Euea?anueeee aea?aeaaiee oi?aa?neoao ?iai? ?aaia O?aiea
OAAeOIUe
IEAENAIAe?A AANEE?AIA
OAeE 91:615.838.7/9 (477.8)
AAEUeIAIEIA?*I? ?ANO?NE IA?AAeEA?IAOOss:
NO*ANIEE NOAI, IA?NIAEOEAE AEEI?ENOAIIss
OA IOI?IIA
11.00.11 – eiino?oeoeaia aaia?ao?y ? ?aoe?iiaeueia
aeei?enoaiiy i?e?iaeieo ?ano?n?a
AAOI?AOA?AO
aeena?oaoe?? ia caeiaoooy iaoeiaiai nooiaiy
eaiaeeaeaoa aaia?ao?/ieo iaoe
Euea?a – 1999
Aeena?oaoe??th ? ?oeiien.
?iaioa aeeiiaia ia eaoaae?? ?aoe?iiaeueiiai aeei?enoaiiy i?e?iaeieo
?ano?n?a ? ioi?iie i?e?iaee Euea?anueeiai aea?aeaaiiai oi?aa?neoaoo
?iai? ?aaia O?aiea I?i?noa?noaa ina?oe Oe?a?ie
Iaoeiaee ea??aiee – eaiaeeaeao aaia?ao?/ieo iaoe, aeioeaio
Eoeo?oaeca Naiai ?ee?/,
Euea?anueeee aea?aeaaiee oi?aa?neoao
?iai? ?aaia O?aiea,
aeioeaio eaoaae?e ?aoe?iiaeueiiai
aeei?enoaiiy
i?e?iaeieo ?ano?n?a ? ioi?iie
i?e?iaee
Io?oe?ei? iiiiaioe: aeieoi? aaia?ao?/ieo iaoe, i?ioani?
E?a/eei Ieeiea Iaaeiae/,
*a?i?aaoeueeee aea?aeaaiee oi?aa?neoao
?iai? TH??y Oaaeueeiae/a, i?ioani?
eaoaae?e aeiiii?/ii? ? nioe?aeueii?
aaia?ao??
eaiaeeaeao aaia?ao?/ieo iaoe
Caeanueeee ?aai ?aaiiae/,
Aea?aeaaia ?aa?iiaeueia
a?ae?iaaieia?/ia
i?aei?e?inoai “I?ai?/aaieia?y”,
aieiaiee a?ae?iaaieia ??aiainueei?
eiiieaenii?
aaieiai-?ica?aeoaaeueii? ia?o??
I?ia?aeia onoaiiaa – Ee?anueeee iaoe?iiaeueiee oi?aa?neoao ?iai? Oa?ana
Oaa/aiea
I?i?noa?noaa ina?oe Oe?a?ie,
aaia?ao?/iee oaeoeueoao,
eaoaae?a a?ae?ieia?? ? a?ae?io?i??, i.
Ee?a.
Caoeno a?aeaoaeaoueny 24 /a?aiy 1999 ?. i 10.00 aiae. ia can?aeaii?
niaoe?ae?ciaaii? a/aii? ?aaee E 35.051.05 o Euea?anueeiio aea?aeaaiiio
oi?aa?neoao? ?iai? ?aaia O?aiea (290000, i.Euea?a, aoe. I.Aei?ioaiea,
41)
C aeena?oaoe??th iiaeia iciaeiieoenue o iaoeia?e a?ae?ioaoe?
Euea?anueeiai aea?aeaaiiai oi?aa?neoaoo ?iai? ?aaia O?aiea
(i. Euea?a, aoe. Ae?aaiiaiiaa, 5)
Aaoi?aoa?ao ?ic?neaiee 23 o?aaiy 1999 ?.
A/aiee nae?aoa?
niaoe?ae?ciaaii? a/aii? ?aaee
Aeoa?n E.O.
CAAAEUeIA OA?AEOA?ENOEEA ?IAIOE
Aeooaeuei?noue oaie. A oiiaao aeiiii?/ii? e?ece oa iaaei??iiai aieeao
noni?euenoaa ia i?e?iaeia aeiae?eey a Oe?a?i? oaeaeei c?inoa?
caoai?thaai?noue oa cieaeothoueny iieacieee i?e?iaeiiai i?e?inoo
ianaeaiiy. Iniaeeai caaino?eeany neooaoe?y i?ney *i?iiaeeuenueei?
eaoano?ioe. Oiio i?iaeaie e?eoaaiiy, ?aaa?e?oaoe?? e icaei?iaeaiiy
ianaeaiiy iaaecae/aeii aeooaeuei?. Iaeiei ?c oeyo?a ?o ae??oaiiy ?
caaeiaieaiiy c?inoath/eo noni?eueieo iio?aa o ?ae?aaoe??, cie?aia a
aaeueiaie?eoaaii? (e?eoaaii? i?ia?aeueieie aiaeaie ? iaei?aeaie).
O Ia?aaeea?iaoo? cina?aaeaeaiee cia/iee iioaioe?ae aaeueiaieia?/ieo
?ano?n?a, yeee aeei?enoiao?oueny iaaeinoaoiuei. Caaaeyee eiio ?aa?ii
iiaea aeeoe ia na?oiaee ?eiie ?ae?aaoe?eieo iineoa. Aaeaea ooo ? ia eeoa
oi?eaeuei? i?ia?aeuei? aiaee, aiaeia?a yeei iaia? a ?a?ii?, aea e
ni?eyoeea? eaiaeoaooii-ee?iaoe/i? oiiae aeey ?icaeoeo i?aeia?iaeiiai
e?eoaaeueii-icaei?ia/iai oo?ecio – iaei??? c iaei?eaooeia?oeo ?
iaeaeeiai?/i?oeo aaeocae na?oiaiai ainiiaea?noaa. Aeiiii?/io
aeioe?euei?noue i?enei?aiiai ?icaeoeo ?ae?aaoe?? i?aeoaa?aeaeo? na?oiaee
aeina?ae. Oiio iaiao?aeii aeyaeyoe ? aecia/aoe caiane oeeo ?ano?n?a,
aeeth/aoe ia?niaeoeai? ?iaeiaeua o eaaeano?e Oe?a?ie, iiaeeaeaii aea/aoe
?o e?eoaaeuei? aeanoeaino? oa aieea ia i?aai?ci ethaeeie, i?iaanoe
nioe?aeueii-aeiiii?/io ioe?ieo ? i?aeia?iaeio na?oeo?eaoe?th.
Ia aac? aeei?enoaiiy ?ano?n?a e?eoaaeueieo i?ia?aeueieo aiae ?
iaei?ae?a o Ia?aaeea?iaoo? noi?ioaaany iiooaeiee aaeueiaieia?/iee
eiiieaen. Eiai aoaeoeaia ooieoe?iioaaiiy ni?eyoeia iiaeieaiith
o?oaeiiu?a ia?aoiaeo aei ?eieiaeo a?aeiinei, i?aeaeuaiith caaaeueiiai
??aiy aeiiii?/iiai ?icaeoeo ?aa?iio ca ?aooiie aeei?enoaiiy iayaieo
i?e?iaeieo ? o?oaeiaeo ?ano?n?a, c?inoaiiy iaaeoiaeaeaiue aei
aea?aeaaiiai oa i?noeaaeo athaeaeao?a ca oiia noai?aiiy a?eueieo
aeiiii?/ieo cii ? aaaaeaiiy ieaoe ca i?e?iaei? e?eoaaeuei? ?ano?ne,
caeo/aiiy ?iaanoeoe?e o ?icaeoie eo?i?oieo oa?eoi??e. Oea na?ae/eoue i?i
aeioe?euei?noue ?icaeoeo e?eoaaeueii-icaei?ia/i? ?ae?aaoe?? ye
i??i?eoaoii? aaeoc? a ?aa?ii?. I?ioa ia?niaeoeae ?icaeoeo iaiaaeothoueny
aeieia?/ieie /eiieeaie. Iaea?eueoa aio?iiiaaiia iaaaioaaeaiiy
niinoa??aa?oueny a i?noeyo iioe?aiiy i?ia?aeueieo aiae ? iaei?ae?a, oiio
ieoaiiy ?oiuei? ioi?iie ? iaaecae/aeii aeooaeueieie. Aeey oeueiai
iaiao?aeii cae?enieoe ieceo caoiae?a, ni?yiiaaieo ia caa?aaeaiiy oeeo
?ano?n?a, i?aai?coaaoe iii?oi?eia ?o yeino?, ca?eueoeoe ieiu?
i?e?iaeiioi?iiieo oa?eoi??e. Iniaeeai aaaeeeaei ia nueiaiaei? ?
oaeineiiaeaiiy caeiiiaeaa/i? aace ?icaeoeo naiaoi?ii-eo?i?oii? ni?aae,
cie?aia iaiao?aei?noue i?eeiyooy Caeiio Oe?a?ie “I?i eo?i?oe”.
Aeey iioeiaeueiiai ooieoe?iioaaiiy aaeueiaieia?/iiai eiiieaeno o
Ia?aaeea?iaoo?, ae??oaiiy ieoaiue ?aoe?iiaeueiiai aeei?enoaiiy oa
ioi?iie aaeueiai?ano?n?a, iaiao?aeia oi?ioaaiiy iiai? iiaeae?
caaeainiaaiiai ?icaeoeo ?aa?iio, a oiio /ene? i?ia?ai caaeainiaaiiai
?icaeoeo eo?i?o?a ? ?ae?aaoe?eieo oa?eoi??e, eiioeaioe?th yeiai
aecia/eea i?aeia?iaeia eiioa?aioe?y III “Aeiae?eey ? ?icaeoie” (1992).
Oaeee ?icaeoie caaacia/eoue aeiiii?/ia c?inoaiiy a ?aa?ii? oa
caaeiaieaiiy nueiaiaei?oi?o ? iaeaooi?o iio?aa ianaeaiiy a e?eoaaii? e
icaei?iaeaii?. A?i ni?yiiaaiee ia aeinyaiaiiy aeiiii?/ieo, nioe?aeueieo
oa aeieia?/ieo oe?eae.
Ca’ycie ?iaioe c iaoeiaeie i?ia?aiaie, ieaiaie, oaiaie. Ia?aiee iai?yi
aeine?aeaeaiue iia’ycaiee c iaoeiaith oaiaoeeith Euea?anueeiai
aea?aeaaiiai oi?aa?neoaoo ?iai? ?aaia O?aiea, AI “Oe?aaieaioaaei?iaiae”,
?inoeoooo ?aa?iiaeueieo aeine?aeaeaiue IAI Oe?a?ie, a oaeiae
“Aea?aeaaiith i?ia?aiith nioe?aeueii-aeiiii?/iiai ?icaeoeo Ea?iaonueeiai
?aa?iio” (1995), aea?aeaaiith iie?oeeith, cie?aia i?aeaioiaeith oa
i?eeiyooyi Caeiio Oe?a?ie “I?i niaoe?aeueio aeiiii?/io ciio
oo?enonueei-?ae?aaoe?eiiai oeio “Eo?i?oiiie?n O?oneaaaoeue” (1999),
oi?ioaaiiyi i?ia?aie “Caaeainiaaiee aei?icaeoie eo?i?oo O?oneaaaoeue” o
eiioaeno? “Ii?yaeeo aeaiiiai ia OO? no.”.
Ia’?eoii aeine?aeaeaiiy ? aaeueiaieia?/i? ?ano?ne Ia?aaeea?iaooy oa
noi?iiaaiee ia ?o iniia? aaeueiaieia?/iee eiiieaen. I?aaeiaoii –
aecia/aiiy iioaioe?aeo aaeueiaieia?/ieo ?ano?n?a ?aa?iio, i?iaiicoaaiiy
iai?yie?a ?o oe?eueiaiai aeei?enoaiiy, ioi?iie ? i?eiiiaeaiiy.
Iaoa ? caaaeaiiy aeine?aeaeaiiy. Iniiaiith iaoith ?iaioe ? aea/aiiy
no/aniiai noaio ?ano?n?a i?ia?aeueieo aiae ? iaei?ae?a, ioe?iea nooiaiy
ia?niaeoea-iino? oa?eoi??e ?o iioe?aiiy aeey ?icaeoeo
naiaoi?ii-eo?i?oiiai ainiiaea?noaa.
Aeey aeinyaiaiiy oe??? iaoe iinoaaeai? oae? caaaeaiiy:
1. Aea/eoe iniaeeaino? oi?ioaaiiy oa aaia?ao?/ia iioe?aiiy
aaeueiaieia?/ieo ?ano?n?a Ia?aaeea?iaooy.
2. Oaeineiiaeeoe noaio a?ae?iaaieia?/iiai ?aeiioaaiiy, aecia/eaoe ia
iniia? caaaeueiii?eeiyoeo i?eioeei?a iaae? a?ae?iaaieia?/ieo iaeeieoeue
/aoaa?oiai ii?yaeeo – ?aeii?a ? i?iaanoe ?o ea?oia?aooaaiiy.
3. ?ic?iaeoe iaoiaeeeo ioe?iee ia?niaeoeaiino? a?ae?iaaieia?/ieo
?aeii?a aeey ?icaeoeo naiaoi?ii-eo?i?oii? i?aeaaeoc? ?ae?aaoe??,
eeaneo?eoaaoe ?o ca nooiaiai ia?niaeoeaiino?.
4. Ioe?ieoe no/aniee ??aaiue aeei?enoaiiy ? ?aca?ae iiaeaeueoiai
inai?iiy aaeueiaieia?/ieo ?ano?n?a Ia?aaeea?iaooy.
5. Aea/eoe aaeueiaieia?/iee iioaioe?ae Ia?aaeea?iaooy. ?ic?iaeoe
?aeiiaiaeaoe?? uiaei iioei?caoe?? ooieoe?iioaaiiy eiai aca?iiiia’ycaieo
i?aenenoai ? ?o iiaeaeueoiai caaeainiaaiiai ?icaeoeo.
6. Anoaiiaeoe i?e/eie iia??oaiiy yeino? i?e?iaeieo e?eoaaeueieo
?ano?n?a. Aecia/eoe iniiai? iai?yiee ?o caa?aaeaiiy e ioi?iie.
7. Iaa?oiooaaoe iniiai? canaaee oi?ioaaiiy i?ia?aie caaeainiaaiiai
aei?icaeoeo eo?i?o?a ? ?ae?aaoe?eieo oa?eoi??e ?aa?iio a eiioaeno?
caaaeaiue “Ii?yaeeo aeaiiiai ia OO? no.”.
Iaoeiaa iiaecia iaea?aeaieo ?acoeueoao?a:
– ?ic?iaeaia iaoiaeeea ioe?iee nooiaiy ia?niaeoeaiino? oa?eoi??e aeey
?icaeoeo naiaoi?ii-eo?i?oiiai ainiiaea?noaa;
– aeae?eai? a?ae?iaaieia?/i? ?aeiie, i?iaaaeaia ioe?iea ?o
ia?niaeoeaiino? aeey aeei?enoaiiy ca i?ecia/aiiyi o
e?eoaaeueii-icaei?ia/?e ?ae?aaoe??;
– ioa?aeoa?eciaaia no?oeoo?a aaeueiaieia?/iiai eiiieaeno ?aa?iio;
– ?aeiiaiaeiaai? iniiai? iai?yiee caaeainiaaiiai aei?icaeoeo eo?i?o?a ?
?ae?aaoe?eieo oa?eoi??e oa oeyoe ?o ?aae?caoe??;
– iaa?oioiaaia aeioe?euei?noue i?e?aeiaiiy aei o?ueio iniiaieo ooieoe?e
aaeueiai?ano?n?a (aeiiii?/ii?, nioe?aeueii?, i?e?iaeiioi?iiii?) ua
iaei??? – i?aeia?iaeii? ?ioaa?aoeaii?.
I?aeoe/ia cia/aiiy iaea?aeaieo ?acoeueoao?a. Aeine?aeaeaiiy aeaei ciiao
anaa?/ii ioe?ieoe aaeueiai?ano?niee iioaioe?ae Ia?aaeea?iaooy, aeyaeoe
iiaeeea? oeyoe iioei?caoe?? eiai aeei?enoaiiy ca i?ecia/aiiyi o
iaeaooiueiio. I?iaaaeaia eeaneo?eaoe?y a?ae?iaaieia?/ieo ?aeii?a ca
nooiaiai ia?niaeoeaiino? aeey oe?eueiaiai aeei?enoaiiy aaeueiaieia?/ieo
?ano?n?a, ui aea? ciiao ia?aoe i??i?eoaoi? iai?yie ?icaeoeo
ainiiaea?noaa o??? /e ?ioi? i?noeaaino?. I??i?eoaoiei iai?yieii ?icaeoeo
Ea?iaonueeiai ?aa?iio, ye cacia/aii o ?ic?iaeai?e “Aea?aeaai?e i?ia?ai?
nioe?aeueii-aeiiii?/iiai ?icaeoeo Ea?iaonueeiai ?aa?iio” (1995) oa o
i?iaeo? “Eiioeaioe?? noaeiai ?icaeoeo Oe?a?ie” (1997), ? ?icaeoie
?ae?aaoe?eii-icaei?ia/eo eiiieaen?a ? i?aeaeuaiiy aoaeoeaiino?
aeei?enoaiiy ?ae?aaoe?eieo ?ano?n?a. Iaa?oioiaaia aeioe?euei?noue ?
iaiao?aei?noue oi?ioaaiiy iaoeiai? no?aoaa?? caaeainiaaiiai aei?icaeoeo
eo?i?oiiie?no O?oneaaaoeue, ui iiaea aooe i?eeeaaeii aeey ?ioeo eo?i?o?a
? ?ae?aaoe?eii-icaei?ia/eo eiiieaen?a e?a?ie.
Iniaenoee aianie caeiaoaa/a iieyaa? o cai??, ia?iaoe? ? nenoaiaoecaoe??
?acoeueoao?a iiia?aaei?o aeine?aeaeaiue, ni?yiiaaieo ia aea/aiiy
iniaeeainoae oi?ioaaiiy oa aaia?ao?/iiai iioe?aiiy aaeueiai?ano?n?a
Ia?aaeea?iaooy, a ?acoeueoao? /iai ooi/iaia e?euee?noue ?ica?aeaieo
aeaea?ae ? naa?aeeiaei i?ia?aeueieo aiae, ?o caaaeueiee aeaa?o,
aeine?aeaeai? no/aniee ??aaiue aeei?enoaiiy i?e?iaeieo e?eoaaeueieo
?ano?n?a, ?o nai?oa?ii-aeieia?/iee noai, aeacai? iiaeeea? iai?yiee
caa?aaeaiiy e ioi?iie aaeueiai?ano?n?a. Ia iniia? a?ae?iaaieia?/iiai
?aeiioaai-iy aeae?eai? oa eeaneo?eiaai? a?ae?iaaieia?/i? ?aeiie c iaoith
aoaeoeai?oiai aeei?enoaiiy iayaieo ia ?o oa?eoi??? aaeueiai?ano?n?a o
iaeaooiueiio. ?ic?ia-eaia iaoiaeeea ioe?iee nooiaiy ia?niaeoeaiino? oeeo
oa?eoi??e aeey ?icaeoeo naiaoi?ii-eo?i?oiiai ainiiaea?noaa.
Cai?iiiiiaaiee eiao?oe??io ?icaaaeaiiy nieyiie (?icnie?a) aeey
aecia/aiiy ?o i?e?iaeii-?ano?niiai iioaioe?aeo. Ooi/iai? oa?i?iieia?/i?
iniaeeaino? iaca ie?aieo aaeueiaieia?/ieo ?ano?n?a.
Ai?iaaoe?y ?iaioe. Iniiai? iieiaeaiiy oa ?acoeueoaoe ?iaioe
aeiiia?aeaeenue ia i?aeia?iaei?e iaoeiai-i?aeoe/i?e eiioa?aioe??
“?iaanoeoe?eia ae?yeuei?noue a Oe?a?i?: i?iaeaie ?icaeoeo oa
?aaoethaaiiy” (*a?i?aoe?, 1997), V i?aeia?iaei?e iaoeia?e eiioa?aioe??
“I?iaeaie oe?a?inueei? oa?i?iieia?? NeiaiNa?o’98” (Euea?a, 1998),
i?aeia?iaei?e iaoeiai-i?aeoe/i?e eiioa?aioe??, i?enay/ai?e 30-??//th
Ea?iaonueeiai a?inoa?iiai caiia?aeieea (?ao?a, 1998), O i?aeia?iaei?e
iaoeiai-i?aeoe/i?e eiioa?aioe?? “No/ania ?iiiaaoe?eii-i?iieneiaa
iie?oeea Oe?a?ie: ?iaanoeoe?ei? i??i?eoaoe oa ?io?ano?oeoo?a”
(*a?i?aoe?, 1999), oe?a?inueei-iieuenueeiio nai?ia?? “No/ania aeieia?y ?
aeieia?/ia iaoieia?y ethaeeie” (Euea?a, 1997), iaoeiai-i?aeoe/i?e
eiioa?aioe?? “Aeieia?/i? ia?aaeoiiae ?icaeoeo ?ae?aaoe?? ia
Aooeoeueuei?” (ss?ai/a, 1996), Ia?o?e anaoe?a?inuee?e eiioa?aioe??
“Oai?aoe/i? oa i?eeeaaei? aniaeoe nioe?iaeieia??” (Euea?a, 1996),
iaoeiaeo eiioa?aioe?yo aaia?ao?/iiai oaeoeueoaoo (1996-1999),
neiiic?oi? “Zrownowa?ony rozwoj a zdrowie cz?owieka” (Lublin, 1997),
i?aeia?iaei?e eiioa?aioe?? “Analiza zrownowazonego rozwoju w piec lat po
Rio” (Lublin, 1997).
Ioae?eaoe??. Ca oaiith aeena?oaoe?? aaoi?ii ? ca eiai o/anoth
iioae?eiaaii 14 iaoeiaeo i?aoeue caaaeueiei ianyaii 13,4 ae.a., a oiio
/ene? iaeia iiiia?ao?y (10,5ae.a.). C ieo o?noue iaeiiin?aieo, ?aooa – o
ni?aaaoi?noa?.
Ianya ? no?oeoo?a aeena?oaoe??. Aeena?oaoe?y aeeeaaeaia ia 148 noi?.
iaoeiiieniiai oaenoo. Neeaaea?oueny c? anooio, /ioe?ueio ?icae?e?a,
aeniiae?a, nieneo aeei?enoaii? e?oa?aoo?e (232 iaeiaioaaiiy),
i?i?ethno?iaaia 18 ?enoieaie, 25 oaaeeoeyie oa 11 aeiaeaoeaie.
INIIAIEE CI?NO ?IAIOE
I?e?iaei? oiiae oi?ioaaiiy aaeueiaieia?/ieo
?ano?n?a Ia?aaeea?iaooy
Aaeueiaieia?/ieie iaceaathoueny ?ano?ne e?eoaaeueieo i?ia?aeueieo aiae
oa iaei?ae?a (a?ycae). O ?acoeueoao? aeine?aeaeaiiy oa?i?iieia?/ieo
iniaeeainoae iaca ie?aieo aaeueiaieia?/ieo ?ano?n?a cai?noue caiice/aieo
?c ?in?enueei? iiae “a?yc?” ? “?icniee” aaeeaa?ii a?aeiia?aeii
“iaei?aee” ? “nieyiee”. Iacaa ia?oeo a?aeiia c 1938 ?., aoea
cai?iiiiiaaia ? i?eeiyoa niaoe?ae?noaie eii?oaoo I?aeia?iaeiiai
oiaa?enoaa iaaee/ii? a?ae?ieia?? (ISMH). Iacaa ae?oaeo ? aaeeaaiith a
aeayeeo ?a?iiaenueeeo iiaao, ia ii/aoeo OO no. aoea a?aeiia a Oe?a?i? ?
ia nueiaiaei? ia ii?ooo? eaene/i? ii?ie oe?a?inueei? iiae.
Aea/aiiy oa aeei?enoaiiy aaeueiaieia?/ieo ?ano?n?a Ia?aaeea?iaooy ia?
o?eaaeo ?noi??th – iiiaae /ioe?e noie?ooy. Ia?o? a?aeiiino? i?i
e?eoaaeuei? aeanoeaino? i?ia?aeueieo aiae Ia?aaeea?iaooy iaeaaeaoue aei
e?ioey OVI no., a iaei?ae?a – XVIII no. (I.?aaecea?ee, 1576; A.I/ei,
1578; A.N?eno Euea?a’yiei, 1617). C oiai /ano ia iniia? /eneaiieo
aeine?aeaeaiue, i?iaaaeaieo aaaaoueia iaoeiaoeyie ? aeine?aeieeaie,
?ica?aeaii aaaaoi ?iaeiaeu i?ia?aeueieo aiae ? iaei?ae?a, aea/aii
?aa?iiaeuei? caeiiii??iino? ?o iioe?aiiy (A.Oaaao, 1794;
A.Neaeeianueeee, 1857; N.Naeaeaeianueeee, 1961; A.Aaa?iaoeue, 1961 oa
?io?), aecia/aii ?o o?i?/iee neeaae ? e?eoaaeuei? aeanoeaino?
(O.Oi?inaae/, 1835; I.Eio, 1842; I.Noioeueeee, 1958; O.Eaioei, 1967;
A.Aaea, 1993, 1995; N.?aan?aea, 1986, 1997; ?.Oeiiiei, 1994 oa ?io?),
anoaiiaeaii iiaeeeaino? aeei?enoaiiy a aaeueiaieia??. A?ae?iaaieia?/i?
aeine?aeaeaiiy iiaeo ?iaeiaeu, aea/aiiy aaeueiaieia?/ii? i?eaeaoiino?
i?e?iaeieo e?eoaaeueieo ?ano?n?a o?eaathoue aei oeueiai /ano, noath/e
aeaaeae? aeooaeuei?oeie.
O Ia?aaeea?iaoo? ?ica?aeai? i?ia?aeuei? aiaee ??cieo aaeueiaieia?/ieo
a?oi, cie?aia aiaee aac niaoeeo?/ieo eiiiiiaio?a ? aeanoeainoae,
noeueo?aei? (iaea?eueo? ?iaeiaeua: Iaie??a, Oeei, Aaeeeee Etha?iue,
*a?/a, A?onieoey), cae?ceno? (No?aeieoey, Ua?aeioe?, Oaoi?e), c aenieei
ai?noii i?aai?/ieo ?a/iaei oeio “Iaooon?” (O?oneaaaoeue, No?aeieoey,
Iiaee I?coiue, Aa?oi? Neiueiaeaeia), eiaei-a?iii?, aoaeaeene?,
e?aiieno?, ?aaeiiia?. C iaei?ae?a aeyaeai? oi?oia? (Oeei, Aaeeeee
Etha?iue, *a?/a, Iaieiiy) ? iai?aai?/i? (Aeeaiea).
Caeiiii??iino? oi?ioaaiiy oa aaia?ao?/ia iioe?aiiy iniiaieo oei?a
i?ia?aeueieo aiae coiiaeai?, aieiaiei /eiii, oaeeie aciiaeueieie
/eiieeaie ye aaieia?/ia aoaeiaa ? e?oieia?/iee neeaae aiaeiai?nieo
ii??ae, a ooai?aiiy e?eoaaeueieo iaei?ae?a a?aeaoaaeinue i?ae ae??th
ciiaeueieo eaiaeoaooii-ee?iaoe/ieo /eiiee?a ? aaio?i?/ieo iniaeeainoae
eaiaeoaooieo nenoai. Iiaeeea?noue aeey aiae?co oa aea/aiiy ?iciiae?eo
i?ia?aeueieo aiae, aeyaeaiiy caian?a ? iiaeeeainoae aenieoaoaoe?? ?o
?iaeiaeu aea? a?ae?iaaieia?/ia ?aeiioaaiiy – iiae?e oa?eoi??? ca
a?ae?iaaieia?/ieie oiiaaie, neeaaeii ? aeanoeainoyie aiae. I?e
a?ae?iaaieia?/iiio ?aeiioaaii? i?aecaiieo aiae Oe?a?ie, yeei i?enay/ai?
i?aoe? A.E.E?/eiaa (1930), E.?.Iaeiaa (1947), A.?.Aaa?ioey (1978),
I.?.Oienoeo?ia (1959), I.E.Eaiaa (1959, 1963), O.A.?oaeaiea (1972),
a?aoiaai? ??ciiiai?oi? i?e?iaei? /eiieee, ?noi??y aaieia?/iiai ?icaeoeo
ie?aieo ?aa?ii?a, aea i??i?eoaoiei aeciaiee aaieiai-no?oeoo?iee
i?eioeei.
O noaio oaeiai iiae?eo iieeaaeaia ???a?o?y oa?eoi??aeueieo iaeeieoeue:
i?ia?ioe?y, iaeanoue, i?aeiaeanoue, ?aeii. Ca iniiao acyoa ?aeiioaaiiy
ca O.A.?oaeaieii (1972), yeee aecia/ea iaae? a?ae?iaaieia?/ieo
iaeeieoeue ia?oeo o?ueio ii?yaee?a ? iaa?oiooaaa i?eioeeie aeae?eaiiy
oaenii?a /aoaa?oiai ii?yaeeo. Iaie anoaiiaeai? iaae? inoaii?o. Iniiaieie
iciaeaie aeey ?o aeae?eaiiy ? iioe?aiiy aiaeiiinieo ai?eciio?a c
o?aooaaiiyi iiaeeeainoae ?o aeei?enoaiiy a caeaaeiino? a?ae yeino? aiae,
aeeaeie ? oiia caeyaaiiy, aiaeicaaaa/aiino? ii??ae. O iaaeao
Ia?aaeea?iaooy ca O.A.?oaeaieii aeae?eaii 2 i?ia?ioe?? –
Aieeii-Iiae?euenueeee a?oac?ainueeee aanaei ? A?ae?iaaieia?/ia
i?ia?ioe?y neeaae/anoi? iaeano? Oe?a?inueeeo Ea?iao, o iaaeao ia?oi? – 2
iaeano? – Euea?anueeee iaeaicienueeee i?iaei (A?) ? Aieeii-Iiae?euenueeo
ieeoo (A??), ae?oai? – Ia?aaeea?iaonueeee aiaeiiai??iee aanaei ?
neeaae/anoo iaeanoue a??nueeeo Ea?iao. I?aeiaeano? aeae?eai? a iaaeao
Ia?aaeea?iaonueeiai aiaeiiai??iiai aanaeio – Ciai?oiy (A?1) ? Aioo??oiy
(A?2) ciie. Oe? a?ae?iaaieia?/i? iaeeieoe? iaie iiae?eai? ia 22 ?aeiie
(?en. 1). ?i i?enai?i? aoeaaii? ? oeeo?ia? oiiai? iicia/aiiy.
O iaaeao ?aa?iio niinoa??aa?oueny caeiiii??ia ciaioaiiy
aiaeicaaaa/aiino? ii??ae o iai?yieo c i?ai?/iiai noiaeo ia i?aaeaiiee
cao?ae, a?ae oeaio?aeueii? /anoeie Aieeii-Iiae?euenueeiai
a?oac?ainueeiai aanaeio aei neeaae/anoi? iaeano? a??nueeeo Ea?iao.
Iioe?aiiy aiaeiai?nieo ii??ae ? i?eo?i/aieo aei ieo ??cieo oei?a
i?ia?aeueieo aiae o iaaeao a?ae?iaaieia?/ieo ?aeii?a aea? ciiao ioe?ieoe
oe? oa?eoi??? a caaaeueiiio ieai?, iaa?oiooaaoe iiaeeeaino? oe?eueiaiai
aeei?enoaiiy aaeueiai?ano?n?a o e?eoaaeueii-icaei?ia/?e ?ae?aaoe??.
Iaoeiai-iaoiaee/i? canaaee aea/aiiy aaeueiaieia?/ieo ?ano?n?a
Aeey aea/aiiy aaeueiai?ano?n?a, i?aai?caoe?? oa i?iaaaeaiiy ?o
aeine?aeaeaiue ia no/aniiio aoai? ?icaeoeo aaia?ao?/ii? iaoee oe?iei
canoiniaothoueny nenoaiiee, ?ano?niee, aeieia?/iee ? eiino?oeoeaiee
i?aeoiaee.
Aaeueiaieia?/i? ?ano?ne iaeaaeaoue aei ?ae?aaoe?eieo. Niaoe?ae?noaie
?inoeoooo ?aa?iiaeueieo aeine?aeaeaiue IAI Oe?a?ie i?iaaaeaia
eeaneo?eaoe?y ?ae?aaoe?eieo ?ano?n?a. Ia ?? iniia? iaie eeaneo?eiaaii
i?e?iaei? e?eoaaeuei? ?ano?ne (oaae. 1). Ca i?ecia/aiiyi aiie
iiae?eythoueny ia iniiai? oa aeiiii?aei?. Iniiai? – o?, ui aecia/athoue
naiaoi?ii-eo?i?oio niaoe?ae?caoe?th oa?eoi??? (aaeueiai?ano?ne,
iciea?eo), aeiiii?aei? oi?iothoue ? aeiiiaiththoue
e?eoaaeueii-icaei?ia/a aeiae?eey (eaioaooii-ee?iaoe/i? oiiae).
Eiino?oeoeaiee iai?yi aaia?ao?? ia?aaeaa/a? ?ic?iaeo caaaeueiiai oiaeo
ae??oaiiy aaia?ao?/ieo caaaeaiue, noai?aiiy oai?aoe/ieo iiaeaeae,
oi?ioaaiiy iaoeiaeo oyaeaiue oa eiioeaioe?e i?ciaiiy caeiiii??iinoae
i?e?iaeii-aio?iiiaaiieo nenoai, o/anoue o ae?iaeaii? i?iaiic?a iiaeeeaeo
neooaoe?e. Iaeiei ?c iai?yie?a eiino?oeoeaii? aaia?ao?? ? ?aeiioaaiiy.
Ooieoe?iiaeueia ciioaaiiy, ui ni?ey? a ia?niaeoea? ?aoe?iiaeueiiio
aeei?enoaiith ?ae?aaoe?eieo, o oiio /ene? aaeueiaieia?/ieo, ?ano?n?a
on??? oa?eoi???, a oaeiae ?o ioi?ii?, a?aeiia?aea? caaaeaiiyi
eiino?oeoeaii? aaia?ao??.
Iaie cai?iiiiiaaii iaoiaeeeo ioe?iee ia?niaeoeaiino? a?ae?iaaieia?/ieo
?aeii?a aeey ?icaeoeo naiaoi?ii-eo?i?oii? i?aeaaeoc? ?ae?aaoe??. Aei
iniiaieo e?eoa???a ioe?iee iaeaaeaoue: e?euee?ni? iieacieee
aaeueiai?ano?n?a (ioe?iai? caiane i?ia?aeueieo aiae), ye?ni? iieacieee
(aaeueiaieia?/ia oe?ii?noue – oe?ii?, oi?eaeuei?, cae/aei? (B.Paczynski,
1996)), nooi?iue ? /eiieee iia??oaiiy yeino? aaeueiai?ano?n?a
(iayai?noue aeaea?ae caa?oaeiaiiy, aeiaaee?a oaoiiaaiieo aaa??e),
??aaiue ?icaeoeo naiaoi?ii-eo?i?oii? ?io?ano?oeoo?e (iayai?noue eo?i?o?a
? ?o oa?eoi??aeueia i???ioaoe?y, e?euee?noue naiaoi?ii-eo?i?oieo
caeeaae?a).
Aeey ioe?iee aeuacaaaeaieo iieaciee?a ie aeei?enoaee 4-aaeueio oeaeo
(a?ae 0 aei 3-io), aea 0 aae?a a?aeiia?aea? iani?eyoeeaei oiiaai aeey
ia?niaeoeaiiai ?icaeoeo, 1 – iaeini?eyoeeaei, 2 – ni?eyoeeaei, 3 –
iaea?eueoa ni?eyoeeaei. Ioe?iea i?iaiaeeeanue iaoiaeii noiaoe??, i?e
oeueiio nooi?iue iia??oaiiy yeino? aaeueiaieia?/ieo ?ano?n?a, ye
iaaaoeaiee /eiiee, a?aei?iaany a?ae caaaeueii? noie. Aeeiiaia ioe?iea
aea? ciiao eeaneo?eoaaoe a?ae?iaaieia?/i? ?aeiie ca nooiaiai
ia?niaeoeaiino? ia:
– aenieiia?niaeoeai? (AI) – ?aeiie c ??ciiiai?oieie ? aaaaoeie
caianaie aaeueiaieia?/ii oe?iieo i?ia?aeueieo aiae, ni?eyoeeaeie oiiaaie
aeey ?o aeei?enoaiiy, a?aenooi?noth /eiiee?a iia??oaiiy yeino?
aaeueiai?ano?n?a;
– ia?niaeoeai? (I) – ?aeiie c? cia/ieie i?e?iaeieie e?eoaaeueieie
?ano?naie, a?aeiia?aeiith nioe?aeueiith e ?iaeaia?ii-oaoi?/iith
?io?ano?oeoo?ith aai aeiiii?/ii aei?aaaeaieie oiiaaie aeey ??
oi?ioaaiiy, aea c iayai?noth iaaacia/ieo aio?iiiaaiieo aeaea?ae
caa?oaeiaiiy aaeueiai?ano?n?a, ye? iiaeia e?ea?aeoaaoe oeyoii
i?iaaaeaiiy a?aeiia?aeieo caoiae?a;
– iaeiia?niaeoeai? (II) – ?aeiie c iaaaeeeeie caianaie i?ia?aeueieo
aiae, iaaacia/ieie aai iniaeeai iaaacia/ieie aio?iiiaaiieie aeaea?aeaie
caa?oaeiaiiy, a?aenooi?noth naiaoi?ii-eo?i?oii? ?io?ano?oeoo?e /e oiia
aeey ?? oi?ioaaiiy;
– iaia?niaeoeai? (II) – ?aeiie c iiiaeeiieeie i?iyaaie i?ia?aeueieo
aiae aai c iacia/ieie ?o caianaie, ?ica?aeaieie ia oaia??oi?e /an.
Anoaiiaeaiiy ia iniia? cai?iiiiiaaii? iaoiaeeee i?eaeaoiino? oa?eoi??e
iioe?aiiy aaeueiai?ano?n?a aeey ?icaeoeo naiaoi?ii-eo?i?oiiai
ainiiaea?noaa ia?
aaaeeeaa i?aeoe/ia cia/aiiy aeey ii?aoethaaiiy iai?yie?a
ainiiaea?nueeiai ?icaeoeo ?aa?iio a iaeaooiueiio.
Ia?niaeoeae ?icaeoeo eo?i?o?a, inai?iiy ie?aieo ?iaeiaeu i?ia?aeueieo
aiae ? iaei?ae?a iiaeii?, ianaiia?aae, aecia/aoenue ?o
i?e?iaeii-?ano?niei iioaioe?aeii (I?I), ui caeaaeeoue a?ae aeaeo oa
caian?a eiaeiiai ?ano?no. Aeey oeueiai aeei?enoaii iaoiaeeeo I.A.AEoea
(1985), iieacieeaie ioe?iee I?I eo?i?oo ? i?iaeoeoeai?noue ?iaeiaeua
iaaiiai aeaeo ?ano?n?a ? eaiaeoaooia i?noe?noue eo?i?oo (in?a/??e), yea
ae?aaeaia ye i?iaiinoe/ia /enaeuei?noue in?a, icaei?iaeaieo ca iaaiee
ia??iae (??e). Aeey aecia/aiiy I?I nieyiie iaie aaaaeaii eiao?oe??io ?o
?icaaaeaiiy. A?i iieaco? o ne?eueee ?ac?a i?iaiaeeoueny ?icaaaeaiiy
nieyiie i?e i?eaiooaaii? aeey aioo??oiueiai oa ciai?oiueiai
canoinoaaiiy. Aeo?aeieie aeaie-ie aeey eiai aecia/aiiy ? i?ia?ae?caoe?y
iaaiiai oeio nieyiie, aeey yeeo aecia-/a?oueny oeae iieaciee. Oae,
i?ia?ae?caoe?y ieoieo e?eoaaeueieo aiae ia iiaeiia ia?aaeuoaaoe 15 a/e,
aiae aeey ciai?oiueiai aeei?enoaiiy – a na?aaeiueiio 25 a/e.
Aeey aoaeoeaiiai aeei?enoaiiy i?ia?aeueieo aiae ? iaei?ae?a c iaoith
yeiaeiiai?oiai caaeiaieaiiy iio?aa ianaeaiiy a naiaoi?ii-eo?i?oiiio
e?eoaaii? e icaei?iaeaii? iaiao?aeia ?o nioe?aeueii-aeiiii?/ia ioe?iea,
iaoiaeeea yei? aeeeaaeaia o i?aoeyo E.N.A?ei?a (1995), A.A.AEeaeoeueeiai
(1998), A.A.Iaco?eaae/a (1980), I.N.Ioaeaeueiaia (1987) oa ?ioeo
aaoi??a. Aiia ?ice?eaa? ni?aaaeith aa?o?noue oeeo ?ano?n?a, iieaco?
noeoiiee aeiiii?/iee aoaeo eo?i?oii-icaei?ia/iai i?ioeano, ui
aecia/a?oueny ?acoeueoaoaie, a ia aeo?aoaie. Oe? ?acoeueoaoe aai
“e?ioeaaee i?iaeoeo” aeeth/athoue caei?ia’y, i?aoeacaeaoi?noue,
o?eaae?noue aeeooy ianaeaiiy, a?ae /iai i?yii caeaaeaoue aeiiii?/i?
iieacieee eiai ae?yeueiino?, a, ioaea, iaaiith i??ith ? ??aaiue ?icaeoeo
aeiiii?ee.
O eiioaeno? oeueiai aeine?aeaeaiiy aeei?enoiaothoueny an? caaaeai?
iaoiaee. Aea iniiaieie ? i?iaiicoaaiiy, ioe?iea I?I ?iaeiaeu
aaeueiai?ano?n?a, ye? iaea?eueoith i??ith ?ice?eaathoue iiaeeeaino?
?icaeoeo eo?i?o?a ia aac? iayaieo ?ano?n?a. Canoinoaaiiy ??cieo iaoeiaeo
i?aeoiae?a ? iaoiae?a aea/aiiy aea? ciiao aeyaeoe oeyoe aeei?enoaiiy
aaeueiaieia?/ieo ?ano?n?a.
Aeei?enoaiiy aaeueiaieia?/ieo, ye ? an?o ?ioeo ?ae?aaoe?eieo ?ano?n?a,
ia? o?e iniiai? ooieoe??: aeiiii?/io, nioe?aeueio, i?e?iaeiioi?iiio. Ia
no/aniiio aoai? ?ioaa?aoe?? Oe?a?ie o na?oiaa ainiiaea?noai aei ieo
aeiaea?oueny i?aeia?iaeia ?ioaa?aoeaia, ui caaacia/o? aoiaeaeaiiy
icaei?iaieoeue ?aa?iio a ?a?iiaenueeo oa Na?oiao i?aai?caoe??
aaeueiaieia?/ieo eo?i?o?a, i?aeaeuaiiy ??aiy e?eoaaiiy e ianeoaiaoaaiiy
oai?eo, i?aeianaiiy eo?i?oii? ?io?ano?oeoo?e aei na?oiaeo noaiaea?o?a. O
Ia?aaeea?iaoo? iaaeeaeaiei aei oeeo noaiaea?o?a ? eeoa O?oneaaaoeue, o
iaeaooiueiio iiaea noaoe ? Ii?oei.
Aeeeaaeai? aeua iaoiaee/i? iniiae oa iaoiaee caaacia/othoue aea/aiiy
i?e?iaeii-?ano?nii? aace aaeueiaieia?/iiai eiiieaeno ?aa?iio.
Oa?aeoa?enoeea aaeueiaieia?/iiai eiiieaeno Ia?aaeea?iaooy
Ia aac? aaeueiaieia?/ieo ?ano?n?a o Ia?aaeea?iaoo? noi?ioaaany
aaeueiaieia?/iee eiiieaen. Eiai no?oeoo?a ?icaeyaea?oueny iaie o ?ic??c?
o?ueio aca?iiiia’ycaieo i?aenenoai – i?e?iaeii-?ano?nii?,
?io?ano?oeoo?ii? ? i?aoea-?ano?nii? (oaoiaee ? eaae?iaee iioaioe?ae).
Aecia/aeueiith o oe?e nenoai? ? i?e?iaeii-?ano?nia aaca
aaeueiaie?eoaaiiy. ?? aeei?enoaiiy iio?aao? iaaieo iaoa??aeueieo,
?ioaeaeooaeueieo, o?ce/ieo cao?ao. sse iane?aeie, oi?io?oueny
eo?i?oii-ainiiaea?nueea ?io?ano?oeoo?a, iia’ycaia c iaeaoooaaiiyi
oa?eoi???, oiaoi aoae?aieoeoaii naiaoi?ii-eo?i?oieo ia’?eo?a, caeeaae?a
eoeueoo?e ? aeica?eey, i?ieeaaeaiiyi aea?aeieo oeyo?a niieo/aiiy, e?i?e
ca’yceo oiui. Niaoe?ae?noe ??ciiai oaoo caeo/athoue o i?ioean iaaeaiiy
aaeueiaieia?/ieo iineoa i?e?iaei? e?eoaaeuei? ?ano?ne ? caaacia/othoue
ianeoaiaoaaiiy ?io?ano?oeoo?e.
Iayai?noue iiooaeii? ? ??ciiiai?oii? i?e?iaeii-?ano?nii? aace ?
iniiaith ?icaeoeo naiaoi?ii-eo?i?oiiai e?eoaaiiy a ?aa?ii?. Ooo
?ica?aeaii iiiaae 330 aeaea?ae ? naa?aeeiaei i?ia?aeueieo aiae,
caaaeuei? caiane yeeo noaiiaeyoue 40,5oen.i3/aeia., caiane oi?oiaeo
iaei?ae?a – 1402 oen.i3. Aei eaaeano?o i?ia?aeueieo aiae Oe?a?ie (1996)
aeeth/aii 26 ?iaeiaeu, ?c ieo 19 ciaoiaeeoueny o Euea?anuee?e iaeano?, 3
– ?aaii-O?aie?anuee?e, 4 – *a?i?aaoeuee?e. Iaea?eueo iioe?ai? aiaee aac
niaoeeo?/ieo eiiiiiaio?a ? aeanoeainoae (10 ?iaeiaeu), c i?aeaeuaiei
ai?noii i?aai?/ieo ?a/iaei (8), noeueo?aei? (7), aoaeaeene? (1). I?I
eo?i?o?a Ia?aaeea?iaooy, aecia/aiee iaie ca iaoiaeeeith I.A.AEoea
(1985), aeinoaoi?e aeey icaei?iaeaiiy i?ioyaii ?ieo o O?oneaaoe? 1430
oen.in?a, No?aeieoe? – 655, Ii?oei? – 7833, Ethaai? Aaeeeiio – 71,4.
Aeniea cia/aiiy oeueiai iieacieea o Ii?oei? iiynith?oueny a?aooaaiiyi
eiao?oe??ioa ?icaaaeaiiy nieyiie i?e i?aeaioiaoe? aei aaeeaaiiy. Ca
oe??? oiiae ia eo?n e?eoaaiiy iaeiiai oai?iai ?o cao?a/a?oueny o 7-20
?ac?a iaioa, i?ae aiae na?aaeiuei? i?ia?ae?caoe??. ?ic?aoiaaiee I?I
iaiaaeo?oueny eaiaeoaooiith i?noe?noth eo?i?o?a. Oea aeiaiaeeoue
ia’?eoeaio iaiao?aei?noue ?icoe?aiiy aeei?enoaiiy aaeueiai?ano?n?a ia
eeoa a oiiaao eo?i?o?a, aea, ia?o ca ana, aeey iicaeo?i?oiiai
e?eoaaiiy.
Ooieoe?iioaaiiy aaeueiaieia?/iiai eiiieaeno Ia?aaeea?iaooy
caaacia/o-?oueny ?icaeiooith eo?i?oii-ainiiaea?nueeith ?io?ano?oeoo?ith,
yea i?aaenoaaeaia naiaoi?ii-eo?i?oieie caeeaaeaie, eo?i?oieie
iie?ee?i?eaie, e?ea?iyie c ?o iaeaaeiaiiyi. Ooo ae?? a?n?i eo?i?o?a, ?c
ieo iaeei i?aeia?iaeiiai cia/aiiy – O?oneaaaoeue (?aeeiee a Oe?a?i?
i?eeiyoee aei i?aeia?iaeii? oaaea?aoe?? eo?i?o?a FITEC), /ioe?e
aea?aeaaiiai – Ii?oei, No?aeieoey, Etha?iue Aaeeeee, Iaie??a, o?e
i?noeaaiai – Oeei, *a?/a, A?onieoey. O ?aa?ii? ooieoe?iio? 116
naiaoi?ii-eo?i?oieo caeeaae?a, oea iaeaea 15 % caeeaae?a Oe?a?ie. C ieo
o Euea?anuee?e iaeano? 84, ?aaii-O?aie?anuee?e – 27, *a?i?aaoeuee?e – 5.
Caaaeueia iaeii?aciaa ?o i?noe?noue noaiiaeoue 23,2 oen. i?noeue (1997).
Eo?i?oii-ainiiaea?nueea ?io?ano?oeoo?a ianeoaiao?oueny niaoe?ae?noaie
??ciiai oaoo. Oea iaaee/i? oa oaoi?/i? i?aoe?aieee (?o e?euee?noue –
iiiaae 13 oen. in?a), a oaeiae i?aoe?aieee, caeiyo? a ianeoaiaoth/eo
aaeocyo (oi?a?ae?, a?iiaaenueeiio oa?/oaaii?, o?ainii?o? oiui). A
icaei?iaieoeyo ?aa?iio iae?/o?oueny 728 e?ea??a, 1834 in?a na?aaeiueiai
iaaeia?niiaeo, 10475 in?a iieiaeoiai iaaeia?niiaeo ? ainiiaea?nueeeo
i?aoe?aiee?a. Oaeei /eiii cia/ia /anoea i?noeaaiai ianaeaiiy
caaacia/aia ?iaioith. Oea aeoaea aaaeeeai, ine?eueee Ea?iaonueeee
?aa?ii caaaeaee a?aecia/aany iaaeeeoeii o?oaeiaeo ?ano?n?a.
I?aoeaaeaoooaaiiy o noa?? ?ae?aaoe?eieo iineoa iineaaeoue
i?iaeaio aac?ia?ooy, c?inoooue i?eaooee ianaeaiiy, a i?aeaioiaea
eaae?o?eiaaieo niaoe?ae?no?a ni?eyoeia i?aeaeuaiith oaoiaiai ??aiy
i?aoe?aiee?a.
?icaeoie aaeueiaieia?/iiai eiiieaeno Ia?aaeea?iaooy, iioei?caoe?th
ooie-oe?iioaaiiy eiai i?aenenoai o no/anieo aeiiii?/ieo oiiaao
aeioe?eueii ?icaeyaeaoe c iiceoe?e caaeainiaaiiai ?icaeoeo. Iniiaieie
aoaiaie ia oeueiio oeyoo ?:
( ioe?iea, aea?aeaaia ? i?aeia?iaeia na?oeo?eaoe?y i?e?iaeii-?ano?nii?
aace;
( i?iaaaeaiiy ia aea?aeaaiiio ??ai? aoanoaoe?? e ae?aaeeoaoe??
icaei?iaieoeue, e?oeaicoaaiiy ae?yeueiino? ia’?eo?a naiaoi?ii-eo?i?oii?
?io?ano?oeoo?e, i?aeianaiiy ?o ??aiy aei na?oiaeo noaiaea?o?a;
( i?aeaioiaea aenieieaae?o?eiaaieo niaoe?ae?no?a-eo?i?oieia?a;
( aea?aeaaia i?aeo?eiea ai?iaaaeaeaiiy ?iiiaaoe?e uiaei ooieoe?iioaaiiy
e oi?aae?iiy eo?i?oaie, ?acoeueoao?a iaoeiai-aeine?aeieo ?ia?o noiniaii
i?aeaeuaiiy yeino? oa ?icoe?aiiy ani?oeiaioo aaeueiaieia?/ieo iineoa.
I??i?eoaoieie iai?yieaie caaacia/aiiy caaeainiaaiiai ?icaeoeo
Ia?aaeea?iaooy ye ?ae?aaoe?eiiai ?aa?iio, ia iaoo aeoieo, iiaeii? aooe
oae?:
1. Aeinyaiaiiy caaeainiaaiino? a nenoai? “i?e?iaea-ainiiaea?noai”,
oi?ioaaiiy ainiiaea?nueeiai iaoai?cio ?aaoethaaiiy
nioe?aeueii-aeiiii?/iiai oa aeieia?/iiai ?icaeoeo ?aa?iio.
2. I?iaaaeaiiy no?oeoo?ieo ci?i o ?aa?iiaeuei?e aeiiii?oe? c iaoith
ciaioaiiy /anoee aaeocae ae?iaie/i? noa?e oa ca?eueoaiiy iaae?iaie/i?,
cie?aia noa?e iineoa. ?ic?iaea no?aoaa?? iiaeaeueoiai aaeineiiaeaiiy
oa?eoi??aeueii? i?aai?caoe?? i?iieneiaino?.
3. ?icaeoie ?ae?aaoe?eii-icaei?ia/eo eiiieaen?a, i?aeaeuaiiy
aoaeoeaiino? aeei?enoaiiy i?e?iaeieo ?ae?aaoe?eieo ?ano?n?a.
4. Aeeiiaiiy caoiae?a uiaei iie?auaiiy aeieia?/ii? neooaoe?? o i?noeyo
oa?eoi??aeueiiai ii?aeiaiiy oe?iieo ?ae?aaoe?eieo ?ano?n?a ? ei?enieo
eiiaeei, aea niinoa??aa?oueny iaaei??ia oaoiiaaiia iaaaioaaeaiiy ia
i?e?iaeia aeiae?eey.
Aeey caaacia/aiiy caaeainiaaiiai ?icaeoeo ?aa?iio a oe?eiio iaiao?aeiee
aeieiai-aeiiii?/iee ?icaeoie ie?aieo eiai oa?eoi??e.
Caaeainiaaiee aei?icaeoie ? ia?niaeoeae aeei?enoaiiy
aaeueiaieia?/ieo ?ano?n?a Ia?aaeea?iaooy
A Oe?a?i? o a?aeiia?aeiino? aei i?eeiyoiai a ??i-aea-AEaiae?i “Ii?yaeeo
aeaiiiai ia OO? no.” (1992) iac??ea iio?aaa oi?ioaaiiy iiaeae?
caaeainiaaiiai (noaeiai, naiia?aeoai?thaaeueiiai) ?icaeoeo ia
iaoe?iiaeueiiio, ?aa?iiaeueiiio oa eieaeueiiio ??aiyo. Aei?icaeoie
aoaeoeaiee ia iaaaeeeeo oa?eoi??yo ca ?aooiie ?o naiioi?aae?iiy.
Iniaeeai? oaaae caneoaiaothoue ?ae?aaoe?ei? i?noeaaino? oa eo?i?oe c
iayaiei aaeueiai?ano?niei iioaioe?aeii ? ni?eyoeeaeie
eaiaeoaooii-ee?iaoe/ieie oiiaaie. O Ea?iaonueeiio ?aa?ii? i??i?eoaoiei
iai?yieii aeiiii?ee ? ?icaeoie ?ae?aaoe?eii-icaei?ia/eo eiiieaen?a ?
i?aeaeuaiiy aoaeoeaiino? aeei?enoaiiy ?ae?aaoe?eieo ?ano?n?a. Oiio ia
nueiaiaei? aaaeeeaeie ? ?ic?iaea ? ai?iaaaeaeaiiy i?ia?aie
caaeainiaaiiai aei?icaeoeo aeey ie?aieo ?ae?aaoe?eieo oa?eoi??e ?
eo?i?o?a. O oe?e eiioeaioe?? i?ia?aeia i?noea, ia iaoo aeoieo,
caeiathoue iniiai? iai?yiee, iiaeai? a oaae. 2.
Oaaeeoey 2
Iai?yiee caaeainiaaiiai aei?icaeoeo eo?i?o?a ? ?ae?aaoe?eieo oa?eoi??e
oa oeyoe ?o ?aae?caoe??
Iai?yiee aei?icaeoeo Oeyoe ?aae?caoe??
?aoe?iiaeueia aeei?enoaiiy i?e-?iaeieo e?eoaaeueieo ?ano?n?a:
– ae/a?ii? a?aeiiai?:
i?ia?aeuei? aiaee, iaei?aee
– ae/a?ii? iaa?aeiiai?:
nieyiee, iciea?eo Aecia/aiiy, ioe?iea oa caoaa?aeaeaiiy
aenieoaoaoe?eieo caian?a
Iii?oi?eia yeino? aaeueiai?ano?n?a
Aeiiiiia aeei?enoaiiy c o?aooaaiiyi ia??iaeo ?aaaia?aoe??
Ciaioaiiy ianya?a aeaeiaoaaiiy ca ?aooiie oaeineiiaeaiiy oaoiieia?/iiai
i?ioeano aenieoa-oaoe?? ? aeei?enoaiiy a ??cieo aaeocyo ainiiaea?noaa
Ae??oaiiy aeieia?/ieo i?iaeai eo?i?o?a ? ?ae?aaoe?eieo oa?eoi??e
I?aeii?yaeeoaaiiy aaeocae iaoe?iiaeueii? aeiiii?ee, ia iia’ycaieo c
eo?i?oiith ae?yeuei?noth, aeiiaai ? iio?aaai ?ae?aaoe??
No?oeoo?ii-oaoiieia?/ia ?ano?oeoo?ecaoe?y ae?iaieoeoaa
Oo?eiaiiy a iaeaaeiiio noai? aainenoai I?aai?caoe?y neoaeae iii?oi?eiao
aainenoai
Iioei?caoe?y ia?aae? i?e?iaeii-caiia?aeieo ia’?eo?a ?ae?aaoe?eiiai
i?ecia/aiiy
Anoaiiaeaiiy cii nai?oa?ii? ioi?iie
Icaeaiaiiy oa?eoi???
Caaacia/aiiy oe?eueiaiai aeei?enoaiiy o iaeaooiueiio ?aca?aoaaiiy
ia?niaeoeaieo oa?eoi??e aeey ?ae?aaoe?eiiai aeei?enoaiiy o iaeaooiueiio
Oaeineiiaeaiiy caeiiiaeaa/i? aace ?icaeoeo eo?i?o?a I?eeiyooy Caeiio
Oe?a?ie “I?i eo?i?oe”, caeiiiaeaa/eo aeo?a, ye? a ?aaeaiaiooaaee on?
aeaee ae?yeueiino? a iaaeao eo?i?o?a
Iie?ioaiiy oa?eoi??aeueiiai oi?aae?iiy Oaeineiiaeaiiy i?noeaaiai
naiia?yaeoaaiiy aeey aoaeoeaiiai ai?iaaaeaeaiiy i?ia?aie aei?icaeoeo
Iaeaaiaeaeaiiy i?aeia?iaeiiai ni?a?ia?oieoeoaa Iai?i aeina?aeii ?c
ca?oa?aeieie oao?aoeyie
Ia nueiaiaei? a ?aa?ii? iaea?eueo aioiaei aeey oi?ioaaiiy oa
ai?iaaaeaeaiiy oaei? i?ia?aie ? eo?i?o O?oneaaaoeue, yeee ia? ieceo
ia?aaaa: aeeth/aiee aei na?oiaiai eaoaeiao eo?i?o?a; noai?aiee
eo?i?oiiie?n c i?aaaie niaoe?aeueii? (a?eueii?) aeiiii?/ii? ciie;
oa?aeoa?eco?oueny neeaaeiith aeieia?/iith neooaoe??th, ui aeiaaa?
iaaaeiiai ae??oaiiy. ?ic?iaea iaoeiai? no?aoaa?? caaeainiaaiiai
aei?icaeoeo aeey O?oneaaoey aoea a i?eeeaaeii aeey ?ioeo eo?i?o?a ?
?ae?aaoe?eii-icaei?ia/eo i?noeaainoae.
O Ia?aaeea?iaoo? aeei?enoiao?oueny eeoa 12 % aaeueiai?ano?niiai
iioaioe?aeo. Oae, iai?eeeaae aeey iio?aa eo?i?oo O?oneaaaoeue,
aeei?enoiao?oueny 24,4 % caoaa?aeaeaieo ca eaoaai??yie A+A
i?ia?aeueieo aiae, Iaie?ia? – 10 %, Ethaai?
Aaeeeiio – 9,3 %, Ii?oei? – 5,5 %, No?aeieoe? – 3 %. Ca?eueoaiiy oe???
/anoee iiaeeeaa ca ?aooiie caeo/aiiy ?ica?aeaieo ?ano?n?a o
e?eoaaeueii-icaei?ia/ee i?ioean, i?aeianaiiy ??aiy naiaoi?ii-eo?i?oii?
?io?ano?oeoo?e.
Ia iniia? cai?iiiiiaaii? iaoiaeeee ioe?iee nooiaiy ia?niaeoeaiino? o
Ia?aaeea?iaoo? c 22 aeae?eaieo a?ae?iaaieia?/ieo ?aeii?a 1 iaeaaeeoue
aei eaoaai??? aenieiia?niaeoeaieo, 5 – aei ia?niaeoeaieo, 10 – aei
iaeiia?niaeoeaieo, 6 – aei iaia?niaeoeaieo (?en. 1). ?acoeueoaoe ioe?iee
aeiaaee, ui iaeaea 20 % oa?eoi??? ? ia?niaeoeaiith aeey ?icaeoeo oa
?icoe?aiiy e?eoaaeueii-icaei?ia/i? ?ae?aaoe??. Aea ia?oueny ia oaac?,
ianaiia?aae, ia aenoaineaiee oeyo ?icaeoeo, a ?ioaineaiee. A?eueo?noue
?aeii?a iaeaaeeoue aei iaeiia?niaeoeaieo, ia?o ca ana, aiane?aeie
iani?eyoeeaeo aeieia?/ieo oiia.
Iaea?eueoa oaoiiaaiia iaaaioaaeaiiy niinoa??aa?oueny o i?noeyo iioe?aiiy
aaeueiai?ano?n?a, ye? oa?eoi??aeueii ni?aiaaeathoue ?c ?iaeiaeuaie ?ioeo
oe?iieo ei?enieo eiiaeei. Oea ? i?e/eiith iia??oaiiy yeino? i?e?iaeieo
e?eoaaeueieo ?ano?n?a ? noai?th? caa?ico aeey ?o caa?aaeaiiy.
Iai?eeeaae, ?ic?iaee ?iaeiaeu n??ee a?ey ssai?iaa ? o Iiaiio ?icaeie?
ciaoiaeyoueny iiaeeco eo?i?o?a Oeei, Iaie??a ? naiaoi??th o ?icaeie?.
?ic?iaea ssc?anueeiai ea?’??o n??ee ni?e/eieea oaoiiaaiio aeoea?caoe?th
ea?noo, aiane?aeie /iai iiieceany ??aaiue a?oioiaeo aiae, cieeei
n??eiaiaeiaaa aeaea?aei ia oa?eoi??? naiaoi??th “Oeei”. Ia?aaee?eciaa
aeieia?/ia neooaoe?y neeaeany a O?oneaaoe? o ca’yceo c ooieoe?iioaaiiyi
Noaaieoeueeiai AeAOI “Iie?i?ia?ae”, yea noaaeoue i?ae caa?ico ?nioaaiiy
O?oneaaaoeueeiai eo?i?oii-?ae?aaoe?eiiai ?aeiio.
Oi?eaeueia ii?aeiaiiy i?e?iaeieo e?eoaaeueieo ?ano?n?a oi?ioaaeiny a
Ia?aaeea?iaoo? i?eueeiie ?ie?a i?e i?i?iaeuei?e o/ano? ethaeeie. A
no/ania aio?iiiaaiia ae?yeuei?noue iiaea i?ecaanoe aei aaciiai?ioii?
ao?aoe oe?eiai ?o eiiieaeno. Oiio c iaoith ioi?iie oa caa?aaeaiiy oeeo
?ano?n?a iaiao?aeia oi?ioaaiiy i?ia?aie caaeainiaaiiai aei?icaeoeo
eo?i?o?a ? ?ae?aaoe?eieo oa?eoi??e, yea a aeeth/aea a?ae?ioaoi?/i?,
i?aai?caoe?eii-ainiiaea?nuee?, o?oiiae?i?aoeai? oa i?aaia? caoiaee (?en.
2). Ai?iaaaeaeaiiy iiaeae? caaeainiaaiiai ?icaeoeo ?aa?iio a oe?eiio
caaacia/eoue oaeee nioe?aeueii-aeiiii?/iee ?icaeoie, yeee, c iaeiiai
aieo, ia?aaeaa/a? ?aoe?iiaeueia aeei?enoaiiy oa ioi?iio
aaeueiai?ano?n?a, ?aiaoo?ae?caoe?th aeiae?eey, aeiiii?/ia c?inoaiiy, a c
ae?oaiai – caaeiaieaiiy no/anieo ? iaeaooi?o iio?aa ianaeaiiy o
e?eoaaii? e icaei?iaeaii? ca aeiiiiiaith oeeo ?ano?n?a.
AENIIAEE
1. Oi?ioaaiiy oa aaia?ao?/ia iioe?aiiy i?ia?aeueieo aiae
aaeueiaieia?/iiai i?ecia/aiiy Ia?aaeea?iaooy coiiaeai? aaieia?/iith
aoaeiaith oa ?noi???th i?e?iaeiiai ?icaeoeo ??cieo ca aaiacenii ?
no?oeoo?ith a?ae?iaaieia?/ieo iaeeieoeue, a e?eoaaeueieo iaei?ae?a –
eaiaeoaooii-ee?iaoe/ieie /eiieeaie oa aaio?i?/ieie iniaeeainoyie
eaiaeoaooieo nenoai.
2. Ia iniia? caaaeueiii?eeiyoeo ? iiaeeo?eiaaieo iaie i?eioeei?a
a?ae?iaaieia?/iiai ?aeiioaaiiy aecia/aii iaae? 22 a?ae?iaaieia?/ieo
?aeii?a.
Iniiaieie iciaeaie aeey ?o aeae?eaiiy ? iioe?aiiy aiaeiiinieo ai?eciio?a
c o?aooaaiiyi iiaeeeainoae aeei?enoaiiy oeeo oa?eoi??e o caeaaeiino?
a?ae yeino? aiae, aeeaeie e oiia caeyaaiiy, aiaeicaaaa/aiino? ii??ae.
3. Ioe?iea a?ae?iaaieia?/ieo ?aeii?a aeeiiaia ia iniia? e?euee?nieo
(ioe?iaieo caian?a) ? ye?nieo (aaeueiaieia?/ii? oe?iiino?) iieaciee?a ?c
a?aooaaiiyi nooiaiy ? /eiiee?a iia??oaiiy ?o yeino?, ??aiy ?icaeoeo
naiaoi?ii-eo?i?oii? ?io?ano?oeoo?e. Ca oeeie e?eoa??yie ioe?iai? oa
eeaneo?eiaai? oa?eoi??? uiaei ?o ia?niaeoeaiino? aeey ?icaeoeo
naiaoi?ii-eo?i?oiiai ainiiaea?noaa. Aecia/ai? aenieiia?niaeoeai?,
ia?niaeoeai?, iaeiia?niaeoeai?, iaia?niaeoeai? ?aeiie. ?acoeueoaoe
ioe?iee aeiaaee, ui iaeaea 20 % oa?eoi??? Ia?aaeea?iaooy
oa?aeoa?eco?oueny ni?eyoeeaeie ia?aaeoiiaaie aeey ?icaeoeo
naiaoi?ii-eo?i?oiiai ainiiaea?noaa.
4. O Ia?aaeea?iaoo? ?ica?aeaii iiiaae 330 aeaea?ae ? naa?aeeiaei
i?ia?aeueieo aiae iaeaea on?o a?aeiieo iaooe? aaeueiaieia?/ieo a?oi ?c
caaaeueieie caianaie 40,5 oen.i3/aeia. Ioe?iai? caiane oi?oiaeo
iaei?ae?a ooo noaiiaeyoue 1402 oen.i3. Iiee ui aeei?enoiao?oueny eeoa 12
% aaeueiai?ano?niiai iioaioe?aeo. Iai?eeeaae, aeey iio?aa eo?i?oo
O?oneaaaoeue aeei?enoiao?oueny 24,4 % caoaa?aeaeaieo caian?a
i?ia?aeueieo aiae, Iaie?iaa – 10 %, Etha?iy Aaeeeiai – 9,3 %, Ii?oeia –
5,5 %, No?aeieoe? – 3 %. Oea na?ae/eoue i?i cia/io i?e?iaeii-?ano?nio
aaco aeey iiaeaeueoiai ?icoe?aiiy e?eoaaeueii-icaei?ia/i? ?ae?aaoe??.
5. Ia?aaeea?iaooy o anaoe?a?inueeiio iiae?e? i?aoe? noi?ioaaeiny ye
ie?aiee ?ae?aaoe?eiee ?aa?ii. I?noeaaee aaeueiaieia?/iee eiiieaen ?
ie?aiei oa?eoi??aeueiei nioe?aeueii-aeiiii?/iei ooai?aiiyi, ia? /?oeo
eieae?caoe?th, iaae? oa i?noea a icaei?ia/?e nenoai? Oe?a?ie.
?aoe?iiaeueia aeei?enoaiiy aaeueiaieia?/iiai iioaioe?aeo ?aa?iio,
iioei?caoe?y ooieoe?iioaaiiy i?aenenoai aaeueiaieia?/iiai eiiieaeno
(i?e?iaeii-?ano?nii?, ?io?ano?oeoo?ii? oa i?aoea?ano?nii?) iiaeeea? ca
oiia oi?ioaaiiy iiai? iiaeae? nioe?aeueii-aeiiii?/iiai, a naia
caaeainiaaiiai ?icaeoeo. A oeaio?? oe??? iiaeae? iinoaaeaii ethaeeio,
?ioa?ane oa i?iaeaie i?noeaaiai ianaeaiiy. Caaeainiaaiee ?icaeoie, c
iaeiiai aieo, caaacia/eoue aeiiii?/ia c?inoaiiy Ia?aaeea?iaooy ye
?ae?aaoe?e-iiai ?aa?iio, c ae?oaiai, caaeiaieaiiy no/anieo ? iaeaooi?o
iio?aa noni?euenoaa o e?eoaaii?, ?aaa?e?oaoe?? e icaei?iaeaii? ca
aeiiiiiaith i?ia?aeueieo aiae ? iaei?ae?a.
6. Ia?aaeea?iaooy ? i?iieneiai ?icaeiooei ?aa?iiii. Iaea?eueoa
oaoiiaaiia iaaaioaaeaiiy ooo niinoa??aa?oueny o i?noeyo iioe?aiiy
i?ia?aeueieo aiae ? iaei?ae?a, ye? oa?eoi??aeueii ni?aiaaeathoue ?c
?iaeiaeuaie ?ioeo ei?enieo eiiaeei. Oea ? iaei??th c i?e/ei iia??oaiiy
nai?oa?ii-aeieia?/iiai noaio aaeueiaieia?/ieo ?ano?n?a. E??i
ae?yeueiino? i?aei?e?inoa ??cieo aaeocae i?iieneiaino?, aaciina?aaei?ie
/eiieeaie aieeao ia ?o ye?noue ? ??ciee nooi?iue i?e?iaeii? caoeuaiino?
a?ae caa?oaeiaiiy, n?euenueeiainiiaea?nueea ae?yeuei?noue, ia’?eoe
eiioiaeueii-ai ainiiaea?noaa, iaaei??ia o?aai?caoe?y eo?i?o?a, aeeiai?ea
i?e?iaeieo eiiiiiaio?a. Oiio iniaeeai aeooaeueieie noathoue i?iaeaie
ioi?iie oa caa?aaeaiiy oeeo ?ano?n?a. Aeey ?o ae??oaiiy iaie
?aeiiaiaeo?oueny i?iaiaeeoe ieceo a?ae?ioaoi?/ieo,
i?aai?caoe?eii-ainiiaea?nueeeo, o?oiiae?i?aoeaieo ? i?aaiaeo caoiae?a.
Iniiai? c ieo: aoae?aieoeoai oa ?aeiino?oeoe?y i/enieo nii?oae ?
eaiae?caoe?eieo ia?aae, ?aoe?iiaeueia aenieoaoaoe?y ?iaeiaeu
i?ia?aeueieo aiae ? iaei?ae?a, i?aai?caoe?y neoaeae iii?oi?eiao
aaeueiai?ano?n?a, a?aeoai?aiiy ei??iieo e?ninoai?a o i?noeyo aeeaeaiiy
i?ia?aeueieo aiae, noai?aiiy caeiiiaeaa/i? aace ?icaeoeo eo?i?o?a.
7. Caaeainiaaiee ?icaeoie ?aa?iio iiaeeeaee ca oiiae
aeieiai-aeiiii?/iiai ?icaeoeo eiai aaciaeo (no?oeoo?ieo) iaeeieoeue, a
oiio /ene? ?ae?aaoe?eieo oa?eoi??e ? eo?i?o?a. ?o iiaiioe?iia
ooieoe?iioaaiiy ye aeieia?/ii /enoeo i?e?iaeieo aeinenoai,
aa?iii?ciaaieo ?c nioe?aeueieie iio?aaaie ethaeeie, caa?aaeaiiy ?
?aoe?iiaeueia aeei?enoaiiy aaeueiai?ano?n?a aeiaaa? oi?ioaaiiy i?ia?aie
caaeainiaaiiai aei?icaeoeo oeeo oa?eoi??e o eiioaeno? caaaeaiue
“Ii?yaeeo aeaiiiai ia OO? no.”. Iaie aecia/aii iniiai? iai?yiee oe???
i?ia?aie: ?aoe?iiaeueia aeei?enoaiiy ae/a?iieo a?aeiiaieo ? iaa?aeiiaieo
i?e?iaeieo e?eoaaeueieo ?ano?n?a, ae??oaiiy aeieia?/ieo i?iaeai eo?i?o?a
? ?ae?aaoe?eieo oa?eoi??e, ?aca?aoaaiiy ia?niaeoeaieo i?noeaainoae,
iie?ioaiiy oa?eoi??aeueiiai oi?aae?iiy, iaeaaiaeaeaiiy i?aeia?iaeiiai
ni?a?ia?oieoeoaa.
INIIAI? IOAE?EAOe?? IA OAIO AeENA?OAOe??:
1. Oaaeoiue I.A. Aaeueiaieia?/i? ?ano?ne Ia?aaeea?iaooy.-Euea?a:
AIOE,1999.-168n.
2. Oaaeoiue I. I?iaeaie ioi?iie aaeueiaieia?/ieo ?ano?n?a Ia?aaeea?iaooy
? oeyoe ?o ae??oaiiy // A?niee Euea?a. oi-oo. Na?. aaia?. – 1998. – Aei.
23. “Aaiacen, aaia?ao?y ? aeieia?y a?oio?a”. – N. 314 -318.
3. Eoeo?oaeca N.?., O?ioei/oe N.A., Oaaeoiue I.A. Aaeueiaieia?/i?
?ano?ne Ia?aaeea?iaooy ye iniiaa ooieoe?iioaaiiy naiaoi?ii-eo?i?oii?
noaaaeoc? // Oe?a?inueeee aaia?ao?/iee aeo?iae. – 1997. – ?1. – N.
35-39.
4. O?ioei/oe N.A., Oaaeoiue I.A. Aaeueiaieia?/iee eiiieaen
Ia?aaeea?iaooy ye i?ia?aeia aaeocue niaoe?ae?caoe?? // ?aa?iiaeueia
aeiiii?ea. – 1997. – ? 1. – N. 75-84.
5. Aaeueiaieia?/i? eo?i?oe ye nioe?iaeieia?/i? oaiiiaie / A.A.Aaea,
N.?.Eoeo?oaeca, N.A.O?ioei/oe, I.A.Oaaeoiue // Iaoa?. Ia?o. anaoe?.
eiio. “Oai?aoe/i? oa i?eeeaaei? aniaeoe nioe?iaeieia??”. – Euea?a. –
1996. – N. 76-77.
6. Aaea A.A., O?ioei/oe N.A., Oaaeoiue I.A. Iiaeeeaino? caeo/aiiy
?iaanoeoe?e o i?ia?aio “Caaeainiaaiee aei?icaeoie” // Oace iaoe. aeii.
i?aeia?. iaoe.-i?aeo. eiio. “?iaanoeoe?eia ae?yeuei?noue a Oe?a?i?:
i?iaeaie ?icaeoeo oa ?aaoethaaiiy”. – *a?i?aoe?. – 1997. – N. 206.
7. Aaea A.A., O?ioei/oe N.A., Oaaeoiue I.A. Ia?aaeoiiae oni?oiiai
?iaanooaaiiy o eo?i?oii-?ae?aaoe?eio noa?o // Oace O i?aeia?.
iaoe.-i?aeo. eiio. “No/ania ?iiiaaoe?eii-i?iieneiaa iie?oeea Oe?a?ie:
?iaanoeoe?ei? i??i?eoaoe oa ?io?ano?oeoo?a”. – *a?i?aoe?. – 1999. – O.
3. – N. 96-98.
8. Aaea A.A., O?ioei/oe N.A., Oaaeoiue I.A. Iaiao?aei?noue oi?ioaaiiy
i?ia?aie caaeainiaaiiai aei?icaeoeo eo?i?oo O?oneaaaoeue // Iaoa?.
i?aeia?. iaoe.-i?aeo. eiio. “I?e?iaei? e?eoaaeuei? ?ano?ne: neeaae oa
aeanoeaino?, iaoai?cie ae??, ieoaiiy ioi?iie, ?ic?iaee oa
?aoe?iiaeueiiai aeei?enoaiiy”. – O?oneaaaoeue. – 1999. – N. 49 – 51.
9. ?iaeei ?., Eieiiaa ?., Oaaeoiue I. Iiaeeeaino? ?aaa?e?oaoe?? oai?eo
i?e?iaeieie e?eoaaeueieie caniaaie Cao?aeiiai ?aa?iio Oe?a?ie // Iaoa?.
oe?.-iieuen. nai?i. “No/ania aeieia?y ? aeieia?/ia iaoieia?y ethaeeie”.
– Euea?a. – 1997. – N. 119-121.
10. Oaaeoiue I. Aaeueiaieia?/iee iioaioe?ae Aooeoeueueie ? i?iaeaie eiai
?aoe?iiaeueiiai aeei?enoaiiy // Oace aeii. iaoe.-i?aeo. eiio.
“Aeieia?/i? ia?aaeoiiae ?icaeoeo ?ae?aaoe?? ia Aooeoeueuei?”. – ss?ai/a.
– 1996. – N. 88-90.
11. Oaaeoiue I. I?iaeaie caaeainiaaiiai aei?icaeoeo ?ae?aaoe?eieo
oa?eoi??e
// Iaoa??aee i?aei. iaoe.-i?aeo. eiio., i?enay/aii? 30-??//th
Ea?iaonueeiai a?inoa?iiai caiia?aeieea. – ?ao?a. – O.1. – 1998.-
N.256-259.
12. Oaaeoiue I. No/ani? oa?i?ie a aaeueiaieia?? // A?niee: I?iaeaie
oe?a?inueei? oa?i?iieia??. Iaoa??aee 5-? i?aei. iaoe. eiio. – Euea?a:
Euea?anueea iie?oaoi?ea, 1998. – ?336. – N. 291-292.
13. Oaaeoiue I. Oe?ethu? nea?ae // Caeai? Ea?iaoe. – 1996. – ? 1-2. – N.
34-36.
14. Trochimczuk S., Fedun’ A. Problemy rozwoju uzdrowisk Podkarpacia //
Cz?owiek i Przyroda. – 1997. – ? 7. – S. 81-83.
AIIOAOe?ss
Oaaeoiue I.A. Aaeueiaieia?/i? ?ano?ne Ia?aaeea?iaooy: no/aniee noai,
ia?niaeoeae aeei?enoaiiy oa ioi?iia. – ?oeiien.
Aeena?oaoe?y ia caeiaoooy iaoeiaiai nooiaiy eaiaeeaeaoa aaia?ao?/ieo
iaoe ca niaoe?aeuei?noth 11.00.11 – eiino?oeoeaia aaia?ao?y ?
?aoe?iiaeueia aeei?enoaiiy i?e?iaeieo ?ano?n?a. – Euea?anueeee
aea?aeaaiee oi?aa?neoao ?iai? ?aaia O?aiea, Euea?a, 1999.
O aeena?oaoe?? aeine?aeaeo?oueny aaeueiai?ano?niee iioaioe?ae
Ia?aaeea?iaooy, no/aniee ??aaiue eiai aeei?enoaiiy oa ?aca?ae
iiaeaeueoiai inai?iiy. Aaoi?ii oaeineiiaeaia a?ae?iaaieia?/ia
?aeiioaaiiy ?aa?iio aeine?aeaeaiiy, i?iaaaeaia eeaneo?eaoe?y
a?ae?iaaieia?/ieo ?aeii?a ca nooiaiai ia?niaeoeaiino? ?icaeoeo
naiaoi?ii-eo?i?oii? i?aeaaeoc? ?ae?aaoe??. ?icaeyaeathoueny i?iaeaie
ioi?iie, caa?aaeaiiy oa ?aoe?iiaeueiiai aeei?enoaiiy ?ano?n?a
e?eoaaeueieo i?ia?aeueieo aiae ? iaei?ae?a (a?ycae) Ia?aaeea?iaooy,
?aeiiaiaeo?oueny ?o ae??oaiiy a eiioaeno? na?oiai? i?ia?aie
caaeainiaaiiai aei?icaeoeo.
Eeth/ia? neiaa: aaeueiaieia?/i? ?ano?ne, iaei?aee, a?ae?iaaieia?/ia
?aeiioaaiiy, aaeueiaieia?/iee eiiieaen, i?e?iaeii-?ano?niee iioaioe?ae,
eo?i?oii-ainiiaea?nueea ?io?ano?oeoo?a, caaeainiaaiee aei?icaeoie.
ANNOTATION
Fedun O.V. Balneological Resources of Peredkarpatia: Modern State,
Perspectives of Utilization and Protection. – Manuscript.
Dissertation for obtaining scientific degree of Kandidat of Geographical
Sciences on the speciality 11.00.11 – Constructive Geography and
Rational Utilization of Natural Resources. – Lviv Ivan Franko State
University, Lviv, 1999.
The dissertation is devoted to the research of Peredkarpatia
balneological potential, exploration, of modern level of its utilization
and further expluatation of reserves. The Author of Dissertation has
improved hydrogeological division into districts, classified
hydrogeological regions according to the perspective degree of
recreational sanatorium-resort development. The main trends of
sustainable ecodevelopment of resorts and recreational territories are
widely discussed. Possible ways of solving of these problems were took
into considaration in the context of world Sustainable Development
Program.
Key words: balneological resources, mud, hydrogeological division,
balneological komplex, natural resources potential, resorts
infrastructure, sustainable ecodevelopment.
AIIIOAOeEss
Oaaeoiue A.A. Aaeueiaieiae/aneea ?ano?nu I?aaeea?iaouey: nia?aiaiiia
ninoiyiea, ia?niaeoeau eniieueciaaiey e io?aia. – ?oeiienue.
Aeenna?oaoeey ia nieneaiea o/aiie noaiaie eaiaeeaeaoa aaia?aoe/aneeo
iaoe ii niaoeeaeueiinoe 11.00.11 – eiino?oeoeaiay aaia?aoey e
?aoeeiiaeueiia eniieueciaaiea i?e?iaeiuo ?ano?nia. – Eueaianeee
ainoaea?noaaiiue oieaa?neoao eiaie Eaaia O?aiei, Eueaia, 1999.
Aeenna?oaoeey iinayuaia eco/aieth e enneaaeiaaieth aaeueiaieiae/aneeo
?ano?nia (ieia?aeueiuo aiae, iaeieaeia eee ea/aaiuo a?ycae)
I?aaeea?iaouey, eo ?aoeeiiaeueiiai eniieueciaaiey, io?aiu e nio?aiaiey
aeey aoaeoueo iieieaiee.
A ?aaioa i?iaiaeece?iaaiu iniiaiua caeiiiia?iinoe oi?ie?iaaiey e
aaia?aoe/aneiai ?ani?ino?aiaiey iniiaiuo oeiia ea/aaiuo ieia?aeueiuo
aiae e iaeieaeia. I?aaeeiaeaia oniaa?oainoaiaaiiay ia iniiaa eco/aiey
?ani?ino?aiaiey aiaeiiiniuo ii?iae e i?eiaaeeaaeaueo e iei ?aciuo oeiia
ieia?aeueiuo aiae noaia aeae?iaaieiae/aneiai ?aeiie?iaaiey
I?aaeea?iaouey. Yoi aeaei aiciiaeiinoue ioeaieoue ?ano?nu e oneiaey
aeae?iaaieiae/aneeo ?aeiiia, iainiiaaoue ia?niaeoeau oeaeaaiai
eniieueciaaiey nouanoaothueo caiania aaeueiaieiae/aneeo ?ano?nia a
ea/aaii-icaei?iaeoaeueiie i?aeoeea.
I?aaeeiaeaia eeanneoeeaoeey i?e?iaeiuo ea/aaiuo ?ano?nia. Ca iacia/aieai
iie aeaeyony ia iniiaiua – oa, /oi ii?aaeaeytho naiaoi?ii-eo?i?oioth
niaoeeaeecaoeeth oa??eoi?ee (aaeueiai?ano?nu, iciea?eo) e
aniiiiaaoaeueiua – oi?ie?otho e aeiiieiytho ea/aaii-icae?iaeoaeueioth
n?aaeo (eaiaeoaooii-eeeiaoe/aneea oneiaey).
Iniiaiua ooieoeee ea/aaiuo aauanoa e oneiaee (yeiiiie/aneay,
nioeeaeueiay, i?e?iaeiio?aiiay) aeiiieiaiu iaaeaeoia?iaeiie
eioaa?aoeaiie. Nouiinoue aa caeeth/aaony a iaania/aiee aoiaeaeaiey
cae?aaieoe ?aaeiia a aa?iiaeneoth e ie?iaoth i?aaiecaoeee
aaeueiaieiae/aneeo eo?i?oia, iiauoaiee o?iaiy ea/aiey e ianeoaeeaaiey
?ae?aaioia, i?eaaaeaiee eo?i?oiie eio?ano?oeoo?u e ie?iaui noaiaea?oai.
?ac?aaioaia iaoiaeeea ioeaiee ia?niaeoeaiinoe aeae?iaaieiae/aneeo
?aeiiia aeey eniieueciaaiey a naiaoi?ii-eo?i?oiie iiaeio?anee
?ae?aaoeee. E iniiaiui e?eoa?eyi ioeaiee ioianaiu eiee/anoaaiiua e
ea/anoaaiiua iieacaoaee aaeueiaieiae/aneeo ?ano?nia, noaiaiue e oaeoi?u,
aeeythuea ia oooaeoaiea eo ea/anoa, o?iaaiue ?acaeoey
naiaoi?ii-eo?i?oiie eio?ano?oeoo?u. Ia iniiaa i?aaeeiaeaiiie iaoiaeeee
aeae?iaaieiae/aneea ?aeiiu ca noaiaiueth ia?niaeoeaiinoe
eeanneoeoee?iaaiiu ia eaoaai?ee: aunieiia?niaeoeaiua, ia?niaeoeaiua,
iaeiia?niaeoeaiua e iaia?niaeoeaiua. Ii/oe 20 % oa??eoi?ee
I?aaeea?iaouey i?eaiaeiu aeey ?acaeoey e ?anoe?aiey naiaoi?ii-eo?i?oiiai
oicyenoaa a aoaeouai. Oeaeaniia?aciinoue oaeiai ?acaeoey aeieacaia
aunieei i?e?iaei-?ano?niui iioaioeeaeii ianoi?iaeaeaiee
aaeueiaieiae/aneeo ?ano?nia e eo nioeeaeueii-yeiiiie/aneie ioeaieie. Iia
iieacuaaao niaieoiiue yeiiiie/aneee yooaeo ea/aaii-icaei?iaeoaeueiiai
i?ioeanna.
I?iaiaeece?iaaia no?oeoo?a aaeueiaieiae/aneiai eiiieaena. Aai
ninoaaeythueie ii?aaeaeaiu i?e?iaeii-?ano?niay, eio?ano?oeoo?iay e
o?oaei?ano?niay iiaenenoaiu. ?an/eoai i?e?iaeii-?ano?niue iioaioeeae
eo?i?oia I?aaeea?iaouey, eioi?ue iaeaieaa iieii ?ane?uaaao aiciiaeiinoe
eo ?acaeoey ia iniiaa ?ano?niie aacu. A ?aaeiia ?acaaaeaiu e a ?aciie
noaiaie eco/aiu aieaa 330 enoi/ieeia e neaaaeei ieia?aeueiuo aiae ii/oe
anao ecaanoiuo iaoea aaeueiaieiae/aneeo a?oii, iauea caianu eioi?uo
ninoaaeytho 40,5 oun.i3/noo. Caianu ea/aaiuo oi?oia ii?aaeaeaiu a 1402
oun.i3. A ianoiyuaa a?aiy eniieuecoaony oieueei 12 % aaeueiai?ano?niiai
iioaioeeaea. A /anoiinoe, a O?oneaaoea – 24,4 % ?acaaaeaiiuo caiania
ieia?aeueiuo aiae, Ethaaia Aaeeeii – 9,3 %, Iaie?iaa – 10 %, Ii?oeia –
5,5 %, Noiaeieoea – 3 %. Yoi naeaeaoaeuenoaoao i cia/eoaeueiie
i?e?iaeii-?ano?niie aaca aeey ?acaeoey ea/aaii-icaei?iaeoaeueiie
?ae?aaoeee a aoaeouai.
Ii?aaeaeaiu i?ei?eoaoiua iooe ?acaeoey I?aaeea?iaouey eae
?ae?aaoeeiiiiai ?aaeiia a eiioaenoa caaeaiee “Iiaanoee aeiy aeey OO?
noieaoey”. ?anniio?aiu aii?inu oi?ie?iaaiey i?ia?aiiu naaeaine?iaaiiiai
yei?acaeoey eo?i?oia e ?ae?aaoeeiiiuo oa??eoi?ee. A ?aaeiia iaeaieaa
iiaeaioiaeaiiui e ?aaeecaoeee oaeie i?ia?aiiu yaeyaony eo?i?o
O?oneaaaoe. Iiyoiio caeiiiia?iui yaeyaony iiaeienaiea a ia?oa 1999 a.
I?aceaeaioii Oe?aeiu Caeiia “I niaoeeaeueiie yeiiiie/aneie ciia
oo?enoe/anei-?ae?aaoeeiiiiai oeia “Eo?i?oiiieen O?oneaaaoe”, eioi?ue
?aaeaiaioe?oao i?iaaaeaiea yeiiiie/aneeo ?aoi?i a
ea/aaii-icaei?iaeoaeueiie io?anee.
A ianoao ?ani?ino?aiaiey ieia?aeueiuo aiae e iaeieaeia, eioi?ua
oa??eoi?eaeueii niaiaaeatho n ianoi?iaeaeaieyie ae?oaeo iieaciuo
eneiiaaiuo, iaaethaeaaony /?acia?iay aio?iiiaaiiay iaa?ocea ia
i?e?iaeioth n?aaeo. Yoi ii?aaeaeyao iniiaioth i?e/eio oooaeoaiey eo
ea/anoaa. Iai?eia?, ?ac?aaioee ssceaneiai ea?uea?a na?u aucaaee
iiieaeaiea o?iaiy a?oioiauo aiae e oaoiiaaiioth aeoeaecaoeeth ea?noa,
eae neaaenoaea en/ac ?iaeiee na?iaiaei?iaeiuo aiae ia oa??eoi?ee
naiaoi?ey “Oeei”. Neiaeiay yeieiae/aneay neooaoeey neiaeeeanue a
O?oneaaoea a nayce n aeayoaeueiinoueth Noaaieoeeiai AAOI “Iieeieia?ae”,
/oi noaaeo iiae na?ueacioth oa?ico ooieoeeiie?iaaiea O?oneaaaoeeiai
eo?i?oii-?ae?aaoeeiiiiai eiiieaena. Iiyoiio aieueoia aieiaiea a ?aaioa
oaeaeaii i?iaeaiai io?aiu, naa?aaeaiey e ?aoeeiiaeueiiai eniieueciaaiey
aaeueiaieiae/aneeo ?ano?nia ?aaeiia e oneiaee eo oi?ie?iaaiey. Aeey eo
?ac?aoaiey ?aeiiaiaeiaaiu iao/ii iainiiaaiiua aeae?ioaoie/aneea,
i?aaiecaoeeiiii-oicyenoaaiiua, oeoiiaeeei?aoeaiua e i?aaiaua
ia?ii?eyoey. E iei ioiinyony no?ieoaeuenoai e ?aeiino?oeoeey i/enoiuo
nii?oaeaiee e eaiaeecaoeeiiiie naoe, ?aoeeiiaeueiay yenieoaoaoeey
ianoi?iaeaeaiee ieia?aeueiuo aiae e ea/aaiuo a?ycae, i?aaiecaoeey
neoaeau iiieoi?eiaa aaeueiai?ano?nia, oi?ie?iaaiea ia?eia e eaniia?eia a
ianoao ieoaiey ieia?aeueiuo aiae, a oaeaea nicaeaiea caeiiiaeaoaeueiie
aacu ?acaeoey eo?i?oia.
Aeey ?aaioathueo i?aaei?eyoee, iniaaiii ai?ii-aeiauaathueo, oeie/aneie,
eaniia?a?aaaouaathuae io?aneae i?iiuoeaiiinoe ?aeiiaiaeothony
i?aaeoniio?aiiua caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii yeieiae/aneea ia?aie/aiey, a oaeaea
iaoeaeaniia?aciinoue eo nicaeaiey a aoaeouai a ia?niaeoeaiuo aeey
aaeueiaiea/aiey e ?ae?aaoeee ?aeiiao.
Eeth/aaua neiaa: aaeueiaieiae/aneea ?ano?nu, iaeieaeu,
aeae?iaaieiae/aneia ?aeiie?iaaiea, aaeueiaieiae/aneee eiiieaen,
i?e?iaeii-?ano?niue iioaioeeae, eo?i?oii-oicyenoaaiiay eio?ano?oeoo?a,
naaeaine?iaaiiia yei?acaeoea.
Ae?oe ionaoiee. Iai?? ionaoiee. Oi?iao 60o84/16.
Caiiaeaiiy ? 99/5-21. Oe?aae 100 i?ei.
Ae?oe OcIA “I?ino?? I”
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