.

Гуманізація взаємин учителів і старшокласників у позаурочній роботі загальноосвітньої школи: Автореф. дис… канд. пед. наук / В.О. Мазуріна, Ін-т про

Язык: украинский
Формат: реферат
Тип документа: Word Doc
158 2663
Скачать документ

?INOEOOO I?IAEAI AEOIAAIIss

OAeE 371.04

Iaco??ia Aaeaioeia Ieaenaiae??aia

Aoiai?caoe?y aca?iei o/eoae?a ?

noa?oieeaniee?a o iicao?i/i?e ?iaio? caaaeueiiina?oiuei? oeiee

13.00.01 -Oai??y oa ?noi??y iaaeaaia?ee

AAOI?AOA?AO

ia caeiaoooy iaoeiaiai nooiaiy

eaiaeeaeaoa iaaeaaia?/ieo iaoe

Ee?a -1999

Aeena?oaoe??th ? ?oeiien

?iaioa aeeiiaia a ?inoeooo? i?iaeai aeoiaaiiy AII Oe?a?ie

Iaoeiaee ea??aiee –eaiaeeaeao iaaeaaia?/ieo iaoe, noa?oee iaoeiaee
ni?a?ia?oiee A?eioniaa Aaeaioeia ?ieaen??aia, ?inoeooo i?iaeai aeoiaaiiy
AII Oe?a?ie, i?ia?aeiee iaoeiaee ni?a?ia?oiee

Io?oe?ei? iiiiaioe : -aeieoi? iaaeaaia?/ieo iaoe, i?ioani? I?aeaoianueea
Aaeaioeia Ieoaee?aia, aee?aei? Oeaio?o i?aaaioeaiiai aeoiaaiiy AII
Oe?a?ie;

–eaiaeeaeao iaaeaaia?/ieo iaoe, noa?oee iaoeiaee ni?a?ia?oiee
I??iiieuenueea Iaoaey ?aaai?aia, ?inoeooo i?iaeai aeoiaaiiy AII Oe?a?ie,
i?ia?aeiee iaoeiaee ni?a?ia?oiee

I?ia?aeia onoaiiaa –Oiainueeee aea?aeaaiee iaaeaaia?/iee oi?aa?neoao ?i.
I.A.Oe/eie, eaoaae?a iaaeaaia?ee, I?i?noa?noai ina?oe Oe?a?ie, i. Oiaiue

Caoeno a?aeaoaeaoueny 2 aa?aciy 1999 ?. i 14 aiae. ia can?aeaii?
niaoe?ae?ciaaii? a/aii? ?aaee E 26.454.01 a ?inoeooo? i?iaeai aeoiaaiiy
AII Oe?a?ie ca aae?anith: 254060, i. Ee?a, aoe. Aa?e?inueeiai, 9

C aeena?oaoe??th iiaeia iciaeiieoeny a a?ae?ioaoe? ?inoeoooo i?iaeai AII
Oe?a?ie

Aaoi?aoa?ao ?ic?neaii 2 ethoiai 1999 ?.

A/aiee nae?aoa?

niaoe?ae?ciaaii?

a/aii? ?aaee A.I. Ionoia?o

CAAAEUeIA OA?AEOA?ENOEEA ?IAIOE

Aeooaeuei?noue aeine?aeaeaiiy. I?ioean aeaiie?aoecaoe?? iaoiai
noni?euenoaa i?aai?/ii iia’ycaiee ?c aoiai?caoe??th a?aeiinei o an?o
noa?ao nioe?aeueiiai aeeooy. Noa? i/aaeaeiei, ui aeoeaiei noni?eueiei
noa’?eoii iiaea noaoe ethaeeia, yea ia? aenieee ??aaiue
naiina?aeiiino?, oai?/i? aeoeaiino?, a?aeiia?aeaeueiino?, ea?o?oueny
o nai?e noni?eueii ei?eni?e ae?yeueiino? oa iiaaae?ioe?
aoiai?noe/ieie oe?iiinoyie. Oaeo ethaeeio iiaea aeoiaaoe oeiea,
aeey yei? i??i?eoaoii ? oi?ioaaiiy a?eueii? iniaenoino?, caeaoii?
aei naiiaecia/aiiy oa i?aeiniaeno?nii? aca?iiae?? ia aoiai?noe/ieo
canaaeao.

O ca’yceo c oeei ?ic?iaea aoiai?noe/ieo iniia ni?eeoaaiiy
aei?ineeo ? ae?oae o iaa/aeueii – aeoiaiiio i?ioean? ? aaaeeeaei
iaaeaaia?/iei caaaeaiiyi. Naia aoiai?caoe?y a?aeiinei aeiiiiiaea
o/iaa? ona?aeiieoe ia’?eoeaio ?aaeuei?noue ye “na?o ethaeeie”, aaanoe
aeoiaaioey o neeiaa iiea eoeueoo?e, ni?eyoe aeoiaaiith aoiaiiino?.

Aoiai?noe/iee oa?aeoa? noinoie?a i?ae iaaeaaiaaie ? o/iyie
?icaeyaea?oueny caaaeueiiina?oiueith oeieith ye aeooaeueia caaaeaiiy ??
?ai?aai?caoe?? ia iniaeno?nii i???ioiaaieo canaaeao. Aea nueiaiaei?
a/eoaeth aaaeei aeeiiaoe oea caaaeaiiy, ine?eueee eiio a?aeo?
a?aeiia?aeieo aeoiaieo oaoiieia?e, ?ic?iaea yeeo – aeeeth/ii aeooaeueia
i?iaeaia, ui iio?aao? niaoe?aeueiiai aeine?aeaeaiiy.

Aeooaeuei?noue i?iaeaie aeine?aeaeaiiy iaoiiaeth?oueny e iaiao?aei?noth
iiaeieaiiy aaoi?eoa?ieo oaiaeaioe?e aeoiaaiiy, ye? ua iathoue i?noea o
no/ani?e oeie?. Iacaaaeath/e ia oa, ui o/iy i?iaieineee noa’?eoii
aeaniiai ?icaeoeo, aei iueiai ia??aeei noaaeyoueny ye aei ia’?eoa
iaaeaaia?/iiai aieeao; eaoaai??y “aeoiaaiiy” o a?eueoino? aeiaaee?a
oeeaaea?oueny o cae/i? ae??: iinoaaeoe aeiiao, i?aeeacaoe,
i?ieiio?iethaaoe. ? oea ia ni?ey? anoaiiaeaiith aoiaiieo aca?iei
o/eoae?a ? o/i?a. Iaeaea ia canoiniao?oueny aeaiie?aoe/iee e
?ioaa?aoeaiee noee? iaaeaaia?/iiai ni?eeoaaiiy,iaaeinoaoiuei oaaae
iaaea?oueny aeoiaoth/iio ae?aeiao iaaeaaiaa ? aeoiaaioey, a?aenooi?
i?iaeoeoeai? oaoiieia?? aeoiaaiiy oa ?iiiaaoe?ei? oi?ie ? iaoiaee
oi?ioaaiiy aoiaiiino?, ana ua iecueeee ??aaiue ineoieia?/ii? eoeueoo?e
a/eoae?a ? o/i?a, a?aenooi? oe?e?ni?noue ? nenoaii?noue o aeoiaaii?
aoiaiieo noinoie?a.

O aeine?aeaeaii? ia?aaaaa iaaea?oueny o/iyi noa?oiai oe?eueiiai a?eo
, ine?eueee o thiaoeueeiio a?oe?, ye na?ae/eoue aiae?c
ineoieiai-iaaeaaia?/ii? e?oa?aoo?e (Aiaeiae/ E.?., Eii ?.N.oa ?i.),
i?iaeaia aca?iei c o/eoaeai aeaea?oueny iaaecae/aeii aino?ith.
Aeey noa?oieeanieea aaaeeeaei ? noaaeaiiy a/eoaey aei iueiai ye aei
iniaenoino? -?aeeii?, iaiiaoi?ii?, cia/oui?.

Iaea?eueo ni?eyoeea? oiiae aeey aoiai?caoe?? aca?iei o/eoae?a ?
noa?oieeaniee?a neeaaeathoueny o iicaeeani?e ?iaio?. Naia ooo
?aae?co?oueny iniaeno?niee iioaioe?ae o/iy, eiai ?iaeea?aeoaeueia
iaiiaoi?i?noue , aeieeathoue oiiae iiaeieaiiy oi?iae?cio ?
aaoi?eoa?iino? o aca?ieiao iaaeaaiaa ? aeoiaaioey. O iicao?i/i?e ?iaio?
a/eoaeue iiaea canoiniaoaaoe a?naiae iao?aaeeoe?eieo iaoiae?a aeoiaaiiy
aeey ?icaeoeo noa’?eoiino? o/iy.

I?iaeaia aoiai?caoe?? aca?iei o/eoae?a ? o/i?a inoaii?i /anii aeeeeea?
iniaeeaee ?ioa?an aeine?aeiee?a. I?aaeiaoii aeine?aeaeaiiy o?einio?a
ia?o ca ana ? eaoaai??y “a?aeiineie”, yeo aiie ?ice?eaathoue e??cue
i?ecio ae?aeaeoe/ieo ca’yce?a iniaenoino? c ioi/oth/ith ae?eni?noth
(A?oaiaaeuenueeeeE.I., Eaaai I.N., Noa?iaieoaiei I.A. oa ?i.). Oaiiiai
“aoiai?ci” ?icaeyaea?oueny ieie ye can?a na?oiaa/aiiy,nenoaia iiaeyae?a
, o eiioaeno? yei? aecia?oueny oe?ii?noue ethaeeie ye iniaenoino?,??
i?aai ia naiaiaeo, uanoy oa ?icaeoie nai?o cae?aiinoae. Oao?aoe? o
aaeoc? o?einio?? ii?ae? (Aethie?i A.A., Aieaa??iass.N., Nioaiue E.A. oa
?i.) aea/athoue ii?aeuei? (aoiai?noe/i?) oe?iiino?, ?o nooi?noue,
niaoeeo?eo oa i?noea a aeooiaiiio na?o? iniaenoino?. Ineoieia?/i?
aniaeoe aoiai?noe/iiai aeoiaaiiy ?ice?eo? o i?aoeyo Aaoa ?.Ae.,
Aiaeaeueiaa I.I., Ai?eoaanueeiai I.E., Ee?e/oea I.A. oa ?ioeo
aeine?aeiee?a, ui iieeaee a iniiao nai?o eiioeaioe?e noa’?eo – noa’?eoio
aca?iiae?th ? naii?icaeoie iniaenoino?, iaoai?ci ?aoeaen??.

Caaaeueiioai?aoe/i? canaaee aoiai?caoe?? aeoiaaiiy ?, cie?aia,
noinoie?a o/eoae?a oa o/i?a, ia?aoai?aiiy oeiee o “iaenoa?ith
aoiaiiino?”, aeeeaaeai? o i?aoeyo Iaea?aiea A.N. ? Nooiieeinueeiai A.I.
Nueiaiaei? ?o ?aea? noathoue aeaea?aeii aoiai?noe/iiai iiiaeaiiy
iaaeaaia?/ieo oaoiieia?e, oei eoeueoo?iei oiiii, yeee ia? aaee/aci?
iiaeeeaino? aeey ii?aeueiiai ?icaeoeo aeoiaaioey .

Aoiai?caoe?th aeoiaaiiy a eiioaeno? aoiai?oa??caoe??
caaaeueiiina?oiuei? oeiee aena?oeththoue Aii/a?aiei N.?., Iaeueiaaiee
TH.?. C iiceoe?? iiai? o?einio?? aeoiaaiiy, ui ?icaeyaea? ethaeeio ye
aeuo aeeoo?ao oe?ii?noue, iaaeaaiae (Aiiiaoa?e? O.I., A?eioniaa A.I.,
Aieei A.I., Aaeo I.I. oa ?i.) ?ice?eaathoue oai?aoe/i? canaaee
aoiai?caoe?? a?aeiinei, oa?aeoa?ecothoue aeaiee oaiiiai ye /eiiee
oi?ioaaiiy iniaenoino?.

C iiceoe?? aeeoo?oai?/ino? iniaenoino? aeine?aeaeothoue aoiai?noe/ia
aeoiaaiiy ? ii?aeueii oe?ii?ni? noinoiee o/i?a, iaaeaaia?a ?
o/i?a Aeii/aiei I.A., ??iaeia ?.A., Nioaiue E.A., Oae?oe?ia A.I. oa ?i.

??ci? aniaeoe aoiai?noe/iiai aeoiaaiiy i?aee?oe?a ? noa?oieeaniee?a o
iicao?i/i?e ?iaio? ciaeoee a?aeia?aaeaiiy o i?aoeyo Aiiaea?aanueei?
?.A., Eiaca?y A.N., I??iiieuenueei? I.?.,I?aeaoianueei? A.I., Ionoia?oa
A.I., ?aieI.I. oa ?i.

?ieue aoiaiieo aca?iei o iaaeaaia?/iiio i?ioean? ?ice?eaathoue Iaothoa
I.E., Nouaiei O.?. oa ?i., iniaeno?ni? yeino? oa iaaeaaia?/io
iaenoa?i?noue o/eoae?a – Cycthi ?.A., Eaa?ae?aa A.E. oa ?i., nooi?noue
iaaeaaia?/iiai ni?eeoaaiiy ye oiiae aoiai?caoe?? aca?iei- A?ao/aiei
N.E., Oaei N.A., aiae?c eiai noee?a – Noaie?i I.?. oa ?i.

Ii?yae c oeei aiae?c ineoieiai-iaaeaaia?/ii? e?oa?aoo?e c i?iaeaie
aeine?aeaeaiiy aeaco? ia oa, ui aei oeueiai /ano iaaeinoaoiuei
aena?oeai? i?ioean aoiai?caoe?? aca?iei iaaeaaia?a ? noa?oieeaniee?a o
iicao?i/i?e ?iaio? ? aieea iniaeno?nii i???ioiaaii? oaoiieia?? aeoiaaiiy
ia ?icaeoie aoiaiieo noinoie?a i?ae ieie, ia aeyaeai? iaaeaaia?/ii
i?iaeoeoeai? oiiae oa iaoai?cie, ui caaacia/othoue ?o aoaeoeaia
oi?ioaaiiy, ia ?ic?iaeai? e?eoa??? oa ??ai? noi?iiaaiino? aoiaiieo
aca?iei o/eoae?a ? o/i?a.

Oaeei /eiii, aeooaeuei?noue ? iaaeinoaoiy ?ic?iaeai?noue i?iaeaie a
oai??? ? i?aeoeoe? oe?eueiiai aeoiaaiiy iaoiiaeee aea?? oaie
aeena?oaoe?eiiai aeine?aeaeaiiy- “Aoiai?caoe?y aca?iei o/eoae?a ?
noa?oieeaniee?a o iicao?i/i?e ?iaio? caaaeueiiina?oiuei? oeiee”.

Oaia aeine?aeaeaiiy ? neeaaeiaith iaoeiai-aeine?aeii? oaie
eaai?aoi??? ii?aeueiiai oa aoe/iiai aeoiaaiiy ?inoeoooo i?iaeai
aeoiaaiiy AII Oe?a?ie, ocaiaeaeaia o ?aae? eii?aeeiaoe?? iaoeiaeo
aeine?aeaeaiue a aaeoc? iaaeaaia?ee oa ineoieia?? a Oe?a?i?, ?? ?ic?iaea
iia’ycaia c ?aae?caoe??th iniiaieo iai?yie?a Aea?aeaaii? iaoe?iiaeueii?
i?ia?aie “Ina?oa (Oe?a?ia OO1 no.)”.

Ia’?eoii aeine?aeaeaiiy ? i?ioean aoiai?caoe?? aca?iei o/eoae?a ?
noa?oieeaniee?a o iicao?i/i?e ?iaio?.

I?aaeiao aeine?aeaeaiiy – aieea iniaeno?nii i???ioiaaii? oaoiieia??
aeoiaaiiy ia aoiai?caoe?th aca?iei o/eoae?a ? o/i?a noa?oiai oe?eueiiai
a?eo.

Iaoa aeine?aeaeaiiy iieyaa? o iaoeiaiio iaa?oiooaaii? ?
aenia?eiaioaeuei?e ai?iaaoe?? iaaeaaia?/ieo oiia, ui caaacia/othoue
aoaeoeai?noue oi?ioaaiiy aoiaiieo noinoie?a i?ae iaaeaaiaaie ?
noa?oieeanieeaie.

Caaaeaiiy aeine?aeaeaiiy :

1. ?ice?eoe nooi?noue ? ci?no aoiaiieo aca?iei iaaeaaia?a ? noa?oeo
oeiey??a.

2. Aeine?aeeoe aoaeoeai?noue ?iiiaaoe?eieo oi?i ? iaoiae?a
aoiai?caoe?? aca?iei o/eoae?a ? noa?oieeaniee?a.

3. Aenia?eiaioaeueii ia?aa??eoe eeoaio oi?io i?aai?caoe??
aeeoo?ae?yeueiino? noa?oieeaniee?a ye oiiao ?icaeoeo aoiaiieo
noinoie?a i?ae ieie oa i?ae o/eoaeyie ? o/iyie.

4. ?ic?iaeoe iaoeiai iaa?oioiaai? iaoiaee/i? ?aeiiaiaeaoe?? uiaei
aoiai?caoe?? aca?iei iaaeaaia?a ? o/i?a noa?oiai oe?eueiiai a?eo o
iicao?i/i?e ?iaio?.

A?aeiia?aeii aei iaoe ? caaaeaiue aeine?aeaeaiiy aoea noi?ioeueiaaia
a?iioaca: aoaeoeai?noue i?ioeano oi?ioaaiiy aoiaiieo aca?iei o/eoae?a
? noa?oieeaniee?a o iicao?i/i?e ?iaio? cia/ii i?aeaeueoueny, yeui
aoaea caaacia/aia noa’?eo – noa’?eoia aca?iiae?y ? ni?aoai?/?noue
iaaeaaia?a ? aeoiaaioe?a o ni?euei?e ae?yeueiino?, ui aca?iicaaaa/o?
?o; ni?eeoaaiiy o/eoae?a ? o/i?a cae?enithaaoeiaoueny ia iniia?
oe?ii?niiai noaaeaiiy iaeei aei iaeiiai ? ia?eoaoiiai ae?aeiao;
aoaeooue noai?ai? oiiae aeey ii?aeueiiai ?icaeoeo ? naii?icaeoeo
noa?oieeaniee?a; iaaeaaiae ? aeoiaaioe? iaieiae?thoue iaoiaeaie
naiii?ciaiiy ? naiiei?aeoe?? nai?? iiaaae?iee.

Iaoiaeieia?/io aaco aeine?aeaeaiiy neeaaeathoue:

– o?einionuee? i?aoe? a?o/eciyieo ? ca?oa?aeieo aaoi??a, i???ioiaai?
ia ?icaeyaeaiiy iniaenoino? ye aeui? oe?iiino?, noa’?eoa
aeeoo?oai?/ino?, ?icaeoie ?? ia aoiaii?e iniia? (Aaoo?i I. I.,
Aa?aey?a I.I., Aie/aiei E. A., Nioaiue E.A., O?ii A. );

– ineoieia?/i? aeine?aeaeaiiy , ni?yiiaai? ia noa’?eo- noa’?eoio
aca?iiae?th iniaenoino? o iaaeaaia?/iiio i?ioean?, naiiaeooae?caoe?th
aeeoeie,oai?/ee ?icaeoie ?? nooi?nieo nee ? iioaioe?ae?a (Aaee A.I., Aao
?.Ae., Ee?e/oe I.A., Ianeio A., ?iaeaea?n E.);

– iaaeaaia?/i? i?aoe?, a yeeo ?ice?eaa?oueny aeoiaiee i?ioean
ni?eeoaaiiy, eiai aieiai? nooi?ni? iciaee ? oa?aeoa?enoeee c iiceoe?e
aoiaiii? iaaeaaia?ee ( Aiiiaoa?e? O.I., Aieei A.I., Nooiieeinueeee
A.I. oa ?i).;

– iaoeia? aeniiaee i?i caeiiii??iino? ?aeiino? aeoiaaiiy,
naiiaeoiaaiiy ? naiiina?oe (Einothe A.N., Eaeiaon O.?. ).

O aeine?aeaeaii? ie oaeiae iie?aeeny ia iniiai? iieiaeaiiy
Eiinoeoooe?? Oe?a?ie, Caeiio Oe?a?ie “I?i ina?oo”, Aea?aeaaii?
iaoe?iiaeueii? i?ia?aie “Ina?oa (Oe?a?ia OO1 noie?ooy)”, Eiioeaioe?th
iaoe?iiaeueiiai aeoiaaiiy.

Iaoiaee aeine?aeaeaiiy: oai?aoe/iee aiae?c o?einionueei? oa
ineoieiai- iaaeaaia?/ii? e?oa?aoo?e ; iieooaaiiy (aieaooaaiiy, aan?aea c
o/iyie ? o/eoaeyie, ?ioa?a’thaaiiy); ae?aaiinoe/i? iaoiaee (oanoe,
?aeoeia, iaaeaaia?/ia neooaoe?y); iana?aaoe?ei? iaoiaee (i?yia,
iiina?aaeeiaaia ? aeeth/aia niinoa?aaeaiiy); aiae?c i?iaeoeo?a oai?/i?
ae?yeueiino? (oai?e, iacae?i/ai? ?a/aiiy); aenia?eiaioaeuei? iaoiaee
(?ioi?iaoe?eii-iiooeiaee, eiinoaooth/ee, oi?ioth/ee aenia?eiaio)

Aenia?eiaioaeueia ?iaioa i?iaiaeeeanue i?ioyaii 1995 -1998??. ia aac?
caaaeueiiina?oi?o oe?e ?? 1,14,55,73 i. Ai?e?aee, ? 5 i. A?oai?anueea,
?21 i. Neia’yinueea Aeiiaoeueei? iae. Anueiai aeine?aeaeaiiyi aoei
ioiieaii 826 o/i?a 10-11 eean?a ? 362 a/eoaey, a oiio /ene? 361 o/aiue
eiio?ieueieo ? 465 o/i?a aenia?eiaioaeueieo eean?a.

Iaoeiaa iiaecia iaea?aeaieo ?acoeueoao?a iieyaa? o oai?aoe/iiio
iaa?oiooaaii? iaaeaaia?/ii? noo? iiiyooy “aoiai?caoe?y aca?iei
o/eoae?a ? noa?oieeaniee?a”, o iiaeaeueoiio ?icaeoeo iieiaeaiiy i?i
aca?iica’ycie iiiyoue “aoiai?ci”, “aoiaii?noue”, “aoiaii? aca?ieie”.
Aeine?aeaeaii ?o ni?aa?aeiioaiiy, a oaeiae aca?iica’ycie i?ae
i?ioeanaie oi?ioaaiiy oe?ii?niiai noaaeaiiy aei ethaeeie ? ?icaeoeii
aoiaiiino? o noa?oieeaniee?a. ?ic?iaeaia iniaeno?nii i???ioiaaia
oaoiieia?y aeoiaaiiy ye oiiaa aoiai?caoe?? aca?iei iaaeaaia?a ?
noa?oieeaniee?a o i?ioean? eeoaii? i?aai?caoe?? ?o aeeoo?ae?yeueiino?.
Aecia/ai? ? aenia?eiaioaeueii ia?aa??ai? e?eoa??? oa iaoai?cie
oi?ioaaiiy aoiaiieo noinoie?a i?ae o/eoaeyie ? o/iyie noa?oiai
oe?eueiiai a?eo o iicao?i/i?e ?iaio?.

I?aeoe/ia cia/aiiy iaea?aeaieo ?acoeueoao?a aecia/a?oueny ?ic?iaeith
iaoeiai iaa?oioiaaieo iaoiaee/ieo ?aeiiaiaeaoe?e aeey i?aoe?aiee?a
caaaeueiiina?oi?o oe?e uiaei aoiai?caoe?? aca?iei o/eoae?a ?
noa?oieeaniee?a o iicao?i/i?e ae?yeueiino?. ?acoeueoaoe aeine?aeaeaiiy
iiaeia aeei?enoiaoaaoe i?e aeeeaaeaii? niaoeeo?n?a o iaaeaaia?/ieo
aocao, o caeeaaeao i?neyaeeieiiii? ina?oe, iaoiaee/ieo ia’?aeiaiiyo
o/eoae?a ? ea??aiee?a oe?e. ?ic?iaeaia oaoiieia?y iniaeno?nii
i???ioiaaiiai aeoiaaiiy iiaea aooe aeei?enoaia o ??cieo oeiao
iaa/aeueii-aeoiaieo caeeaae?a.

Iniaenoee aianie caeiaoaa/a iieyaa? o oai?aoe/iiio iaa?oiooaaii?
iniiaieo ?aeae ? iieiaeaiue aeine?aeaeoaaii? i?iaeaie; ?ic?iaoe?
oaoiieia?? iniaeno?nii i???ioiaaiiai aeoiaaiiy noa?oieeaniee?a o
i?ioean? eeoaii? i?aai?caoe?? ?o aeeoo?ae?yeueiino?, ni?yiiaaii? ia
aoiai?caoe?th noinoie?a i?ae o/eoaeyie ? o/iyie; aecia/aii? oiia, ui
caaacia/othoue aoaeoeai?noue ?o oi?ioaaiiy; aecia/aii? e?eoa???a oa
iaoai?ci?a oi?ioaaiiy aoiaiieo aca?iei o/eoae?a ? noa?oieeaniee?a.

A??ia?aei?noue ?acoeueoao?a aeine?aeaeaiiy caaacia/aia oai?aoe/iith
iaa?oioiaai?noth aeo?aeieo iieiaeaiue iaoeiaiai iiooeo; aeei?enoaiiyi
aca?iiaeiiiaithth/eo iaoiae?a aeine?aeaeaiiy, aaeaeaaoieo eiai iao? e
caaaeaiiyi; ?ai?acaioaoeai?noth aii??e/ieo iaoa??ae?a; aeinoaoiueith
aenia?eiaioaeueiith ?iaioith, ui i?aeoaa?aeeea a?iioaco aeine?aeaeaiiy;
?aei?noth ye?niiai ? e?euee?niiai aiae?co; ii??aiyiiyi io?eiaieo
?acoeueoao?a c ianiaei iaaeaaia?/ei aeina?aeii.

Ia caoeno aeiinyoueny oae? iieiaeaiiy :

1. Aoiai?caoe?y aca?iei o/eoae?a ? noa?oieeaniee?a ia? aooe
oeaio?iaaia ia ?icaeoeo ii?aeueii-aeooiaieo iio?aa o/i?a, ui
caaacia/othoue oe?ii?nia noaaeaiiy aei ethaeeie.

2. sse aeainoi?iii?e i?ioean aoiai?caoe?y noinoie?a ia?aaeaa/a?
ni?ai?aoeth ? ni?aoai?/?noue iaaeaaia?a ? aeoiaaioe?a ye ??aiii?aaieo
ia?oia??a o noi?ni?e ae?yeueiino?, yea a?oioo?oueny ia ?o iniaeno?niiio
noaaeaii?.

3. Noai?aiiy oiia aeey ?icaeoeo ? naii?icaeoeo a/eoae?a ? o/i?a.

4. ?aaoeyoeaiei iaoai?ciii noaiiaeaiiy aoiaiieo aca?iei o/eoae?a ?
noa?oieeaniee?a ? ?aoeaeneaii-e?eoe/iee aiae?c, ioe?ithaaiiy aeanieo
ae?e ? a/eie?a.

Ai?iaaoe?y ? ai?iaaaeaeaiiy ?acoeueoao?a aeine?aeaeaiiy
cae?enithaaeeny o i?ioean? aenia?eiaioaeueii? ?iaioe a
caaaeueiiina?oi?o oeieao ?? 1,14,55,73 i. Ai?e?aee, ? 5 i. A?oai?anueea,
? 21 i.Neia’yinueea Aeiiaoeueei? iae. Iaoa??aee aeine?aeaeaiiy
aeiiia?aeaeenue ? iaaiai?thaaeenue ia i?aeia?iaeieo iaoeiai-i?aeoe/ieo
eiioa?aioe?yo o Aeiiaoeueeo (1996), Aei?i?iiao?ianueeo (1997,1998 ), ia
iaoeiai-i?aeoe/ieo eiioa?aioe?yo Ai?e?anueeiai iaaeaaia?/iiai ?inoeoooo
?iicaiieo iia (1995,1996,1997,1998), aena?oethaaeenue o oeeee? eaeoe?e
aeey a/eoae?a, ea??aiee?a caaaeueiiina?oi?o oe?e oa nooaeaio?a
iaae?inoeoooo.

Iieiaeaiiy oa aeniiaee aeine?aeaeaiiy iaaiai?thaaeenue ? ae?noaee
iiceoeaio ioe?ieo a eaai?aoi??? ii?aeueiiai oa aoe/iiai aeoiaaiiy
?inoeoooo i?iaeai aeoiaaiiy AII Oe?a?ie.

Ioae?eaoe??. ?acoeueoaoe aeena?oaoe?? ciaeoee a?aeia?aaeaiiy o
iaeeiaaeoeyoe iaeiiin?aieo ioae?eaoe?yo aaoi?a (o?noue noaoae o
ca??ieeao iaoeiaeo i?aoeue, aea? – o iaoa??aeao eiioa?aioe?e, o?e – o
oacao aeiiia?aeae iaoeiaeo eiioa?aioe?e ).

No?oeoo?a ?iaioe. Aeena?oaoe?y neeaaea?oueny ?c anooio, aeaio
?icae?e?a, aeniiae?a, nieneo aeei?enoaieo aeaea?ae (208 iaeiaioaaiue ),
aeiaeaoe?a (32n.). Caaaeueiee ianya aeena?oaoe??-191 n. (iniiaia
/anoeia-159n.) .O ?iaio? iiaeaii 16 oaaeeoeue ? 4 ae?aa?aie.

INIIAIEE CI?NO ?IAIOE

O anooi? iaa?oioiao?oueny aeooaeuei?noue ia?aii? oaie, aecia/a?oueny
ia’?eo ? i?aaeiao aeine?aeaeaiiy, oi?ioeth?oueny iaoa, a?iioaca ?
caaaeaiiy aeine?aeaeaiiy, ?ice?eaathoueny eiai iaoeiaa iiaecia ?
i?aeoe/ia cia/ou?noue, iaoiaeieia?/ia aaca, aecia/ai? aoaie
aenia?eiaioaeueii? ?iaioe, iniaenoee aianie caeiaoaa/a.

O ia?oiio ?icae?e? “I?iaeaia aoiai?caoe?? aca?iei o/eoae?a ?
noa?oieeaniee?a caaaeueiiina?oiuei? oeiee a oai??? ? i?aeoeoe?
oe?eueiiai aeoiaaiiy” cae?eniaiee iaaeaaia?/iee aiae?c nooiino? oa
ci?noo aoiai?caoe?? aca?iei o/eoae?a ? o/i?a noa?oiai oe?eueiiai a?eo,
aecia/ai? oai?aoe/i? iniiae oeueiai oaiiiaio ? oaeoi?e, ui
caaacia/othoue i?ioean noaiiaeaiiy ? ?icaeoeo aca?iei o iicao?i/i?e
?iaio?, ioa?aeoa?eciaai? e?eoa??? ? ??ai? noi?iiaaiino? aoiaiieo
aca?iei iaaeaaia?a ? noa?oieeaniee?a.

Niaoeeo?ea aeine?aeieoeueei? oaie , ui noieoniaaia ia iniaeno?nieo
noinoieao oa ?o aoiai?noe/i?e ni?yiiaaiino?, iio?aao? aiae?co aaciaeo
aeey oeueiai oaiiiaio iiiyoue: “ni?eeoaaiiy”, “noaaeaiiy”, “aca?ieie”,
“aoiai?ci”, “aoiaii?noue”, “iniaeno?noue”. Aea/aiiy oa aiae?c ?ia?o
a?o/eciyieo oa ca?oa?aeieo ineoieia?a (Aaee A.I., Aao ?.Ae.,
Aiaeaeueia I.I., Ee?e/oe I.A., Ianeio A., I’yneuaa A.I., ?iaeaea?n E.,
?oa?iooaei N.E., O?ii A.) aeicaieeee c?iaeoe eiioeaiooaeuei? aeniiaee,
aaeaioiaai? aei caaaeaiue iaoiai aeine?aeaeaiiy:

– iniaeno?noue oa?aeoa?eco?oueny noaaeaiiyi aei na?oo, i?e?iaee,
noni?euenoaa, ethaeae, aei naii? naaa;

– noa’?eoeaia noaaeaiiy aecia/a? ni?eeiyooy iaaeaaiaii ? o/iai
?ioiai ye iiae?aiiai nia?;

– ni?aaaei? noaaeaiiy ethaeeie aei ae?eniino? aeyaey?oueny niiaia eeoa
oiae?, eiee ethaeeia ii/eia? ae?yoe o noa’?eoeaii cia/oueo aeey ia?
neooaoe?yo;

– noaaeaiiy iniaenoino? ? ia?o ca ana ?acoeueoaoii oiai, ye ethaeei?
aaea?oueny aca?iiae?yoe c eiie?aoiei aeey ia? ioi/oth/ei aeiae?eeyi ?
iane?eueee aiii aeicaiey? i?iyaeoe ?? ?iaeea?aeoaeuei?noue o
i?aaeiaoi?e ae?yeueiino? ? aca?iiae?? c ?ioeie ethaeueie;

– naia ii nia? ae?yeuei?noue (a?a, iaa/aiiy, i?aoey ) aeey oi?ioaaiiy
i?ia?aeieo ineo?/ieo yeinoae, ui neeaaeathoue ii?aeueia yae?i
iniaenoino?, iiaea aeyaeoeny i?ioeanii iaeo?aeueiei, yeui i?ae ??
o/anieeaie ia aeieeee noinoiee, ui iio?aaothoue ni?ai?aoe?,
ni?aoai?/ino?, aca?iei, ui niiioeathoue aei ii?aeueiiai a/eieo.

Aoiai?caoe?? aca?iei o/eoae?a ? o/i?a oaeiae ni?eythoue na?aeiia
aeoeai?noue iniaenoino?, ?icaeoie ?? noa’?eoiino? ? oai?/i?
?iaeea?aeoaeueiino? o ae?yeueiino?, “aeiiiiaaath/?
noinoiee”(E.?iaeaea?n), ui neeaaeathoueny iaaeiei iniaenoino? e
caaacia/othoue i?eeiyooy aeeoeie ye oe?iiino?, ?? aiioe?eio i?aeo?eieo,
aeia??o ? aca?ii?icoi?iiy.

Ci?no noinoie?a iiaea aooe ?icaeyiooee ye aioo??oi?e eiioaeo i?ae
o/eoaeai ? aeoiaaioeai, oa?aeoa? iniaenoeo ca’yce?a , eiee a/eoaeue
iiaaaea? aeeoeio, ?? a/eiee ? ae??, a o/aiue- aeiiae a/eoaey.

Noinoiee i?aai?/ii iia’ycai? ?c ni?eeoaaiiyi. Aoiai?noe/iei ?
ae?aeiaiaa ni?eeoaaiiy, yea aeicaiey? ia?aeoe a?ae o?eniaaii? onoaiiaee
ia naaa aei onoaiiaee ia ni?a?iciiaieea, oiaoi – aei oeaio?aoe?? “ss –
?ioee”.

I?eioeeiiai aaaeeeaei aeey oa?aeoa?enoeee aoiai?caoe?? aca?iei
iaaeaaia?a ? aeoiaaioe?a ? ieoaiiy i?i ni?aa?aeiioaiiy ? aca?iica’ycie
iiiyoue “aoiai?ci”, “aoiaii?noue“, “aoiaii? noinoiee”. Aoiai?ci o
iaoiio ?icoi?ii? – oea nioe?aeueii-oe?e?niee eiiieaen ?aeae, ui
noaa?aeaeo? noaaeaiiy aei ethaeeie ye aei aeui? oe?iiino?, aecia/a? ??
i?aai ia naiaiaeo, uanoy, ?icaeoie ? oai?/a aeyaeaiiy ?? o?ce/ii? ?
aeooiaii? niaae. Aoiai?ci ? i?eioeeiii ii?ae? ye noeoiiino? ii?aeueieo
oe?iiinoae ? ii?i iiaaae?iee, iaaooeo o noni?euenoa?, a?i aena?/o?
noaaeaiiy aei ethaeeie ye “i??e an?o ?a/ae”. Aoiaii?noue – oea
?ioaa?aeueia ii?aeueia ye?noue iniaenoino?, ocaaaeueiaia oa?aeoa?enoeea
?? iiaaae?iee, a ye?e ?aae?co?oueny i?eioeei aoiai?cio. Aiia neioaco?
aoiai?noe/i? ciaiiy, ii/oooy ? iiaaae?ieo, oa?aeoa?eco? noaaeaiiy aei
ethaeae. O ?? i?aeaaeeiao -iio?aaa o oo?aio? e iiaac? aei ethaeae.
Ca?aene aoiaii? noinoiee ia’?eoeaii aeieeathoue ia a?oio? iio?aae
iniaenoino? ?iaeoe ethaeyi aeia?i ye iioeao ?? iiaaae?iee. Ci?noiao
noi?iio aoiaiieo noinoie?a neeaaeathoue : ethaeyi?noue, iiaaaa iniaenoi?
a?aeiino?, aeia?ice/eea?noue, ieeina?aey,
ni?aaaaeeea?noue,oiea?aioi?noue, a?aeiia?aeaeuei?noue, i?ioeae?y ceo oa
ianeeuenoao. Iniiaith aoiaiieo noinoie?a ? aeaai?iaenoai, ii/oooy
i?iaeie e iieayiiy, aeaaiaia?iiy ia?aae aeeooyi.

Ana aeeeaaeaia aeicaiey? ioa?aeoa?ecoaaoe aoiai?caoe?th aca?iei
o/eoae?a ? noa?oieeaniee?a ye aca?iicai?ioiee i?ioean iethaeiaiiy ?o
ni?eeoaaiiy ia iniia? noa’?eo – noa’?eoii? aca?iiae?? ??aiii?aaieo
ia?oia??a, aeciaiiy ca eiaeiei i?aaa aooe iniaeno?noth, a?eueii
cae?enithaaoe na?e aea?? ? aieaaeyaeaiiy. sse aeainoi?iii?e i?ioean
aoiai?caoe?y aca?iei ia?aaeaa/a? ni?ai?aoeth ? ni?aoai?/?noue iaaeaaia?a
? aeoiaaioe?a, noai?aiiy oiia aeey ?o naii?icaeoeo ? aca?ii?icaeoeo,
ooaa?aeaeaiiy iniaenoi? a?aeiino? oeiey?a. ?acoeueoaoii aoiai?ciaaieo
aca?iei ? iethaeiaia (aoiaiia) iniaeno?noue aeoiaaioey.

Iaie anoaiiaeaii, ui ae??oaeueiei oaeoi?ii aoiai?caoe?? aca?iei
iaaeaaia?a ? o/i?a ? iniaeno?nii i???ioiaaia aeoiaaiiy. Oaea aeoiaaiiy
ni?yiiaaia ia iniaeno?noue aeeoeie, ni?eeiyooy ?? ? noaaeaiiy aei ia? ye
aei iniaenoino?, oi?eaeueiiai ?iaeea?aeo, noai?aiiy oiia aeey ?icaeoeo
eiai noa’?eoiino?, ?aae?caoe?? iioaioe?eieo iiaeeeainoae ? oai?/ino?.
Aeeeth/ia cia/aiiy i?e oeueiio ia? aoiinoa?a aeia??e oa
aca?iia?aeiia?aeaeueiino? ?iaeea?ae?a. Iniaeno?noue aanue /an ia? a?aoe
a?aeiia?aeaeuei?noue ca nai? aoooy ? a?aeiia?aeaeueii ae?yoe c? naiai
?aeeiiai ? iaiiaoi?iiai i?noey a aooo? (Aaoo?iI.I.)

Ie ae?eoee aeniiaeo, ui aoiai?caoe?y aca?iei o/eoae?a ?
noa?oieeaniee?a i?e iniaeno?nii i???ioiaaiiio aeoiaaii? iaea?eueo
aoaeoeaii cae?enith?oueny oiae?, eiee eoeueoeao?oueny ae?aeia?/ia
no?aoaa?y aca?iiae?? c o/iai, aecia?oueny eiai i?aai aooe naiei niaith,
i?aai ia aeania aeeooy, eiai noinoiee aoaeothoueny ia iniia?
aaoiiiiiino?, a?eueiiai aeai?o ? aieaaeyaeaiiy. O oeueiio aeiaaeeo
caaacia/o?oueny aiiao?eia ?icoi?iiy iaaeaaiaa e aeoiaaioey, oe?ii?nia
noaaeaiiy iaeei aei iaeiiai ? aei naiiai naaa.

Ca?aeii ?c ?ic?iaeaieie iaie e?eoa??yie aoei aeae?eaii /ioe?e ??ai?
noi?iiaaiino? aoiaiieo aca?iei o/eoae?a ? noa?oieeaniee?a: aenieee,
na?aaei?e, iecueeee, aeaiaioa?iee. O ?o iniia? – oe?ii?nia noaaeaiiy aei
ethaeeie, aeciaiiy ca eiaeiei i?aaa aooe iniaeno?noth, a?eueii
cae?enithaaoe na?e aea??, aeia??a ? aca?ii?icoi?iiy, ethaeyi?noue,
oiea?aioi?noue, a?aeiia?aeaeuei?noue,ni?aaaaeeea?noue, ieeina?aey,
iiaaaa ethaenueei? a?aeiino?, caoeno a?ae ianeeuenoaa ? naaa?eey.

O aeena?oaoe?? ?ice?eo? e?eoa??aeuei? iieacieee, ui a?aeia?aaeathoue
i?ioeanoaeueiee oa?aeoa? aoiai?caoe?? aca?iei iaaeaaia?a ?
noa?oieeaniee?a, ?oi? oa?aeoa?enoeee.

Aiae?c ianiaiai aea/aiiy aca?iei o/eoae?a ? o/i?a cana?ae/ea, ui 64%
a/eoae?a ? 80% o/i?a aaaaeathoue, ui noaiiaeua ni?aa o no/ai?e oeie? a
ia?oo /a?ao caeaaeeoue a?ae noinoie?a, ui neeaeeny i?ae ieie, ui a?ae
iaaeineiiaeino? oeeo noinoie?a iioa?iathoue iaeaea? noi?iie. Aeyaeaii,
ui eiioi?oii ii/oaathoue naaa o oeie? o?eueee 42% o/eoae?a ? 10% o/i?a,
ia aeoaea eiioi?oii -12% o/eoae?a ? 41% o/i?a, ?aooa a/eoae?a e o/i?a
a?ae/oaa? aeeneiioi?o. An? noa?oieeanieee aaaeathoue aa/eoe o oeie?
a/eoaey -aeaiie?aoa, aea oaeeo iaaeaaia?a, ia ?o aeoieo, iaeeieoe?,
a?eueo?noue iaaeaaia?a oa?aeoa?eco?oueny aaoi?eoa?iei noeeai o
noinoieao. O/eoae? ?icoi?thoue, ui o ieo iaia? o?niiai aeooiaiiai
ca’yceo c o/iyie, oiio o?eueee 4% o/eoae?a aaaaeathoue, ui ca
iaiao?aeiino? oeiey?? caa?iooueny aei ieo ca ii?aaeith. Oaei? aeoiee ?
noa?oieeanieee: oaeaeoa i?ineoeiooue aeiiiiiae o aaouee?a 34% ae?oae, o
ae?oc?a -20%, ?aooa (46%) ?ic?aoiao? o?eueee ia naaa.

Aeyaeaii ?ica?aei?noue o ioe?ithaaii? nai?o aca?iei o/eoaeyie ?
o/iyie. A?eueo?noue iaaeaaia?a oa?aeoa?eco? nai? aca?ieie c?
noa?oieeanieeaie ye ??aiii?aai?, a o/i? aaaaeathoue, ui a/eoae?
noaaeyoueny aei ieo caa?oiuei. Aei ?aea? ni?ai?aoe? noaaeaiiy
noa?oieeaniee?a iiceoeaia, i?ioa “ca” aeneiaeeenue 62% iaaeaaia?a,
“i?ioe” – 39%, a 8% o/eoae?a ia a?aeiia?ee ia caieoaiiy.

Anoaiiaeaii, ui 92% noa?oieeaniee?a i?aaiooue, uia o oeie?
nenoaiaoe/ii i?iaiaeeeanue iicao?i/ia ?iaioa, aea a?eueo?noue o/eoae?a
?ioi? aeoiee.

Nueiaiaei? eeoa 7% noa?oieeaniee?a aaaaeathoue nai? aca?ieie c
o/eoaeyie aeia?ice/eeaeie, 5% o/i?a ioa?aeoa?ecoaaee ?o ye aca?ieie
ni?eueii? caoe?eaaeaiino?, 27% iiaa/eee aca?ieie iaii?icoi?iiy, 48%
-aca?ieie aaeaeoaeino?, 11% – ae?eia? noinoiee, 2% – aca?ieie iai?eyci?.
No/anio oeieo o/i? noa?oiai oe?eueiiai a?eo oa?aeoa?ecothoue ye oeieo
?aaeino? (10%), oeieo iiaaae (8%), oeieo aaeaeoaeino? (22%), oeieo
iaii?icoi?iiy (17%), oeieo a?ooaeueiino? (15%), oeieo i?ace?eeaiai
noaaeaiiy aei o/iy (7%), oeieo i?eiono (21%).

O/eoae? e o/i? aeae?eeee oae? ??ai? ni?eeoaaiiy iaeia c iaeiei :
aeaiie?aoe/iee (21% o/eoae?a ? 30% o/i?a), iai?ioeyoeaiee (a?aeiia?aeii
26% ? 18%), noaiaea?oeciaaiee (19% ? 10%), i?ei?oeaiee (4% ? 18%),
eiiaaioe?iiaeueiee (19% ? 24%). Ia ?a?iaee ? aeooiaiee ??ai? aeacaee
a?aeiia?aeii eeoa 7% ? 4% o/eoae?a, a aeiaeai c o/i?a oeueiai ia
iii?oea.

Aeae?eai? a i?ioean? eiinoaooth/iai aenia?eiaioo /ioe?e ??ai?
noi?iiaaiino? aoiaiieo aca?iei iaaeaaia?a ? noa?oieeaniee?a ie
o?aoiaoaaee i?e i?iaaaeaii? iaaeaaia?/iiai aenia?eiaioo, i?e
aeei?enoaii? iniaeno?nii i???ioiaaii? oaoiieia?? aeoiaaiiy, ia oe?e
iniia? aaeany aeeoa?aioe?eiaaia ? ?iaeea?aeoaeueia ?iaioa c o/iyie.

O ae?oaiio ?icae?e? “Aenia?eiaioaeueia ?iaioa c aoiai?caoe?? aca?iei
o/eoae?a ? noa?oieeaniee?a o iicao?i/i?e ae?yeueiino?” ioa?aeoa?eciaai?
iaaeaaia?/i? oiiae, ui aieeaathoue ia aoaeoeai?noue oeueiai i?ioeano,
?ice?eo? eeoaia i?aai?caoe?y aeeoo?ae?yeueiino? noa?oieeaniee?a ?
iniaeno?nii i???ioiaaia oaoiieia?y aeoiaaiiy, i?iaiae?ciaai? ?acoeueoaoe
iaaeaaia?/iiai aenia?eiaioo.

Nie?ath/enue ia eia?eo oai?aoe/iiai aeine?aeaeaiiy, eeth/ia? aeey
iaoiai aenia?eiaioo iaoeia? iiceoe??, ie cae?enithaaee eiai o oaeeo
aca?iiiia’ycaieo i?ae niaith iai?yiao:

– i?aai?caoe?y iaaeaaia?/iiai i?ioeano ia iniia? iniaeno?nii
i???ioiaaii? oaoiieia?? aeoiaaiiy;

– eeoaia oi?ia aeeoo?ae?yeueiino? noa?oieeaniee?a ye can?a ?icaeoeo
ni?ai?aoe? e ni?aoai?/ino? iaaeaaia?a ? o/i?a, ye oiiaa ia?aoiaeo a?ae
noinoie?a “o/eoaeue – o/aiue” aei noinoie?a “ethaeeia – ethaeeia“;

– aeaiie?aoecaoe?y oe?eueiiai aeeooy oeyoii ?icaeoeo o/i?anueeiai
naiia?yaeoaaiiy ia iniia? ae?aeia?/iiai ni?eeoaaiiy oa aoiaiieo
noinoie?a i?ae iaaeaaiaaie ? aeoiaaioeyie;

– i?aai?caoe?y iaoiaee/ii? ?iaioe c o/eoaeyie c iaoith i?aeaeuaiiy ?o
ineoieia?/ii? eoeueoo?e, iaieiae?iiy aeoiaoth/eie ?iiiaaoe?eieie
iaoiaeaie ? oi?iaie.

Iniaeno?nii i???ioiaaia oaoiieia?y aeoiaaiiy a iaoiio aeine?aeaeaii?
?icaeyaea?oueny ye can?a i?aai?caoe?? aeeoo?ae?yeueiino? noa?oieeaniee?a
ia iniia? aeoiaieo iaoiae?a, ui iathoue iniaeno?nio ni?yiiaai?noue ?
noeioeththoue o/i?a aei ii?aeueiiai naii?icaeoeo ? naiiaaeineiiaeaiiy,
oe?ii?niiai noaaeaiiy aei ethaeeie. A aoiai?caoe?? aca?iei ia i?aenoaa?
oaei? oaoiieia?? aieiaia ?ieue, ye anoaiiaeaii iaoei aenia?eiaioii,
iaeaaeeoue ni?eeoaaiith, a yeiio eiaeai noa’?eo (o/eoaeue ? o/aiue)
?aae?co? naith ethaeyi?noue e ?iaeea?aeoaeuei?noue. O oaeiio ni?eeoaaii?
aeeeth/ia cia/aiiy iathoue iniaeno?ni? naine ? aiioe?ei? ia?aaaae
noa’?eo?a, ?o naiaiaea ? iacaeaaei?noue, iiaeeea?noue i?iyaeoe
oai?/?noue, cae?enieoe na?e aea??.

Ae??caeaoi?noue oaei? oaoiieia?? aecia?oueny:

– noaaeaiiyi aei aeoiaaioey ye aei oe?iiino?, noa’?eoa naiai aeaniiai
?icaeoeo;

– aeei?enoaiiyi o/eoaeai iaaee?aeoeaieo iaoiae?a aieeao ia iiaaae?ieo
o/iy, ui caaacia/othoue iiaeeea?noue eiio?iethaaoe ?icaeoie o/iy ? ia
iaiaaeothoue eiai naiino?eiino?;

– ci?uaiiyi aeoeaioo c i?ioeano canai?iiy ii?aeueieo ciaiue ? oi?iue ia
iiaoaeiao noinoie?a ni?ai?aoe? e ni?aoai?/ino?, aiane?aeie /iai o/aiue
noai?th? naaa ye iniaeno?noue;

– ia?nii?o?eiaaiei oa?aeoa?ii aca?iei o/eoae?a ? noa?oieeaniee?a,
ae?aeiaii i?ae ieie;

– ethaeyi?noth iniaeno?nii? iiceoe?? iaaeaaiaa, eiai a?aee?eo?noth
aeoiaaioeaa?;

– caa?iaiiyi oeiey?a aei naiai “ss”, ona?aeiieaiiyi nai?o a/eie?a, ?o
cia/aiiy aeey ?ioi? ethaeeie, ?aoeaen??th.

Iao aenia?eiaio aeia?a,ui oni?oi?noue canoinoaaiiy iniaeno?nii
i???ioiaaii? oaoiieia?? aeoiaaiiy cia/iith i??ith aecia/a?oueny
ineoieia?/iith eiiiaoaioi?noth a/eoaey, eiai eiioi?eaoeaieie iaae/eaie,
canoinoaaiiyi ?iiiaaoe?eieo oi?i oa iaoiae?a aeoiaaiiy noa?oieeaniee?a.
Aeniei?acoeueoaoeaieie o oeueiio aeiaaeeo ? ??ciiiai?oi? ?a?e,
iaaeaaia?/i? neooaoe??, ui aeiiiiaaathoue iaieiae?oe iaaeaaia?/iith
oaoi?eith, aoaeoaaoe ??aiii?aaia ni?eeoaaiiy c o/iai. Aoaeoeaieie
aeyaeeeny o?ai?iae eiioi?eaoeaiiai ni?eeoaaiiy, a?oie -cono??/?, a?oie
ANII, ?iaioa aae?ioianueeeo a?oi oiui.

O oiae? aeine?aeaeaiiy iaie aeyaeaii, ui a?eueo ni?eyoeea? oiiae aeey
aoiai?caoe?? aca?iei o/eoae?a ? noa?oieeaniee?a ia i?aenoaa? iniaeno?nii
i???ioiaaii? oaoiieia?? aeoiaaiiy noai?ththoueny ca eeoaii?
i?aai?caoe?? aeeoo?ae?yeueiino? aeoiaaioe?a. Anoaiiaeaii, ui
i?iaeoeoeai?noue eeoaii? ?iaioe aecia/a?oueny i?eioeeiaie i?aai?caoe??
eeoaieo ia’?aeiaiue :aeia?ia?euei?noth o/ano?, a?aee?eo?noth
ia’?aeiaiiy, naiiae?yeuei?noth o/aniee?a. Oiiaaie, ui caaacia/othoue
aoaeoeai?noue ooieoe?iioaaiiy eeoa?a, ?: ??aiii?aaia o/anoue o ?iaio?
eeoa?a o/eoae?a e o/i?a, naiino?eia aecia/aiiy ii?i aeeooy, ci?noo ?
cania?a ae?yeueiino?, ??ciiiai?oi?noue iaoiae?a eeoaii? ?iaioe, a?eueia
ci?ia oi?i ?iaioe, ineoieia?/ia eiioi?oi?noue. Oiiaaie, ui ni?eythoue
anoaiiaeaiith aoiaiieo aca?iei iaaeaaia?a ? aeoiaaioe?a o eeoaieo
ia’?aeiaiiyo, ?: ia?aaeaiaioiaaiee ci?no aeoiaaiiy, iane/aiiy eiai
?aaeueieie aeeoo?aeie i?iaeaiaie noa?oeo oeiey??a, aa?aio?y ?o i?aa ?
naiaiae, iiaeeea?noue ae?yoe naiino?eii ? ?aae?ciaoaaoe naith
?iaeea?aeoaeuei?noue, ni?ai?aoey c o/eoaeyie ca oeiii “ia?oia?-
ia?oia?”, ia?ao?ae aei noinoie?a “iniaeno?noue-iniaeno?noue”,
ae?aeia?/ia oi?ia ni?eeoaaiiy, noai?aiiy neooaoe?? oni?oo, ui ?icaeaa?
naiioe?ii?noue iniaenoino? aeoiaaioey, eiai a?aei?noue. Aeiaaaeaii,ui
i?iaeoeoeaiith ? ae?yeuei?noue noa?oieeaniee?a , yea i?aai?ciaaia ca
i?eioeeiii ni?eueieo oai?/eo ni?aa, aeey ?aae?caoe?? yeeo o/i?
noai?ththoue ?i?oe?aoeaio a?oio, ui ea?o?oueny i?eioeeiaie aoiai?cio.
Noeioeththoue aei i?iyao ethaeyiino? oae? i?aaeea eeoaiiai aeeooy: “ui
a ae ia ?iaeee, e?euee?noue aeia?a o na?o? iiaeiia ca?eueoeoenue”,
“iiaaieo ethaeae iaia?, ? ethaee, ia yeeo o aan ia aenoa/eei aeooaaii?
uaae?ino?” oiui.

?acoeueoaoe i?iaaaeaiiai aeine?aeaeaiiy iieacaee aoaeoeai?noue
ae?aeia?/ii? no?aoaa?? aca?iiae?? a/eoaey c o/iai. Ie aeyaeee, ui
ae?aeia?/ia no?aoaa?y ni?eeoaaiiy ? aoaeoeaiith o oiio ?ac?, eiee
a/eoaeue aeei?enoiao? noa’?eo – noa’?eoio iiaeaeue iaaeaaia?/iiai aieeao
ia aeoiaaioey. ?ic?iaeaia iaie iiaeaeue aeeth/a? oae? eiiiiiaioe:
ineoieia?/iee iano??e ia aeooaeueiee noai ni?a?iciiaieea ? aeaniee
ineoieia?/iee noai; i?eeiyooy iniaenoino? aeoiaaioey aac ioe?ithaaiiy;
ai??i?ia aeia??a aei eiai iai???a; a?aee?eo?noue; ni?eeiyooy ia?oia?a
ye ??aiiai (??ai?noue a oi?eaeueiino? , naiiaooiino? a/eoaey e o/iy), ui
ia? i?aai ia aeanio aeoieo ? aeania ??oaiiy; ia?nii?o?eaoe?y noeeth
ni?eeoaaiiy-?iciiaa a?ae naiai ?iai?, aac iineeaiiy ia aaoi?eoaoe;
i?acaioaoe?y nai?o ii/ooo?a. Oaea iiaeaeue ni?eeoaaiiy ? aoiai?noe/iith:
aiia aoaeo?oueny ia aeoeaii- iiceoeaiiio, aoiaiiiio noaaeaii? aei o/iy,
noai?th? oiiae aeey aca?iiiai i?ciaiiy, naiii?ciaiiy ? naii?icaeoeo
noa’?eo?a ni?eeoaaiiy. O e?ioeaaiio ?acoeueoao? i?ae?ieueia? noinoiee
(“o/eoaeue -o/aiue”) ia?aoai?ththoueny ia i?aeiniaeno?ni? ? iaaeaaia
ni?eeia?oueny ye ii?aaeiee, aeooiaiee ianoaaiee.

Ie aenia?eiaioaeueii i?aeoaa?aeeee i?iaeoeoeai?noue aeey
anoaiiaeaiiy iniaeno?nieo noinoie?a i?ae o/eoaeyie ? aeoiaaioeyie oaeeo
iao?aaeeoe?eieo i?eeii?a, ye “Oe-iia?aeiieaiiy”, “aeath oain”,
“aiioe?eiee nieane”, “aaeeeiaeooia i?iuaiiy”, “aaainoaaiiy aeia??e”,
“niia?aeue”, “eaceiaa aoaaeueueia”, “a?a-aea?o” oa ?i. Iaie oaeiae
anoaiiaeaii, ui noeioeththoue oai?/?noue, aeoeai?noue,
a?aeiia?aeaeuei?noue,naiiaaeineiiaeaiiy noa?oieeaniee?a oae?
?iiiaaoe?ei? oi?ie, ye “iiceiaa aoaea”, “e?oaeee no?e ca iaoiaeii “635”,
“aeeneon?eiee ia?aoii”, “nooae?ei? ?iciiae” oiui.

Eeth/iaith iaaeaaia?/iith oiiaith aoiai?caoe?? aca?iei a/eoae?a ?
o/i?a noa?oiai oe?eueiiai a?eo ? aeaiie?aoecaoe?y oe?eueiiai aeeooy,
caeo/aiiy noa’?eo?a aeoiaiiai i?ioeano aei ae?yeueiino? aeaiie?aoe/ii
i???ioiaaieo ia’?aeiaiue. Aeaiie?aoecaoe?y oe?eueiiai aeeooy o iaoiio
aenia?eiaio? cae?enithaaeanue oeyoii ?ice??ia/aiiy noinoie?a i?ae
iaaeaaiaaie ? aeoiaaioeyie, aeoiaeo ?c nenoaie i?aeii?yaeeoaaiiy a
nenoaio ni?ai?aoe? ia iniia? noaaeaiiy aei o/iy ye aei aeui? aeeoo?ai?
oe?iiino?, aoiai?noe/iiai noeeth noinoie?a noa’?eo?a iaaeaaia?/iiai
i?ioeano, iaaeaiiy o/iaa? naiaiaee aeai?o .

Aiae?c io?eiaieo iaie aenia?eiaioaeueieo aeaieo aeicaieea c?iaeoe
aeniiaee:

– iayai?noue i?aa ? naiaiae noa?oieeaniee?a – oiiaa aeaiie?aoecaoe??
o/i?anueeiai naiia?yaeoaaiiy (/ei a?eueoa iathoue o/i? i?aa ? naiaiae oa
?aae?cothoue ?o, oei aeua ?o a?aeiia?aeaeuei?noue, yea ?icaeaa? aeia??o
? aca?iiiiaaao, aeiiaeea?noue iaeia aei iaeiiai, caoe?eaaeai? noinoiee,
niiioea? aei naiiaaeineiiaeaiiy, ni?eeoaaiiy ia aoiai?noe/ieo canaaeao);

– ci?ia e?aea?nueeeo ooieoe?e, /a?aoaaiiy ?o ?c aeeiiaa/eie ia?aie?oa?
noinoiee o “neeaaei? aocee” ? aeicaiey? eiaeiiio iaaooe aeina?ae
a?aeiia?aeaeueiino?, aca?iiiiaaae ? aeia??e, aoiai?co? noinoiee;

– eiino?oeoeaieie oi?iaie ?iaioe ? a?aee?eo?noue ?iaioe i?aai?a
naiia?yaeoaaiiy, o/anoue o/eoae?a ? o/i?a o ?iaio? i?aai?a o/i?anueeiai
naiia?yaeoaaiiy ia ia?eoaoieo canaaeao;

– i?iaeoeoeaia oaea oi?ia aeaiie?aoecaoe?? oe?eueiiai aeeooy, ye
o/anoue noa?oieeaniee?a o can?aeaiiyo iaaeaaia?/ii? ?aaee (eiee
ae??oothoueny ieoaiiy iicao?i/ii? ?iaioe, caioi/aiiy ? iiea?aiiy o/i?a,
iaaiai?thoueny ?o oa?aeoa?enoeee oiui);

– iaaeaiiy noa?oieeanieeo naiaiaee ? i?aaa iae?aoe, aooe
a?aeiia?aeaeueiei aeiei??iii ia?aaoaeiao? ae?? aeoiaaioey (a?ae
aaoi?eoa?ii? iiaeae? iiaaae?iee “y iiaeiai” a?i ia?aoiaeeoue aei
“aoiai?noe/ii? iiaeae?” y iae?ath”, yea aeicaiey? ?aae?coaaoe naith
aaoiiiii?noue, iniaeno?nio aieth, i?eeiyoe a?aeiia?aeaeuei?noue ia naaa,
i?iyaeoe oai?/?noue, c?iaeoe a?aee?eooy);

– iaea?eueo aoaeoeaieie aeey aoiai?caoe?? aca?iei o/eoae?a ?
noa?oieeaniee?a ? aeaiie?aoe/iee ? ?ioaa?aoeaiee noee? iaaeaaia?/iiai
ea??aieoeoaa.

I?aaeiaoii iniaeeai? oo?aioe o iaoiio aenia?eiaio? aoei aeoiaaiiy a
o/i?a aeia?ice/eeaino?, iiaaae, oiea?aioiino?, ieeina?aey oa ?ioeo
yeinoae, ye? i?eoaiaii? aoiaiiei ethaeyi.Oey iaoa ?aae?ciaoaaeanue /a?ac
ni?eueio ??ciiieaiiao ae?yeuei?noue noa?oieeaniee?a, yea aeiaaaea
oo?aioe i?i ethaeeio (oaonueea ?iaioa, aeiiiiiaa aaoa?aiai iaaeaaia?/ii?
i?aoe?, aeaaiae?ei? eiioea?oe, ca?? eiea oa ?a/ae aeey ae?oae-ne??o,
“oaeaeea aeiiiiiaa” neoaeae “Ino??a iaae??”, aea noa?oieeanieee
aeiiiiaaaee iieiaeoei oeiey?ai iiaeieaoe eiioe?eoe, i?aeo?eioaaee ?o
ii?aeueii).

C iaoith ci?oeiaiiy a o/iaa? aoiaiiiai noaaeaiiy aei ethaeeie, ie
i?iaiaeeee “Oe?a?inuee? aa/i?ieoe?”, “Oe?a?inueeee y?ia?ie”,
“Aaniyiee”, “Uaae??aee oa eieyaeee”, “?icaeoie iaae oe?a?inueeeie
i?ene?a’yie”, aea aeei?enoiaoaaee aaaao? aoiaii?noth noinoie?a
oe?a?inuee? o?aaeeoe??.

I?iaaaeaia iaie aenia?eiaioaeueia ?iaioa aeicaieeea c?iaeoe aeniiaee
i?i ?? ?acoeueoaoeai?noue. I?i oea na?ae/aoue ci?ie o aca?ieiao
iaaeaaia?a ? noa?oieeaniee?a. Ii??aiyeueiee aiae?c io?eiaieo aeaieo ia
ii/aoeo ? a e?ioe? aenia?eiaioo aeyaea ci?ie o ??aiyo noi?iiaaiino?
aoiaiieo aca?iei o/eoae?a ? noa?oieeaniee?a. Oae, ii cae?i/aii?
oi?ioth/iai aenia?eiaioo aeaiaioa?iee ??aaiue aca?iei noaiiaea a
aenia?eiaioaeueieo eeanao 6% (i?ioe 34% ia ii/aoeo aenia?eiaioo), o
eiio?ieueieo eeanao – 22% (i?ioe 48%); iecueeee ??aaiue a?aeiia?aeii -12
%(i?ioe 51%) a aenia?eiaioaeueieo eeanao ? 45% (i?ioe 41%) o
eiio?ieueieo; na?aaei?e ??aaiue -45% (i?ioe 15%) a aenia?eiaioaeueieo
eeanao ? 29% (i?ioe 11 %) o eiio?ieueieo ; aenieee ??aaiue -37% a
aenia?eiaioaeueieo eeanao ? 4% o eiio?ieueieo (ia ii/aoeo aenia?eiaioo
a?i ia aoa cao?eniaaiee ).

Iniiai? aeniiaee aeine?aeaeaiiy :

1. Oni?oia ae??oaiiy caaaeaiue aeoiaaiiy ia?aaoaa? o i?yi?e
caeaaeiino? a?ae oa?aeoa?o aca?iei iaaeaaiaa ? aeoiaaioey.

2. Iaaeaaia?/ia ni?eeoaaiiy aecia/a? ci?no ? oa?aeoa? aca?iei o/eoae?a
? oeiey??a, eiai ni?yiiaai?noue. Aiii i?iaeoeoeaia oiae?, eiee
cae?enith?oueny noa’?eo -noa’?eoia aca?iiae?y a/eoaey ? o/iy. A?eueo
aoaeoeaiith aeey aoiai?caoe?? aca?iei iaaeaaia?a ? noa?oieeaniee?a ?
iiaeaeue ae?aeia?/iiai ni?eeoaaiiy. Aiia aeicaiey? ia?aeoe a?ae
onoaiiaee ia naaa aei onoaiiaee ia ia?oia?a ii ni?eeoaaiith, ui aaaea
aei aca?ii?icoi?iiy, iiia?aaeaeo? eiioe?eoe.

3. Eeth/iaa cia/aiiy aeey aoiai?caoe?? aca?iei o/eoae?a ?
noa?oieeaniee?a ia? iniaeno?nii i???ioiaaia oaoiieia?y aeoiaaiiy ye
can?a i?aai?caoe?? aeeoo?ae?yeueiino? o/i?a ia iniia? iaoiae?a
aeoiaaiiy, ui iathoue iniaeno?nio ni?yiiaai?noue ? noeioeththoue aei
ii?aeueiiai naii?icaeoeo ? naiiaaeineiiaeaiiy. O ?? iniia? – iiaeaeue
noa’?eo- noa’?eoii? aca?iiae??, ae?aeia?/ia ni?ai?aoey iaaeaaia?a ?
aeoiaaioe?a, aeooiaia ni?eeoaaiiy.

4. Iniaeno?nii i???ioiaaia oaoiieia?y aeoiaaiiy a?eueo oni?oii
?aae?co?oueny ca eeoaii? i?aai?caoe?? aeeoo?ae?yeueiino?
noa?oieeaniee?a, aeaiie?aoecaoe?? anueiai oe?eueiiai aeeooy. ?icoe?aiiy
i?aa ? naiaiae o/i?a, iaaeaiiy ?i iiaeeeaino? naiino?eii i?eeiaoe
??oaiiy, a?aoe ia naaa a?aeiia?aeaeuei?noue caaacia/othoue aeo?ae o
nenoaio ni?ai?aoe? ? noaaeaiiy a/eoaey e o/iy iaeei aei iaeiiai ye aei
aeui? oe?iiino?, oi?iothoue a?eueio ? a?aeiia?aeaeueio iniaeno?noue, yea
caeaoia aooe ?i?oe?aoeaiith ? oai?/ith, aeicaieythoue ?ice?eoe ?e na?e
iniaeno?niee iioaioe?ae.

5. Iaoai?ciaie oi?ioaaiiy aoiaiieo aca?iei o/eoae?a ? noa?oieeaniee?a ?
aeia??a e ?ioa?an aei noa’?eoa aca?iei, caeaoi?noue aei aiioe?eii?
i???ioaoe??.

6. ?aaoeyoeaiei iaoai?ciii onoaiiaeaiiy aoiaiieo aca?iei ? ?aoeaeneaii-
e?eoe/iee aiae?c nai?o ae?e ? a/eie?a.

Iaoa aeine?aeaeaiiy ia i?aoaiaeo? ia ae/a?iaiee ?icaeyae i?iaeaie
aoiai?caoe?? aca?iei o/eoae?a ? noa?oieeaniee?a.Oey i?iaeaia
aaaaoianiaeoia. Iiaeaeueoiai aeine?aeaeaiiy iio?aaothoue ieoaiiy
aeoiaaiiy oe?ii?niiai noaaeaiiy aei ethaeeie, aieea aiiao?? ia
noaiiaeaiiy ? ?icaeoie ethaeyiino? a o/i?a, iaoai?cie aoiai?caoe??
aca?iei o/eoae?a ? oeiey??a.

Iniiai? iieiaeaiiy aeena?oaoe?eiiai aeine?aeaeaiiy a?aeia?aaeai? a
oaeeo ioae?eaoe?yo :

1.*e eiioi?oii o/iaa? a oeie? ? // Ia?ene aeine?aeaeaiue o aaeoc?
aoiai?oa?ieo iaoe a iaaeaoc?: Ca. iaoeiaeo oa iaoeiai-iaoiaee/ieo
i?aoeue.-Aei. 3.-Ai?e?aea: AAeI??I,1997.-N.107 – 112.

2.Aiae?c aca?iei ’’o/eoaeue-o/aiue’’ o i?aeoeoe? no/anii? oeiee //
Ia?ene aeine?aeaeaiue o aaeoc? aoiai?oa?ieo iaoe a iaaeaoc? : Ca.
iaoeiaeo oa iaoeiai-iaoiaee/ieo i?aoeue.-Aei. 2.-Ai?e?aea: AAeI??I,
1996.-N.162 – 167.

3.Iniaeno?nii i???ioiaaiee i?aeo?ae aei o/iy ye aieiaiee oaeoi?
aoiai?caoe?? aca?iei ?c iei // Ia?ene aeine?aeaeaiue o aaeoc?
aoiai?oa?ieo iaoe a iaaeaoc? : Ca. iaoeiaeo oa iaoeiai -iaoiaee/ieo
i?aoeue.-Aei. 4.-Ai?e?aea : AAeI??I, 1998.-N.86 – 91.

4.Aoiai?caoe?y aca?iei o/eoae?a ? o/i?a o iicao?i/i?e ?iaio? caniaaie
ooaeiaeiuei? e?oa?aoo?e // Iaoeia? caienee Oa?e?anueeiai aea?aeaaiiai
iaaeaaia?/iiai oi?aa?neoaoo ?i. A.N.Neiai?iaee.-Aei.10 (21
).-Oa?e?a,1998. – N.186 – 189.

5.Aoiai?caoe?y aa?iei o/eoae?a ? noa?oieeaniee?a o iicao?i/i?e ?iaio?
// Ineoieia?y: Ca. iaoeiaeo i?aoeue Iaoe?iiaeueiiai iaaeaaia?/iiai
oi?aa?neoaoo ?i. I.I. Ae?aaiiaiiaa.-Aei 3.-E.,1998.-N.88 – 94.

6.Iaaeaaia?/i? oiiae aoiai?caoe?? aca?iei o/eoae?a ? o/i?a o oeie? //
Ia?ene aeine?aeaeaiue o aaeoc? aoiai?oa?ieo iaoe a iaaeaoc?: Iaoa??aee
eiioa?aioe??.-Ai?e?aea: AAeI??I, 1995.-N.105 – 107.

7.Ianeaaeea o?aioeocneeo aoiaienoia a nia?aiaiiie iaaeaaiae/aneie
neooaoeee // 1O I?aeia?iaeia eiioa?aioe?y ‘’O?aioe?y oa Oe?a?ia,
iaoeiai-i?aeoe/iee aeina?ae o eiioaeno? ae?aeiao iaoe?iiaeueieo
eoeueoo?: Iaoa??aee.’’-O.2.-*.1.-Aei?i?iiao?ianuee :
AeAO,1997.-N.136-139.

8.Iaaeaaiae/aneea eaeae AE.-AE.?onni a aoiaiecaoeee acaeiiioiioaiee
o/eoaeae e o/aueony nia?aiaiiie oeieu //I?aeia?iaeia eiioa?aioe?y
’’O?aioe?y oa Oe?a?ia, iaoeiai -i?aeoe/iee aeina?ae ae?aeiao
iaoe?iiaeueieo eoeueoo?: Ca. iaoeiaeo
i?aoeue’’.-O.1.-*.2.-Aei?i?iiao?ianuee: AeAO, 1998.-N.63 – 66.

9.O/aiea I.I. Aaooeia i aeeaeiaa ee/iinoae a nia?aiaiiie
iaaeaaiae/aneie neooaoeee // Ianeaaeea I.I.Aaooeia e i?iaeaiu ?acaeoey
aeeaeiae/aneiai iuoeaiey a nia?aiaiiie eoeueoo?a: Oacenu
iaaeaeoia?iaeiie iao/iie eiioa?aioeee 28 -30 iiya?y
1996a.-Aeiiaoee,1996.-N.47 – 49

Нашли опечатку? Выделите и нажмите CTRL+Enter

Похожие документы
Обсуждение

Ответить

Курсовые, Дипломы, Рефераты на заказ в кратчайшие сроки
Заказать реферат!
UkrReferat.com. Всі права захищені. 2000-2020