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Розробка технології видобутку природного каменя як попутної сировини в діючих кар’єрах: Автореф. дис… д-ра техн. наук / С.О. Жуков, Криворіз. техн.

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I?I?NOA?NOAI INA?OE OE?A?IE

E?EAI??CUeEEE OAOI?*IEE OI?AA?NEOAO

AEoeia Na?a?e Ieaenaiae?iae/

OAeE 622.271

?IC?IAEA OAOIIEIA?? AEAeIAOOEO

I?E?IAeIIAI EAIAIss ssE IIIOOII?

NE?IAEIE A Ae?TH*EO EA?’??AO

Niaoe?aeuei?noue 05.15.03 – «A?aee?eoa ?ic?iaea

?iaeiaeu ei?enieo eiiaeei»

AAOI?AOA?AO

aeena?oaoe?? ia caeiaoooy iaoeiaiai nooiaiy

aeieoi?a oaoi?/ieo iaoe

E?eaee ??a – 1998

Aeena?oaoe??th ? ?oeiien.

?iaioa aeeiiaia a E?eai??cueeiio oaoi?/iiio oi?aa?neoao? I?i?noa?noaa
ina?oe Oe?a?ie.

Iaoeiaee eiinoeueoaio:

aeieoi? oaoi?/ieo iaoe, i?ioani? Aecia Aieiaeeie? Oaaei?iae/,

E?eai??cueeee oaoi?/iee oi?aa?neoao, ?aeoi?.

Io?oe?ei? iiiiaioe:

aeieoi? oaoi?/ieo iaoe, i?ioani? U?eeaiia Aeaaeeai Ieaenaiae?iae/,
E?eai??cueeee oaoi?/iee oi?aa?neoao, i?ioani? eaoaae?e;

aeieoi? oaoi?/ieo iaoe, i?ioani? ?o?aiia A?iano ?aaiiae/

?inoeooo aaioaoi?/ii? iaoai?ee IAI Oe?a?ie, caa?aeoaa/ a?aeae?eo;

aeieoi? oaoi?/ieo iaoe, i?ioani? Aoiaiee ?eey Eueaiae/,

Iaoe?iiaeueia a??ie/a aeaaeai?y Oe?a?ie, caa?aeoaa/ eaoaae?e.

I?ia?aeia onoaiiaa – Iaoeiai-aeine?aeiee a??ie/i?oaeiee ?inoeooo
I?i?noa?noaa i?iieneiai? iie?oeee Oe?a?ie (IAeA??), i. E?eaee ??a.

Caoeno a?aeaoaeaoueny 23 aeiaoiy 1998 ?ieo i 14 aiaeeii ia
can?aeaii? niaoe?ae?ciaaii? a/aii? ?aaee Ae 09.052.02 E?eai??cueeiai
oaoi?/iiai oi?aa?neoaoo ca aae?anith: 324002, i. E?eaee ??a, aoe.
Iooe?ia, 37, aoae. 301.

C aeena?oaoe??th iiaeia iciaeiieoenue o a?ae?ioaoe? E?eai??cueeiai
oaoi?/iiai oi?aa?neoaoo ca aae?anith: 324002, i. E?eaee ??a, aoe.
Iooe?ia, 37.

Aaoi?aoa?ao ?ic?neaiee “22” aa?aniy 1998 ?ieo.

A/aiee nae?aoa? niaoe?ae?ciaaii?

a/aii? ?aaee
Oaonoia. A.O.

ANOOI

Aeooaeuei?noue aeine?aeaeaiue.

Aeey an?o iai?yie?a a??ie/iai ae?iaieoeoaa ? a??ie/eo iaoe oa?aeoa?iee
aaaaoiaaeocaaee oaoi?/iee ? aeiiii?/iee i?aeo?ae aei ae??oaiiy iaoeiaeo
? ae?iaie/eo caaaeaiue, eiiieaeniee i?aeo?ae aei aeei?enoaiiy ei?enieo
eiiaeei o ii?aeiaii? c aeiiaaie i?i?iaeueiiai caeoeo i?e?iae?.

Cia/i? caiane ia?aaioeaaeo ? iniaeeai cae?cieo ?oae, ui ia?aaeuothoue
15% na?oiaeo (21 ie?ae. o.), a oaeiae iayai?noue aaeeeeo
a??ie/i-caaaa/oaaeueieo eiia?iao?a ? ?oaeiee?a, iinoaaeee Oe?a?io a
iaeei ?yae c e?a?iaie – iaea?eueoeie ae?iaieeaie oiaa?ii? ?oaee.
Caa?aaeaiiy oeueiai i?iieneiaiai iioaioe?aeo ia?aaeaa/a?oueny a
iniiaiiio ca ?aooiie i?aeaeuaiiy eiiieaeniino? inai?iiy ?iaeiaeu.

?acii c oei, neooaoe?y a a??ie/iaeaeiaoaieo ?aa?iiao i?iaeiaaeo?
iia??ooaaoeny ye a aeiiii?/iiio, oae ? a aeieia?/iiio ieai?. O iaea?eueo
aaaeeeo oiiaao o ia?ao?aeiee ia??iae aeyaeeeny iiooaei?
a??ie/iaeaeiaoai? i?aei?e?inoaa, oiio ?ioaineai? iiooee iao?aaeeoe?eieo
iai?yie?a caaacia/aiiy ?o aeaeeaaiiy ? ia nueiaiaei?oi?e aeaiue ?aeeiei
aeoiaeii c e?ece. Iaeiei ?c oaeeo ia?niaeoeaieo iai?yie?a inai?iiy
?oaeieo ?iaeiaeu ? iiiooiee aeaeiaooie i?e?iaeiiai eaiaiy, yeiio aei
oeueiai /ano ia i?eae?eyeiny iaeaaeii? oaaae.

sse iieaco? aiae?c aeeiai?ee i?e?inoo ?ica?aeaieo ?iaeiaeu i?e?iaeiiai
eaiaiy ? oeo, ui ?ic?iaeythoueny, ianya?a aeaeiaooeo aeie?a
iaeeoethaaeueiiai eaiaiy ? ae?iaieoeoaa iaeeoethaaeueieo iaoa??ae?a, ca
inoaii? aeanyoe??//y a na?aaeiueiio aiie c?inee a?aeiia?aeii a 2, 20 ?
50 ?ac?a, ui na?ae/eoue i?i c?inoath/ee aeao?oeeo oe??? ne?iaeie ?
i?aeoaa?aeaeo? aeooaeuei?noue iiooeo aeueoa?iaoeaii? ne?iaeiii? aace
aeey eiai aeaeiaooeo. Oaeith aacith iiaeooue aooe ea?’??i? iiey
a??ie/i-caaaa/oaaeueieo eiia?iao?a Oe?a?ie, ye? i?noyoue aeanyoee
i?eueeii?a eoaiiao??a aenieiaeaei?aoeaieo neaeueieo ii??ae, ui iiaeooue
aooe aoaeoeaii aeei?enoai?, aea ao?a/athoueny o a?aeaaeao ionoeo ii??ae.

Acaaae? cae?ci?oaei? ?iaeiaeua Oe?a?ie ? a aaieia?/iiio a?aeiioaii?
oi?eaeueieie ia o?eueee ca caianaie ? ??ciiaeaeaie cae?cieo ?oae, aea ?
ca ianyaaie ? ia?ae?eii iaeiaioaaiue ai?uoth/eo ii??ae, aaaaoi c yeeo ca
nai?ie oa?aeoa?enoeeaie ? aeanoeainoyie iiai?noth a?aeiia?aeathoue
aeii-aai, ui i?aae’yaeythoueny aei i?e?iaeiiai, a oiio /ene? ? aei
iaeeoethaaeueiiai, eaiaiy. Ia na?oiaiio ?eieo oe?ie ia oeth ne?iaeio
eieeaathoueny a?ae 300 aei 1400 $/i3, aea, iacaaaeath/e ia oea, aiia
i?iaeiaaeo? aaaaeaoeny ia ?oaeieo ea?’??ao a?aeoiaeaie.

Oaeei /eiii i?iaeaia ?ic?iaeaiiy oai??? ? i?aeoeee iiiooiiai aeaeiaooeo
i?e?iaeiiai eaiaiy iaaoaa? iniaeeai? aeooaeueiino?. ?? ??oaiiy
aeicaieeoue cia/iith i??ith i?aeaeueoe

aeiiii?/i?, aeieia?/i? ? oaoi?/i? iieacieee ae?iaie/i? ae?yeueiino?
a??ie/eo i?aei?e?inoa.

Iaoa ?iaioe iieyaa? o noai?aii? iaoeiai iaa?oioiaaii? aoaeoeaii?
oaoiieia?? iiiooiiai aeaeiaooeo i?e?iaeiiai eaiaiy a ae?th/eo ea?’??ao,
ocaiaeaeaii? c iniiaiith oaoiieia??th.

A?aeiia?aeii aei iaoe, caaaeaiiyie aeine?aeaeaiue ? iaoeiaa
iaa?oiooaaiiy ? ?ic?iaeaiiy iaoiae?a eieae?caoe?? ? eeaneo?eaoe??
ianea?a i?e?iaeiiai eaiaiy a i?iaeoieo eiioo?ao ea?’???a, i?iaiicoaaiiy
ai?noo a ianea? ? aeoiaeo i?e ?o ?ic?iaoe? aeie?a eiiaeeoe?eii?
ne?iaeie, oi?ioaaiiy oeiiaeo eiiieaen?a oaoiieia?/iiai iaeaaeiaiiy e
aoaeoeaieo oaoiieia?e.

?aeay ?iaioe iieyaa? o aeei?enoaii? ae?aioth/eo aeanoeainoae i?e?iaeieo
? ooo/ieo ii?ooaiue o ianeaao e?enoae?/ieo ii??ae, ye? iaa??aathoue
iaoa??ae ana?aaeei? i?e?iaeieo ie?aiinoae a?ae ?oei?aiiai aieeao
aeaooiaeo oaeeue, o aeae?eaii? ia iniia? oeueiai ianea?a, iioaioe?eii
i?eaeaoieo aeey aeaeiaooeo aeie?a i?e?iaeiiai eaiaiy, ? noai?aii? aeey
?o ?ic?iaee a?aeiia?aeieo oeiiaeo oaoiieia?/ieo eiiieaen?a c
aeei?enoaiiyi ?nioth/iai a ae?th/iio ea?’??? iaeaaeiaiiy.

Ia’?eoaie aeine?aeaeaiue ? ianeae neaeueieo ? iai?aneaeueieo ?ice?eaieo
ii??ae ?oaeieo ea?’???a oa oaoiieia?? ?o ?ic?iaee.

Iniiai? iaoeia? iieiaeaiiy, ui caoeuathoueny:

1. I?eaeaoi?noue ianeao e?enoae?/ieo ii??ae aeey iiiooiiai aeaeiaooeo
i?e?iaeiiai eaiaiy a ae?th/iio ea?’??? caeaaeeoue a?ae ia?aiao??a
nenoaiieo iae?io??uei o ianea?, eiai eieae?caoe?? ? oaoiieia??, ui
canoiniao?oueny a ea?’???.

2. ?iceie ii?iaee ii ieiueiao, ui ieaiothoueny, i?e ao?iaeaooia?e
i?aeaioiaoe? i?e?iaeiiai eaiaiy a iiiie?oieo ii?iaeao aeinyaa?oueny ca
?aooiie ocaiaeaeaiiai ?icoaooaaiiy ?i?oe?thth/eo aeaoiioth/eo oio??a ?
i?inoi?iaiai ?icoaooaaiiy naa?aeeiaeiieo ca?yae?a aeaooiaeo ?a/iaei, ui
caaacia/o? oiiae aeey noai?aiiy eiioeaio?aoi??a iai?oaeaiue; o oa?oaaoeo
? aeieiaeo ii?iaeao ia?aiao?e ao?iaeaooiaeo ?ia?o iiaeii? aecia/aoeny c
o?aooaaiiyi ye i?inoi?iai? i???ioaoe?? ? noaio nenoaiieo iae?io??uei,
oae ? ni?aa?aeiioaiiy aeonoe/ii? aei?noeino? ii?iaee ? caiiaithaa/a
o??uei.

3. Noai?aiiy ?aaeeio ?aaoeueiaaiiai ?iioeueniiai iaaaioaaeaiiy a??nueei?
ii?iaee aeey ?? ?iceieo, ui ia noi?iaiaeaeo?oueny aeieeiaiiyi o i?e
?oeioth/eo i?oaeieo oaeeue, caaacia/o?oueny aeaioaciaei niaeaiiyi
ai?th/eo ?a/iaei o niaoe?aeueii ?ic?iaeaiiio i??ieeeiiaiio i?eno?i?.

4. Ca oiia eiiieaeniiai inai?iiy ?iaeiaeua ia iai?yi ?icaeoeo ? ?aaeei
a??ie/eo ?ia?o o ea?’??? aieeaathoue e?euee?noue aeae?a iiiooieo
ei?enieo eiiaeei, a oaeiae ?o ye?ni? oa?aeoa?enoeee ? ianyae aeaeiaooeo,
ye? aecia/athoueny c o?aooaaiiyi aca?iiiai aieeao iniiaii? ? iiiooii?
oaoiieia?e.

5. Neeaae eiiieaen?a oaoiieia?/iiai iaeaaeiaiiy aeey iiiooiiai
aeaeiaooeo i?e?iaeiiai eaiaiy caeaaeeoue a?ae ia?aiao??a ii?iaeieo
ianea?a, ianya?a eiai aeaeiaooeo, a oaeiae a?ae iiaeeeainoae
aeei?enoaiiy a iiiooi?e oaoiieia?? iniiaiiai ea?’??iiai iaeaaeiaiiy.

6. Aeiiii?/ia aoaeoeai?noue oaoiieia?? iiiooiiai aeaeiaooeo aei/ii?
ne?iaeie aecia/a?oueny ia caaaeueiei aeoiaeii eiiaeeoe?eieo aeie?a, a
ni?aa?aeiioaiiyi eiai c aeoiaeii iaeiiaeeoe?eii? ne?iaeie ii??aiyieo
?ici???a.

Iaoeiaa iiaecia iaea?aeaieo ?acoeueoao?a aeine?aeaeaiue iieyaa? o oiio,
ui:

1. ?ic?iaeaia eeaneo?eaoe?y ianea?a i?e?iaeiiai eaiaiy ye iiiooii?
ei?enii? eiiaeeie a ae?th/eo ea?’??ao.

2. Cai?iiiiiaai? ?ioaa?aeueiee iieaciee ioe?iee noaio ianeao
i?e?iaeiiai eaiaiy ? iaoiaeeea oei?caoe?? eiiieaen?a iaeaaeiaiiy ca oeei
iieacieeii.

3. ?ic?iaeaii iiaee iaoiae ioe?iee o??ueioaaoino? ? aei/iino? ianeao
a??nueeeo ii??ae.

4. Anoaiiaeai? iniaeeaino? ? caeiiii??iino? ?oeioaaiiy ianeao
i?e?iaeiiai eaiaiy i?e i?aeaioiaoe? eiai naa?aeeiaeiieie ca?yaeaie, ia
iniia? /iai ?ic?iaeaia iiaa iaoiaeeea ?ic?aooieo ia?aiao??a
ao?iaeaooiaeo ?ia?o.

5. Aaeineiiaeaia iaoiaeeea ioe?iee ae?aioth/eo aeanoeainoae nenoaiieo
iae?io??uei.

6. ?ic?iaeaii i?eioeeiiai iiaee niin?a noai?aiiy ?aaoeueiaaieo
iai?aaeaieo ?iioeuenieo coneeue, ui ia noi?iaiaeaeo?oueny aeieeiaiiyi
i?oaeieo oaeeue a ii?iae?, yea ?oeio?oueny.

7. Iaa?oioiaaii e?eoa??? ioe?iee aoaeoeaiino? ii?aeiaiiy oaoiieia?e
ae?iaie/eo i?ioean?a iiiooiiai aeaeiaooeo i?e?iaeiiai eaiaiy oa
aecia/aiiy iai?yio ?icaeoeo a??ie/eo ?ia?o.

8. Anoaiiaeai? iniiai? caeiiii??iino? aca?iiiai aieeao iniiaii? ?
iiiooii? oaoiieia?e o ?oaeiiio ea?’??? i?e iiiooiiio aeaeiaooeo
i?e?iaeiiai eaiaiy.

9. Cai?iiiiiaaiee ? iaa?oioiaaiee iiaee e?eoa??e ? iaoiae ?ic?aooieo
aeieiai-aeiiii?/ii? ioe?iee aoaeoeaiino? aeaeiaooeo iiiooii? ne?iaeie.

Iaoeiaa cia/aiiy ?iaioe iieyaa? a oai?aoe/iiio iaa?oiooaaii?
aeioe?eueiino? ? iiaeeeaino?, niinia?a ? ia?aiao??a oaoiieia?? iiiooiiai
aeaeiaooeo i?e?iaeiiai eaiaiy a ae?th/eo ea?’??ao ? iioei?caoe??
iiiooii? oaoiieia?? c o?aooaaiiyi iniiaii?.

I?aeoe/ia cia/aiiy ?iaioe iieyaa? a ?ic?iaoe?:

– iaoiaeee aecia/aiiy i?eaeaoiino? ianea?a ?ice?eaieo ii??ae aeey
iiiooiiai aeaeiaooeo i?e?iaeiiai eaiaiy, i?iaiicoaaiiy ai?noo a ianea? ?
aeoiaeo aeieiai? ne?iaeie caaeaieo ia?aiao??a;

– iaoiae?a caoenoo ianea?a i?e?iaeiiai eaiaiy a?ae ?oeioth/iai
oaeeueiaiai aieeao ianiaeo aeaoo?a;

– oaoiieia?/ieo ??oaiue ? oaoi?/ieo cania?a, ui i?aeaeuothoue
aoaeoeai?noue ae?iaie/eo i?ioean?a iiiooiiai aeaeiaooeo i?e?iaeiiai
eaiaiy;

– oeiiaeo eiiieaen?a oaoiieia?/iiai iaeaaeiaiiy, aaeaioiaaieo aeey
?ic?iaee ianea?a ??cieo oei?a.

?aae?caoe?y ?iaioe. Ia?aa??ea ?acoeueoao?a oa ai?iaaaeaeaiiy ?ic?iaie
aeena?oaoe?? cae?eniai? ia ??cieo ea?’??ao, ye niaoe?ae?ciaaieo,
?ic?iaeyth/eo ?iaeiaeua i?e?iaeiiai eaiaiy, oae ? ?oaeieo. Oae ia
Oie?anueeiio a?ai?oiiio ea?’??? a?aei?aoeueiaoaaeeny ? aoee
ai?iaaaeaeai? o ae?iaieoeoai: niiniae a?aeeieo aeie?a ca aeiiiiiaith
i??ieeeiiaiai i?eno?ith, i?eno??e aeey ?oeioaaiiy i?ia?aeueieo
na?aaeiaeu no?oiaiai aenieioaiia?aoo?iiai aaco, «Iaoiaeeea aecia/aiiy
?aoe?iiaeueiiai iai?yio ?iceieo ? ?icieethaaiiy aeie?a i?e?iaeiiai
eaiaiy”. Ai?iaaaeaeaiiy ?ic?iaie aeena?oaoe?? caaacia/eei noia?iee
aeiiii?/iee aoaeo a ianyc? 132,250 oen. a?i. A oiiaao ?aiaoi??enueeiai
ea?’??o AAO «Neaaooe/-E?ei” aeei?enoaiiy ?acoeueoao?a aeine?aeaeaiiy
aeicaieeei cae?enithaaoe i?aeaioiaeo aaiiye?a (ea?aiiaoii? ne?iaeie)
ao?ii?ae?eaiei niiniaii, aac ii?ooaiiy oa?o ieeueieo na?iaonueeeo
aaiiye?a (aeiiii?/iee aoaeo 375,580 oen. a?i). O ea?’??? CAO
«Iiainae?anueea ea?’??ioi?aae?iiy” (E?ei) aiaeia?/iee aoaeo aoa
aeinyaiooee i?e cai?i? iaoai?/iiai ?eoeaiiy ?ice?eaieo iai?aneaeueieo
ii??ae ia ?o ao?ii?ae?eaio i?aeaioiaeo (aeiiii?/iee aoaeo 165,070 oen.
a?i.). Aecia/aiiy ?aoe?iiaeueiiai iai?yio ?icaeoeo a??ie/eo ?ia?o c
o?aooaaiiyi iiiooiiai aeaeiaooeo ieeueiiai eaiaiy c aaiiyeiaeo ii??ae
?ice?eooy caaacia/eei aeiiii?/iee aoaeo ia *eae?anueeiio ea?’??? ? 2 AAO
«I?aeaeii?e?aecaanueeee ACE” a ?ici??? 246,270 oen. a?i. A AAO
«Ni?ienueeee a?ai?oii-uaaiaaee ea?’??” (Iieaeiaa) aoee aeei?enoai?
?ic?iaeai? a aeena?oaoe?? iaoiaee oi?aae?iiy i??ith ae?iaeaiiy i?e
cae?eniaii? ao?ii?ae?eaieo ?ia?o (aeiiii?/iee aoaeo 620,4 oen. eae). A
oiiaao ea?’??o AAO «?iaoeaoeueeee ACE” aeei?enoiaothoueny oae? ?ic?iaee:
iaoiaeeea ioe?iee ianea?a ii??ae ?ice?eooy, iioaioe?eii i?eaeaoieo aeey
iiiooiiai aeaeiaooeo i?e?iaeiiai eaiaiy; iaoiaeeea ?ic?aooieo ia?aiao??a
ao?ii?ae?eaieo ?ia?o, ui caaacia/othoue caa?aaeaiiy iiiie?oiino? aeie?a,
ye? a?aeaeaathoueny; oaoiieia?y iiiooiiai aeaeiaooeo i?e?iaeiiai eaiaiy
c? neaeueieo ?ice?eaieo ii??ae; oaoi?/i? caniae, ?ic?iaeai? aeey
aaeaioaoe?? a??ie/iai iaeaaeiaiiy aei aeaeiaooeo aeieiai? ne?iaeie.
I/?eoaaiee aeiiii?/iee aoaeo a?ae aeei?enoaiiy oeeo ?ic?iaie ia ?iACE
noaiiaeoue 711,374 oen. a?i.

Ie?ai? ?ic?iaee aeena?oaoe?? aeei?enoiaothoueny a iaa/aeueiiio i?ioean?
E?eai??cueeiai oaoi?/iiai oi?aa?neoaoo a ?iai/eo i?ia?aiao aeenoeeie?i
«Aeieia?y a??ie/iai ae?iaieoeoaa” ? «?ano?nicaa??aath/? ? iaeia?aeoiaei?
oaoiieia??”.

Iniaenoee aianie aaoi?a a iaea?aeaiiy iaoeiaeo ?acoeueoao?a, ye?
aeiinyoueny ia caoeno, iieyaa? a oi?ioethaaii? iaoe, iaoeiaeo iieiaeaiue
oa caaaeaiue aeine?aeaeaiiy; iaea?aeaii? aiae?oe/ieo ae?ac?a aeey
?ic?aooie?a ia?aiao??a: ae?aioth/eo u?eei, ao?iaeaooiaeo ?ia?o i?e
naa?aeeiaeii?e oa oio?ia?e i?aeaioiaoe? i?e?iaeiiai eaiaiy, a oaeiae
i??ieeeiiaiai i?eno?ith; ?ic?iaoe? eeaneo?eaoe?? ianea?a i?e?iaeiiai
eaiaiy, ?icoaoiaaieo o eiioo?ao ?oaeieo ea?’???a, e?eoa???a oa iaoiaeee
aecia/aiiy: aeioe?eueiino? iiiooii? oaoiieia??, iai?yio ?icaeoeo
a??ie/eo ?ia?o, aca?iiae?? iniiaii? oa iiiooii? oaoiieia?e,
iioeiaeueiino? ii?aeiaiiy a iiiooi?e oaoiieia?? ae?iaie/eo i?ioean?a;
?ic?iaoe? iiaiai niiniao noai?aiiy iai?aaeaieo coneeue o ii?iae? ?
i?eno?ith aeey eiai cae?eniaiiy, oa?iino?oiaiaaiai oa ?ioeo i?eno?i?a
aeey caaacia/aiiy iiiooii? oaoiieia??.

Ai?iaaoe?y ?iaioe. ?acoeueoaoe aeine?aeaeaiue ii aeena?oaoe?ei?e ?iaio?
aeiiia?aeaeeny, iaaiai?thaaeeny ? aoee iiceoeaii ioe?iai? ia ui??/ieo
iaoeiai-oaoi?/ieo eiioa?aioe?yo E?eai??cueeiai oaoi?/iiai oi?aa?neoaoo
(E?eaee ??a, 1986-1998 ??.), can?aeaiiyo I?aceae?? Aeaaeai?? a??ie/eo
iaoe Oe?a?ie (1993, 1997 ??), oaoi?/ieo ?aae eiioea?io “Oe??oaei?ii”
(E?eaee ??a, 1992, 1995, 1997 ??.), ?anioae?eainueeiio nai?ia??
«Eiiieaenia aeei?enoaiiy iaae? E?eaaano ? ioi?iia iaaeieeoiueiai
na?aaeiaeua” (E?eaee ??a, 1988 ?.), V ?aa?iiaeuei?e eiioa?aioe??
«?ic?iaea ? aaeineiiaeaiiy niinia?a ? cania?a aeaeiaooeo oa caaaa/aiiy
ei?enieo eiiaeei Eieuenueeiai i?aino?iaa” (Aiaoeoe, 1987 ?.),
ananithci?e iaoeiai-oaoi?/i?e eiioa?aioe?? «Iaeia?aeoiaei? ?
aaca?aeoiaei? oaoiieia?? i?e ?ic?iaoe? ?oaeieo ?iaeiaeu” (Eaoai, 1988
?.), nai?ia?ao Aeui? iaoe?iiaeueii? a??ie/i? oeiee Ia?eaea (O?aioe?y,
1996 ?.), I?aeia?iaei?e iaoeiai-i?aeoe/i?e eiioa?aioe?? «I?iaeaie ?
iai?yie aeei?enoaiiy NAI? a iaa/aeueiiio i?ioean? ? aaoiiaoecaoe?y
i?iaeoii-eiino?oeoi?nueeeo ?ia?o no/anieo ae?iaieoeoa” (E?eaee ??a, 1998
?.), I-e i?aeia?iaei?e eiioa?aioe?? «I?iaeaie eiiieaeniiai inai?iiy
iaae?” (Aei?i?iiao?ianuee, 1998 ?.). iaoeiai-oaoi?/ieo ia?aaeao
a??ie/i-caaaa/oaaeueieo eiia?iao?a ?iACE, IACE, IACE (1986-1997 ??.) oa
i?aei?e?inoa ii aeaeiaooeo i?e?iaeiiai eaiaiy (CAO «?inue», *a?eane; AAO
«Neaaooe/-E?ei oa CAO «Iiainae?anueea ea?’??ioi?aae?iiy», aaoiiiiia
?anioae?ea E?ei; AAO «Ni?ienueeee a?ai?oii-uaaiaaee ea?’??, Iieaeiaa).

Ioae?eaoe??. Iniiai? iieiaeaiiy aeena?oaoe?? iioae?eiaai? o 45
ae?oeiaaieo i?aoeyo. Anueiai ii oai? aeena?oaoe?eii? ?iaioe iioae?eiaaii
69 ?ia?o, o oiio /ene? iaea?aeaii aeaa aaoi?nueeeo na?aeioeoaa ia
aeiaoiaee.

Ianya ? no?oeoo?a aeena?oaoe??. Aeena?oaoe?y neeaaea?oueny c aaaaeaiiy,
6 ?icae?e?a ? aeniiae?a, aeeeaaeaia ia 298 noi??ieao, i?noeoue 29
oaaeeoeue, 59 ?enoie?a, nienie e?oa?aoo?e c 254 iaeiaioaaiue ?
aeiaeaoeo.

Aaoi? aeneiaeth? aeeaieo aaey/i?noue iaoeiaiio eiinoeueoaioo, aeieoi?o
oaoi?/ieo iaoe, i?ioani?o, aeaaeai?eo AAI Oe?a?ie Aeciao A.O. ca
iaoeia? eiinoeueoaoe??; aeieoi?o oaoi?/ieo

iaoe Ea?anueiao TH.A. ca oe?ii? ii?aaee i?e iaaiai?aii? ?acoeueoao?a
aeine?aeaeaiue.

Aaoi? aeneiaeth? aaey/i?noue ni?a?ia?oieeai eaoaae?e a?aee?eoeo a??ie/eo
?ia?o E?eai??cueeiai oaoi?/iiai oi?aa?neoaoo, a oaeiae i?aoe?aieeai
ae?iaieoeoaa, iaoeiaeo ? i?iaeoieo ?inoeooo?a ca ni?eyiiy o cae?aii?
iaoa??ae?a ? ?aae?caoe?? ?acoeueoao?a aeine?aeaeaiue.

INIIAIEE CI?NO ?IAIOE

?icae?e 1. Noai i?iaeaie oa iinoaiiaea caaaeaiue aeine?aeaeaiue.

Iniaeea?noth iiiooiiai aeaeiaooeo i?e?iaeiiai eaiaiy ? oa, ui a?i, c
iaeiiai aieo, aeiaaa? aeoaea niaoeeo?/ieo oaoiieia?e, a c ae?oaiai –
cai?iaaaeaeoth?oueny a ae?th/iio ea?’??? ? aoiaeeoue aei eiai
caaaeueiiai oaoiieia?/iiai eiiieaeno. Oea cia/iith i??ith oneeaaeith?
i?iaeaio eiai ?aae?caoe?? ? coiiaeth? iaiao?aei?noue eiia?iiaaiiai
iaoeiaiai i?aeoiaeo aei ?ica’ycaiiy oe??? i?iaeaie.

?ica’ycaiith i?iaeai ?ic?iaee ? eiiieaeniiai inai?iiy cae?ci?oaeieo
?iaeiaeu i?enay/ai? ?iaioe TH.?. Ai?no?aoiaa, I.?. A?naioue?aa, A.A.
Ae?citheiaa, A.O. Aeciaa, ?.E. Aoiaieea, A.?. ?o?aiiaa, A.?.
?aaiiaa, N.I. ?eue?ia, A.?. Eiaaeaiea, A.I. Eooociaa, I.A.
Iaeueieeiaa, I.I. Ieoaeeiaa, I.A. Iiaiaeeeiaa, A.E. Iie?uoea, A.A.
?aeaanueeiai, A.A. Neie?ia, A.I. Oa?oaeianueeiai, E.I. Oea/oea, I.?.
Oiiaeiaa, E.I. O?oaaoeueeiai, I.E. Oaaei?aiea, A.I. Oieiaeiyeiaa,
A.N. Oio?yeiaa, ?.O. Oaoea, ?.A. Oea?ia, A.I. Uaeeaiiaa ? ?io.

Iaea?eueoee aianie a ?ic?iaeo iaoeiaeo iniia ? oaoiieia?e aeaeiaooeo
i?e?iaeiiai eaiaiy c?iaeee oae? a/ai?, ye: A.ss Aeueiooaiaoia, I.I.
Aiiuaiei, I.O. Aaeea, A.A. Aa?nueeee, I.A. Aeaaoy?aiei, TH.A.
Ea?anueia, I.O. Ei?naeia, A.?. Einieaiia, A.I. Ieieuec?i, A.I.
I?eia, A.Ae. Ia?oei, A.A. I?/oa?i, N.I. Iiaeiei?eia, A.?. ?ae?oaa,
A.?. ?ao?iia, A.I. N??aiei, ?.N. Nieii?iei, TH.?. Ne/ia, E.E.
Oea/oe, N.N. Oaceeia, I.I. *aniieia oa ?io?.

A?aeaeath/e iaeaaeia iiia?aaei?i aeine?aeaeaiiyi, o?aaa iaeiae
a?aecia/eoe, ui aei oeueiai /ano ia ?nio? ia o?eueee ?aeeiiai
caaa?oaiiai eiiieaeno iaoeiai-i?aeoe/ieo ?ic?iaie, yeee ae aeicaieea
cae?enithaaoe aoaeoeaiee aeaeiaooie i?e?iaeiiai eaiaiy a ae?th/eo
ea?’??ao ye iiiooii? ne?iaeie, aea iaa?oue iaoeiai iaa?oioiaaieo
eiioeaioe?e ?ica’ycaiiy aeaieo ieoaiue. O ca’yceo c oeei, iinoaaeaia a
aeena?oaoe?ei?e ?iaio? iaoa aeinyaa?oueny aeeiiaiiyi aeine?aeaeaiue ii
no?oeoo?i?e noai?, ui a?aeia?aaea? aanue eiiieaen ?ia?o – a?ae aea/aiiy
iniaeeainoae ia’?eo?a ?ic?iaee aei iaea?aeaiiy aioiai? i?iaeoeoe??, c
oai?aoe/iei iaa?oiooaaiiyi iiiooiiai aeaeiaooeo i?e?iaeiiai eaiaiy ?
i?aeoe/ieo ?aeiiaiaeaoe?e uiaei eiai cae?eniaiiy.

Oaaeeoey 1. Ia’?ie ?ice?eaieo ii??ae, i?eaeaoieo aeey iaea?aeaiiy
aeie?a i?e?iaeiiai eaiaiy, iei. i3 (/enaeueiee – iioaioe?eii i?eaeaoi?,
ciaiaiiee – ye?ni?)

A??nueea Iaeiaioaaiiy eiia?iaoo

ii?iaea ?iACE IACE IEACE OeACE I?aiACE IieoACE

Neaioe? oa aac?oaei?

eaa?oeeoe 18,2

—–

2,9 311,5

——

21,5 537,3

——-

49,9 180,6

——-

11,3 216,7

——-

10,6 360,2

——

37,7

A?ai?oe 6,4

—–

2,2

– 28,2

—–

10,5

Aio?ai-

e?oe 3,5

—-

1,4

– 8,4

—-

2,7 77,4

—–

18,8

I?aiao?oe 14,3

—–

6,3

– 52,0

—–

9,1

– 43,8

—–

11,6

Iaaiao?oe – – – 6,2 / 2,3 – –

Aiaene – – – 11,5/ 2,7 – –

Iaeiiaeeoe.

cae?ceno?

eaa?oeeoe

– 124,4

——-

15,6 115,9

——-

9,4

Aaiiyee 5,9

—–

1,1 – – – – –

?icae?e 2. Aiae?c ?ano?n?a i?e?iaeiiai eaiaiy e ioe?iea ne?iaeiii?

aace ?oaeieo ea?’???a Oe?a?ie

Iaeiei ?c aieiaieo ia’?eo?a aeine?aeaeaiue aeaii? ?iaioe ? ianeae
neaeueieo ? iai?aneaeueieo ?ice?eaieo ii??ae, ?icoaoiaai? a i?iaeoieo
eiioo?ao ae?th/eo ea?’???a, ye? ca nai?ie oa?aeoa?enoeeaie
a?aeiia?aeathoue aecia/aiith “i?e?iaeiee eai?iue”.

Aeey noai?aiiy iaea?eueo iiaiiai oyaeaiiy i?i iioaioe?ae ?oaeieo
?iaeiaeu Oe?a?ie, ye aeueoa?iaoeaii? ne?iaeiii? aace ii aeaeiaooeo
i?e?iaeiiai eaiaiy, aoee aeine?aeaeai? i?ia?aeiai-iao?ia?ao?/i?
oa?aeoa?e-noeee ? o?ceei-iaoai?/i? aeanoeaino? i?aeoe/ii an?o iniiaieo
??ciiaeae?a neaeueieo ? iai?aneaeueieo ?ice?eaieo ii??ae, a oaeiae
iniaeeaino? ianea?a, neeaaeaieo oeeie ii?iaeaie. O ?acoeueoao? aoee
aecia/ai? iaea?eueo ia?niaeoeai? a aeaiiio aniaeo? ii?iaee ?
i?ae?aoiaai? caiane iioaioe?eii i?eaeaoii? ne?iaeie, ?icoaoiaaii? a
i?iaeoieo eiioo?ao iaeiiooaei?oeo ?oaeieo ea?’???a (oaae. 1).

Iaaaaeai? oeeo?e a?aeia?aaeathoue eeoa /anoeio caaaeueieo caian?a
aeacaieo ii??ae aac o?aooaaiiy aea?o??eeo ? ii?ooaieo aeaooaie.
Aeine?aeaeaiiyie anoaiiaeaii, ui oiaua aea?o??eeo ii??ae eieeaa?oueny
caeaaeii a?ae aeaeo ii?iaee, ?? noaio ? a na?aaeiueiio neeaaea? 35-70 i.
sse iaea?eueo ia?niaeoeai? aeey ?ic?iaee iaeeoethaaeueiiai eaiaiy
aeae?eai? oae? ii?iaee: a?ai?oe, i?aiao?oe, aio?aie?oe, iaaiao?oe. sse
ooo/iee no?iiaee ? aooiaee aei?iaeiee eai?iue: aiaene, neaioe?,
eaa?oeeoe. sse ieeueiee eai?iue – aaiiyee. Aeey eiaeiiai aeaeo ii??ae
anoaiiaeai? caeiiii??iino? ci?ie iniiaieo aeanoeainoae caeaaeii a?ae ?o
eieae?caoe??, a oaeiae iaoai?/ii? ai?cio?ii??, coiiaeaii? ?o
oa?oaao?noth e i???ioaoe??th ca?ai i?ia?ae?a. Anoaiiaeai? caeiiii??iino?
aeicaieythoue aecia/aoe iaeiaio aia?ai?ie?ni? niiniae a?aeie?aieaiiy
aeie?a a?ae ianeao oa ?o ?icieethaaiiy oeyoii i???iooaaiiy ieiuei
?oeioaaiiy, ui caaeathoueny.

?icae?e 3. Aeine?aeaeaiiy no?oeoo?ieo iniaeeainoae ianea?a ?ice?eaieo
ii??ae.

Aeey ?iaeiaeu i?e?iaeiiai eaiaiy o?ceei-iaoai?/i? ? aeaei?aoeai?
oa?aeoa?enoeee ii?iaee ia ? oaeeie, ui aecia/athoue ieoaiiy i?i ?o
i?eaeaoi?noue aeey ?ic?iaee. Iaeieie c iaea?eueo aaaeeeaeo (iniaeeai a
oiiaao ae?th/eo ?oaeieo ea?’???a) ? iieacieee o??ueioaaoino? ianeao.

Ia a?aei?io a?ae ?iaeiaeu i?e?iaeiiai eaiaiy a?oie a?ai?o?a, aeey yeeo
oeiiaith ? aeecueea aei ai?eciioaeueii? i???ioaoe?y ia?aeiii-ieanoiaeo
o??uei nenoaie L ? iayai?noue noai?oiaiiaeueieo aei ia? e?ooiiaaeath/eo
o??uei nenoai S, Q ? D, ai?uoth/? ii?iaee cae?ci?oaeieo ?iaeiaeu,
aiane?aeie iniaeeainoae oaeoii?/ieo i?ioean?a, iathoue i???ioaoe?th
aeanii? oa?oaaoino? ? o??ueioaaoino?, ia?aaaaeii ocaiaeaeaio c aeaeiaie
neieeeiaeueii-aioeeeeiaeueieo neeaaeie ?oaeieo oiau. Oey ?o oa?aeoa?ia
iniaeea?noue cia/ii oneeaaeith? ye naia aecia/aiiy o??ueioaaoino? ?
aei/iino? ianeao, oae ? aea?? ia?aiao??a aeaiaio?a nenoaie ?ic?iaee. Aei
oiai ae, aiane?aeie niaoeeo?ee aaiaceno ? aaaaoi?aciaeo oeeee?/ieo
naeni?/ieo aieea?a ianiaeo aeaoo?a, ianeae e?enoae?/ieo ii??ae iathoue
o??ueioaao?noue a?eueo ?aaoey?io o an?o nenoaiao ? a?eueo aeineiiaei
i?i?iaeai? o??ueie. Aei/i?noue ?o aeineoue iaeii??aeia, a ia’?i
ia?aaaaeath/i? ie?aiino? ??aeei ia?aaeuo? 4-5 i3.

Iaoiaee, aei?iaoaai? ia ?iaeiaeuao iaeeoethaaeueiiai eaiaiy, ia caaaeaee
iiaeooue aooe canoiniaai? a oiiaao ?oaeieo ea?’???a. Oiio aaoi?ii
?ic?iaeaia iaoiaeeea aecia/aiiy aei/iino? ianeao ? a?aenioeiaiai aeoiaeo
eiiaeeoe?eiiai iaoa??aeo, a iniiao yei? iieeaaeai? oae? oiiae:

1) An? nenoaie o??uei i???ioiaai? aeia?eueiei /eiii, o??ueioaao?noue o
ieo aeineoue ?aaoey?ia.

2) Aei/i?noue ia? aenieo i??o iaeii??aeiino?.

3) An? ie?aiino?, ui eiioaeoothoue c aeaooiaeie naa?aeeiaeiaie, a oaeiae
o?, ui ?icoeiathoueny ae?aaiiaeueieie o??ueiaie, aaaaeathoueny
iaeiiaeeoe?eiei iaoa??aeii.

Ca oeeo oiia ?ic?iaeaia iaoiaeeea aeicaiey? ia/enethaaoe ye aei/i?noue
ianeao, oae ? ai?no oa i?iaiiciee aeo?ae eiiaeeoe?eii? ne?iaeie i?e
??cieo ia?aiao?ao oaoiieia??, ui canoiniao?oueny.

Ia iniia? aiae?co no?oeoo?e ii?iaeieo ianea?a ?ic?iaeai? iaoiaee
iaa?oiooaaiiy aeai?o oaoiieia?? iiiooiiai aeaeiaooeo aeieiai? ne?iaeie,
a oaeiae aecia/aiiy iaae ?aoe?iiaeueiiai aeei?enoaiiy oeiiaiai
ea?’??iiai iaeaaeiaiiy.

Aei/i?noue ianea?a (?ici??e, oi?ie, ia’?ie oa ni?aa?aeiioaiiy i?e?iaeieo
ie?aiinoae, iaiaaeaieo nenoaiieie o??ueiaie) ?nio? ia’?eoeaii ? iiaeiia
i?eeiaoenue ye iniiaia ?o oa?aeoa?enoeea. C ?ioiai aieo, ?
aeeiaeueii-iaaaioaaeoaaeueia ? o?ainii?oia iaeaaeiaiiy iaaii?
aaioaaeii?aeeiiiino? ? c iaaieie aaiiao?e/ieie oa?aeoa?enoeeaie
(ia’?iaie ? i?iii?oe?yie) ?iai/eo i?aai?a. C?icoi?ei, i??o ? oiiae
iiaeeeaiai canoinoaaiiy iaeaaeiaiiy aeey ae?iee-iaaaioaaeaiiy ?
o?ainii?ooaaiiy aeie?a iiaeia aecia/eoe o?eueee ia iniia? ii??aiyiiy
oa?aeoa?enoee ia’?eo?a ?ic?iaee – i?e?iaeieo aeie?a ii??ae ? oaoi?/ieo
iiaeeeainoae iaeaaeiaiiy.

Nooue ?ic?iaeaiiai iaoiaeo iieyaa? a oiio, ui a ianea? i?e?iaeiiai
eaiaiy aecia/a?oueny e?euee?nia ni?aa?aeiioaiiy ie?aiinoae ??cieo
?ici???a ? ?o ia’?ii? oa?aeoa?enoeee, a iio?i a?aoi-aiae?oe/iei iaoiaeii
anoaiiaeththoueny iaae? cii iiaeeeaiai aeei?enoaiiy iaeaaeiaiiy
eiie?aoiiai oeio.

Ia?aaeon?i ie?aneththoueny ianeae a??nueeeo ii??ae, ye? a?aeiia?aeathoue
aeiiaai, ui i?aae’yaeythoueny aei aeieiai? i?iaeoeoe??. Iio?i o iaaeao
aeae?eaieo cii aecia/athoueny ia?aiao?e no?oeoo?e ianeao (o??ueioaaoino?
? aei/iino?) oa caeiiii??iino? ci?ie oeeo ia?aiao??a ca ieiuath ?
aeeaeiith. Aeey oeueiai oi?io?oueny aaie aeaieo ii o??ueioaaoino? ca
?acoeueoaoaie aea/aiiy iaieaiue ia ?ice?eoeo ae?eyieao ianeao ? iieno
ea?i?a aaieiai?ica?aeoaaeueiiai ao??iiy. O aaie aeaieo caiinyoueny
aenioi? iicia/ee ae?e ? caai?a naa?aeeiaei. Ca aeiiiiiaith ?ic?iaeaii?
i?ia?aie «Forage-1″, yea aeicaiey? cae?enithaaoe ia?a?aooiie ?
?ioa?iieyoe?th cia/aiue aeey aoaeue-yei? aenioii? iicia/ee, iaea?aeai?
aeai? naa?aeeiaeiiiai aei?iaiaoaaiiy o??ueioaaoino? ia?a?aoiaothoueny ii
caaeaieo ai?eciioao. Ia iniia? iaea?aeaieo aeaieo ? oa?aeoa?enoee
aeeiaeueii-iaaaioaaeoaaeueiiai iaeaaeiaiiy aecia/athoue aenioe
aeiaoaieo onooi?a ? i?aeonooi?a, a oaeiae aenioi? a?aei?oee
a?aeiia?aeieo ?iai/eo ieiuaaeie. I?ney oeueiai aeeiiothoueny ianooii?
iia?aoe??.

Ia iiai?eciioiiio ieai?, a iaaeao ieiioo?aiiai ianeao aai eiai ae?eyiee,
ca aeiiiiiaith iaeaoo i?eeeaaeieo i?ia?ai aoaeothoueny o?ueioaei??i?
a?ao?ee ci?ie i?aeo??ueiieo a?aenoaiae ii eiaei?e c ?nioth-

/eo nenoai o??uei caeaaeii a?ae ieiueiieo eii?aeeiao. Iaea?aeai? a?ao?ee
aeicaieythoue cacaeaeaa?aeue ioe?ieoe iiaeeeaino? e iaeano? canoinoaaiiy
??cieo oei?a aeeiaeueii-iaaaioaaeoaaeueiiai iaeaaeiaiiy ca e?i?eieie
?ici??aie iaeneiaeueiiai eonea, iaae? eieae?caoe?? yeeo ieiioo?ththoueny
a?aeiia?aeieie ?cie?i?yie. Iio?i cia/aiiy eii?aeeiao Z, ca iaeiaeiaeo X
? Y an?o o?ueio a?ao?e?a, ia?aiiiaeothoueny ? ia iniia? iaea?aeaieo
aeaieo aoaeo?oueny iiaa oiiiiiaa?oiy (?en. 1), yea ? o?ueioaei??iei
a?ao?eii aei/iino? ianeao ii caaeaiiio ai?eciioo.

I?ia?aia aaoiiaoe/ii iaiineoue ia a?ao?e ?cie?i?? ia’?i?a aeie?a:
i?i?iaeueiiai ca aeiiaaie yeino?, ui caaea?oueny, ? iaeneiaeueiiai –
a?aeiia?aeii aei iiaeeeainoae iaeaaeiaiiy. Iaea?aeai? cie?i?? ? ?
iaaeaie ae?eyiie, o iaaeao yeeo iiaeeeaa aeei?enoaiiy iaeaaeiaiiy
a?aeiia?aeiiai oeio ? c a?aeiia?aeiei iniauaiiyi (?en. 2). Iica
iaea?aeaieie eiioo?aie iaiao?aeii aai canoiniaoaaoe a?eueo iiooaeia
iaeaaeiaiiy, aai niaoe?aeuei? oaoiieia??.

??ciiiai?oi?noue no?oeoo?ii-oaoiieia?/ieo ? ?ioeo iciae ianea?a
i?e?iaeiiai eaiaiy cia/iith i??ith oneeaaeith? i?ioeaaeo?o i?aeai?o
eiiieaen?a oaoiieia?/iiai iaeaaeiaiiy, ye? a iaeneiaeueii a?aeiia?aeaee
eiie?aoiei oiiaai ?ic?iaee. ?acii c oei, ca iaaieie iciaeaie ?o iiaeia
ia’?aeiaoe a ie?ai? a?oie ? i?iaanoe eeaneo?eaoe?th ca aaieia?/ieie
iniaeeainoyie, oaoiieia?/ieie oa?aeoa?enoeeaie ? niiaeea/eie
aeanoeainoyie ne?iaeie. Ia’?aeiaiiy ianea?a a a?oie aeicaiey?
aeae?eeoe aeae?eueea eean?a, ye? iieaaoothoue aecia/aiiy
iioeiaeueiiai oeio

oaoiieia?? (?iciooaiiy aei/iiai ianeao ii i?e?iaeieo o??ueiao
naa?aeeiaeiieie ca?yaeaie aai a?aea?eea aeie?a ii caaeaieo ieiueiao),
aeae iiaeeeai? i?iaeoeoe??, niaoe?aeuei? caoiaee aeey i?aeaioiaee ianeao
aei ?ic?iaee. Aeae?eaiiy iacaaieo eean?a ia?aaeaa/a? oi?ioaaiiy
a?aeiia?aeieo ?i oeiiaeo oaoiieia?/ieo eiiieaen?a iiiooii? oaoiieia??.

?icae?e 4. Aiae?oe/i? ia?aaeoiiae ?ic?iaee oaoiieia?? iiiooiiai

aeaeiaooeo i?e?iaeiiai eaiaiy a ae?th/eo ea?’??ao.

I?ae /an aeeiiaiiy aeine?aeaeaiue a?aoiaoaaeiny, ui naeni?/i? aieeae
aeaooiai? i?e?iaee, ye? ?aaoey?ii iiaoi?ththoueny, iinooiiai ?oeiothoue
i?ia?aeueiee iaoa??ae, ui caiiaith? i?e?iaei? o??ueie, i?eaiaey/e aei
i?aeaeuaiiy ?o ae?aioth/eo aeanoeainoae ? caa?aaeaiiy iiiie?oiino?
ii?iaee a ie?aiino?. Oeae oaeoi? cae/aeii iaaaoeaii a?aeaeaa?oueny ia
??aiii??iino? ae?iaeaiiy a??ie/i? iane, ui i?ae?eaa?oueny.

Aeine?aeaeoaaeeny iniaeeaino? ?iciianthaeaeaiiy aeaooiaeo oaeeue o
ianeaao e?enoae?/ieo ii??ae, ye? iaea?eueo ?noioii aieeaathoue ia
ye?noue aeieiai? ne?iaeie. Aiane?aeie oeeo aeine?aeaeaiue aeiaaaeaii, ui
aeaeiaooie ye?nieo aeie?a iaea?eueo i?iaeoeoeaiee o ianeaao, ye? iathoue
?icaeiaio iae?io??ueioaao?noue, c aenieith i??ith i?i?iaee iae?io??uei,
ui ? oa?aeoa?iith iniaeea?noth a?eueoino? ?ice?eaieo ii??ae ?oaeieo
ea?’???a. Aeey ?ic?aooie?a ae?aioth/eo aeanoeainoae oaeeo o??uei
i?iiiio?oueny aaeineiiaeaiee iaoiae nooi?i/anoiai «c??caiiy”
aiie?ooaeii? eiiiiiaioe oaeeue.

O ianeaao c? coeaiaioiaaieie nenoaiieie iae?io??ueiaie aeyaey?oueny
aoaeo ooai?aiiy oaeeaaiae?a, o iaaeao yeeo ?oeioth/ee aieea oaeeue ia
ianea iaeneiaeueiee. Oi?iothoueny oaeeaaiaee caeaaeii a?ae ia?aiao??a
aeaooo, oa?aeoa?enoee ianeao ? ni?aa?aeiioaiiy aeonoe/ii? aei?noeino?
ii?iaee ? caiiaithaa/a o??uei. ?ic?aoiaoaaoe oaeee i?ioean i?iiiio?oueny
a?aoi-aiae?oe/iei iaoiaeii c aeei?enoaiiyi oaaeeoeue ni?aa?aeiioaiue
ia?aiao??a oaeeue i?e ia?aoei? ieie iaae ?icae?eo na?aaeiaeu ? a?ao?e?a
caeaaeiino? ia?aiao??a aeaooiaeo oaeeue a?ae oa?aeoa?enoee ii??ae.

sse iieacaee ?acoeueoaoe aiae?oe/ieo ?ic?aooie?a ? ?o aenia?eiaioaeueii?
ia?aa??ee, oaeeaaiaee oi?iothoueny i?ney ia?aoeio oaeeyie ia iaioa 3-7
ia?aeaeueieo o??uei. A?aoiaoaaoe ?o aieea ia ne?iaeio ia? nain o?eueee a
ianooaaao anueiai ianeao, aeae?eyth/e ia iniia? ?ic?iaeaii? iaoiaeeee
ciie i?i?iaeueieo ? iaeneiaeueieo ii?ooaiue ? ocaiaeaeoth/e c ieie
i???ioaoe?th cii i?aeaeuaiiiai ae?iaeaiiy oa cii aeieiai? ne?iaeie, a
oaeiae aeaiaioe nenoaie ?ic?iaee ? iai?yie i?inoaaiiy o?iioo ?ia?o.

O aeiaaeeo, eiee aaeoi?e iaeneiaeueieo oaeeueiaeo aieea?a iai?aaeai? o
a?e ianeao ye?nii? ne?iaeie, ?aeiiaiaeo?oueny ?ciethaaoe eiai
ae?aioth/eie u?eeiaie: aai i?ae?eaaiiyi ?yae?a

caeeaeaieo naa?aeeiaei, aeey /iai ?ic?iaeaia iaoiaeeea ?ic?aooie?a, aai
aeia?aaeaeaeueiith ae?ieith aeieiai? ne?iaeie c i?eeiioo?ii? ciie
aeae?eaii? ae?eueieoe? ianeao c aieo ianiaeo aeaoo?a, ui ieaiothoueny.

A?aoiaoth/e ??ciiiai?oi?noue ??ciiaeae?a ii??ae ? a??ie/iaaieia?/ieo
oiia, a oaeiae i?aeaioiaeo ii??ae aei ae?iee naa?aeeiaeiieie ca?yaeaie,
aoee aeine?aeaeai? iiaeeeaino? iaea?aeaiiy aeieiai? ne?iaeie ca
aeiiiiiaith o?aaeeoe?eieo aeey oeeo ea?’???a niinia?a. Ca oeeo oiia ca
aeiiiiiaith eiioi?iieo a?aeia?aaeaiue aeine?aeaeai? i?ioeane ?oeioaaiiy
i?oaeii aeaoi?iiaaiiai na?aaeiaeua ? iaa?oioiaai? eiino?oeoe?? ?
ia?aiao?e e?i?eieo ca?yae?a, ui ?icoaoiaothoueny o aeaooiaeo
naa?aeeiaeiao aeey ?oeioaaiiy ii?iaee a caaeaieo ieiueiao. Eiino?oeoe?y
yaey? niaith e?i?ei? ca?yaee c aeaoiioth/iai oio?a, ui ?icoaoiaothoueny
ii ooai?thth/eo naa?aeeiaeie a ieiueiao ia?aaeaa/oaaieo ?iceie?a.
I?ae?eaaiiy ca?yae?a oi?io? eiioeaio?aoi?e iai?oaeaiue ia no?ieao
naa?aeeiaeie oa ?i?oe?th? ca?yae iecueeia?ecaioii? aeaooiai? ?a/iaeie,
ui caiiaith? naa?aeeiaeio.

Aeey ?ic?iaee iniaeeai oe?iieo iiiie?oieo ii??ae aeaooiaee niin?a
i?aeaioiaee ? iaaeioe?eueiei, ine?eueee aaaea aei aaeeeeo ao?ao
ne?iaeie. Aaoi?ii ?ic?iaeaiee i?eioeeiiai iiaee niin?a iaaaioaaeaiiy
ianeao aeey a?aeie?aieaiiy aeie?a ii caaeaieo ieiueiao. Nooue eiai
iieyaa? a oiio, ui noaoe/iee niin?a iaaaioaaeaiiy ii?iaee (c aeiiiiiaith
a?ae?ieeei?a, iaaeaooiaeo ?oeioth/eo noi?oae ? ?io.) aeeeth/a? aeeeae ?
?icaeoie ia?aae? i?e?io??uei iaaeiei oio?o, iaeiae, i?e iia?eueiiio
ia?inoaii? iai?oaeaiue ii/aoeia? o??ueie /anoi ?icaeaathoueny a
aeia?eueieo iai?yiao, aiane?aeie /iai ieiueia a?aeeieo aeieo ia? cia/i?
a?aeoeeaiiy a?ae o???, ui caaea?oueny. A oie aea /an aeeiai?/iee niin?a
(ca aeiiiiiaith aeaooiaeo ?a/iaei, aeae?ioaea?o e ?io.), oi/ ?
caaacia/o? a?aeeie aeieo ii caaeaieo ieiueiao, aea cia/ii ooeiaeaeo?
iaoa??ae ana?aaeei? iueiai. Iaea?eueo ni?eyoeeaei ? oaeee ?aaeei
iaaaioaaeaiiy, i?e yeiio iai?oaeaiiy ia?inoathoue c aenieith
oaeaee?noth, aea a oie aea /an a ii?iae? ia aeieea? ?oeioth/eo i?oaeieo
oaeeue. Oaeee ?aaeei iiaeia caaacia/eoe o?eueee ca oiia, eiee
oaeaee?noue aeaoi?iaoe?? ii?iaee ia no?ieao oio?o aoaea aeecueeith aei
oaeaeeino? iioe?aiiy caoeo a oe?e ii?iae?, aea ieae/ith ca ia?.
Iiae?aiee ?aaeei iaaaioaaeaiiy na?aaeiaeua i?iiiio?oueny noai?thaaoe
aeaionoaae?eiei niaeaiiyi ii?ioiaiai ca?yaeo ? ??aeeiai iaeeaa a
niaoe?aeueii ?ic?iaeaiiio i??ieeeiiaiio ?iceiethth/iio i?eno?i?, noaia
yeiai ? i?eioeei ?iaioe i?aaenoaaeai? ieae/a. O ?iaio? aeine?aeaeai?
oa?iiaeeiai?/i? oa ?io? o?ce/i? i?ioeane, ui caaacia/othoue
noaaeeiai?/iee ?aaeei iaaaioaaeaiiy ii?iaee e iaea?aeai? aiae?oe/i?
caeaaeiino? aeey ?iaeaia?ieo ?ic?aooie?a ia?aiao??a o?ce/ieo i?ioean?a
oa ?aaeei?a oi?aae?iiy ieie i?e a?aeie?aieaii? aeie?a c aeei?enoaiiyi
?ic?iaeaiiai i?eno?ith.

?icae?e 5. Aaiiao?e/iee aiae?c ea?’??ieo iie?a ? i?iaeooaaiiy ?aaeeio
a??ie/eo ?ia?o

I?e ?ic?iaoe? i?e?iaeiiai eaiaiy a ae?th/eo ea?’??ao ye iiiooii?
ne?iaeie cia/ii oneeaaeith?oueny aaiiao?e/iee aiae?c ea?’??ieo iie?a ?
iaa?oiooaaiiy ?aaeeio ?icaeoeo a??ie/eo ?ia?o. Oe? ieoaiiy aeiaaathoue
iiaiiai ocaiaeaeaiiy, ine?eueee ia’?eoe, aei yeeo canoinoaathoueny
oaoiieia??, ii?aeiothoueny a iaaeao iaeiiai ea?’??iiai iiey.

Ia a?aei?io a?ae niaoe?ae?ciaaieo ea?’???a ii aeaeiaooeo i?e?iaeiiai
eaiaiy, aea an? ia?aiao?e ?ic?iaee, a oaeiae iai?yi ?icaeoeo a??ie/eo
?ia?o i?aeeaae? no?oeoo?ii-oaoiieia?/iei aeanoeainoyi ianea?a ii??ae ?
oiiaai ?ic?iaee oeeo ?iaeiaeu, ia ?oaeieo ea?’??ao iiiooia ei?enia
eiiaeeia ? ae?oai?yaeiith ? oiio – i?aeeaaeith ca iniiaieie oiiaaie ?
aeiiaaie aaaeaiiy a??ie/eo ?ia?o.

Niaoe?ae?ciaai? ea?’??e oa?aeoa?ecothoueny iaeeie oaeaeeinoyie
i?inoaaiiy o?iio?a ?ia?o ? caai?a. O ca’yceo c iaaaeeeith ?ioaineai?noth
a?aei?aoethaaiiy ?iaeiaeua, cia/aiiy iioi/iiai eiao?oe??ioa ?ice?eooy
i?ioyaii ?ieo ci?ith?oueny iacia/ii, oiio oeae iieaciee iaaeioe?eueii
canoiniaoaaoe ye e?eoa??e i?e aaiiao?e/iiio aiae?c? ea?’??ieo iie?a
?iaeiaeu ieeueiiai ? iaeeoethaaeueiiai eaiaiy. Iaaiaee, ?oaei? ea?’??e
oa?aeoa?ecothoueny aenieith ?ioaineai?noth aeiaoaieo ? ?ice?eaieo ?ia?o.
Ia’?ie aeeo/aiiy a??nueeeo ian ia/eneththoueny aeanyoeaie i?eueeii?a
eoaiiao??a o ??e. O oeeo oiiaao iaeaeioe?euei?oa ?icaeyaeaoe /anoeio
ii??ae ?ice?eooy – eiiaeeoe?eiee i?e?iaeiee eai?iue – ye iiiooio, aea
iiaiioe?iio ei?enio eiiaeeio.

Aiae?c iieacaa, yeui ooieoe??th iaoe i?e ieaioaaii? a??ie/eo ?ia?o
aenooiathoue ia o?eueee ia’?ie aeaeiaooeo ?oaeii? ne?iaeie, a e ia’?ie
iiiooii? ei?enii? eiiaeeie, oiae? ci?ith?oueny ? nai i?eioeei ?icaeoeo
oa ?aaeeio a??ie/eo ?ia?o. O oeueiio aeiaaeeo e?eoa???i iioeiaeueiino?
i?e aeai?? iai?yio ?icaeoeo a??ie/eo ?ia?o, iiaea aenooiaoe
oaoiieia?/iee iieaciee – eiao?oe??io ?ice?eooy aai eiao?oe??io a??ie/i?
iane c o?aooaaiiyi aeei?enoaiiy /anoeie ?ice?eaieo ii??ae ye oiaa?ii?
i?iaeoeoe??. sse aeiiii?/iee e?eoa??e iiaea aenooiaoe noia?iee i?eaooie
a?ae ?aae?caoe?? ye iniiaii?, oae ? oiaa?ii? i?iaeoeoe??, ui iiiooii
aeaeiaoaa?oueny.

I?e iinoaiiaoe? caaaeaiiy a caaaeueiiio aeaeyae? a ea?’???, a?aeiinii
ii/aoeiaiai iieiaeaiiy a??ie/eo ?ia?o (e?i?y 1 ia ?en. 3), anoaiiaeaii
eiioo? ia t-e ia??iae eiai aenieoaoaoe?? (e?i?y 2) ca?aeii c ?ai?oa
i?eeiyoei e?eoa???i, ui ia a?aoiao? eiiieaenia inai?iiy ?iaeiaeua. Ca
oeeo oiia a eiioo?e iiaea iio?aieoe iaaiee ia’?i iiiooii? ei?enii?
eiiaeeie (caoo?eoiaaia iaeanoue). O oaeiio aeiaaeeo, i?e ieaioaaii?
a??ie/eo ?ia?o, iaiao?aeii aeoiaeeoe c oiai, ui iiiooia ei?enia
eiiaeeia, yea ia oa?eoea o anoaiiaeai? eiioo?e, iiaea aooe caeo/aia aei
?ic?iaee oeyoii ci?ie iai?yio ?icaeoeo a??ie/eo ?ia?o.

Iiaiee i?eaooie ca t-e ia??iae eiiieaenii? aenieoaoaoe?? ea?’??o
aecia/eoueny ca oi?ioeith:

t n

I = ( [( ? i j(Oei i j – (Cv i j / ka i j ) + Ki (Oee i – Ci i ) –
Cae i Aae i –

i=1 j=1

– Cv i (Vi + (Vi)] ( max,
(1)

aea a?aeiia?aeii a i-io ?ioe?: Oeii j ? Oee i – oe?ia aeaeiaooeo j-ai
aeaeo iiiooii? i?iaeoeoe?? e iaea?aeaiiy iaeeieoe? oiaa?iiai ?oaeiiai
eiioeaio?aoo; Naei, Cvi, Nii – nia?aa?o?noue aeaeiaooeo ?oaee,
?ice?eooy ? ia?a?iaee ?oaee a eiioeaio?ao; (Cv i j – i?aeaeuaiiy
nia?aa?oino? ?ice?eaieo ?ia?o, coiiaeaia ?o iiaei?iae/aiiyi i?e
aeaeiaooeo c ieo iiiooii? ne?iaeie j-ai aeaeo; ?i j, Ki, Aae i, Vi –
ianyae ae?iaieoeoaa iiiooii? i?iaeoeoe?? j-ai aeaeo, ?oaeiiai
eiioeaio?aoo, aeaeiaooeo ?oaee ? ?ice?eooy; (Vi – aeiaeaoeia? ianyae
?ice?eooy, coiiaeai? ci?iith iai?yio ?icaeoeo a??ie/eo ?ia?o; kaij –
eiao?oe??io aeoiaeo c ianeao iiiooii? ne?iaeie j-ai aeaeo.

Ooieoe?iiaeueiee aca?iica’ycie ianya?a caaaeueiiai ? aeiaeaoeiaiai
?ice?eooy c ianyaaie ei?enieo eiiaeei (V?, (Vi, ?ij), ui iiiooii
aeaeiaoaathoueny, a ooieoe?? iaoe aecia/a?oueny aeey oiia ?aaeueiiai
ea?’??o ca eiie?aoieie aaieiai-oaoiieia?/ieie oiiaaie.

Oi?ioea (1) ? ooieoe??th iaoe aeiiii?ei-iaoaiaoe/ii? iiaeae?
iioei?caoe?? iai?yio ?icaeoeo ? ?aaeeio a??ie/eo ?ia?o c o?aooaaiiyi
eiiieaeniiai inai?iiy ?iaeiaeua. Iaenei?caoe?y oe?eueiai? ooieoe??
iaoiaeii Eaa?aiaea aea? ?? iaeneioi ? aacenia ??oaiiy ??aiyiue
ca’yce?a.

Nooue iaoiaeeee aecia/aiiy iioeiaeueiiai iai?yio ?icaeoeo a??ie/eo ?ia?o
c o?aooaaiiyi ianya?a iiiooiiai aeaeiaooeo i?e?iaeiiai eaiaiy iieyaa? o
ieae/aaeeeaaeaiiio.

Aeo?aeia ia ii/aoie caeo/aiiy a iiiooio ?ic?iaeo i?e?iaeiiai eaiaiy
iieiaeaiiy a??ie/eo ?ia?o i?aaenoaaeaii ia ?en. 4 (iiiooia ne?iaeia
iicia/aia caoo?eoiaaiith iaeanoth). Aiii oa?aeoa?eco?oueny iieiaeaiiyi
?iai/iai ai?oa AIE. O ea?’??? anoaiiaeaii iai?yi ?icaeoeo a??ie/eo
?ia?o, ui oa?aeoa?eco?oueny e?i??th caaeeaeaiiy ON. O oeueiio aeiaaeeo
iiaeeeaee aeaeiaooie iiiooii? ei?enii? eiiaeeie 1 (?en. 4). O ?ac?
aeieeiaiiy iaiao?aeiino? ca?eueoaiiy ianya?a aeaeiaooeo iiiooii?
ei?enii? eiiaeeie, iaoa iiaea aooe aeinyaiaia oeyoii ci?ie iai?yio
caaeeaeaiiy ea?’??o. Aeey oeueiai a?ae ii/aoeiaiai iieiaeaiiy a??ie/eo
?ia?o (oi/ea I) o iaaeao iaeano? caeeaaeaiiy aeia ?ic??cii? o?aioa?
a?aeaoaeiaothoue iieiaeaiiy ?iai/i? ciie, a eiioo?ao yei? ciaoiaeyony
iaiao?aei? ianyae iiiooii? ei?enii? eiiaeeie 2. Aeey oeueiai iieiaeaiiy
?iai/i? ciie, a?aeiia?aeii aei anoaiiaeaiiai iai?yio ?icaeoeo a??ie/eo
?ia?o (e?i?y caaeeaeaiiy GO), ?iaeyoue i?ae?aooiie ia’?i?a ?oaee,
?ice?eooy ? iiiooii? ei?enii? eiiaeeie a iaea?aeaieo eiioo?ao. I?ney
oiai, ye cao?eniaaii iai?yi ?icaeoeo, i?iaiaeyoue iiaeaeueoo ia??ceo
ia’?i?a ii ai?eciioao ?o ?ice?eooy ? i?aeaioiaee. Ia iniia? iaea?aeaieo
aei???a ia a?ao?eo V=f(?) (?en. 5), o aeaeyae? ia’?i?a, ui c?inoathoue,
iaiinyoue cia/aiiy aeaieo ? i?iaiaeyoue eaaae?aoe/io ai?ieneiaoe?th ca
ia’?iaie ?ice?eooy (e?eaa 2) caaaeii ? iiiooi?e ei?eni?e eiiaeei?
cie?aia (e?eaa 3). E?eaa 1 iiaoaeiaaia aac o?aooaaiiy aeaeiaooeo
iiiooieo eiiaeei. Aoaeo?oueny oeaea /ano O (?ie?a) ?, a?aeiia?aeii aei
caaeaii? i?iaeoeoeaiino? ii iniiai?e ne?iaei?,

aecia/athoueny aeey eiaeiiai iioi/iiai ?ieo ianyae ?ice?eooy ? iiiooieo
ei?enieo eiiaeei.

, aea a, b – eiao?oe??ioe, ui caeaaeaoue a?ae aaieiai-oaoiieia?/ieo
/eiiee?a.

O aeiaaeeo, eiee iioei?caoe?y ca e?eoa???i (1) ia aea? iie?ioaiiy
aeiiii?/ieo iieaciee?a, ci?ith?oueny iai?yi ?icaeoeo a??ie/eo ?ia?o ?c
ci?iith a eiioo?ao ianya?a iiiooii? ei?enii? eiiaeeie aei oeo i??, iiee
ia aoaea aeinyaiooi i/?eoaaiiai ?acoeueoaoo.

?icae?e 6. ?ic?iaea oaoiieia?? iiiooiiai aeaeiaooeo i?e?iaeiiai

eaiaiy oa ?? i?iieneia? aei?iaoaaiiy.

Iaeiei ?c iaea?eueo aaaeeeaeo ? neeaaeieo caaaeaiue, ui aeieeathoue i?ae
/an ai?iaaaeaeaiiy iiiooii? oaoiieia??, ? ioe?iea aoaeoeaiino?
ii?aeiaiiy a i?e aa??aio?a cae?eniaiiy ae?iaie/eo i?ioean?a.
Aoaeoeai?noue iiiooiiai aeaeiaooeo i?e?iaeiiai eaiaiy i?e ?aae?caoe??
oeo aai ?ioeo eiie?aoieo oaoiieia?/ieo ??oaiue ii ie?aieo ae?iaie/eo
i?ioeanao aecia/a?oueny oeyoii ii??aiyiiy aa??aio?a, ui aiae?cothoueny.

E?eoa???i aeai?o a ae?th/iio ?oaeiiio ea?’??? oaoiieia?/ieo ??oaiue, ui
caaacia/othoue iiiooiee aeaeiaooie i?e?iaeiiai eaiaiy, ? oiiaa:

I/i > I/n
(2)

aea I/n, I/i – a?aeiia?aeii iaaeii?iaoeai? ??/i? ?ici??e /enoiai
i?eaooeo i?e ?nioth/iio ? iiaeeo?eiaaiiio aa??aioao.

Aaee/eie I/n ? I/i aecia/athoueny:

I/n = (Oe?n – N?n) Q?n – YiyE?n ,
(3)

n n

I/i = ( (Oe ji – Nji) Qji – ( AiaEji + DAae ,
(4)

j=1 j=1

n

aea ( Cji = Cpc + Cie + Nu + ( Niii ;
(5)

j=1

n

( Eji = Kpc + Kie + Ku ,

n j=1

( Oe ji = Oepc + Oeie + Oeu ,

j=1

aea Oe?n, N?n, Q?n – a?aeiia?aeii oe?ia, nia?aa?o?noue 1 o oa ianyae
aeaeiaooeo oiaa?ii? ?oaee i?e ?nioth/?e oaoiieia??; Oe ji, Nji, Qji –
a?aeiia?aeii oe?ia, nia?aa?o?noue 1 o. oa ianyae aeaeiaooeo ei?enieo
eiiaeei j-ai aeaeo i?e iiaeeo?eiaai?e oaoiieia??; Ai? – ii?iaoeaiee
eiao?oe??io aeiiii?/ii? aoaeoeaiino?; (Aae -?ici?? aeiiii?? a?ae
?aae?caoe?? aeieia?/ieo caoiae?a, coiiaeaieo ai?iaaaeaeaiiyi iiiooii?
oaoiieia??; Nie, Nu – a?aeiia?aeii aeo?aoe ia ae?iaieoeoai aeie?a
i?e?iaeiiai eaiaiy ? noiooia iaea?aeaiiy uaaaith; (Niii – ?ici??
aeiaeaoeiaeo aeo?ao, ye? iia’ycai? c? ci?iith oiia ae?iaieoeoaa a?ae
ai?iaaaeaeaiiy iiai? oaoiieia?? iiiooiiai aeaeiaooeo i?e?iaeiiai eaiaiy;
E?n, Eie, Eu – a?aeiia?aeii eai?oaeuei? aeeaaeaiiy, ui
caaacia/othoue ?nioth/o oaoiieia?th, iiiooiee aeaeiaooie i?e?iaeiiai
eaiaiy, uaaaith; Oe ie, Oe u – a?aeiia?aeii oe?ie ia i?e?iaeiee eai?iue
? uaa?iue.

O ae?ac? (4) ( Aae – ?ici?? a?aeaa?iaiiai aeiiii?/iiai caeoeo
iaaeieeoiueiio i?e?iaeiiio na?aaeiaeuo aecia/a?oueny ye:

( Aae = Oni – Oni ,

aea Oni, Oni – a?aeiia?aeii aeiiii?/iee caeoie iaaeieeoiueiio
na?aaeiaeuo ii ?nioth/iio ? caieaiiaaiiio aa??aioao (aeiiii?/iee caeoie
a?ae ii?ooaiiy, caa?oaeiaiiy ? aeeo/aiiy c i?iaeoeoeaiiai aeei?enoaiiy
caiaeueieo ieiu).

O = (ic Sic,

aea (ic – ieoiia eiiieaenia ioe?iea caeoeo, a?i./aa; Sic – ieiua
ii?ooaieo caiaeue, aa.

O oi?ioe? (5) iaiao?aeii i?aaiooe aei cieaeaiiy aaee/eie Nie. Oeueiai
iiaeia aeinyaoe ca ?aooiie i?aeaeuaiiy aeoiaeo eiiaeeoe?eieo aeie?a.

sse i?aaeei, i?aeaeuaiiy e?oiiino? c??aaii? iane noi?iaiaeaeo?oueny
caeaoaaeaiiyi ao?iaeaooiaeo ?ia?o. Iaeiae a?aeiii oaeiae, ui
i?aeaeuaiiy a?aenioeiaiai aeoiaeo aaeeeeo aeie?a coiiaeth? cieaeaiiy
i?iaeoeoeaiino? aeeiaeueii-iaaaioaaeoaaeueiiai iaeaaeiaiiy ? i?aeaeuaiiy
aeo?ao ia iiaoi?ia iiae??aiaiiy oeo ?c ieo, ye? ? iaeiiaeeoe?eieie. O
ca’yceo c oeei aeioe?eueii aaiaeeoe e?eoa??e aecia/aiiy iioeiaeueiino?
ii?aeiaiiy ia?aiao??a ae?iaie/eo i?ioean?a.

Na.?. + Nao? + Nca? + Na.ae. + Naen ( min, (6)

aea a?aeiia?aeii aeo?aoe: Na? – ia i?ae?eai? ?iaioe, Nao? – ia ao??iiy
naa?aeeiaei; Nca?. – ia ?iaioe ii ca?yaeaeaiith naa?aeeiaei; Naae – ia
iiaoi?ia iiae??aiaiiy iaeiiaeeoe?eieo iaaaaa?eo?a; Naen. – ia
aeneaaaoe?th.

Ca oeei e?eoa???i iaeiaeiaa noia?ia nia?aa?o?noue iiaea aeinyaaoeny
aeia?eueiei ii?aeiaiiyi aeuaiaaaaeaieo iieaciee?a, oiaoi a?i ia
a?aeia?aaea? aieiaiiai – aeoiaeo eiiaeeoe?eii? ne?iaeie oa ??
ni?aa?aeiioaiiy ?c caaaeueiith eoneoaao?noth ii?iaee. Aea, yeui caienaoe
e?eoa??e (6) o aeaeyae?

(Na? + Nao? + Nca?) + (Na.ae. + Naen) ( min,

oi iiaeia a?aecia/eoe, ui noia, acyoa a ia?o? aeoaeee (iicia/eii ?? N1)
, coiiaeth? caaaeueiee aeo?ae aaeeeeo aeie?a – Vi, a oa, ui noi?oue o
ae?oaeo aeoaeeao (iicia/eii ?? N2) – aecia/a?oueny, iaaiith i??ith,
aeoiaeii iaeiiaeeoe?eieo aeie?a oeo aea ?ici???a – Vi, oiaoi Vi = f(N1);
Vi = f(C2). O?ce/ia nooue oeeo /anoei a?aeia?aaea? aeo?aoe, iia’ycai? c
oi?ioaaiiyi iaaiiai a?aioeiiao?e/iiai neeaaeo i?ae??aaii? iane (ia?o?
aeoaeee) ? iaaaoeaiei aieeaii ia nia?aa?o?noue i?e?iaeiiai eaiaiy
aeoiaeo iaeiiaeeoe?eieo aeie?a (ae?oa? aeoaeee). f(N1) ? f(C2) ?
aeiiii?ei-oaoiieia?/iie ooieoe?yie, ui aecia/athoueny eiie?aoieie
oiiaaie ? iioei?cothoueny caeaaeii a?ae ?o aeaeyaeo. Ioaea, /anoeiaith
oiiaith, ui ?ice?eaa? aioo??oith nooue e?eoa??th (6) iiaea aooe
a?aeiioaiiy:

f(N2) / f(C1) ( min.
(7)

Oiiaa (7) aecia/a? oaoi?/iee e?eoa??e aeai?o aa??aio?a oaoiieia??:

Vi.a. / Ve.a. ( min,
(8)

aea Ve.a,. Vi.a. – a?aeiia?aeii aeo?ae eiiaeeoe?eieo ? iaeiiaeeoe?eieo
aeie?a.

Oaeei /eiii, aeuaaeeeaaeaia na?ae/eoue, ui aoaeoeai?noue oaoiieia??
iiiooiiai aeaeiaooeo i?e?iaeiiai eaiaiy aecia/a?oueny ia i?inoi
a?aenioeiaei aeoiaeii aeie?a iaaieo ?ici???a, a ni?aa?aeiioaiiyi ?o
aeoiaeo c aeoiaeii aiaeia?/ieo iaeiiaeeoe?eieo aeie?a.

Aiae?c aeaio e?eoa???a (6) ? (8) aeicaiey? anoaiiaeoe caeaaei?noue i?ae
ieie ? aeaanoe ?ioaa?aeueiee e?eoa??e aeai?o oaoiieia?? aeaeiaooeo
i?e?iaeiiai eaiaiy.

Ni / Nn = f(l iq ) ( min,
(9)

aea Ni e Nn – a?aeiia?aeii nia?aa?o?noue i?ioean?a o iiaea?i?ciaai?e
oa noa??e oaoiieia?yo, l iq = Ve.a. / Vi.a..

Cai?iiiiiaaiee e?eoa??e aea? iiaeeea?noue iia?aoeaii ? eiiieaenii
ioe?ithaaoe iioeiaeuei?noue ii?aeiaiiy ia?aiao??a ae?iaie/eo i?ioean?a o
aa??aioao oaoiieia?e, ui ?icaeyaeathoueny.

Noiniaii naieo ae?iaie/eo i?i-oean?a, oi, caeaaeii a?ae aea?aiiai oeio
oaoiieia??, aiie iiaeooue aooe caiice/ai? c aeia?a ai?iaiaaieo a oiiaao
ye ?oaeieo, oae ? a?ai?oieo ea?’???a. ?acii c oei, aeey i?aeaeuaiiy ?o
aoaeoeaiino?, a ?aieao aeine?aeaeaiue, ui i?iaiaeeeenue, aoee ?ic?iaeai?
niaoe?aeuei? i?eno?i? ? oaoi?/i? ??oaiiy. Oae iai?eeeaae, i?e oa?i?/iiio
niinia? ?oeioaaiiy e?enoae?/ieo ii??ae aoaeoeai?noue i?ioeano cia/ii
c?inoa? (15-30%) c aeei?enoaiiyi oa?iino?oiaiaaiai i?eno?ith (1) (?en.
6), yeee ia? aaeaeoe?ei? niiea (2). I?eno??e iiaea aeei?enoiaoaaoeny: ye
iaeueiee aeey ao??iiy naa?aeeiaei, a yeino? oa?iia?aea?eieea aeey
iane?iaee aeie?a, aai oa?ii??caea aeey ooai?aiiy a?ae??cieo u?eei a
ii?iae?.

sse cacia/aeiny aeua, aaoi?ii aoa ?ic?iaeaiee i??ieeeiiaee i?eno??e
(?en. 7) aeey iai?aaeaiiai ?iceieo ii??ae, yeee aeicaiey? c
i?i?iaeueieie aeo?aoaie i?aoe? ? /ano aeeiethaaoe aeiee c ianeao c?
caa?aaeaiiyi ?o ia?aeiii? iiiie?oiino?. Aeaiee i?eno??e yaey? niaith
neeiaee oeee?iae? (1) c ii?oiai (6), yeee /a?ac ooie (9), niieo/aiee c
?ici??iei eeeiii (10), ia?aaea? coneeey, ui aeieeathoue i?e ia?inoaii?
oeneo a ?iai/?e eaia??, /a?ac ?icnoai? uiee (11) ia no?iee oio?o. O
aa?oi?e /anoei? neeiaiai oeee?iae?a aeeiiaiee iao?iiiee (2), a yeee
aaiaeeoueny iao?ii (4) c ii?ioiaei ca?yaeii. Iao?ii cae?eaa?oueny
caoai?ii, iniauaiei aeaeo?ioaea?ieeii (5) c aieeii, ui aeicaiey?
caaacia/oaaoe ni?aoethaaiiy aeae?eueeio i?eno?i?a iaeii/anii.

I?aoeth? i?eno??e oaeei /eiii. Ia ia?o?e oac? ?i?oe?th?oueny caiaeaiiy
ii?ioiaiai ca?yaeo, i?iaeoeoe cai?aiiy yeiai, aeeeaeath/enue a ?iai/o
eaia?o, i?aeaeuothoue o i?e oene ? ?acii c oei aeenia?aothoue ?
caiaeththoue ??aeea iaeeai, ui ciaoiaeeoueny a iiaeeaeaii? ii?oiy, yea,
cai?ath/e, noai?th? ae?oao oaco ia?inoaiiy oeneo. I?e oeueiio ?aaeei
noai?aiiy coneeue caaacia/o?oueny i?aeai?ii ?a/iaeiieo neeaae?a
ii?ioiaiai ca?yaeo ? ??aeeiai iaeeaa, a ??aaiue coneeue, ui
noai?ththoueny, – ?o ianaie.

Aeaiee niin?a ia o?eueee caaacia/o? iaea?eueo ni?eyoeeaee ?aaeei
iaaaioaaeaiiy ianeao, aea oaeiae iicaaaeaiee aieiaieo aaae aeaooiaiai
niiniao (i?aeaeuaii? iaaaciaee ?ia?o), a?ae?ieeeiiaiai (neeaaeiino? ?
aei?iaeia/? iaeaaeiaiiy, iayaiino? ianeinoaioe?e ? oeaia?a aenieiai
oeneo, iaiiaeeeaino? caaacia/aiiy iaeii/aniiai ??aiii??iiai ia?inoaiiy
oeneo i?e aeei?enoaii? a?oie a?ae?ieeei?a c aaoiiiiieie a?ae?iianinaie),
a oaeiae niinia?a, caniiaaieo ia aeei?enoaii? iaaeaooiaeo ?oeioth/eo
noi?oae (naciiiino? iiaeeeaiai canoinoaaiiy). Aoaeoeai?noue ?iaioe
?ic?iaeaiiai i?eno?ith aoea oni?oii ai?iaiaaia a oiiaao Oie?anueeiai
a?ai?oiiai ea?’??o.

E??i iienaieo i?eno?i?a, ?ic?iaeaii oi?aa?naeueiee naiio?aeiee aa?aaao
ia aac? ao?iaiai noaiea NAO-250, iniauaiee iiai?ioiith ?aiith c
e?eueeiia ia?oi?aoi?aie, eiinieueieie iai?ioeyoi?aie c? noaieaie
IE?-100I, ui aeicaieythoue ao?eoe aa?oeeaeuei?, ai?eciioaeuei? ? iioee?
oio?e oa naa?aeeiaeie, a oaeiae iniauaiee eiii?ani?ii ? ianeinoaioe??th,
ui aeicaiey? aeei?enoaoe a?ae?i?iceiethth/? i?eno?i?. Aeey iai?ioeyoe?e
c aaeeeeie iaaaaa?eoaie ?ic?iaeaii eaiooaa/, a aeey ?o o?ainii?ooaaiiy –
niaoe?aeueia ieaooi?ia, ?ic?aoiaaia ia ea?’??iee aaoinaiineeae.

Ia iniia? oe?ieiai niaeo?a oaoi?/ieo cania?a aaoi?ii ?ic?iaeai? oeiia?
eiiieaene oaoiieia?/iiai iaeaaeiaiiy, iaeneiaeueii a?aeiia?aeath/?
eeaneo?eaoe?? ianea?a i?e?iaeiiai eaiaiy. Iayai?noue oeiiaeo eiiieaen?a
cia/iith i??ith ni?iuo? caaaeaiiy i?iaeooaaiiy oaoiieia?? iiiooiiai
aeaeiaooeo i?e?iaeiiai eaiaiy ? iieaaoo? i?eeiyooy ??oaiue.

I?e aecia/aii? neeaaeo oaoiieia?/iiai eiiieaeno oiiaaie canoinoaaiiy
iiaiai niaoe?ae?ciaaiiai aai ?nioth/iai, aaeaioiaaiiai aei aeaeiaooeo
i?e?iaeiiai eaiaiy, iaeaaeiaiiy ea?othoueny ianooiiith ia??ai?noth:

, (10)

aea Ai.i. – noia?iee ei?eniee aoaeo a?ae aenieoaoaoe?? iiaiai
niaoe?ae?ciaaiiai iaeaaeiaiiy, a?i.; Ai.i – oa ae a?ae aenieoaoaoe??
oaoi?/ii ia?ainiauaiiai, ?nioth/iai ia i?aei?e?inoa? iaeaaeiaiiy ca
aanue oa?i?i eiai aeei?enoaiiy (o iaoo?aeueieo aai a?ioiaeo iaeeieoeyo);
Ea.i.- eai?oaeuei? aeeaaeaiiy ca oiia canoinoaaiiy iiaiai
iaeaaeiaiiy, a?i.; Nn.i.i.- aenieoaoa-

oe?ei? aeo?aoe ca aanue oa?i?i aeei?enoaiiy iiaiai iaeaaeiaiiy, a?i.;
Na – aaeainiaa aa?o?noue aaciai? iiaeae? ?nioth/iai ia i?aei?e?inoa?
iaeaaeiaiiy, a?i.; Aa.a.- ??/i? aii?oecaoe?ei? a?ae?aooaaiiy, a?i.; Oy –
o?eaae?noue ia??iaeo, i?ioyaii yeiai aaciaa iiaeaeue iaeaaeiaiiy aoea a
aenieoaoaoe??, ?ie?a; Naeii. – aa?o?noue aoce?a (aa?aaao?a, oiui) oa
?ia?o, coiiaeaieo oaoiieia?/iith aaeaioaoe??th aaciaeo iiaeaeae aeey
iiiooii? oaoiieia??, a?i.; Noa. – noia caeoe?a, coiiaeaieo
oaoiieia?/iith aaeaioaoe??th iaeaaeiaiiy, a?i.; S?.ae. – i?eaooie a?ae
?aae?caoe?? aeaiiioiaaieo c aaciaeo iiaeaeae caeaeo aoce?a oa aa?aaao?a,
a?i.; Ny.i. – aenieoaoaoe?ei? aeo?aoe ca aanue ia??iae aeei?enoaiiy
aaeaioiaaiiai iaeaaeiaiiy, a?i.

Aaee/eie Naeii. oa Noa. aecia/athoueny ye

Naeii. = (Ei.o.+ Ni.,

Noa.= Noa.i.i. + Noa.o?.,

aea ( Ei.o.- i?e?iuaiiy eai?oaeueieo aeeaaeaiue ia aaeaioaoe?th
iaeaaeiaiiy, a?i.; Ni.- iioi/i? aeo?aoe ia aaeaioaoe?th iaeaaeiaiiy,
a?i.; Noa.i.i. – ?ici?? caeoe?a a?ae iaiiaii? aenieoaoaoe?? ca iniiaiei
i?ecia/aiiyi iaeaaeiaiiy, ui aaeaioo?oueny, a?i.; Noa.o?.- aeo?aoe ia
o?ainii?ooaaiiy aaciai? iiaeae?, coiiaeai? ?? iiaea?i?caoe??th, a?i.

Iicia/eii e?ao /anoeio ia??aiino? (10) ye Ey.i. , a i?aao ye Ey.i..
Oiae? i?e Ey.i / Ey.i > 1 a?eueo aoaeoeaiei aoaea canoinoaaiiy
aaeaioiaaiiai iaeaaeiaiiy. I?e Ey.i / Ey.i

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