caoe?e, ui
caaacia/othoue caoeno i?aa niiaeeaa/?a a noa?? yeino? oiaa??a”
aeena?oaio ?iaeoue ni?iao ocaaaeueieoe aeina?ae a?iiaaenueeeo
i?aai?caoe?e, ?ioeo ia`?aeiaiue a?iiaaeyi o noa?? caoenoo i?aa
niiaeeaa/?a.

O i?ae?icae?e? 3.1 “I?aaiaa cae??ieaiiy o/ano? a?iiaaenueeino? a
caaacia/aii? caoenoo i?aa niiaeeaa/?a a noa?? yeino? oiaa??a”
aiae?co?oueny caeiiiaeaanoai, ui ?aaoeth? i?aaia?aeiineie a
aeine?aeaeoaai?e noa?? ca o/ano? a?iiaaeyi oa ?o ia`?aeiaiue, i?e/eie
aeieeiaiiy oaeeo ia`?aeiaiue, iaaiaeyoueny i?aaa oa iaia`ycee, oeiia?
aeey aeaieo oi?ioaaiue. Ocaaaeueiaiiy oa aiae?c i?aa, ye? iaaeathoueny
a?iiaaenueeei i?aai?caoe?yi niiaeeaa/?a (ia’?aeiaiiyi niiaeeaa/?a),
iaaea? iiaeeea?noue ia’?aeiaoe ?o a /ioe?e a?oie. Ia?oa ia’?aeio? i?aaa
niiaeeaa/?a ia ?ioi?iaoe?th, ae?oaa – ia o/anoue o cae?eniaii?
eiio?ieueii-iaaeyaeiaeo ooieoe?e a noa?? caoenoo i?aa niiaeeaa/?a, o?aoy
– ia cae?eniaiiy caoiae?a o ca’yceo c ii?ooaiiyi caeiiiaeaanoaa a oe?e
noa??, /aoaa?oa – ia o/anoue o noai?aii? iaiao?aeii? i?aaiai? aace aeey
?aaoethaaiiy a?aeiinei a aeine?aeaeoaai?e noa??.

O i?ae?icae?e? 3.2 “Nenoaia oa i?aai?caoe?eii-i?aaia? oi?ie
ae?yeueiino? iaaea?aeaaieo i?aai?caoe?e a noa?? caaacia/aiiy i?aa
niiaeeaa/?a” ?iaeoueny ni?iaa nenoaiaoecoaaoe ia’?aeiaiiy a?iiaaeyi, ui
caeiathoueny ieoaiiyie caoenoo i?aa niiaeeaa/?a, ca ??cieie e?eoa??yie,
iai?eeeaae, ca oa?eoi??aeueiei ianooaaii ae?yeueiino?, ca iieiaeaiiyi a
nenoai?, ca ii?yaeeii noai?aiiy, ca ii?yaeeii ae??oaiiy i?aea?aeii/eo
ieoaiue ? o.ae. Aea iaea?eueoa oaaae aeena?oaio i?eae?ey? ?o
eeaneo?eaoe?? ca ianyaii iiaiiaaaeaiue ia’?aeiaiue a?iiaaeyi a
caaacia/aii? caoenoo i?aa niiaeeaa/?a a noa?? yeino? oiaa??a. Ca oeei
e?eoa???i ?o iiaeia caanoe a aea? a?oie. Ia?oa – oea ia’?aeiaiiy
a?iiaaeyi, ae?yeuei?noue yeeo i?yii ia iia’ycaia c caaacia/aiiyi caoenoo
i?aa niiaeeaa/?a a noa?? yeino? oiaa??a. Cae/aeii ?o iiaiiaaaeaiiy a
cacia/ai?e iaeano? ? aeineoue iaiaaeaieie. Ae?oaa – oea ia’?aeiaiiy
a?iiaaeyi, ye? a o?e /e ?io?e i??? noai?ththoueny naia c iaoith caoenoo
i?aa niiaeeaa/?a. Oey a?oia iaae?eaia oe?ieei eieii iiaiiaaaeaiue a
aeine?aeaeoaai?e noa??.

Ia?oa a?oia ia’?aeiaiue – oea a?iiaaenuee? i?aai?caoe??, noai?ai?
a?iiaaeyiaie aeey caaeiaieaiiy oa caoenoo nai?o caeiiieo nioe?aeueieo,
aeiiii?/ieo, oai?/eo, a?eiaeo, iaoe?iiaeueii-eoeueoo?ieo, nii?oeaieo oa
?ioeo ni?eueieo ?ioa?an?a. I?aaiaa ?aaoethaaiiy ?o ae?yeueiino?
cae?enith?oueny ia iniia? /eiiiai caeiiiaeaanoaa Oe?a?ie oa aeanieo
noaooo?a.

Aei ae?oai? a?oie ia’?aeiaiue a?iiaaeyi iiaeia aeeth/eoe eeoa o?,
ae?yeuei?noue yeeo iia’ycaia naia c caaacia/aiiyi caoenoo i?aa
niiaeeaa/?a a noa?? yeino? oiaa??a, ui ? aecia/a? a iniiaiiio ci?no ?o
noaooo?a. Aaaeeeaa i?noea na?aae oeeo i?aai?caoe?e caeia? Oe?a?inueea
Anioe?aoe?y niiaeeaa/?a (OAN). Oea iaiie?oe/ia a?iiaaenueea
i?aai?caoe?y, ui ?iciianthaeaeo? naith ae?yeuei?noue ia anth oa?eoi??th
Oe?a?ie ? ia? nai? ina?aaeee a a?eueoino? ?? ?aa?ii?a. Oe?a?inueea
Anioe?aoe?y niiaeeaa/?a ? aeciaiei /eaiii i?aeia?iaeiiai Nithco
Niiaeeaa/?a, eoaee aoiaeyoue 200 iao?yaeiaeo aiaeia?/ieo i?aai?caoe?e ?c
82 e?a?i na?oo. sse /eainueea i?aai?caoe?y Na?oiai? i?aai?caoe??
oiaa?enoa niiaeeaa/?a oa Eiioaaea?aoe?? oiaa?enoa niiaeeaa/?a NIAe,
Oe?a?inueea anioe?aoe?y niiaeeaa/?a ia? aeinooi i?aeoe/ii aei an?o
?acoeueoao?a aei?iaoaaiue, i?iaaaeaieo a ?ioeo e?a?iao.

Aiae?c ae?yeueiino? OAN na?ae/eoue, ui aiia cina?aaeaeaia a iaaieo,
/?oei aecia/aieo iai?yieao, a naia: ina?oa, ?ioi?iaoe?y, iaaeaiiy
eiinoeueoaoeaii? aeiiiiiae niiaeeaa/ai, o/anoue a caeiiioai?/iio
i?ioean? ca an?ia ieoaiiyie caoenoo niiaeeaa/?a, iaeaaeia aenia?oeca
oiaa??a ? iineoa, aeani? aeaeaiiy oa aeaeaiiy ia iniia? eiiia?aoe??,
i?aeia?iaeia ni?a?ia?oieoeoai a aaeoc? caoenoo niiaeeaa/?a.

Aeniiaee

Aiae?c caeiiiaeaanoaa, i?aeia?iaeii-i?aaiaeo aeo?a, i?aeoeee
canoinoaaiiy i?aaiaeo ii?i, aea/aiiy iaoeiai? e?oa?aoo?e, ii??aiyeueiee
aiae?c ni??ieo oi/ie ci?o a/aieo c i?iaeai caoenoo i?aa niiaeeaa/?a a
noa?? yeino? oiaa??a aeaee aaoi?o i?aenoaae c?iaeoe iaai? aeniiaee i?i
oa, ui caeiiiaeaanoai uiaei caaacia/aiiy i?aa niiaeeaa/?a a noa?? yeino?
oiaa??a ? iaa?ae’?iiith /anoeiith iaoe?iiaeueiiai caeiiiaeaanoaa ? yaey?
niaith i?aeaaeocaaee eiiieaeniee ?inoeooo caeiiiaeaanoaa Oe?a?ie;
aea?aeaaia oi?aae?iiy a aeai?e noa?? cae?enith?oueny ia eeoa ia iniia?
niaoe?aeueieo, aea e caaaeueieo i?eioeei?a aea?aeaaiiai oi?aae?iiy a
oe?eiio; i?aaie aea?aeaaiiai oi?aae?iiy, aei eiiiaoaioe?? yeeo
a?aeiinyoueny ieoaiiy caaacia/aiiy i?aa niiaeeaa/?a a noa?? yeino?
oiaa??a, ? nai???aeiith nenoaiith, a aea?aeaaia oi?aae?iiy a oe?e noa??
– neeaaeiaith /anoeiith nenoaie aea?aeaaiiai oi?aae?iiy aeiiii?eith
Oe?a?ie; nenoaia caoiae?a aaei?i?no?aoeaiiai i?eiono canoiniao?oueny ye
aei o?ce/ieo, oae ? aei th?eaee/ieo in?a; a Oe?a?i? ? oe?ie? iiaeeeaino?
uiaei ae??oaiiy ieoaiue a aeine?aeaeoaai?e noa??, aea ua iaaeinoaoiy
eii?aeeiaoe?y ae?yeueiino? aea?aeaaieo i?aai?a oa iaaea?aeaaieo no?oeoo?
iaaaoeaii a?aeaeaa?oueny ia ?aaeueiiio caaacia/aii? caoenoo i?aa
niiaeeaa/?a a noa?? yeino? oiaa??a.

Iniiai? iieiaeaiiy aeena?oaoe?eiiai aeine?aeaeaiiy aeeeaaeai? a
oaeeo iaoeiaeo i?aoeyo:

1. Ii?uoei A. O., Eaaae O. A., A?aoi N. I. Ea/anoai i?iaeoeoeee e
i?aaiaay caueoa iio?aaeoaey – E.: Oe?IEEIOE Ainieaia ONN?, 1990. – N.
1-25 (o ni?aaaoi?noa?).

2. Eaaae O. A. Iaeioi?ua i?aaiecaoeeiiii-i?aaiaua aniaeou eiio?iey
ca ea/anoaii naeueneioicyenoaaiiie i?iaeoeoeee. A ei.: Oai?ey e i?aeoeea
ia?ano?ieee oicyenoaaiiiai iaoaiecia. * 2. – E.: E?IA, 1990. – N. 51.

3. Eaaae O. A. I?iaeaiu ?acainoaea?noaeaiey e ea/anoai i?iaeoeoeee
naeueneiai oicyenoaa. A ei.: I?iaeaiu ?acainoaea?noaeaiey e
i?eaaoecaoeee nianoaaiiinoe: Oacenu aeieeaaeia iao/ii-i?aeoe/aneie
eiioa?aioeee 25-26 ethiy 1991 a. – E.: Oe?IEEIOE, 1991. -N. 64-65.

4. Eaaae O. I. I?aaiaa iaa/aiiy nooaeaio?a oa caaacia/aiiy yeino?
n?euenueeiainiiaea?nueei? i?iaeoeoe??. A ei.: Caeiiiaeaanoai Oe?a?ie –
iniiaa i?aaiaiai aeoiaaiiy nooaeaionueei? oa o/i?anueei? iieiae?. Oace
aeiiia?aeae ?anioae?eainueei? iaoeiai-iaoiaee/ii? eiioa?aioe??. – E.:
IIE AI, 1992. -N. 89-90.

5. Eaaae O. I. Eiiaioa? no. 77, 78 Eiinoeoooe?? Oe?a?ie. A ei.:
Eiiaioa? aei Eiinoeoooe?? Oe?a?ie. – E.: ?inoeooo caeiiiaeaanoaa
Aa?oiaii? ?aaee Oe?a?ie, 1996. – N. 185-187.

6. Eaaae O. I. Aaeineiiaeaiiy i?aaiaiai noaoono i?aai?a
Aea?aeniiaeeacaoenoo Oe?a?ie – aaaeeeaa oiiaa i?aeaeuaiiy aoaeoeaiino?
?o ae?yeueiino?. A ei.: Aea?aeaaii-i?aaiaa ?aoi?ia a Oe?a?i?. – E.:
?inoeooo caeiiiaeaanoaa Aa?oiaii? ?aaee Oe?a?ie, 1997. -N. 215-218.

7. Eaaae O.I. Caeiiiaeaanoai i?i caoeno i?aa niiaeeaa/?a o noa??
yeino? oiaa??a o nenoai? caeiiiaeaanoaa Oe?a?ie //I?aai Oe?a?ie. – 1998.
– ? 8.- N. 98-101.

8. Eaaae O. I. Aeaieia iiae? /e aeiiaa /ano ? //Iie?oeea ? /an. –
1999. – ? 2. – N. 69-72.

9. Eaaae O.I. Ooieoe?? aea?aeaaiiai oi?aae?iiy a noa?? caoenoo i?aa
niiaeeaa/?a uiaei yeino? oiaa??a. //I?aai Oe?a?ie. – 1999. – ? 2.- N.
18-21.

10. Eaaae O.I. Niiaeeaa/ai – iaae?ei? i?aaia? aa?aio??. //A?/a. –
1999. – ? 2. – N. 116- 124.

Eaaae O.I. I?aai?caoe?eii-i?aaia? ieoaiiy caaacia/aiiy caoenoo i?aa
niiaeeaa/?a a noa?? yeino? oiaa??a. – ?oeiien.

Aeena?oaoe?y ia caeiaoooy iaoeiaiai nooiaiy eaiaeeaeaoa th?eaee/ieo
iaoe ca niaoe?aeuei?noth 12.00.07. – oai??y oi?aae?iiy; aaei?i?no?aoeaia
i?aai ? i?ioean; o?iainiaa ? aaieiaa i?aai.- Ee?anueeee oi?aa?neoao
?iai? Oa?ana Oaa/aiea, Ee?a, 1998.

Aeena?oaoe?y i?noeoue a nia? oai?aoe/i? aeniiaee oa i?iiiceoe??
uiaei ieoaiue i?aai?caoe?eii – i?aaiaiai caaacia/aiiy i?aa niiaeeaa/?a a
noa?? yeino? oiaa??a. Iaa?oioiao?oueny aecia/aiiy iiiyooy yeino? oiaa??a
ye i?aaiai? eaoaai???, i?iaiaeeoueny aiae?c caeiiiaeaanoaa, ui ?aaoeth?
i?aaia?aeiineie a aeine?aeaeoaai?e noa??, aecia/a?oueny eiai i?noea a
nenoai? caeiiiaeaanoaa Oe?a?ie. Aea?oueny oa?aeoa?enoeea nenoaie
aea?aeaaieo i?aai?a, ui caaacia/othoue caoeno i?aa niiaeeaa/?a a noa??
yeino? oiaa??a, ooieoe?e, iaoiae?a oa i?aai?caoe?eii-i?aaiaeo oi?i ?o
ae?yeueiino?. I?eae?ey?oueny oaaaa i?aaiaiio ?aaoethaaiith o/ano?
a?iiaaenueeino? a caaacia/aii? caoenoo i?aa niiaeeaa/?a a noa?? yeino?
oiaa??a, aiae?co?oueny i?aeoeea ae?yeueiino? ia`?aeiaiue a?iiaaeyi
Oe?a?ie a oe?e noa??. A aeine?aeaeaii? aeneiaeai? ?aeiiaiaeaoe?? uiaei
aaeineiiaeaiiy /eiiiai caeiiiaeaanoaa a noa?? caoenoo i?aa niiaeeaa/?a.

Eeth/ia? neiaa: niiaeeaa/, caeiiiaeaanoai, i?aaa niiaeeaa/?a,
caoeno i?aa niiaeeaa/?a, niiaeea/a i?aai, ye?noue oiaa??a.

Eaaae O.I. I?aaiecaoeeiiii-i?aaiaua aii?inu iaania/aiey caueou i?aa
iio?aaeoaeae a noa?a ea/anoaa oiaa?ia. – ?oeiienue.

Aeenna?oaoeey ia nieneaiea o/aiie noaiaie eaiaeeaeaoa th?eaee/aneeo
iaoe ii niaoeeaeueiinoe 12.00.07. – oai?ey oi?aaeaiey; aaeieieno?aoeaiia
i?aai e i?ioeann; oeiainiaia e aaieianeia i?aai. – Eeaaneee oieaa?neoao
eiaie Oa?ana Oaa/aiei, Eeaa, 1998.

Aeenna?oaoeey niaea?aeeo a naaa oai?aoe/aneea auaiaeu e
i?aaeeiaeaiey ii aii?inai oniaa?oainoaiaaiey i?aaiecaoeeiiii-i?aaiaiai
iaania/aiey i?aa iio?aaeoaeae a noa?a ea/anoaa oiaa?ia. Iainiiauaaaony
ii?aaeaeaiea iiiyoey ea/anoaa oiaa?ia eae i?aaiaie eaoaai?ee,
i?iaiaeeony aiaeec caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa, eioi?ia ?aaoee?oao i?aaiioiioaiey
a enneaaeoaiie noa?a, ii?aaeaeyao aai ianoi a nenoaia caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa
Oe?aeiu. Aeaaony oa?aeoa?enoeea nenoaiu ainoaea?noaaiiuo i?aaiia,
iaania/eaathueo caueoo i?aa iio?aaeoaeae a noa?a ea/anoaa oiaa?ia,
ooieoeee, iaoiaeia e i?aaiecaoeeiiii-i?aaiauo oi?i eo aeayoaeueiinoe.
Oaeaeyaony aieiaiea i?aaiaiio ?aaoee?iaaieth o/anoey iauanoaaiiinoe a
iaania/aiee caueou i?aa iio?aaeoaeae, aiaeece?oaony i?aeoeea
aeayoaeueiinoe iauaaeeiaiee a?aaeaeai Oe?aeiu a yoie noa?a. A
enneaaeiaaiee auneacaiu ?aeiiaiaeaoeee ii oniaa?oainoaiaaieth
aeaenoaothuaai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa a noa?a caueou i?aa iio?aaeoaeae.

Eeth/aaua neiaa: iio?aaeoaeue, caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai, i?aaa
iio?aaeoaeae, caueoa i?aa iio?aaeoaeae, iio?aaeoaeueneia i?aai, ea/anoai
oiaa?ia.

Kagal T.O. Organizational-legal questions of ensuring the consumers’
rights protection in the sphere of goods’ quality. – Manuscript.

Dissertation for a scientific degree of candidate of legal sciences in
speciality 12.00.07. – theory of management, administrative law and
process; financial and bank law. – Kiev university of Taras Shevchenko,
Kiev, 1998.

Dissertation contains theoretical conclusions and proposals with
respect to questions of modernisation of organisational-legal supply of
consumer rights in the sphere of goods’ quality. The notion of quality
of goods is based as a legal category, analysis of legislation which
regulates mutual relations in the researched sphere is carried out,
determines its place in legal system of Ukraine. There is a
characteristics of the system of state bodies which ensure protection of
consumer rights in the sphere of quality of goods, functions, methods
and organisational-legal forms of activities. Attention is paid to
legal regulation of participation of public in the ensuring of
protection of consumer rights, practice of activities of public
associations of Ukraine in this sphere is analysed. Research contains
recommendations concerning modernisation the current legislation in the
sphere of protection of consumer rights.

Key words: consumer, legislation, consumer rights, protection of
consumer rights, consumer law, quality of goods.

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