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Високотемпературна повзучість титанових сплавів з різною мікроструктурою: Автореф. дис… канд. фіз.-мат. наук / В.І. Бондарчук, Ін-т металофізики ім.

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5

?inoeooo iaoaeio?ceee ?i. A.A. Eo?aethiiaa

IAI Oe?a?ie

AIIAeA?*OE Aaaeei ?aaiiae/

OAeE 539.376:669.295

AENIEIOAIIA?AOO?IA IIACO*?NOUe

OEOAIIAEO NIEAA?A

C ??CIITH I?E?INO?OEOO?ITH

01.04.13 – o?ceea iaoae?a

Aaoi?aoa?ao

aeena?oaoe?? ia caeiaoooy iaoeiaiai nooiaiy

eaiaeeaeaoa o?ceei-iaoaiaoe/ieo iaoe

Ee?a 1999

Aeena?oaoe??th ? ?oeiien.

?iaioa aeeiiaia a ?inoeooo? iaoaeio?ceee ?i. A.A. Eo?aethiiaa

Iaoe?iiaeueii? Aeaaeai?? Iaoe Oe?a?ie.

Iaoeiaee ea??aiee:

aeieoi? oaoi?/ieo iaoe, i?ioani? ?aaneoei I.I.,

?inoeooo iaoaeio?ceee IAI Oe?a?ie, caa?aeoth/ee a?aeae?eii

Io?oe?ei? iiiiaioe:

aeieoi? o?ceei-iaoaiaoe/ieo iaoe Eio?a/ei N.I.,

?inoeooo iaoaeio?ceee IAI Oe?a?ie, i?ia?aeiee iaoeiaee ni?a?ia?oiee

aeieoi? o?ceei-iaoaiaoe/ieo iaoe Iiae??cia TH.I.

?inoeooo i?iaeai iaoa??aeiciaanoaa IAI Oe?a?ie, i?ia?aeiee iaoeiaee
ni?a?ia?oiee

I?ia?aeia onoaiiaa:

Ee?anueeee aea?aeaaiee oi?aa?neoao ?i. Oa?ana Oaa/aiea, o?ce/iee
oaeoeueoao, eaoaae?a o?ceee iaoae?a.

Caoeno a?aeaoaeaoueny 27 aeiaoiy 1999 ?. i 14-00 aiae. ia can?aeaii?
niaoe?ae?ciaaii? a/aii? ?aaee Ae26.168.01 a ?inoeooo? iaoaeio?ceee ?i.
A.A. Eo?aethiiaa IAI Oe?a?ie ca aae?anith: 252680 i. Ee?a, aoe.
Aa?iaaenueeiai, 36.

C aeena?oaoe??th iiaeia iciaeiieoenue o a?ae?ioaoe? ?inoeoooo
iaoaeio?ceee ?i. A.A. Eo?aethiiaa IAI Oe?a?ie ca aae?anith: 252680 i.
Ee?a, aoe. Aa?iaaenueeiai, 36.

Aaoi?aoa?ao ?ic?neaiee “ 24 ” aa?aniy 1999 ?.

A/aiee nae?aoa?

niaoe?ae?ciaaii? ?aaee,

aeieoi? o?ceei-iaoaiaoe/ieo iaoe I?uae A.E.

CAAAEUeIA OA?AEOA?ENOEEA ?IAIOE

Aeooaeuei?noue oaie. AEa?ii?oei? oeoaiia? nieaae, caaaeyee ?o aenie?e
ieoii?e i?oeiino?, oe?iei aeei?enoiaothoueny a aa?aoe?ei?e, aia?aaoe/i?e
oa ?ioeo aaeocyo i?iieneiaino?. A?eueo?noue aeaoaeae, aeaioiaeaieo c
oeeo nieaa?a, i?aoeththoue i?e i?aeaeuaieo oaiia?aoo?ao, oiio aei
i?oeiino? e iii?o iiaco/ino? aeaieo nieaa?a i?e oeeo oaiia?aoo?ao
noaaeyoueny aenie? aeiiae. I?ioa, iacaaaeath/e ia oa, ui ieoiia
i?oei?noue oeoaiiaeo nieaa?a i?e iaaaeeeeo oaiia?aoo?ao a?eueoa, i?ae
aaaaoueio ?ioeo eiino?oeoe?eieo aea?ii?oeieo nieaa?a (noae?, nieaae ia
iniia? o?iio, i?eaeth oa ?i.), ?o i?oei?noue ? iniaeeai ii?? iiaco/ino?
oaeaeei ciaioothoueny c ?inoii oaiia?aoo?e. Oea i?ecaiaeeoue aei oiai,
ui oeoaiia? nieaae i?aeoe/ii ia aeei?enoiaothoueny i?e oaiia?aoo?ao, i?e
yeeo a?eueo?noue ?ioeo aea?ii?oeieo nieaa?a ua oni?oii i?aoeththoue. Ia
caaaeath/e ia oa, ui a inoaii?e /an aaeaeiny aeiaanoe aa?oith
oaiia?aoo?o i?aeoe/iiai aeei?enoaiiy oeoaiiaeo nieaa?a aei 600N (nieaae
Ti-1100, IMI 834), aiia caeeoa?oueny iecueeith o ii??aiyii? c ?ioeie
aea?ii?oeieie nieaaaie. Oea ia cian?i c?icoi?ei, ine?eueee oaiia?aoo?a
ieaaeaiiy oeoaio aeineoue aeniea (1665N). I?iaeaia ii??aiyii iecueei?
aea?ii?oeiino? oeoaiiaeo nieaa?a aei oeueiai /ano iio?aao? ae??oaiiy.
Ia?o ca ana, ia aei e?ioey c’yniaai? o?ce/i? i?e/eie oeueiai yaeua, aac
ciaiiy yeeo coneeey c iiaeaeueoiai i?aeaeuaiiy aea?ii?oeiino? oeoaiiaeo
nieaa?a aeaeyaea? iaeiaoaeoeaieie.

Aeey oni?oiiai oa oe?eani?yiiaaiiai i?aeaeuaiiy aea?ii?oeiino? oeoaiiaeo
nieaa?a iaiao?aeii ?icoi?iiy iaoai?ci?a aeaoi?iaoe?? oa iiaco/ino? oeeo
nieaa?a i?e i?aeaeuaieo oaiia?aoo?ao. Aeaoi?iaoe?y neeaaeiieaaiaaieo
oeoaiiaeo nieaa?a ? neeaaeiei i?ioeanii, yeee caeaaeeoue a?ae aaaaoueio
ia?aiao??a. Oiio aeey c’ynoaaiiy caaaeueieo caeiiii??iinoae iiaaae?iee
oeoaiiaeo nieaa?a i?e ei?ioei/ani?e aeaoi?iaoe?? oa iiaco/ino?
iaiao?aei? eiiieaeni?, nenoaiaoe/i? aeine?aeaeaiiy oeoaiiaeo nieaa?a
??cieo eean?a o ii??aiyii? c /enoei oeoaiii. Oae? aeine?aeaeaiiy
iaiao?aei? ? aeey e?auiai ?icoi?iiy ?ie? aeo?aeii? i?e?ino?oeoo?e i?e
ei?ioei/ani?e aeaoi?iaoe?? oa iiaco/ino? oeoaiiaeo nieaa?a. Cie?aia,
i?aeoe/ii ia aea/aii aieea oaeaee?nii? oa?iiia?iaee (OOI), yea aeicaiey?
cia/ii iie?aueoe iaoai?/i? aeanoeaino? oeoaiiaeo nieaa?a, ia ?o
ei?ioei/anio oa aeiaaio?eaaeo i?oei?noue i?e i?aeaeuaieo oaiia?aoo?ao.

Ca’ycie ?iaioe c iaoeiaeie i?ia?aiaie, ieaiaie, oaiaie. ?iaioa
aeeiioaaeanue a ?inoeooo? iaoaeio?ceee IAI Oe?a?ie a ?aieao athaeaeaoii?
oaie N 01964018946 oa i?iaeoo OIOOe N51.

Iaoa ? caaea/? ?iaioe: eiiieaenii aea/eoe oa?aeoa?enoeee i?oeiino? ?yaeo
oeoaiiaeo nieaa?a ??ciiai noaiaith eaaiaaiino? i?e i?aeaeuaieo
oaiia?aoo?ao ? aecia/eoe ia iniia? io?eiaieo ?acoeueoao?a iniiai?
caeiiii??iino? aenieioaiia?aoo?ii? aeaoi?iaoe?? oeeo nieaa?a. Aeey
aeinyaiaiiy iinoaaeaii? iaoe iaiao?aeii aoei ae??oeoe oae? caaea/?:

1. Aeine?aeeoe ei?ioei/anio aeaoi?iaoe?th oeoaiiaeo nieaa?a i?e
i?aeaeuaieo oaiia?aoo?ao, aecia/eoe ?? iaoai?cie.

2. Aea/eoe iiaco/?noue oeoaiiaeo nieaa?a i?e i?aeaeuaieo oaiia?aoo?ao,
anoaiiaeoe iaoai?cie, ye? ?? eiio?ieththoue; c’ynoaaoe i?e/eie iecueei?
aea?ii?oeiino? oeoaiiaeo nieaa?a i?e oaiia?aoo?ao aeua 500-600N;

3. Aecia/eoe aieea aeo?aeii? i?e?ino?oeoo?e oeoaiiaeo nieaa?a ia ?o
i?oei?noue ? aea?ii?oei?noue i?e i?aeaeuaieo oaiia?aoo?ao.

Iaoeiaa iiaecia:

1. Aia?oa anoaiiaeaii, ui a oaoi?/ii /enoiio oeoai?, inaaaei-, ()- ?
inaaaei- oeoaiiaeo nieaaao ? iaaia oaiia?aoo?a On (naiy aeey eiaeiiai
nieaao), i?e ye?e a?aeaoaa?oueny ia?ao?ae a?ae iecueeioaiia?aoo?iiai,
yeee eiio?ieth?oueny i?ioeanaie aacaeeooc?eiiai iiaa?iaiiy, aei
aenieioaiia?aoo?iiai, yeee eiio?ieth?oueny i?ioeanaie aeeooc?eiiai
iiaa?iaiiy, iaoai?cio aeaoi?iaoe??, /ei ? iiynith?oueny ??cea iaae?iiy
i?oeiino? aeua On.

2. Anoaiiaeaii, ui On ei?aeth? c oaiia?aoo?ith caaa?oaiiy iie?ii?oiiai
ia?aoai?aiiy oeoaiiaeo nieaa?a Oi.i., yea ?icaeaa?oueny ca aeeooc?eiei
iaoai?ciii, ia i?aenoaa? /iai aenoiooi i?eiouaiiy i?i oa, ui ci?ia
iaoai?cio aeaoi?iaoe?? ? iaae?iiy i?oeiino? iiaeeco On iiynith?oueny
iiaeeea?noth ?icaeoeo ii/aoeiaeo noaae?e ia?aoai?aiiy i?e oeeo
oaiia?aoo?ao.

3. Anoaiiaeaii, ui oaiia?aoo?a On aecia/a?oueny o?i?/iei neeaaeii
nieaa?a ? ia caeaaeeoue a?ae ?o aeo?aeii? i?e?ino?oeoo?e, oiaoi oeyoii
iiia?aaeiuei? oa?iiia?iaee i?aeoe/ii iaiiaeeeai i?aeaeueoe iaeneiaeueii
aeiionoeio oaiia?aoo?o aenieoaoaoe?? nieaa?a.

4. Anoaiiaeaii, ui i?e oaiia?aoo?ao ieae/a On iaea?eueo? i?oei?noue oa
aea?ii?oei?noue oeoaiiaeo nieaa?a caaacia/o? OOI. Aeua On aieea
aeo?aeii? i?e?ino?oeoo?e ia aea?ii?oei?noue oeoaiiaeo nieaa?a caeaaeeoue
a?ae oiia ?o aenieoaoaoe??.

I?aeoe/ia cia/aiiy ?acoeueoao?a ?iaioe. Io?eiai? ?acoeueoaoe
iieaaoothoue oe?eani?yiiaaiee iiooe a?eueo aea?ii?oeieo oeoaiiaeo
nieaa?a. A oie aea /an, a ?iaio? iieacaii, ui iaeneiaeueia oaiia?aoo?a
i?aeoe/iiai aeei?enoaiiy inaaaei- ? ()-oeoaiiaeo nieaa?a aaaaoi a /iio
aecia/a?oueny oaiia?aoo?ith ?o iie?ii?oiiai ia?aoai?aiiy, o ca’yceo c
/ei cia/ia i?aeaeuaiiy oe??? oaiia?aoo?e ? i?iaeaiaoe/iei. Iieacaii
oaeiae, ui OOI inaaaei- ? ()-oeoaiiaeo nieaa?a cia/ii i?aeaeuo? ?o
ei?ioei/anio oa aeiaaio?eaaeo i?oei?noue i?e i?aeaeuaieo oaiia?aoo?ao o
ii??aiyii? c? noaiaea?oieie oa?iiia?iaeaie, o ca’yceo c /ei oey
oa?iiia?iaea ?aeiiaiaeo?oueny aeey iie?auaiiy aea?ii?oeiino? aeaieo
nieaa?a o oe?ieiio oaiia?aoo?iiio ?ioa?aae?.

Oai?aoe/ia cia/aiiy. A ?iaio? io?eiai? caaaeuei? caeiiii??iino?
aenieioaiia?aoo?ii? aeaoi?iaoe?? oeoaiiaeo nieaa?a ??ciiai oeio.
Anoaiiaeaii ca’ycie i?ae i?ioeanii iie?ii?oiiai ia?aoai?aiiy oa
iiaaae?ieith oeoaio ? eiai nieaa?a i?e aenieioaiia?aoo?i?e aeaoi?iaoe??,
aeneiaeai? iaa?oioiaai? aeiiouaiiy uiaei o?ce/ii? i?e?iaee ? iaoai?cio
oeueiai ca’yceo.

Iniaenoee aianie caeiaoaa/a:

1. Aenia?eiaioaeueia aeine?aeaeaiiy oaa?aeino?, ei?ioei/anii? i?oeiino?
? iiaco/ino? oeoaiiaeo nieaa?a i?e aenieeo oaiia?aoo?ao; i?iaaaeai?
no?oeoo?i? aeine?aeaeaiiy.

2. Aiae?c ? ia?iaea aenia?eiaioaeueieo ?acoeueoao?a ca aeiiiiiaith IE,
iiaeaethaaiiy.

3. O/anoue o ieaioaaii? aenia?eiaio?a, ?o aiae?c?, iaienaiiy noaoae oa
i?aeaioiaea aeiiia?aeae ia eiioa?aioe?yo.

Ai?iaaoe?y ?acoeueoao?a ?iaioe. ?acoeueoaoe aeena?oaoe?? aeiiia?aeaeenue
ia I?aeia?iaeiiio nai?ia?? “Aeeooocey e oaciaua i?aa?auaiey a oaa?aeuo
oaeao”, *a?eane, Oe?a?ia, 20-28 /a?aiy 1998 ?. oa I?aeia?iaei?e
eiioa?aioe?? iai’yo? A?eaei?aa A.I. “Iaoaeeu e nieaau: oaciaua
i?aa?a-uaiey, no?oeoo?a, naienoaa”, i. Ee?a, Oe?a?ia, 21-25 aa?aniy 1998
?.

O iiaiiio ianyc? aeena?oaoe?y aeiiia?aeaeanue o Ee?anueeiio
iaoe?iiaeueiiio oi?aa?neoao? ?i. Oa?ana Oaa/aiea.

Ioae?eaoe??. C oaie aeena?oaoe?? iioae?eiaaii 4 noaoo? o oaoiaeo
aeaeaiiyo.

No?oeoo?a e ianya aeena?oaoe??. Aeena?oaoe?y neeaaea?oueny c anooio,
i’youeio ?icae?e?a, aeniiae?a ? nieneo aeei?enoaieo aeaea?ae, ui
i?noeoue 112 iineeaiue. Aiia aeeeaaeaia ia 144 noi??ieao iaoeiiieniiai
oaenoo, aeeth/ath/e 42 ?ethno?aoe?? ? 12 oaaeeoeue.

INIIAIEE CI?NO ?IAIOE

O anooi? ioa?aeoa?eciaaii noai i?iaeaie aeine?aeaeaiue, iaa?oioiaaii
aeooaeuei?noue oaie, noi?ioeueiaaii iaoo ? iniiai? caaea/? ?iaioe,
aecia/aii iaoeiao iiaecio, i?aeoe/io oa oai?aoe/io oe?ii?noue io?eiaieo
?acoeueoao?a.

O ia?oiio ?icae?e? iiaeaii e?oa?aoo?iee iaeyae ca oaiith aeena?oaoe??.
?icaeyioo? iayai? aeai? c aenieioaiia?aoo?ii? aeaoi?iaoe?? ? iiaco/ino?
oeoaio oa eiai nieaa?a. I?iaiae?ciaaii aieea o?i?/iiai neeaaeo,
aeo?aeii? i?e?ino?oeoo?e oa oiia aei?iaoaaiue (iai?oaeaiiy, oaiia?aoo?e,
oaeaeeino? aeaoi?ioaaiiy, oiui) ia aea?ii?oei?noue oeoaiiaeo
nieaa?a, a

oaeiae iaoai?cie aenieioaiia?aoo?ii? aeaoi?iaoe?? ? iiaco/ino? oeeo
nieaa?a. A?aecia/aii iaaeinoaoi?noue aeaieo i?i aieea aeo?aeii?
i?e?ino?oeoo?e ia aea?ii?oei?noue oeoaiiaeo nieaa?a, a oaeiae
iaaecia/ai?noue uiaei iaoai?ci?a aenieioaiia?aoo?ii? aeaoi?iaoe?? ?
iiaco/ino? oeoaio oa eiai nieaa?a. Iieacaii, ui a?eueo?noue
aenia?eiaioaeueieo aeaieo iinyoue o?aaiaioa?iee oa?aeoa?, a oie /an ye
aeey ae??oaiiy i?iaeaie ii??aiyii iecueei? aea?ii?oeiino? oeoaiiaeo
nieaa?a iaiao?aei? eiiieaeni?, nenoaiaoe/i? aeine?aeaeaiiy
aenieioaiia?aoo?ii? aeaoi?iaoe?? ? iiaco/ino? nieaa?a ??ciiai oeio.

O ae?oaiio ?icae?e? iaaaaeaii aeai? i?i aeine?aeaeoaai? iaoa??aee oa
aeei?enoai? aenia?eiaioaeuei? iaoiaeeee. Ia’?eoaie aeine?aeaeaiiy aoee
oaoi?/ii /enoee oeoai AO1-0 ? ?yae oeoaiiaeo nieaa?a, o?i?/iee neeaae
yeeo iaaaaeaii o oaaeeoe? 1.

Iaiao?aei? aeey aeine?aeaeaiue i?e?ino?oeoo?e io?eioaaee oeyoii
iiia?aaeiuei? oa?iiia?iaee nieaa?a. A oaoi?/iiio oeoai? a?aeiaeii
oi?ioaaee ??aiia?ni? ca?ia c na?aaei?i ae?aiao?ii 100 iei. Nieaae
AO18O, IMI 834 ? AO3-1 aea/aee a o?ueio i?e?ino?oeoo?ieo noaiao:

Oaaeeoey 1. O?i?/iee neeaae nieaa?a.

NieaaAlMoVCrFeSiZrNbSnCinaaaei- nieaauIMI
8345.70.55—0.53.750.724.10,06AO18O6.40.9- –
0.110.154.41.020,1()-nieaauAO66.2-4.1-0.25 0.13
—0,1AO3-16.62.6-1.50.40.3—0,1AO163.35.04.2-0.180.1—0,1inaaaei-
nieaaAO225.45.04.21.41.00.1—0,1

ae??aiica?ienoa aeiaoey?ia i?e?ino?oeoo?a i?ney a?aeiaeo a ()-iaeano?
c ianooiiei iia?eueiei ioieiaeaeaiiyi. O aeiaaeeo nieaao

IMI 834 i?e?ino?oeoo?a aoea a?iiaeaeueiith /a?ac i?enei?aia
ioieiaeaeaiiy ia iia?o??; e?oiiica?ienoa ieanoei/aoa i?e?ino?oeoo?a
i?ney a?aeiaeo a -iaeano? (1100N) i?ioyaii iaei??? aiaeeie oa
iia?eueiiai ioieiaeaeaiiy; ae??aiica?ienoa ieanoei/aoa i?e?ino?oeoo?a
i?ney OOI c? ne?aeoth/eie ia?aiao?aie: iaa??aaiiy c? oaeaee?noth 20 En-1
o -iaeanoue (1050N), aeo?eiea 5 n, ioieiaeaeaiiy ia iia?o??, c ianooiiei
noaa?e?coth/ei a?aeiaeii a -iaeano?. Nieaae AO6 oa AO22 aea/aee a aeaio
i?e?ino?oeoo?ieo noaiao: aeiaoey?iiio oa ae??aiica?ienoiio
ieanoei/aoiio; nieaa AO16 a a?iiaeaeueiiio oa ae??aiica?ienoiio
ieanoei/aoiio. Oeiia? i?eeeaaee i?e?ino?oeoo? iaaaaeaii ia ?en. 1.

I?e?ino?oeoo?iee aiae?c nieaa?a o aeo?aeiiio oa aeaoi?iiaaiiio noaiao
i?iaiaeeee iaoiaeaie iioe/ii? oa aeaeo?iiii? i?e?ineii??.

Oaa?ae?noue ca A?eea?nii a oaiia?aoo?iiio ?ioa?aae? a?ae e?iiaoii? aei
800N aei??thaaee ca iaoiaeeeith oa ia onoaiiaoe?, ?ic?iaeaieie a
?inoeooo? i?iaeai iaoa??aeiciaanoaa IAIO, o aaeooi? 3,7510-2 Ia.
Aei?iaoaaiiy ia iaeiia?niee ?icoya i?iaiaeeee o aaeooi? ia ieae/a
3,7510-2 Ia a oiiaao nooi?i/aoiai ?inoo iai?oaeaiiy ia c?aceo.
Aei?iaoaaiiy ia aenieioaiia?aoo?io iiaco/?noue i?iaiaeeee a oaeiio ae
aaeooi? ca noaiaea?oiith iaoiaeeeith. Oacia? ia?aoai?aiiy a nieaaao
aea/aee ca iaoiaeeeith aenieioaiia?aoo?iiai aeeoa?aioe?eiiai oa?i?/iiai
aiae?co (AAeOA).

O o?aoueiio ?icae?e? ?icaeyaea?oueny ei?ioei/ania aeaoi?iaoe?y oeoaio oa
eiai nieaa?a o oe?ieiio oaiia?aoo?iiio ?ioa?aae?.

Oa?iiaeoeaaoe?eiee aiae?c oaiia?aoo?ieo caeaaeiinoae oaa?aeino?,
i?eeeaae yeiai iaaaaeaii aeey oaoi?/iiai oeoaio ia ?en. 2, aoa
i?iaaaeaiee ca a?aeiiith iaoiaeeeith:

HV = A1exp(Qd/3kT), (1)

aea HV oaa?ae?noue, A1 eiinoaioa, Qd aia?a?y aeoeaaoe?? aeaoi?iaoe??,
k noaea Aieueoeiaia, O aaniethoia oaiia?aoo?a. A?i aeicaieea
anoaiiaeoe, ui oeae ?ioa?aae iiaeia iiae?eeoe ia o?e ae?eyiee, ye?
oa?aeoa?ecothoueny ??cieie iaoai?ciaie aeaoi?iaoe??. A iaeano? ?
(25300C) aeaoi?iaoe?y eiio?ieth?oueny i?aeaeeneieaoe?eiith aca?iiae??th;
aia?a?y aeoeaaoe?? aeaoi?iaoe?? iaea (ii?yaeeo nioeo aeieae aA). I?e
300500C (ae?eyiea ??) niinoa??aa?oueny aeaoi?iaoe?eia noa??iiy, aia?a?y
aeoeaaoe?? aeaoi?iaoe?? i?eaeecii aei??aith? 0,2 aA. Aeua 500N (ae?eyiea
???) aeaoi?iaoe?y oeoaio eiio?ieth?oueny i?ioeanaie aeeooc?eiiai
iiaa?iaiiy, ? aia?a?y aeoeaaoe?? aeaoi?iaoe?? i?eaeecii aei??aith?
aia?a?? aeoeaaoe?? naiiaeeooc?? a -oeoai? (1,5 aA).

Anoaiiaeaii, ui oaiia?aoo?e ci?ie iaoai?ci?a aeaoi?iaoe?? ia caeaaeaoue
a?ae aeo?aeii? i?e?ino?oeoo?e nieaa?a, a aecia/athoueny eeoa ?o o?i?/iei
neeaaeii. I?e oeueiio oaiia?aoo?e ia?aoiaeo aei aenieioaiia?aoo?iiai
(???) iaoai?cio aeaoi?iaoe?? iine?aeiaii ciaioothoueny o ?yaeo: inaaaei-
() inaaaei- nieaae.

Io?eiai? e?ea? iaeiia?niiai ?icoyao oa ?o oa?iiaeoeaaoe?eiee aiae?c
i?aeoaa?aeeee ?acoeueoaoe, io?eiai? ?c aeaieo aei??thaaiiy oaa?aeino?,
i?e/iio aia?a?? aeoeaaoe?? aeaoi?iaoe??, ?ic?aoiaai? ca ?acoeueoaoaie
aeaio iaoiae?a, ca?aathoueny o iaaeao iioeaee.

Oaeei /eiii, o oeoai? oa eiai nieaaao i?e aeaye?e oaiia?aoo?? On, yeo
iiaeia oiiaii iacaaoe “oaiia?aoo?ith ao?aoe i?oeiino?”, ii/eia?oueny
oaeaeea iaae?iiy ei?ioei/anii? i?oeiino?, iia’ycaia c? ci?iith iaoai?cio
aeaoi?iaoe??. O a?eueoino? iaoae?a ia?ao?ae aei aenieioaiia?aoo?ieo,
oiaoi oeo, ye? eiio?ieththoueny aeeooc?eiei iiaa?iaiiyi, iaoai?ci?a
aeaoi?iaoe?? a?aeaoaa?oueny o a?aeiinii oe?ieiio oaiia?aoo?iiio
?ioa?aae? a?ey 0,5Oie, a oie /an ye o oeoai? niinoa??aa?oueny ??ceee
ia?ao?ae a ieie? 0,35-0,4Oie. Oea, eiia??ii, iia’ycaia c aeecuee?noth
iie?ii?oiiai ia?aoai?aiiy, yea a oiiaao iia?eueiiai iaa??aaiiy
?icaeaa?oueny ca aeeooc?eiei iaoai?ciii. A /enoiio oeoai? aeeooc?eia
ia?aoai?aiiy a?aeaoaa?oueny i?e 882N, iaeiae o eaaiaaieo nieaaao
oaiia?aoo?iee ?ioa?aae eiai i?io?eaiiy iiaea nyaaoe aeae?eueeio nioaiue
a?aaeon?a. ?c aeaieo, io?eiaieo ca iaoiaeii AAeOA, io?eiai? na?ae/aiiy
i?i ?nioaaiiy aiiiae?e a ieie? oaiia?aoo? On, ye? o aeiaaeeo nieaa?a
iiaeooue aooe iia’ycai? c ii/aoeii oaciaiai ia?aoai?aiiy; o aeiaaeeo
oaoi?/iiai oeoaio c aeeooc?eiei ia?a?iciiae?eii aeaiaio?a, yea ia?aaeo?
oeueiio ia?aoai?aiith. A?aeiii, ui i?e ia?aoai?aii? oaeaee?noue
aeeooc?? a -oeoai? ca?eueoo?oueny ia ii?yaeie. I?e aeaoi?iaoe?? oeae
aoaeo iiaeiai aooe ua iii?oi?oei /a?ac i?aeaeuaio aonoeio aeaoaeo?a
e?enoae?/ii? a?aoee. Aeoea?caoe?y aeeooc?eieo i?ioean?a i?e
oaiia?aoo?ao, ui a?aeiia?aeathoue ?icaeoeo oaciaiai ia?aoai?aiiy aai
i?aeaioiaoe? aei iueiai, iaaaoeaii a?aeaeaa?oueny ia aea?ii?oeiino?
iaoa??aeo. I?aeoaa?aeaeaiiyi oeueiai ? oa, ui oaiia?aoo?a On ei?aeth? c
oaiia?aoo?ith caaa?oaiiy iie?ii?oiiai ia?aoai?aiiy Oi.i. (?en. 3).

*aoaa?oee ?icae?e i?enay/aii aeine?aeaeaiith aenieioaiia?aoo?ii?
iiaco/ino? oeoaiiaeo nieaa?a. I?e 400N aeey AO1-0 oa ()-nieaa?a
oa?aeoa?ia eiaa?eoi?/ia iiaco/?noue, oiaoi oaeaee?noue ?o aeaoi?iaoe??
iinooiiai ciaioo?oueny aei ioey, ui na?ae/eoue i?i a?aenooi?noue
iiaa?iaiiy ci?oeiaiiy aiane?aeie aeaoi?iaoe?eiiai noa??iiy. Iiaco/?noue
oeeo nieaa?a i?e aeueo oaiia?aoo?ao, a inaaaei- nieaa?a i?e an?o
aeine?aeaeaieo oaiia?aoo?ao ?icaeaaeanue ca cae/aeieie caeiiii??iinoyie
? aeeth/aea noaae?? iaonoaeaiiai oa onoaeaiiai ?icaeoeo aeaoi?iaoe??.

A aeai?e ?iaio? aiae?c iaoai?ci?a iiaco/ino? i?iaiaeeee ca iaoiaeeeith
aecia/aiiy aia?a?? aeoeaaoe?? iiaco/ino? Qc oa neeiaiai ia?aiao?a n. sse
a?aeiii, eiaeiiio iaoai?cio iiaco/ino? a?aeiia?aeathoue nai? cia/aiiy
oeeo ia?aiao??a. Iai?eeeaae, aeey oae caaiiai iecueeioaiia?aoo?iiai
iaoai?cio iiaco/ino?, eiee iiaa?iaiiy ci?oeiaiiy a?aeaoaa?oueny
aacaeeooc?eiei oeyoii iiia?a/iei eiacaiiyi aaeioiaeo eiiiiiaio
aeeneieaoe?e, cia/aiiy n aaeee? ( 7), a Qc

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