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Економічні проблеми використання машинно-тракторного парку в умовах формування ринкових відносин: Автореф. дис… д-ра екон. наук / І.Г. Тивоненко, Ін

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?INOEOOO AA?A?II? AEIIII?EE

OE?A?INUeEI? AEAAeAI?? AA?A?IEO IAOE

OEAIIAIEI ?ai? A?eai?iae/

OAeE 338:631.171:658.011.54:633/635

AEIIII?*I? I?IAEAIE AEEI?ENOAIIssIAOEIII-O?AEOI?IIAI IA?EOA OIIAAO
OI?IOAAIIss ?EIEIAEO A?AeIINEI

Niaoe?aeuei?noue 08.07.02 – aeiiii?ea

n?euenueeiai ainiiaea?noaa ? AIE

AAOI?AOA?AO

aeena?oaoe?? ia caeiaoooy iaoeiaiai nooiaiy

aeieoi?a aeiiii?/ieo iaoe

Ee?a – 1999

Aeena?oaoe??th ? ?oeiien.

Aeena?oaoe?eia ?iaioa aeeiiaia a ?inoeooo iaoai?caoe?? oa
aeaeo?eo?eaoe?? n?euenueeiai ainiiaea?noaa Oe?a?inueei? aeaaeai??
aa?a?ieo iaoe

Io?oe?ei? iiiiaioe: aeieoi? aeiiii?/ieo iaoe, i?ioani?,

A?euenueeee Aieiaeeie? A?eai?iae/, ?inoeooo aa?a?ii?

aeiiii?ee OAAI, aieiaiee
iaoeiaee ni?a?ia?oiee

aeieoi? aeiiii?/ieo iaoe, i?ioani?,

aeaaeai?e OAAI ? IAIO

Iieuaiei Ieaen?e Ion?eiae/, ?inoeooo aeiiii?ee IAI

Oe?a?ie, ea??aiee a?aeae?eaiiy aa?a?ieo i?iaeai

aeieoi? aeiiii?/ieo iaoe, i?ioani?,

Ia?aaeei?n Aaneeue ?aaiiae/, Iieoaanueeee aea?aeaaiee

n?euenueeiainiiaea?nueeee ?inoeooo, aeaeai

I?ia?aeia onoaiiaa: Iaoe?iiaeueiee aa?a?iee oi?aa?neoao Eaa?iaoo

I?i?no??a Oe?a?ie, eaoaae?a
aeiiii?ee

i?aei?e?inoa aa?a?iiai
na?a?no, i. Ee?a

Caoeno aeena?oaoe?? a?aeaoaeaoueny “25” _o?aaiy_ 1999 ?. i 12_aiaeei?
ia can?aeaii? niaoe?ae?ciaaii? a/aii? ?aaee Ae 26.350.01 ii caoenoo
aeena?oaoe?e ia caeiaoooy iaoeiaiai nooiaiy aeieoi?a aeiiii?/ieo iaoe a
?inoeooo? aa?a?ii? aeiiii?ee OAAI (252127, i. Ee?a-127, aoe. Aa?i?a
Iai?iie, 10, eiioa?aioe-cae, 3-e iiaa?o).

C aeena?oaoe??th iiaeia iciaeiieoenue a a?ae?ioaoe? ?inoeoooo aa?a?ii?
aeiiii?ee OAAI (i. Ee?a, aoe. Aa?i?a Iai?iie, 10, 2-e iiaa?o)..

Aaoi?aoa?ao ?ic?neaiee “_24_” _ea?oiy_ 1999 ?.

A/aiee nae?aoa?

niaoe?ae?ciaaii? a/aii? ?aaee,

aeieoi? aeiiii?/ieo iaoe, i?ioani?
Iae?e I.E.

CAAAEUeIA OA?AEOA?ENOEEA ?IAIOE

Aeooaeuei?noue oaie. Aieiaia i?iaeaia a i?aai?caoe?? iaoai?ciaaiiai
ae?iaieoeoaa eiieo?aioiini?iiiaeii? i?iaeoeoe?? ?ineeiieoeoaa iieyaa? a
iaoeiicaaacia/aii? nai?/aniiai aeeiiaiiy oaoiieia?/ieo iia?aoe?e c
aeio?eiaiiyi aeiia aa?ioaoi?ee i?e cieaeaii? o?oaeiaeo ? iaoa??aeueieo
cao?ao. I?ei??oaoieie iai?yieaie oaoi?/ii? iie?oeee a
n?euenueeiainiiaea?nueeiio ae?iaieoeoa? ?: iaa?oiooaaiiy oa
eiiieaeooaaiiy iioeiaeueiiai neeaaeo iaoeiii-o?aeoi?iiai ia?eo (IOI) c
o?aooaaiiyi i?ia?aneaieo oaoiieia?e ae?iaieoeoaa i?iaeoeoe??;
?ano?nicaaacia/aiiy eiai ?iaioicaeaoiino?; i?aai?caoe?y aoaeoeaiiai
aeei?enoaiiy iaoeiii-o?aeoi?ieo aa?aaao?a (IOA) oa
iaoa??aeueii-oaoi?/ieo cania?a a n?euenueeiainiiaea?nueeeo
i?aei?e?inoaao; i?aeaioiaea ? i?aeaeuaiiy eaae?o?eaoe??
iaoai?caoi?nueeeo oa ?iaeaia?ii-oaoi?/ieo eaae??a.

Aeine?aeaeaiiy ii aoaeoeaiino? oi?ioaaiiy, aeei?enoaiiy, ianeoaiaoaaiiy
iaoeiii-o?aeoi?iiai ia?eo oa aaeineiiaeaiiy ae?iaie/eo a?aeiinei i?e
ooieoe?iioaaii? iaoeiiiai n?euenueeiainiiaea?nueeiai ae?iaieoeoaa
i?eaaaeai? a i?aoeyo A?euenueeiai A.A., Aocianueeiai A.A., A?oeianueeiai
I.I., Aaeaeooeueeiai I.?., Aieiaaiiaa I.I., A?eoeeoeia I.?., Ae?aeaiea
I.E., ?aoaiea A.A., E??oaay TH.E., Eiie?ia TH.I., E?nianueeiai A.A.,
Eiaana I.A., Ianea ?.I., Iieuaiea I.I., Ia?aaeei?na A.?., Iiai??eiai
E.A., Ioo?ioeaai? I.I., ?oi/aaa I.N., Oa?aoiaa I.I., O?iia A.A., Oie/aea
I.I. oa a ioae?eaoe?yo ?ioeo iaoeiaoe?a. ?icaeyae /eiiee?a, yeeie
iaa?oioiao?oueny noai iaoai?caoe?? ainiiaea?noa iieacaa, ui IOI
n?euenueeiainiiaea?nueeeo i?aei?e?inoa i?iaeiaaeo? oi?ioaaoenue ?
canoiniaoaaoenue aac iaeaaeii? aeiiii?/ii? ioe?iee, ui i?eaiaeeoue aei
c?inoaiiy ae?iaie/eo cao?ao ? nia?aa?oino? i?iaeoeoe?? ?ineeiieoeoaa.
O?aaeeoe?ei? oi?ie aeei?enoaiiy IOI ia ni?eythoue nai?/aniiio aeeiiaiith
oaoiieia?e a oiiaao ?ano?nicaa?aaeaiiy, a aeiiii?/i? a?aeiineie a
ca’ycoe? “ae?iaiee-?aae?caoi?-caiiaiee” n?euenueeiainiiaea?nueei?
oaoi?ee ia a?aei?aoeueiaai?. Aeey i?aai?caoe?? aenieii?iaeoeoeaiiai
iaoeiiiai ae?iaieoeoaa n?euenueeiainiiaea?nueei? i?iaeoeoe??
aeiaaa?oueny eiiieaenia aeine?aeaeaiiy i?iaeai aeei?enoaiiy
iaoeiii-o?aeoi?iiai ia?eo a oiiaao oi?ioaaiiy ?eieiaeo a?aeiinei.
Iio?aaothoue iiaeaeueoiai iaoeiaiai iaa?oiooaaiiy ? ?ica’ycaiiy ieoaiiy
aecia/aiiy iioeiaeueiiai ni?aa?aeiioaiiy i?ae ianyaaie oaoiieia?/ieo
?ia?o ? ??aiai ?o ?ano?niiai caaacia/aiiy; eiiieaeooaaiiy neeaaeo
iaoeiii-o?aeoi?iiai ia?eo ? ?iciiae?eo aa?aaao?a ii aeaeao ?ia?o ca
aeiiii?/ieie e?eoa??yie; aeioe?eueieo oi?i iaoeiieiiia?oaaiiy, i?aiaee ?
i?ieaoo oaoi?ee; iioeiaeueieo ia?aiao??a iaoai?ciaaieo
aioo??oiueiainiiaea?nueeeo ? i?aeainiiaea?nueeeo i?ae?icae?e?a;
i?iaeooaaiiy ?aoe?iiaeueieo no?oeoo? ?iaeaia?ii? neoaeae ainiiaea?noaa ?
?aeiio; o?ainoi?ioaaiiy oi?i aeei?enoaiiy oaoi?ee ? iaoiae?a aeeiiaiiy
?ia?o; aaeineiiaeaiiy aeiiii?/ieo a?aeiinei a ca’ycoe?
“iaoeiiae?iaiee-oaoi?/iee ?aae?caoi?-iaoeiiei?enooaa/”. Iacaai? oa ?io?
ieoaiiy coiiaeee aeooaeuei?noueaea?aii? oaie, iaoo ? caaea/?
aeine?aeaeaiiy.

Ca’ycie ?iaioe c iaoeiaeie i?ia?aiaie, ieaiaie, oaiaie. Aeine?aeaeaiiy
i?iaaaeaii a?aeiia?aeii iaoeiaeo oai, aeeiiaieo a ?IANA OAAI: “?ic?iaeoe
no?oeoo?o iaoeiii-o?aeoi?iiai ia?eo, ii?iaoeae iio?aae a oaoi?oe? oa
iaoai?caoi?nueeeo eaae?ao aeey ainiiaea?noa iniiaieo cii O?N?”
(1986-1990 ??.); “Noai?aiiy iaoeiaeo iniia iioei?caoe?? oaoiieia?/ieo
i?ioean?a ae?iaieoeoaa n?euenueeiainiiaea?nueei? i?iaeoeoe?? c iaoith
oi?o?eaoe?? cania?a iaoai?caoe?? oa aeiiii?? aia?aaoe/ieo ?
iaoa??aeueieo ?ano?n?a” (1991-1995 ??); “Iaa?oiooaaoe ia?niaeoeaio
nenoaio iaoei oa aoaeoeai? oi?ie eiiieaeooaaiiy ? aeei?enoaiiy oaoi?ee a
eieaeoeaieo, eiiia?aoeaieo, aeoe?iia?ieo, oa?ia?nueeeo ainiiaea?noaao c
o?aooaaiiyi iiaeo i?aai?caoe?eiiaeiiii?/ieo a?aeiinei a n?euenueeiio
ainiiaea?noa? oa iaiaaeaieo aia?ai?ano?n?a” (1996-1998 ??.).

Iaoa ? caaea/? aeine?aeaeaiiy.

Iaoa ?iaioe – oaeineiiaeaiiy iaoeiaeo iniia aoaeoeaiiai eiiieaeooaaiiy
oa aeei?enoaiiy iaoeiii-o?aeoi?iiai ia?eo a ?eieiaeo oiiaao; ?ic?iaea
iiaeo iai?yie?a aenieiaoaeoeaiiai canoinoaaiiy IOI an?ia
n?euenueeiainiiaea?nueeeie oiaa?iae?iaieeaie.

A iniiai? caaea/? aeine?aeaeaiue aoiaeeei: ocaaaeueiaiiy ?acoeueoao?a
i?aeoe/iiai ?icaeoeo i?aai?caoe?eieo oi?i aeei?enoaiiy IOI ? iaoiae?a
aeeiiaiiy iaoai?ciaaieo ?ia?o a ?ineeiieoeoa?; iaa?oiooaaiiy
iioeiaeueieo aa??aio?a iaoeiiaeei?enoaiiy ? iaoeiiianeoaiaoaaiiy a
oiiaao ?aoi?ioaaiiy aa?ii?iieneiaiai eiiieaeno; ?ic?iaea iaoiaee/ieo
?aeiiaiaeaoe?e ii ?aoe?iiaeuei?e caeiyoino? iaoai?caoi?nueeeo eaae??a
i?ioyaii ?ieo; iiaoaeiaa ?ioi?iaoe?eii? iiaeae? oi?aae?iiy
iaoeiii-o?aeoi?iei ia?eii i?e ae?iaieoeoa? ?ineeiieoeueei? i?iaeoeoe??;
aeeiiaiiy eiie?aoieo ?ic?aooie?a ii aeei?enoaiith iaoeiiio?aeoi?ieo
aa?aaao?a a eieaeoeaieo ? oa?ia?nueeeo ainiiaea?noaao; eiino?othaaiiy
no?oeoo?e ?iaeaia?ii? neoaeae c o?aooaaiiyi ?ici???a ? ae?iaie/i?
niaoe?ae?caoe?? ainiiaea?noa; a?aei?aoethaaiiy iaoiaee/ieo iieiaeaiue ii
aecia/aiith iio?aae iaoeiii-o?aeoi?iiai ia?eo a iaeea?; aeine?aeaeaiiy
iaoai?cio ooieoe?iioaaiiy ae?iaie/eo a?aeiinei ? cae?eniaiiy
aca?ii?ic?aooie?a i?e aeei?enoaii? oa ianeoaiaoaaii? iaoeiii-o?aeoi?iiai
ia?eo.

I?aaeiaoii aeine?aeaeaiiy ? i?aai?caoe?eii-ae?iaie/a nenoaia
iaoeiiaeei?enoaiiy ? iaoeiiianeoaiaoaaiiy, yea neeaaea?oueny a oiiaao
?ano?oeoo?ecaoe?? n?euenueeiainiiaea?nueeiai ae?iaieoeoaa.

Ia’?eoii aeine?aeaeaiiy noaee iaoai?ciaai? i?ae?icae?ee ?
iaoai?caoi?nuee? eieaeoeae ii ae?iaieoeoao i?iaeoeoe?? ?ineeiieoeoaa
aa?a?ieo i?aei?e?inoa oa iaoeiii-oaoiieia?/ieo noaioe?e.

Iaoiaeieia?/iith aacith aeine?aeaeaiue iineoaeeee: aeiiii?/ia oai??y
ia’?eoeaiiai ?icaeoeo i?iaeoeoeaieo nee ? ae?iaie/eo a?aeiinei; i?aoe?
oe?a?inueeeo ? ca?oa?aeieo o/aieo-aa?a?iee?a c i?iaeai i?aai?caoe??
aeei?enoaiiy n?euenueeiainiiaea?nueei? oaoi?ee; ii?iaoeai? aeieoiaioe,
?aeiiaiaeaoe?? c ieoaiue aeiiii?/ii? ? oaoi?/ii? iie?oeee a
aa?ii?iieneiaiio eiiieaen? Oe?a?ie. I?e i?iaaaeaii? aeine?aeaeaiue
aeei?enoiaoaaeenue caaaeueiiiaoeia? iaoiaee: aano?aeoii-eia?/iee,
iiiia?ao?/iee, ?ic?aooieiai-eiino?oeoeaiee, a?ao?/iee, iiaeaethaaiiy;
iaiao?aei? ia/eneaiiy cae?enithaaeenue ia eiii’thoa?i?e i?ia?ai?
ANO-“Oaoiieia”.

Iaoeiaa iiaecia iaea?aeaieo ?acoeueoao?a

Iaoeiaa iiaecia ?acoeueoao?a aeena?oaoe?? iieyaa? a oiio, ui caeiaoaa/
?icaeyioa i?iaeaio aeei?enoaiiy iaoeiii-o?aeoi?iiai ia?eo ye nenoaio
aca?iioa’ycaieo i?aai?caoe?eii-aeiiii?/ieo, aa?ioaoiieia?/ieo ?
?iaeaia?ii-oaoi?/ieo /eiiee?a, ui aca?iiae?thoue a i?ioean? iaoai?caoe??
ae?iaieoeoaa ?ineeiieoeueei? i?iaeoeoe?? a oiiaao oi?ioaaiiy ?eieiaeo
a?aeiinei oa aaaaoioeeaaeiino? n?euenueeiainiiaea?nueeiai ae?iaieoeoaa.

Aia?oa ia iniia? nenoaiiiai i?aeoiaeo aei aeine?aeaeaiue aieeao oe?iiaeo
ia?eoao?a ia neeaae IOI ainiiaea?noaa ?ic?iaeai? aeiiii?/i?
oa?aeoa?enoeee ??cieo oei?a iaoeiii-o?aeoi?ieo aa?aaao?a ia iaeii??aeieo
iaoai?ciaaieo ?iaioao. Aeiiii?/ia ii??aiyiiy i?ieaoieo ioe?iie
eiieo?oth/eo IOA aeicaiey? aecia/eoe iaea?eueo iioeiaeuei? ?o neeaaee ?
?ic?iaeoe eaeaiaea?i? ieaie ?ano?nicaa??aath/iai canoinoaaiiy IOI a
caiea?ianoa?. Ia iniia? aiae?co aieeao no/anieo oaoiieia?e ia oi?ioaaiiy
? canoinoaaiiy IOI iaa?oioiaai? i?aai?caoe?ei? oi?ie iaoeiiaeei?enoaiiy
oa iaoeiiianeoaiaoaaiiy, ye? a?aeiia?aeathoue no?oeoo?? oa ianyaai
aeeiioaaieo ?ia?o.

?ic?iaeai? iia? iaoiaee aecia/aiiy iio?aae ainiiaea?noa a
iaoai?caoi?nueeeo ? ?iaeaia?ii-oaoi?/ieo eaae?ao, ui iioei?co? ?o
iio?aao oa caeiyo?noue i?ioyaii ?ieo.

Ia caoeno aeiinyoueny:

– iaoiaeieia?y oa iaoiaee eiiieaeooaaiiy ? aeei?enoaiiy
iaoeiii-o?aeoi?iiai ia?eo ainiiaea?noa;

– iaoiaee/i? iieiaeaiiy c ?icaeoeo ?ioi?iaoe?eii? nenoaie oi?aae?iiy
iaoeiii-o?aeoi?iei ia?eii;

– eiioeaioe?y ?aoi?ioaaiiy i?aai?caoe?eii-ae?iaie/i? no?oeoo?e
?iaeaia?ii? neoaeae eieaeoeaieo ainiiaea?noa ? noai?aiiy
iaoeiii-oaoiieia?/ieo noaioe?e;

– iaa?oiooaaiiy ?ic?aooie?a ? caoiae?a oaoi?/iiai iniauaiiy oa?ia?nueeeo
ainiiaea?noa ? iniaeeainoae aeei?enoaiiy a ieo cania?a iaoai?caoe??;

– iaoeia? ?ic?iaee c aecia/aiiy iio?aae ? ?aoe?iiaeueii? caeiyoino?
iaoai?caoi?nueeeo eaae??a i?ioyaii ?ieo;

– iaoiaeeea aecia/aiiy iioeiaeueii? iio?aae a iaeea? aeey ae?iaieoeoaa
i?iaeoeoe?? ?ineeiieoeoaa;

– i?iiiceoe?? c ?aaoethaaiiy ae?iaie/eo a?aeiinei i?e aeei?enoaii? oa
ianeoaiaoaaii? iaoeiii-o?aeoi?iiai ia?eo a ainiiaea?nuee?e ?
iicaainiiaea?nuee?e noa?ao.

I?aeoe/ia cia/aiiy iaea?aeaieo ?acoeueoao?a iieyaa? a oiio, ui aiie
aeicaieythoue a ainiiaea?noaao ??cieo ae?iaie/eo oei?a ? oi?i aeaniino?
c o?aooaaiiyi ?o eiie?aoieo oiia aecia/eoe ?aoe?iiaeuei? aa??aioe
iaoeiiaeei?enoaiiy a ?ineeiieoeoa?; iaa?oiooaaoe aeioe?euei? oeyoe
?icaeoeo aioo??oiueiainiiaea?nueeeo ? ciai?oiueiainiiaea?nueeeo
ae?iaie/eo a?aeiinei i?e iaoeiiianeoaiaoaaii?. Ia iniia? ?ic?iaeaieo
iaoiae?a ?aeiiaiaeiaaii ai?iaaaeaeaiiy a ainiiaea?noaao ?ioi?iaoe?eieo
nenoai aoaeoeaiiai oi?aae?iiy iaoeiii-o?aeoi?iei ia?eii.
Ii?iaoeaii-oaoiieia?/ia ? oaoi?ei-aeiiii?/ia aeieoiaioaoe?y ii ?ic?iaoe?
iaoai?ciaaieo oaoiieia?e ? eiiieaeooaaiith iaoeiii-o?aeoi?iiai ia?eo o
oi?i? aeiaiai??a ia noai?aiiy IOI i?ae ea??aieoeoaii ? aaciina?aaeiueith
o/anoth aaoi?a aoea ai?iaaaeaeaia a 104-o ainiiaea?noaao ?anioae?ee.

Iniaenoee aianie caeiaoaa/a. I?aeoe/ii an? oai?aoe/i? oa
aenia?eiaioaeuei? iieiaeaiiy oi?ioaaiiy ? canoinoaaiiy
iaoeiii-o?aeoi?iiai ia?eo a n?euenueeiainiiaea?nueeeo no?oeoo?ao, ye?
neeaaeathoue ci?no aeena?oaoe??, ? iniaenoeie ?ic?iaeaie aaoi?a.

Ai?iaaoe?y ?acoeueoao?a aeena?oaoe?? ?acoeueoaoe aeine?aeaeaiue
aeiiia?aeaeenue ia ?anioae?eainueeeo iaoeiai-ae?iaie/eo eiioa?aioe?yo,
nai?ia?ao, iaoeiai-oaoi?/ieo ?aaeao I?in?eueainii?iaeo Oe?a?ie:
“I?aeaeuaiiy aoaeoeaiino? aeei?enoaiiy iaoeiii-o?aeoi?iiai ia?eo” ( nio.
Aeaaaoa, 23-24 ethoiai 1977 ?.); “Nioe?aeueii-aeiiii?/i? i?iaeaie
aeei?enoaiiy o?oaeiaeo ?ano?n?a a n?euenueeiio ainiiaea?noa?”
(i.Iieoaaa, 15-17 o?aaiy 1979 ?.); “Aaeineiiaeaiiy ciiaeueieo nenoai
iaoei ? oeyoe i?aeaeuaiiy i?iaeoeoeaiino? i?aoe? a n?euenueeiio
ainiiaea?noa?” (nio. Aeaaaoa, 21-22 aa?aniy 1984 ?.); “?ic?iaea oa
aeei?enoaiiy oaoi?/ieo cania?a aeey iaoai?caoe?? ?ia?o a iniaenoeo
i?aeniaieo ainiiaea?noaao, i?aiaeieo ? i?ae?yaeieo eieaeoeaao” (nio.
Aeaaaoa, 23-26 aeiaoiy 1990 ?.); “Ocaaaeueiaiiy aeina?aeo ?iaioe
iaoeiii-oaoiieia?/ieo noaioe?e” (IO? I?in?eueainii?iaeo, i. Ee?a, 13
aa?aciy 1997 ?.); “Aeina?ae aenieoaoaoe?? ? ianeoaiaoaaiiy ?iicaiii?
n?euenueeiainiiaea?nueei? oaoi?ee, aeei?enoaiiy iaoai?ciaaieo caaii?a,
noai?aieo ia aac? oaei? oaoi?ee” (?anioae?eainueea ia?aaea ea??aiee?a ?
niaoe?ae?no?a onoaiia ? ainiiaea?noa OAAI, i.Ee?a, 16 o?aaiy 1997 ?.).
Ie?ai? ?ic?iaee aeeth/ai? aei iaoeiai-i?aeoe/ieo ?aeiiaiaeaoe?e ?
iaoiaeee ii aoaeoeaiiio aeei?enoaiith iaoeiiio?aeoi?iiai ia?eo oa
iaoai?caoi?nueeeo eaae??a a n?euenueeiio ainiiaea?noa?.

Ioae?eaoe??. ?acoeueoaoe aeena?oaoe?? iioae?eiaai? a 36 iaoeiaeo
?iaioao, a oiio /ene? a o?ueio iiiia?ao?yo.

Ianya ? no?oeoo?a ?iaioe. Aeena?oaoe?y aeeeaaeaia ia 457 noi??ieao,
65 oaaeeoeue ? 35 ?enoie?a caeiathoue 127 noi??iie. Nienie aeei?enoaieo
e?oa?aoo?ieo aeaea?ae aeeth/a? 157 iaeiaioaaiue. A aeena?oaoe?? 19
aeiaeaoe?a (92 noi?.), aea i?eaaaeai? iaoa??aee i?i ai?iaaaeaeaiiy
?acoeueoao?a aeine?aeaeaiiy, oi?ie ? c?acee iaiao?aeieo ?iai/eo
aeieoiaio?a, aeiaeaoeia? aeo?aei? oa ?ic?aooieia? aeai? ii oai?.

No?oeoo?a ?iaioe:

Anooi.

?icae?e 1. Oai?aoe/i? iieiaeaiiy aoaeoeaiiai canoinoaaiiy cania?a
iaoai?caoe?? a n?euenueeiio ainiiaea?noa?. 1.1. Aeiiii?/i? iniiae
oi?ioaaiiy iioeiaeueii? no?oeoo?e iaoeiii-o?aeoi?iiai ia?eo. 1.2.
Iaoiaee/i? i?aeoiaee aei i?iaeooaaiiy ?ioi?iaoe?eieo nenoai iia?aoeaiiai
oi?aae?iiy iaoeiii-o?aeoi?iei ia?eii. 1.3. Iniiai? oai?aoe/i? i?eioeeie
cae?eniaiiy aiae?co oa ioe?iee ?iaioe iaoeiii-o?aeoi?ieo aa?aaao?a.

?icae?e 2. ?aoe?iiaeueia aeei?enoaiiy iaoeiii-o?aeoi?iiai ia?eo a oiiaao
?aoi?ioaaiiy n?euenueeiainiiaea?nueeiai ae?iaieoeoaa. 2.1. Aiae?c
?icaeoeo oi?i aeei?enoaiiy iaoeiii-o?aeoi?iiai ia?eo ? iaoiae?a
aeeiiaiiy iaoai?ciaaieo ?ia?o. 2.2. Eiino?othaaiiy ?iaeaia?ii? neoaeae
i?e ?ano?oeoo?ecaoe?? n?euenueeiainiiaea?nueeeo i?aei?e?inoa. 2.3.
Oi?ioaaiiy ae?iaie/eo cao?ao ia aeei?enoaiiy iaoeiii-o?aeoi?iiai ia?eo.
2.4. I?aai?caoe?ei? i?eioeeie oaoi?/ii? aenieoaoaoe??
iaoeiii-o?aeoi?iiai ia?eo.

?icae?e 3. Iia? ae?iaie/? oi?ie ? a?aeiineie a i?aai?caoe?? aeei?enoaiiy
oa ianeoaiaoaaiiy iaoeiii-o?aeoi?iiai ia?eo. 3.1. Iiaeaethaaiiy
ae?iaie/eo no?oeoo? i?aiaeieo iaoai?caoi?nueeeo i?ae?icae?e?a. 3.2.
Ia?ai?io?ethaaiiy nenoaie na?a?niiai iaoeiiianeoaiaoaaiiy
n?euenueeiainiiaea?nueeeo oiaa?iae?iaiee?a. 3.3. Iniaeeaino?
aeei?enoaiiy cania?a iaoai?caoe?? a oa?ia?nueeeo ainiiaea?noaao ?
eiiia?aoeaao. 3.4. ?aaoethaaiiy ae?iaie/eo a?aeiinei i?e aeei?enoaii? oa
ianeoaiaoaaii? iaoeiii-o?aeoi?iiai ia?eo.

?icae?e 4. I?aai?caoe?eii-aeiiii?/i? ?aca?ae a aenieoaoaoe??
iaoeiii-o?aeoi?iiai ia?eo. 4.1. Oaeineiiaeaiiy eieaeoeaieo oi?i
aeei?enoaiiy iaoeiii-o?aeoi?iiai ia?eo. 4.2. Iioei?caoe?y iio?aae oa
caeiyoino? iaoai?caoi?nueeeo eaae??a. 4.3. Aecia/aiiy ae?iaie/eo aeiia
aei yeino? aeeiiaiiy iaoai?ciaaieo ?ia?o. 4.4. Iaa?oiooaaiiy oeyo?a
aeiiii?? aia?aaoe/ieo ?ano?n?a i?e ae?iaieoeoa?
n?euenueeiainiiaea?nueei? i?iaeoeoe??.

Aeniiaee.

Nienie e?oa?aoo?ieo aeaea?ae.

Aeiaeaoee.

INIIAIEE CI?NO AeENA?OAOe??

A ia?oiio ?icae?e? “Oai?aoe/i? iieiaeaiiy aoaeoeaiiai canoinoaaiiy
cania?a iaoai?caoe?? a n?euenueeiio ainiiaea?noa?” iaa?oioiaothoueny
aeiiii?/i? iniiae oi?ioaaiiy ? aeei?enoaiiy iaoeiii-o?aeoi?iiai ia?eo
ENI a oiiaao noaiiaeaiiy ?eieiaeo a?aeiinei; ?ic?iaeai? iiaeae?
?ioi?iaoe?eieo nenoai ii ?ano?nicaa??aath/iio canoinoaaiith
n?euenueeiainiiaea?nueei? oaoi?ee.

Iio?aaa a caniaao iaoai?caoe?? aeey ae?iaieoeoaa i?iaeoeoe??
?ineeiieoeoaa – oea iioeiaeueiee neeaae iaoeiii-o?aeoi?iiai ia?eo. A
?iaio? ?icaeyaeathoueny eiai o?e aa??aioe: oaeoe/ii noi?iiaaiee ia?e,
iioeiaeueii iaiao?aeiee ? ?ic?aooieiaee ia?e ainiiaea?noa i?e
ni?aaeeiiaii? iaoai?ciaaieo ?ia?o iaoeiii-oaoiieia?/ieie noaioe?yie
(ION).

Caeaa?eueoiai iayaiee neeaae iaoeiii-o?aeoi?iiai ia?eo ainiiaea?noa
noi?ioaaany noeo?eii ? a?aecia/a?oueny aaaaoiia?i/i?noth. A eiaeiiio
ainiiaea?noa? ia?aoiao?oueny 10-15 ? a?eueoa ??ciiaeaeiinoae o?aeoi??a,
a oaeiae iiiaae 100 n?euenueeiainiiaea?nueeeo iaoei, ui noai?th?
i?aeoe/i? o?oaeiiu? a ?o aenieoaoaoe?? ? ianeoaiaoaaii?. Aeey
eiiieaenii? iaoai?caoe?? ?ia?o ii ae?iuoaaiith iaei???
n?euenueeiainiiaea?nueei? eoeueoo?e a ainiiaea?noaao aeei?enoiao?oueny
5-8 ia?ie o?aeoi??a c a?aeiia?aeiei eiaeiiio o?aeoi?o oeaeoii ?iai/eo
iaoei.

Aeey ?ic?aooieo iioeiaeueii iaiao?aeiiai neeaaeo iaoeiii-o?aeoi?iiai
ia?eo canoiniaothoue aeae?eueea aa??aio?a: i?yiee ?aooiie ii ianyaao
?ia?o ? cie?aia a “i?eia?” ia??iaee; ii a?ao?eao ??/iiai caaaioaaeaiiy
iaoeiii-o?aeoi?ieo aa?aaao?a; ii ii?iaoeaao iio?aae a
n?euenueeiainiiaea?nuee?e oaoi?oe?. Iaoiae i?yiiai ?ic?aooieo ne?ae
i?eciaoe iaea?eueo oi/iei ? i?eeiyoiei aeey i?aeoe/ii? ?aae?caoe??,
i?ioa a?i aeeiio?oueny a?o/io ? aeineoue o?oaei?ieee. Oiio a
ainiiaea?noaao ia aecia/a?oueny neeaae oa iio?aaa iaoeiii-o?aeoi?iiai
ia?eo ia aanue ??e, a eeoa ia ie?ai? ae?iaie/? ia??iaee.

Iaaeeaea? iaoeiii-o?aeoi?iee ia?e aei iioeiaeueii? no?oeoo?e a?ao?/iee
iaoiae ?ic?aooieo iio?aae a oaoi?oe?, ca ?aooiie oiai, ui a?ao?ee
aoaeothoueny ia iiaiee ??e aeei?enoaiiy iaoei. Iaaeie?ee oeueiai iaoiaeo
caeeth/athoueny a oiio, ui a?ao?ee ia aeathoue aeiiii?/ii iioeiaeueiiai
??oaiiy no?oeoo?e iaoeiii-o?aeoi?iiai ia?eo.

Ii?iaoeaiee iaoiae ?ic?aooieo iaoei aeey eiie?aoieo ainiiaea?noa acaaae?
ia i?eeiyoiee, a?i iaiao?aeiee aeey aecia/aiiy iio?aae a oaoi?oe? ia
?aa?iiaeueieo ??aiyo. Aecia/aiiy iioeiaeueii iaiao?aeiiai
iaoeiii-o?aeoi?iiai ia?eo ainiiaea?noaa – neeaaeia aaaaoie?eoa??aeueia
caaea/a, yea ?ica’yco?oueny iaoiaeii ?ic?aooieo i?ieaoieo ioe?iie
aenieoaoaoe?eieo cao?ao ia eiii’thoa?i?e i?ia?ai? ANO-“Oaoiieia”, ?IANA
OAAI. I?e iiaeaethaaii? oaoiieia?/ieo i?ioean?a ae?iuoaaiiy
n?euenueeiainiiaea?nueeeo eoeueoo? i?ieaoi? oaoi?ei-aeiiii?/i? ioe?iee
iaoeiiaeei?enoaiiy aecia/athoueny o a?aeiia?aeiino? c e?euee?noth
caeiyoeo o ae?iaieoeoa? iaoei ? ?iciiae?eythoueny ii ia??iaeao, eiee
aeai? iaoeie iaiao?aei? aeey aeeiiaiiy ?ia?o. Iniiaiei ?ioi?iaoe?eiei
aeaea?aeii i?e ?ic?aooieo neeaaeo iaoeiii-o?aeoi?iiai ia?eo neoaeaoue
oaoiieia?/i? ea?oe ia ae?iaieoeoai i?iaeoeoe?? ?ineeiieoeoaa.

I?e aecia/aii? iioeiaeueii iaiao?aeiiai neeaaeo iaoeiii-o?aeoi?iiai
ia?eo ainiiaea?noaa iio??aii ea?oaaoeny ne?aeoth/eie iniiaieie aeiiaaie:

– ia eiaeio iia?aoe?th a oaoiieia?/ieo ea?oao i?aaenoaaeythoueny
aa?aaaoe aoaeue-yeeo aeae?a, caeaoieo aeeiioaaoe oaeo ?iaioo c
aeio?eiaiiyi an?o aeiia aa?ioaoi?ee;

– neeaae iaoeiii-o?aeoi?iiai ia?eo iiaeiai oa?aeoa?ecoaaoeny aeaieie i?i
aa?o?noue aia?aiiaoei ? ?iai/eo iaoei;

– aanue ??/iee eiiieaen iaoai?ciaaieo ?ia?o o ?ineeiieoeoa? iaiao?aeii
?icaeoe ia 7-10-oe aeaii? ?iai/? ia??iaee aeey aeio?eiaiiy aeinoaoiuei?
oi/iino? ??oaiiy caaea/?;

– aeey aecia/aiiy e?euee?niiai ? ia?i/iiai iiiiaiaiiy neeaaeo
iaoeiii-o?aeoi?iiai ia?eo ne?ae iaoe ieai nienaiiy iaoei a
ainiiaea?noa?.

A?aoiaoth/e iai?oaeaiee noai c nai?/aniei ? ye?niei aeeiiaiiyi anueiai
eiiieaeno ?ia?o a ?ineeiieoeoa?, /anoeia ?o a “i?eia?” ia??iaee
cae?enith?oueny oaoi?eith ION. Ca oiiae, ui ION aeeiioaaoeiooue 30%:
ai?iioaaiiy iceieo, cae?eooy aieiae ? ia?aaeiin?aiiai ia?ia?oeo a?oioo,
50% iniiaiiai ia?ia?oeo a?oioo, 25% cae?aiiy ca?iiaeo ? ei?iiaeo
eoeueoo? oa aa?io?/ieo ?ia?o, iio?aaa ainiiaea?noa a iaoeiii-o?aeoi?iiio
ia?eo nei?i/o?oueny ia 43-56%.

Uia aecia/eoe ae?iaie/o aeioe?euei?noue i?eaeaaiiy aoaeue-yeiai
iaoeiii-o?aeoi?iiai aa?aaaoo iaiao?aeii cae?enieoe eiai aeiiii?/io
ioe?ieo. Aeey oeueiai ne?ae ii??aiyoe aeiiii?/io aoaeoeai?noue
aeei?enoaiiy ai?iaaaeaeoth/iai c?aceo c ae?th/eie a ??aieo
i?e?iaeiuei-aeiiii?/ieo oiiaao. Iniiaiee e?eoa??aeueiee iieaciee
canoinoaaiiy IOA iiaeiai aooe eiiieaeniei – oea ?ici??
eai?oaeiaeeaaeaiue, i?eaaaeaieo ? i?yieo cao?ao ia naciiiee ia?ia?oie
aai ia eiai iaeeieoeth.

Aecia/aiiy iioeiaeueiiai neeaaeo iaoeiii-o?aeoi?iiai ia?eo caeaaeeoue
a?ae ?aoaeueii? i?aeaioiaee ao?aeii? ?ioi?iaoe?? ? i?aaeeueiiai
a?aeia?aaeaiiy iath ia’?eoeaieo ae?iaie/eo oiia ae?iuoaaiiy
n?euenueeiainiiaea?nueeeo eoeueoo?. I?aeaioiaeai? ii ainiiaea?noao aeai?
ao?aeii? ?ioi?iaoe?? iaiao?aei? aeey iaoeiii? ia?iaee ? iaea?aeaiiy
?acoeueoaoeaieo iieaciee?a aeo?aeii? ?ioi?iaoe?eii? nenoaie iia?aoeaiiai
oi?aae?iiy iaoeiii-o?aeoi?iei ia?eii ainiiaea?noaa, ui aeeth/athoue:

eiie?aoeciaai? oaoiieia?/i? ea?oe c ii?iaoeaaie ae?iaie/eo cao?ao ia
ae?iuoaaiiy ? cae?aiiy n?euenueeiainiiaea?nueeeo eoeueoo?. Iniiaia iaoa
aeaii? ?ioi?iaoe?? – aiae?c aoaeoeaiino? oaoiieia?e ae?iaieoeoaa
?ineeiieoeueei? i?iaeoeoe?? a ainiiaea?noa? ? eiai i?ae?icae?eao oa
aecia/aiiy aieeao a?aei?i o aeeiiaii? aa?ii?eeii?a (ii aeaeao, yeino?,
ianyaao, no?ieao ?ia?o) ia iaea?aeaio a?iaeaei?noue
n?euenueeiainiiaea?nueeeo eoeueoo?; oaoi?ei-aeiiii?/ia ioe?iea ? aea??
iioeiaeueieo neeaae?a iaoeiii-o?aeoi?ieo aa?aaao?a aeey aeeiiaiiy
oaoiieia?/ieo iia?aoe?e;

??/iee eaeaiaea?iee ieai (a ?ic??c? naie-aeanyoeaeaiiiai ia??iaeo)
aeeiiaiiy iaoai?ciaaieo ?ia?o oa aeei?enoaiiy iaoeiii-o?aeoi?iiai ia?eo
a ?ineeiieoeoa?. Iniiaia iaoa oe??? ?ioi?iaoe?? – ?aoe?iiaeueia
?iciiae?eaiiy aa?aaao?a ii aeaeao ? ianyaao ?ia?o;

aiae?c oiaeo ?ia?o ? aeei?enoaiiy oaoi?ee; caaacia/aiiy iio??aiiai ??aiy
?ioi?iiaaiino? ea??aiee?a ? niaoe?ae?no?a ainiiaea?noaa i?i oaeoe/ia
aeeiiaiiy ? ?aca?aao i?enei?aiiy ?ia?o ii ae?iuoaaiith ? cae?aiith
n?euenueeiainiiaea?nueeeo eoeueoo?;

?ic?aooiie iio?aae a oaoi?oe? oa ??/iiio caaaioaaeaii? iaoei. Iaoa –
aecia/aiiy iaiao?aeiiai ia?eo iaoei ? iio?aae a aeiaeaoeia?e oaoi?oe?
aeey ie?aieo ia??iae?a aeeiiaiiy ?ia?o; caaacia/aiiy iaeneiaeueiiai
ia?ia?oeo ? caaaioaaeaiiy iaoeiii-o?aeoi?ieo aa?aaao?a.

?ioi?iaoe?eia aaoiiaoeciaaia nenoaia oi?aae?iiy iioeiaeueiei
iaoeiii-o?aeoi?iei ia?eii ainiiaea?noaa i?eaaaeaia ia ?en. 1.

A ae?oaiio ?icae?e? “?aoe?iiaeueia aeei?enoaiiy iaoeiii-o?aeoi?iiai
ia?eo a oiiaao ?aoi?ioaaiiy n?euenueeiainiiaea?nueeiai ae?iaieoeoaa”
aeine?aeaeo?oueny ?icaeoie oi?i canoinoaaiiy iaoei ? aeeiiaiiy
iaoai?ciaaieo ?ia?o; i?eaiaeyoueny ?ic?aooiee ii?iaoeaii? aace
ae?iaie/eo cao?ao ia aeei?enoaiiy iaoeiii-o?aeoi?iiai ia?eo a
ainiiaea?noa?; ocaaaeueith?oueny i?ia?aneaiee aeina?ae ?iaioe
iaoai?ciaaieo ? ?aiiioii-ianeoaiaoth/eo i?ae?icae?e?a ia eieaeoeaiiio
i?ae?yae? oa aini?ic?aooieo.

I?ae?icae?ee iaoeiii-o?aeoi?iiai ia?eo aecia/athoueny eiai
i?aai?caoe?eieie oi?iaie. Aaeineiiaeaiiy i?aai?caoe?eieo oi?i
iaoeiiaeei?enoaiiy – i?ioean aeeiai?/iee ? iai?aaeaiee ia aoaeoeai?oa
aeei?enoaiiy iniiaiiai caniao n?euenueeiainiiaea?nueeiai ae?iaieoeoaa –
caie?. A caiea?ianoa? iaoeiii-o?aeoi?iee ia?e caeiyoee, aieiaiei /eiii,
aeeiiaiiyi iia?eueieo iaoai?ciaaieo ?ia?o. Iaoeie ? iaa?ae’?iiei
aeaiaioii an?o oaoiieia?/ieo i?ioean?a ae?iuoaaiiy
n?euenueeiainiiaea?nueeeo eoeueoo? ? i?aai?caoe?y ?o aeei?enoaiiy
ii?aeio?oueny c caaaeueiith i?aai?caoe??th aioo??oiueiainiiaea?nueeiai
ae?iaieoeoaa. Ia?aaaaeia a?eueo?noue eieaeoeaieo
n?euenueeiainiiaea?nueeeo i?aei?e?inoa (ENI) a ia?niaeoea?
caa??aathoueny ye i?aai?caoe?eii-ae?iaie/? no?oeoo?e
aioo??oiueiainiiaea?nueei? nenoaie ??cieo aca?iioa’ycaieo i?ae?icae?e?a
ii iaoeiiaeei?enoaiith iino?eiiai ? oei/aniaiai oa?aeoa?o.

N.-a. Iaeiaioaaiiy e o Ieiua e ue O?iaeaei?noue: o iniiaia o
iia?/ia ? e Ii?ie: aen?ao ian?iiy aianaiiy: i?iaeia?ea i?aai?ee
ianoeoeeae?a A?aeaeaeue ia?aaacaiue O Iaeiaioaaiiy a

o Oeo? i Iaeeieoey aei??o i i No?iee aeeiiaiiy: e i ii/aoie i
a o?eaae?noue a ? E?aoi?noue aeeiiaiiy aei: ? a ieiu? / oe ii?i
i ? a?aeaeae? ? ? Eiao?oe??io ci?iiino? I A?oia ae?ia?oeo ia i i
iaoai?ciaai? ?iaioe ? i i e Eean a?oio?a a a o c Eean aei??a
e i Oa?eoi? ?ic?yaee iieaoe a e i?aoe? i e *enaeuei?noue
i?aoethth/eo ? e ia iaeiiio aa?aaao? Aia?aiiaoeia: ia?ea
e?euee?noue N.-a. aaeainiaa aa?o?noue o N?euenueeiainiiaea?nueea a
iaoeia o ia?ea i e?euee?noue ? aaeainiaa aa?o?noue e Oeo? a
A?ae?aooaaiiy ia oo?e-iaiiy oaoi?eeIi?iaoea ??/iiai caaai-oaaeaiiy iaoei

O ae?iaie/eo i?ae?icae?eao ii iaoeiiaeei?enoaiith ?aae?cothoueny an?
oaoi?/i?, aa?ioaoiieia?/i?, aeiiii?/i? ? i?aai?caoe?ei? ieoaiiy
ae?iaieoeoaa ?ineeiieoeueei? i?iaeoeoe??. Oe? iaoai?ciaai? i?ae?icae?ee
ia iiaeooue aooe ?aeeieie aeey aaaaoioeeaaeieo oiia no/aniiai
n?euenueeiainiiaea?nueeiai ae?iaieoeoaa (oaae. 1).

*ei a?eueoa iio?aaa a iaoai?caoe?? n?euenueeiainiiaea?nueeiai
ae?iaieoeoaa, oei a?eueoee aieea ia e?ioeaa? ?acoeueoaoe ae?yeueiino?
ainiiaea?noaa ni?aaey? noai ?iaeaia?ii? neoaeae. ?iaeaia?ia neoaeaa
eieaeoeaieo ainiiaea?noa aecia/a?oueny ye no?oeoo?iee i?ae?icae?e
aioo??oiueiainiiaea?nueei? nenoaie oi?aae?iiy, ui caaacia/o?
i?aai?caoe?th aeei?enoaiiy oa ?aiiioo oaoi?ee. Noai ?iaeaia?ii? neoaeae
naea oa?aeoa?eco?oueny e?euee?nii (/enaeuei?noth ?? ooaoo oa aa?o?noth
oaoi?ee ? ia’?eo?a iaoa??aeueii-oaoi?/ii? aace) ? ye?nii
(i?aai?caoe?eiith no?oeoo?ith ? ?iciiae?eaiiyi ooieoe?e i?ae ??
i?ae?icae?eaie). No/aniee noai ?iaeaia?ii? neoaeae aaaaoueio eieaeoeaieo
ainiiaea?noa ia a?aeiia?aea? aeiiaai, ui i?aae’yaeythoueny aei
aenieii?aai?ciaaii? nenoaie. Aeieeea yaia aeeni?iii?oe?y i?ae oi?iaie
i?aai?caoe?? ?? oa no?oeoo?ith oaoi?/ieo cania?a ae?iaieoeoaa ?
oaoiieia??th iaoeiiaeei?enoaiiy; i?iyaey?oueny oe?iea oi?aa?nae?caoe?y ?
iaaeinoaoiy niaoe?ae?caoe?y ie?aieo ooieoe?e ?iaeaia?ii? neoaeae;
iaaecia/aii /?oea eiei iaia’yce?a ? aca?iica’yceo ?yaeo ?? eaiie. A
aeine?aeaeaiiyo ii aaeineiiaeaiith iaoiae?a i?aai?caoe?? ?iaeaia?ii?
neoaeae aeey ??cieo oei?a n?euenueeiainiiaea?nueeeo oiaa?iae?iaiee?a
iniiaia cia/aiiy aoei i?eae?eaii ?ic?iaoe? i?eioeei?a iiaoaeiae
aioo??oiueiainiiaea?nueei? ?iaeaia?ii-oaoi?/ii? no?oeoo?e, aecia/aiith
iioeiaeueiiai neeaaeo niaoe?ae?no?a oa /?oeiio ?iciiae?eaiith i?ae ieie
ooieoe?e ? ianya?a ?ia?o, aaeineiiaeaiith oaoiieia?? i?ioeano
?iaeaia?ii-oaoi?/iiai oi?aae?iiy.

Canoinoaaiiy iaoeiii-o?aeoi?iiai ia?eo noi?iaiaeaeo?oueny ae?iaie/eie
cao?aoaie i?aoe? iaoai?caoi??a ? ianeoaiaoth/iai ia?niiaeo, aia?aaoe/ieo
?ano?n?a, iaoa??aeueieo ? a?ioiaeo cania?a. Uia aoaeoeaii i?aai?coaaoe
?iaioo iaoeiii-o?aeoi?ieo aa?aaao?a o ?ineeiieoeoa? ne?ae ciaoe
ae?iaie/? cao?aoe ia aeeiiaiiy iaoai?ciaaieo ?ia?o ii iniiaieo aeaiaioao
nia?aa?oino? – iieao? i?aoe?, aeo?ao? iaeeaa, a?ae?aooaaiiy ia oaoi?/ia
ianeoaiaoaaiiy ? iioi/iee ?aiiio, eai?oaeueiee ?aiiio, a?aeiiaeaiiy oei
? aonaieoeue, ?aiiaaoe?th iaoei. Iaea?aeaiiy oaeeo aeaieo
cae?enith?oueny ia?aaaaeii oeyoii ii?ioaaiiy, ui ? ca’ycoth/ith eaieith
i?ae oaoiieia??th ? i?aai?caoe??th ae?iaieoeoaa, i?ae aenieoaoaoe??th
oaoi?ee ? aeiiii?eith

Oaaeeoey 1

Eeaneo?eaoe?y iciae iniiaieo i?aai?caoe?eieo oi?i aeei?enoaiiy
iaoeiii-o?aeoi?iiai ia?eo

Iaoai?ciaai? a?eaaaee:Iaoai?ciaai? caaiie:Iaoai?ciaai?
eaiee:Iaoai?ciaai? oi?ioaaiiy: Oa?aeoa?i? iciaee
o?aeoi?iio?aeoi?ii-o?aeoi?ia niaoe?ae?-eiiieaen-i?aeainii- iiiieoeue-
oaoiiei- eiiieaen- i?aiaei? i?ae?yaei?
iieueiaa eiiieaenia ciaaiee iee aea?nueeee oo?ia
a?/ia ia Oaoi?/i? iniiae noai?aiiy iaoai?ciaaieo
Ia?aaea/a oaoi?ee ION ainiiaea?noaaiIa aac? iaoai?ciaaieo a?eaaae A
neeaae? iaoai?ciaaieo a?eaaae ? caaii?a A ?acoeueoao? i?aiaee ?
i?eaeaaiiy oaoi?eeno?oeoo?Ianeoaiaoth/? aaeoc? n?enueeiainiiaea?nueeiai
ae?iaieoeoaa ?ineeiieoeoaiAn? aaeoc? ainiiaea?noaaNiaoe?ae?ciaai?
?iaioeIieueiaa n?aici?iaIe?ai? aeaee iaoai?ciaa-ieo ?ia?oIaeia-aea?
eoeueoo?eAea?-o?e aca?iiii-a’ycai? Aeae?eueea
eoeueoo??ineei-ieoeoaiIe?ai? aeaee iaoai?ciaaieo ?ia?ooaoiieia?/-i?
iia?aoe??Naiino?ei?noue o aeeiiai-Iaia’yceiaa A?aenooiyIaiiaeee-Iiaeeeaa
A?aenooiyIaiiaeeeaa *anoeiaaIiaeeeaaA?aenooiyi? iiaiiai oaoiieia?/iiaaai
i?ioeano ae?iaieoeoaai?iaeoeoe?? ?ineeiieoeoaaCae??ieaiiy caie?
Iino?eia A?aenooia ?ioaoe?y A?aenooi? Iaeei ??eA?aenooi?
Aeae?eueea ?ie?aA?aenooian?aici?iIa??iae ooieoe?thaaiiy Iino?eiee
Naciiiee Iino?eieeOei/aniaeeNaciiiee Oei/aniaeeIino?eiee
NaciiieeOei/aniaeeiaoai?ciaaieo
no?oeoo?I?aeii?yaeeoaaiiyCaaaeueiiainiiaea?nueea Oeaoiaa, a?aeae?eeiaa
I?aeainiiaea?nueeaA ? e a a ae i aNaiino?ei?I?aai?caoe?y oaoi?/iiai
Oeaio?ae?ciaaia aioo??oiueiainiiaea?nueea Niaoe?ae?ci-*a?ac
a?eaaaeeAaoiiiiiaianeoaiaoaaiiyaaiaNiiniae cae??ieaiiy ?iaeea?aeoaeueiee
A?oiiaeeEieaeoeaiee?iaeea?aeoaeueieeoaoi?ee caiaoai?caoi?aie

Iaoiaee aeeiiaiiy An? aeaee iioieiaiai iaoiaeo Aaeeeia?oiiaee,
aaooiaee I?eeia?oiiaa aeei?enoaiiy oaoi?eeIioieiai-a?oiiaeeiaoai?ciaaieo
?ia?o
Oi?ioaaiiy ae?iaie/eo caaaeaiue
Ii?ie aeeiiaiiy ?ia?o Caaaeaiiy ii ianyaao ?ia?oCaaaeaiiy ii
ae?iaieoeoao i?iaeoeoe??Ia?eaoeia? a?aeiinei?iaeea?aeoaeueii-iae?eiaa
nenoaia Eieaeoeaiee i?ae?yae Aini?ic?aooiieAeiaiai?e

i?aoe?. Iine?eueee ?ic?aooieia? ii?iaoeae ae?iaie/eo cao?ao ia aeeiiaiiy
iaoai?ciaaieo ?ia?o ? aeei?enoaiiy iaoeiii-o?aeoi?iiai ia?eo a
?ineeiieoeoa? aecia/athoueny i?e ?aoe?iiaeuei?e iiaoaeia? oaoiieia?/iiai
i?ioeano, oi ni?anoaaeaiiy ?o c oaeoe/ieie cao?aoaie aea? iiaeeea?noue
aeyaeoe aeiiii?/i? ?aca?ae a i?aai?caoe?? iaoeiiaeei?enoaiiy.

Ooo iniiaia oaaaa aoea i?eae?eaia aaeineiiaeaiith iaoiaeeee ?ic?iaee
ii?iaoeaii-oaoiieia?/ieo ea?o ia ae?iaieoeoai i?iaeoeoe?? ?ineeiieoeoaa
aeey oiia eiie?aoiiai ainiiaea?noaa. O?aaiaio eiie?aoeciaaieo
oaoiieia?/ieo ea?o c ii?iaoeaaie ae?iaie/eo cao?ao ia aeeiiaiiy
iaoai?ciaaieo ?ia?o ? aeei?enoaiiy IOA a ?ic?aooieo ia 100 aa n.-a.
eoeueoo? i?eaaaeaii a oaae. 2.

Ii?iaoeaii-oaoiieia?/i? ea?oe ? iniiaiei ?iai/ei aeieoiaioii aeey
iaoai?caoi?nueeeo eieaeoea?a, iniaeeai, ye? cae?eniththoue ae?iaieoeoai
?ineeiieoeueei? i?iaeoeoe?? ia i?eioeeiao aini?ic?aooieo ? i?ae?yaeo.
sse ia’?eoeaiee iieaciee aei??o cao?ao o?oaeiaeo ? iaoa??aeueieo
?ano?n?a, ii?iaoeae canoiniaothoueny ye iaeei c aaaiieo e?eoa???a
ioe?iee aoaeoeaiino? ?iaioe iaoeiii-o?aeoi?ieo aa?aaao?a. C ?o
ai?iaaaeaeaiiyi i?aeaiaeeoueny ii?iaoeaia aaca i?ae aeei?enoaiiy
iaoeiii-o?aeoi?iiai ia?eo.

A o?aoueiio ?icae?e? “Iia? ae?iaie/? oi?ie ? a?aeiineie a i?aai?caoe??
aeei?enoaiiy oa ianeoaiaoaaiiy iaoeiii-o?aeoi?iiai ia?eo” i?eaiaeyoueny
iaoeia? ?ic?iaee ii noai?aiith i?aiaeieo iaoai?caoi?nueeeo eieaeoea?a ?
i?ae?icae?e?a na?a?niiai iaoeiiianeoaiaoaaiiy; iaa?oioiaothoueny
aeiiii?/i? aaaeae? ?aaoethaaiiy aca?iia?aeiinei a noa?? aenieoaoaoe??
oaoi?ee.

Ooieoe?iioaaiiy i?aiaeieo iaoai?ciaaieo i?ae?icae?e?a ia?aaeaa/a?
iaea?eueo iiaia aeei?enoaiiy oaoi?/ieo cania?a ia iaoai?ciaaieo
iieueiaeo ?iaioao oa i?e iaaeaii? ?aiiioii-ianeoaiaoth/eo iineoa. Ia
i?aeoeoe? caeaa?eueoiai i?aiaei? a?aeiioaiiy ae?thoue o oi?i?
“i?aiaeiiai i?ae?yaeo” – oea ciaia’ycaiiy i?aiaea?y aeeiioaaoe caaaeaiiy
(?iaioo) c aeei?enoaiiyi iaeiyoeo ae?iaie/eo cania?a.

Aeoeaii ?iciianthaeaeo?oueny aioo??oiueiainiiaea?nueea i?aiaea, yea
ci?ey? ye?ni?e ci?i? aeiiii?/ieo a?aeiinei i?ae ia?aeiieie
iaoai?caoi?nueeeie eieaeoeaaie ? aaei?i?no?aoe??th. Oae? ci?ie
noinothoueny, ianaiia?aae, ?icii?yae/eo i?aa ia caieth ? oaoi?eo.
Caiaeuei? oa?aeaey, iaoeie, ae?iaie/? nii?oaee ia?aaeathoueny ca
aecia/aio ieaoo i?aiaeiiio eieaeoeao aaea ia i?inoi aeey aeei?enoaiiy a
i?ioean? i?aoe?, a ia o?eaaeee no?ie aeey cae?eniaiiy naiino?eii? ae

Oaaeeoey 2

Eiie?aoeciaai? oaoiieia?/i? ea?oe c ii?iaoeaaie ae?iaie/eo cao?ao ia
ae?iuoaaiiy ? cae?aiiy

n?euenueeiainiiaea?nueeeo eoeueoo? /o?aaiaio /

Iaeiaioaaiiy ?ia?o oa

Ianya (o?c.)

NeeaaeI?iaeoeo. aa?aaaoo ca aiae.Iaia- o?aeii aa?a-

Ii?iaoeae cao?ao ia 100 aa iceii? ioaieoe?:iaeeieoe? aei??o ?ia?o
aa?aaaooci?ie aao?a, ethaeae oo//ie.i?aoey, ethae/aiaeiieaoa,
a?eai.iaeeai, eaiioi/iee ?aiiio ? oao.iane., a?eai.eai?oaeue-iee ?aiiio,
a?eai.
Iaaaioaaeaiiy i?i.aeia?ea 71.7 O-25A+IA-0.2
24.0 1/1 6.4 4.7 13.5 1.4 0.4 (o)
IOC-80+IEO-0.8 28.8 1/1 3.1 2.6 17.9 1.2 0.4
YI-2621 33.0 1/1 3.0 2.7
12.0 4.1 –
O?ainii?ooaaiiy i?i.aeia?ea 358.7
O-150E+1ION-9A 47.7 1/1 11.4 8.4 85.2 12.5 3.8 – 8
ei (oei) IOC-80+2ION-4A 29.6 1/1 29.3 16.8 121.1
7.8 2.1 THIC-6E+2ION-4I 27.2 1/1
31.2 17.0 98.6 8.0 2.2
Aianaiiy i?i.aeia?ea,
80.0 O-150E+?OI-8 6.5 1/1 39.4 35.0 120 74.3 18.81-2
oe/aa (aa) IOC-80+1?IA-4 5.1 1/1 75.0
66.4 145 62.5 15.9 THIC-6E+IAO-0.5
3.6 1/2 73.9 61.4 150 69.2 16.1
O-40I+IAO-0.5 3.0 1/2 66.6 57.2 170 73.1 12.5

I?aiea 18-20 ni c eioeoaa- 80.0 O-150E+IEI-5-35 1.1 2/4
90.0 84.5 1300 65.9 30.0iiyi ? ai?iioaaiiyi
O-150+IEI-6-35 1.3 2/4 73.5 69.0 1130 54.4 24.5
(aa) AeO-75I+IEI-4-35 0.9 2/4 111.1 92.3 1170
126.7 61.2
Eoeueoeaaoe?y nooe?eueia, 80.0
O-150E+2EIN-4 4.5 1/2 22.2 18.5 410 21.3 7.48-10 ni
(aa) O-150E-EOI-8-01 5.4 1/2 18.5 15.4 400
19.9 6.2 AeO-75I+EIN-4 2.4 1/2
41.6 30.8 420 52.3 22.9 ? o.ae.

?iaie/i-ainiiaea?nueei? ae?yeueiino?. Iaiao?aei?noue niea/oaaoe i?aiaeio
ieaoo niiioea? i?aiaei? eieaeoeae iaoai?caoi??a aeiaeaaoeny i?aaa aeai?o
cania?a iaoai?caoe?? c a?aooaaiiyi aeiiii?/ii? aeaiaee, a oaeiae i?aaa
a?aenoithaaoe ?ici?? i?aiaeii? ieaoe c a?aooaaiiyi yeino? cania?a
ae?iaieoeoaa. Iaeei c aieiaieo i?eioeei?a i?aiaeieo a?aeiinei –
iiaa?iaiiy i?aiaeo?ieo cania?a ae?iaieoeoaa. I?e?iaei? ?ano?ne
(caiaeuei? oa?aeaey) iiaeii? aooe iiaa?ioo? i?aiaeiaeaaa/o o?eueee a
iaoo?aeuei?e oi?i?; oaoi?ea iiaea aooe iiaa?iooa ye a iaoo?aeuei?e oae ?
o aa?o?ni?e oi?iao.

Iiaeaethaaiiy i?aiaeieo iaoai?ciaaieo i?ae?icae?e?a aoei cae?eniaii ia
aac? n?euenueeiainiiaea?nueeeo i?aei?e?inoa ??cieo ee?iaoe/ieo cii ?
ae?iaie/eo niaoe?ae?caoe?e. Na?aae i?aai?caoe?eieo oiia canoinoaaiiy
i?aiaeiiai i?ae?yaeo aecia/aiiy e?euee?niiai neeaaeo ? ?ici??o
i?ae?icae?eo ? c iaea?eueo aaaeeeaeo. Ii-ia?oa, a?ae ?ici???a i?aiaeiiai
i?ae?icae?eo caeaaeeoue iiaeeea?noue i?aai?caoe?? ?iciiae?eaiiy
aa?aaao?a ii aeaeao ?ia?o ? ?aaeei ?iaioe iaoai?caoi??a. Ii-ae?oaa,
neeaae eieaeoeao a cia/i?e i??? ia?aaeoiiaeth? eiai
nioe?aeueii-ineoieia?/iee i?e?iee?iao.? ii-o?ao?, ui naia aieiaia,
iioei?caoe?y ia?aiao??a i?aiaeiiai i?ae?icae?eo nooo?ai aieeaa? ia
aaee/eio ae?iaie/eo cao?ao, a /a?ac ieo ? ia ??aaiue
aioo??oiueiainiiaea?nueeeo ?ic?aooieiaeo oe?i. ?ic?iaea no?oeoo?e
iaoeiii-o?aeoi?iiai ia?eo, c yeiai oi?io?oueny oaoi?/ia iniauaiiy
i?aiaeiiai i?ae?icae?eo, aaco?oueny ia iioei?caoe?? nenoaie: iin?aia
ieiua – neeaae iaoei – o?oaeiaee eieaeoea ia iniia? e?eoa??y iaeneioio
aeoiaeo aaeiai? i?iaeoeoe?? i?e iaiaaeaiiyo ii aenieoaoaoe?eieo ?
o?oaeiaeo cao?aoao.

A oiiaao nei?i/aiiy ? noa??iiy iaoeiii-o?aeoi?iiai ia?eo ainiiaea?noa c
iaei??? noi?iie ? inai?iiy iiaeo n?euenueeiainiiaea?nueeeo oaoiieia?e ?
a?aeiia?aeii oaoi?ee iiaeo eiino?oeoe?e c ae?oai? noi?iie i?ei??oaoia
iai?aaeaiiy o ae??oaii? oeeo caaea/ iaaea?oueny ni?eueiiio inai?iith
iiaeo iiooaeiinoae oeyoii i?aai?caoe?? iaoeiii-oaoiieia?/ieo noaioe?e
(ION). ?i?oe?aoi?aie noai?aiiy ION aenooiathoue ye o?ce/i? iniae oae ?
aea?aeaai? no?oeoo?e.

I?inoaaeothoueny /ioe?e oeie aai aa??aioe i?aai?caoe?? noai?aiiy
iaoai?aaieo oi?ioaaiue i?ae iacaith iaoeiii-oaoiieia?/i? noaioe??: a)
noai?aiiy ION a ?aieao ie?aiiai eieaeoeaiiai n?euenueeiainiiaea?nueeiai
i?aei?e?inoaa; (eieainiia aai i?eaaoia ION); a) oi?ioaaiiy ION ia aac?
i?aai?caoe?e ia n?euenueeiainiiaea?nueeiai i?ecia/aiiy; a) ION ii
ae?iuoaaiith oa ia?a?iaoe? oeoe?iaeo ao?ye?a, ye? noai?ththoueny i?e
oeoe?iaeo caaiaeao; a) ION, /eaiaie yeeo ? ENI ? ?aeiii? ia’?aeiaiiy
“Aa?ioaona?a?n”.

Iaoeiii-oaoiieia?/i? noaioe?? noai?ththoueny c iaoith iaaeaiiy iineoa
an?i eaoaai??yi n?euenueeiainiiaea?nueeeo oiaa?iae?iaiee?a o nai?/aniiio
? ye?niiio i?iaaaeaii? iaoai?ciaaieo ?ia?o ia aac? i?ia?aneaieo
oaoiieia?e ae?iuoaaiiy oa cae?aiiy n?euenueeiainiiaea?nueeeo eoeueoo?;
aoaeoeaiiai aeei?enoaiiy ? ianeoaiaoaaiiy iaoeiii-o?aeoi?iiai ia?eo;
i?eaeaaiiy, a?aeiiaeaiiy ? i?ieaoo oaoi?ee aeey i?aeaeuaiiy ae?iaieoeoaa
n?euenueeiainiiaea?nueei? i?iaeoeoe?? oa iaea?aeaiiy i?eaooeo a?ae oe???
ae?yeueiino?. A?aeiia?aeii iao? noai?aiiy iaoeiii-oaoiieia?/ieo noaioe?e
i?iiiio?oueny ?? i?aai?caoe?eii-ae?iaie/a no?oeoo?a, yea aeeth/a?
ae?iaie/? neoaeae oa i?ae?icae?ee, ui caaacia/othoue ooieoe?iiaeueio
ae?yeuei?noue ION (?en. 2).

Aecia/aiiy oa iaae?aiiy ianya?a ?ia?o ii ianeoaiaoaaiith ainiiaea?noa
iaoeiii-oaoiieia?/iith noaioe??th a?aeaoaa?oueny ia ia?eaoeiaiaeo
canaaeao. No?oeoo?a iaoeiii-o?aeoi?iiai ia?eo ION iiaeiia oi?ioaaoenue
aeoiaey/e c aeae?a ? ianya?a caiiaeaieo ?ia?o.

I?iaeaia iaaeinoaoiuei? oaoi?/ii? iniauaiino? ? iaei??th c aieiaieo
ia?aoeiae ?icaeoeo oa ae?iaie/i? aoaeoeaiino? iiaeo oi?i i?eaaoiiai
ainiiaea?thaaiiy, cie?aia oa?ia?noaa.

sseui ii??aiyoe iio?aao a ia?eo oaoi?ee eieaeoeaiiai
n?euenueeiainiiaea?nueeiai i?aei?e?ionaa (ENI) ? ciiaeaeueiaaieo ia eiai
aac? ie?aieo oa?ia?nueeeo ainiiaea?noa, oi, iai?eeeaae, a oiiaao
e?ninoaiiai? ciie aeey aaaeaiiy oa?ia?nueeiai ae?iaieoeoaa
ca?eueoo?oueny: e?euee?noue eie?nieo o?aeoi??a eeano ia 49 iae. (a 4.1
?ace), a?oioiia?iaieo iaoei – ia 195 iae. (a 12.4 ?ace), ?iceeaea/?a
aeia?ea – ia 88 iae. (a 15.7 ?ace ), n?aaeie – ia 74 iae. (a 4.5 ?ace),
iaoei ii aeiaeyaeo ca iin?aaie – ia 151 iae. (a 6 ?ac?a),
iaaaioaaeoaa/?a – ia 77 iae. (a 8 ?ac?a) oa ?i.

A iaoai?caoe?? oa?ia?nueeeo ainiiaea?noa ne?ae aeae?eeoe o?e
iniaeeaino?. Ia?oa iniaeea?noue o aeei?enoaii? n?euenueeiainiiaea?nueei?
oaoi?ee iieyaa? a oiio, ui oa?ia?, ia?aaaaeii, aeeiio? an? iaoai?ciaai?
?iaioe iaeiei ? oei aea o?aeoi?ii. A oea cia/eoue, ui eiio iio??aii
cae?enithaaoe ia?aiaeaaeeo aa?aaao?a ii 30-35 oaoiieia?/ieo iia?aoe?yo a
?ic??c? n?euenueeiainiiaea?nueei? eoeueoo?e. Ia i?ioyc? iaeiiai aeiy
oa?ia? ciooaiee ?iaeoe 2-3 ia?aiaeaaeee aa?aaao?a i?e aeeiiaii?
aca?iioa’ycaieo oaoiieia?/ieo iia?aoe?e.

Aeio?eioaaoenue iaiao?aeieo oaoiieia?/ieo aeiia aeeiiaiiy iaoai?ciaaieo
?ia?o ca?aeii iaa?oioiaaieo eaeaiaea?ieo ieai?a ?

a?ao?e?a ciiaeooue oa?ia?e aeniei? iaoai?caoi?nueei? i?ioan?eiino?. Oea
ae?oaa iniaeea?noue a i?aai?caoe?? aeei?enoaiiy oa?ia?nueei? oaoi?ee.
sse iaoai?caoi? oe?ieiai i?io?eth, oa?ia? iiaeiai iaieiae?oe
i?ioan?iiaeueieie iaaeeaie ? ciaiiyie: o?aeoi?enoa-iaoei?noa,
eiiaaeia?a, iaeno?a ii oaoi?/iiio ianeoaiaoaaiith IOI, nethna?y ii
ae?aaiinooaaiith oa ?aiiioo oaoi?ee. A?o/eciyiee oa?ia?, ye oei
n?euenueeiainiiaea?nueeiai ae?iaieea, oi?io?oueny a oiiaao
naiiaeaeeaaiiy, aac i?aai?ciaaii? aeiiiiiae o ae??oaii? i?iaeai
oaoi?/iiai na?a?no, oi?i iaoeiiianeoaiaoaaiiy, eiii’thoa?ecaoe??
iaoeiii-o?aeoi?ieo aa?aaao?a, ia?eaoeiao. A oeueiio o?aoy iniaeea?noue
i?aai?caoe?? iaoeiiaeei?enoaiiy a oa?ia?nueeiio ainiiaea?noa?.

Ae?iaie/? a?aeiineie i?e aeei?enoaii? oa ianeoaiaoaaii?
iaoeiii-o?aeoi?iiai ia?eo iaiao?aeii cae?enithaaoe ia naii?aaoethth/?e
aeiiii?/i?e iniia? oa i?eioeeiao naiio?iainoaaiiy. Oae, a oiiaao
oi?ioaaiiy ?eieiai? aeiiii?ee ae?iaie/? a?aeiineie i?ae iaoai?ciaaieie
i?ae?icae?eaie ? aaei?i?no?aoe??th ENI iiaeii? aacoaaoeny ia ii?aeiaii?
caaaeueiiainiiaea?nueeiai ea??aieoeoaa c ?icaeoeii
ae?iaie/i-ainiiaea?nueei? naiino?eiino? oeeo i?ae?icae?e?a o aeeiiaii?
caaaeaiue ii ae?iaieoeoao i?iaeoeoe?? ?ineeiieoeoaa ? aeei?enoaii?
iaoa??aeueii-oaoi?/ieo ?ano?n?a; noai?aii? iaoai?ciaaiei i?ae?icae?eai
a?aeiinii ??aieo oiia o aeeiiaii? ae?iaie/eo i?ia?ai; ni?eyii?
caoe?eaaeaiino? ENI ? iaoai?ciaaieo i?ae?icae?e?a o ca?eueoaii? ianya?a
ae?iaieoeoaa i?iaeoeoe??, i?aeaeuaii? yeino? oa cieaeaii? ?? aa?oino?.
Ca aeio?eiaiiyi oaoiieia?/ii? aeenoeeie?ie i?e aeeiiaii? iaoai?ciaaieo
?ia?o ? aeei?enoaii? iaoeiii-o?aeoi?iiai ia?eo anoaiiaeth?oueny ae?th/ee
eiio?ieue ia iniia? /aeiai? nenoaie aca?ii?ic?aooie?a i?ae
i?ae?icae?eaie. Iai?eeeaae, ?aiiioia iaenoa?iy ainiiaea?noaa (?en. 3)
iaea?aeo? /aee ca iaaeai? oaoi?/i? iineoae a?ae ?ioeo i?ae?icae?e?a ? a
oie aea /an aiia ?iciea/o?oueny /aeaie ca aeei?enoai? ?ano?ne. Oa’ycaia
nenoaiith aioo??oiueainiiaea?nueeiai ?ic?aooieo oa eieaeoeaiiai
i?ae?yaeo, iaea?eueo iiaii i?iyaey?oueny eieaeoeaia aca?iicaeaaei?noue ?
aca?iicaoe?eaaeai?noue iaoai?caoi??a ? ?aiiioiee?a o aoaeoeaiiio
aeei?enoaii? oaoi?ee, iiaeiaaeaii? i?ae?aiiioieo no?ie?a neoaeae iaoei,
nei?i/aii? cao?ao ia ?o oo?eiaiiy. A iniiaieo ae?iaie/eo i?ae?icae?eao
ainiiaea?noaa i?iaeoeoe?y ia? o?ce/i? iaeeieoe? aei??o, ui iieaaoo?
anoaiiaeaiiy aioo??oiuei?ic?aooieiaeo oe?i. Aeey ianeoaiaoth/eo
i?ae?icae?e?a, a oiio /ene? ?aiiioii? iaenoa?i?, aaaeei cae?enieoe
anoaiiaeaiiy ?ic?aooieiaeo oe?i ia eiaeiee aeae iineoa, oiio ?
aeioe?eueiei anoaiiaeaiiy ?icoe?iie ca 1 aiaeeio ?iaioe

Ae?ia- Aaoi- Ie?aiee Iaoa?.- Iaooi-?aiii-ie/? ia?e: iaoai?-
Ieaiiai- oaoi?/. aaca: oi? oeaoe: ?aiiio ciaaiee o?iainiaa
neeaae : iaee- eaiee ?aiiio aaoi- caa?i: neoaeaa ENI: cai./a- ai,
iaoa-? OI -iia?- ?aiiio ia?aooaaiiy,noeie, ianoe-i?ca-iaoei, e?a ?
OI iae?e oa ?aiiio- euei? oi??a:aeaio. niaoe?- nienaiiy
e?- i? ia- iaoa- ca?i- iaeaae. aeueii? i?o?a ae?ia- oa??aee
??aee eaoa ? i?e- oaoi?ee ie/eo cao?ao ?ino?oi
no?i?a e?anea

?en.3. Noaia ooieoe?thaaiiy /aeiai? nenoaie ?ic?aooie?a ? eiio?ieth

ii ?aiiioii-oaoi?/i?e iaenoa?i? ainiiaea?noaa

iaenoa?i? aai ca 1 aiaeeio aeei?enoaiiy ?? i?ei?uaiiy. Aeoiaey/e c
aeina?aeo i?aeoe/ii? ?iaioe ? ae?th/eo ii?iaoea?a, aecia/athoueny
/enaeuei?noue i?aoe?aiee?a ?aiiioii? iaenoa?i? ? o?oaeii?noe?noue
aeeiiaiiy ??/ieo ianya?a ?aiiioieo ?ia?o; ?ic?aoiao?oueny eiooi?en
cao?ao ia ?aiiio ? ianeoaiaoaaiiy oaoi?ee, ui cae?eniththoueny a
iaenoa?i?. ?ic?aooieiaa oe?ia 1 aiaeeie ei?enooaaiiy ?aiiioiith
iaenoa?iath aecia/a?oueny oeyoii ae?eaiiy noie an?o ??/ieo cao?ao, ui
ieaiothoueny ii iaenoa?i? ia ??/io o?oaeii?noe?noue
?aiiioii-ianeoaiaoth/eo ?ia?o. Noaia oi?ioaaiiy ?icoe?iee ? i?eaooeo
?aiiioii? iaenoa?i? ainiiaea?noaa i?eaaaeaia ia ?en. 4.

A /aoaa?oiio ?icae?e? “I?aai?caoe?eii-aeiiii?/i? ?aca?ae a aenieoaoaoe??
iaoeiii-o?aeoi?iiai ia?eo” cae?enith?oueny iaoeiai-ae?iaie/ee iiooe
aaeineiiaeaiiy oi?i aeei?enoaiiy oaoi?ee ? iaoai?caoi??a, i?aeaeuaiiy
yeino? ?o ?iaioe; ?aeiiaiaeothoueny oeyoe aeiiii?? iaeeaa a
ainiiaea?noaao.

Aeey aecia/aiiy iioeiaeueieo ?ici???a iaoai?ciaaieo i?ae?icae?e?a
iaea?eueo i?eeiyoei ? iiiia?ao?/iee iaoiae aea/aiiy neeaaeo ? aeina?aeo
?iaioe ia?aaeiaeo eieaeoea?a. sse i?aaeei, ia?aaeia? iaoai?caoi?nuee?
eieaeoeae a?aeia?aaeathoue iaeaeeae/? ia?niaeoeae ?icaeoeo
iaoeiiaeei?enoaiiy ? oiio ?o oi?ie ? iaoiaee iiaeooue neoaeeoe
i?eeeaaeii aeey a?eueoino? ainiiaea?noa, ye? ?icoaoiaai? a iiae?aieo
i?e?iaeiuei-ae?iaie/eo oiiaao. Ia iniia? ocaaaeueiaieo aeaieo aecia/ai?
ne?aeoth/? aeioe?euei? ?ici??e aini?ic?aooieiaeo iaoai?ciaaieo a?eaaae a
?ineeiieoeoa?: aeey iie?nueei? ciie 10-14 iaoai?caoi??a ia 1000-1200 aa
??ee? (1-2 iaoai?ciaai? a?eaaaee ia ainiiaea?noai); aeey e?ninoaiiai?
ciie 15-17 iaoai?caoi??a ia 1400-1800 aa ??ee? (2-3 iaoai?ciaai?
a?eaaaee ia ainiiaea?noai); aeey noaiiai? ciie 15-18 iaoai?caoi??a ia
1900-2200 aa ??ee? ? 20-23 iaoai?caoi?a ia 1400-1500 aa c?ioaieo caiaeue
(3-5 iaoai?ciaaieo a?eaaae ia ainiiaea?noai).

Aaaeeea?oo ?ieue o aaeineiiaeaii? i?aai?caoe?? eieaeoeaieo oi?i
aeei?enoaiiy oaoi?ee a?ae?a?a? iiaeeaeaia niaoe?ae?caoe?y
aioo??oiueia?eaaaeii? i?aai?caoe?? i?aoe? ii oaoiieia?/iiio i?eioeeio
ae?iuoaaiiy n?euenueeiainiiaea?nueeeo eoeueoo? (i?aeaioiaea a?oioo,
iin?a, aeiaeyae ca ?ineeiaie, cae?aiiy a?iaeath ? o.ae.).

Aeieeea iaiao?aei?noue o oi?ioaaii? a neeaae? iino?eieo iaoai?ciaaieo
a?eaaae iaioeo iaoai?ciaaieo i?ae?icae?e?a – oei/aniaeo oaoiieia?/ieo
eaiie. Eaieiaa i?aai?caoe?y i?aoe? aeicaiey? iaea?eueo ?aoe?iiaeueia
aeei?enoaiiy oaoiieia?/ieo a?oi iaoei a iaoai?ciaai?e

?en.4 Noaia oi?ioaaiiy i?eaooeo ?aiiioii-oaoi?/ii? iaenoa?i?

ainiiaea?noaa a oiiaao aini?ic?aooieo ? eieaeoeaiiai i?ae?yaeo

a?eaaae? i?e aeeiiaii? eiiieaeno ?ia?o, iniaeeai, a iaea?eueo iai?oaeai?
ia??iaee. Aeey aeeiiaiiy iioieiai-eiiieaenieo ?ia?o aaniyiiai ia??iaeo a
neeaae? iino?eii? iaoai?ciaaii? a?eaaaee oi?iothoueny oaoiieia?/i?
eaiee, ye? c ianeoaiaoth/eie ?o a?oiaie neeaaeathoue aaniyii-iin?aiee
eiiieaen ainiiaea?noaa. Aaniyii-iin?aiee eiiieaen ooieoe?iio? a ?aieao
iino?eii? iaoai?ciaaii? a?eaaaee ? noai?th?oueny c oei/aniaeo eaiie: N1
– ii aianaiith i?ia?aeueieo aeia?ea ? i?aeaeeaeaiith iceieo oa
aaaaoi??/ieo o?aa; N2 – ii i?aeaioiaoe? ian?iiy oa aianaiith
ianoeoeeae?a; N3 – ii cae?eooth aieiae oa i?aeaioiaoe? a?oioo aei n?aae
n?euenueeiainiiaea?nueeeo eoeueoo?; N4 – ii n?aa?
n?euenueeiainiiaea?nueeeo eoeueoo?. Ia ia??iae cae?aiiy ca?iiaeo
eoeueoo? iino?eia iaoai?ciaaia a?eaaaea o?ainoi?io?oueny a oei/ania?
eaiee oaoiieia?/iiai i?ecia/aiiy: N1 – ii i?aeaioiaoe? iie?a aei
cae?aiiy ca?iiaeo eoeueoo?; N2-4 a eiiaaeiiai-o?ainii?oi? oa aeaoeia?
eaiee (a aeayeeo ainiiaea?noaao aiie iiaeooue aooe ie?aieie); N5 – ii
cae?aiith iaca?iiai? /anoeie a?iaeath.

Ia an?o aoaiao ?icaeoeo n?euenueeiai ainiiaea?noaa a?aeaoaa?oueny
aeoeaiee iaoeiai-ae?iaie/ee iiooe ?aoe?iiaeueieo oi?i ii?aeiaiiy oaoi?ee
? iaoai?caoi??a, uia caaacia/eoe iaea?eueo iiaia aeei?enoaiiy iaio
/eiiee?a aeey i?aeaeuaiiy i?iaeoeoeaiino? i?aoe? ? ca?eueoaiiy
ae?iaieoeoaa n?euenueeiainiiaea?nueei? i?iaeoeoe??. Oiiae ?aoi?ioaaiiy
n?euenueeiainiiaea?nueeiai ae?iaieoeoaa iaa?aeeeaaeii iio?aaothoue
oi?ioaaiiy iaoai?caoi?a iiai? oi?iaoe??, yeee ai?? i?aoethaaoe ia
o?ueio-/ioe?ueio oeiao aia?aiiaoei, aieiae?? aeaiia-o?ueiia noi?aeieie
i?ioan?yie, aeineiiaei cia? aa?ioaoi?eo ? oaoiieia?th ae?iaieoeoaa
?ineeiieoeueei? i?iaeoeoe??.

Ca inoaii? aeaaaeoeyoue i’youe ?ie?a ( 1971-1995 ??.) ui??/ia
i?aeaioiaea iaoai?caoi??a nei?i/oaaeanue ia 60 oen. /ie. sseui aei 1980
?ieo i?aeaioiaea iaoai?caoi??a ia?aaeuoaaea ia 5-7% ?o a?aeieea, oi
ii/eiath/e c 1981 ?ieo eiioeiaaio i?aeaioiaeaieo iaoai?caoi??a aaea ia
ia?ae?eaaa ?o ieeii?noue c ainiiaea?noa. A n?euenueeiio ainiiaea?noa?,
ye ? a ?ioeo noa?ao ae?iaieoeoaa, ae?? caeii ci?ie i?aoe? – caeii
ooieoe?iioaaiiy ?iai/i? neee a oiiaao oaoi?/iiai ?icaeoeo. Caeii ci?ie
i?aoe? ae?aaea? ia’?eoeaio iaiao?aei?noue a oiiaao iaoeiiiai
ae?iaieoeoaa ?icaeoeo o?ce/ieo ? ?icoiiaeo cae?aiinoae i?aoe?aieea, aac
/iai ia iiaeeeaa ii?aeiaiiy eiai c neeaaeieie iaoai?ciaaieie
cia?yaeaeyie i?aoe?. I?e aeeiiaiiy ?aiiioiiianeoaiaoth/eo ?ia?o ia
iaoeiiiio aeai?? ainiiaea?noaa iaoai?caoi? caae?yiee ia 11-oe aeaeao
?ia?o. A o?aeoi?eno?a-iaoei?no?a, ye? iaieiae?ee noi?aeieie i?ioan?yie
?aiiioiee?a, ??/ia caeiyo?noue ca?eueoo?oueny ia 150-250 aiaeei, aai ia
10-15%.

I?aai?caoe?y i?aoe? caeeoa?oueny iiee-ui neaaeith eaieith
n?euenueeiainiiaea?nueeiai ae?iaieoeoaa. C iiceoe?? ie?aiiai
iaoai?caoi?a a iniia? iaaeineiiaei? i?aai?caoe?? i?aoe? eaaeeoue
ia?aoe?iiaeueia aeei?enoaiiy eiai ??/iiai, i?ny/iiai, oeaeiaaiai ?
aeaiiiai oiiae?a ?iai/iai /ano. Oae, c iieaciee?a oaae. 3 aeaeii, ui
oaeoe/ia o?eaae?noue ?iai/i? ci?ie ia 1.64 aiaeeie ia?aaeoeea
ii?iaoeaio, a /enoee ?iai/ee /an iaoai?caoi?a neeaaeaa eeoa 38.0%. A
iaoiio

Oaaeeoey 3

Ii??aiyeueiee aaeain o?oaeicao?ao ?iai/i? ci?ie iaoai?caoi?a ia iin?a?
eoeo?oaece

I i e a c i e e eIaoeiai-iaa?oioiaai? o?oaeicao?aoe ca ?iai/o
ci?ioOaeoe/i? o?oaeicao?aoe ca ?iai/o ci?ioa aiaeeiaoa %a aiaeeiaoa
%*enoee ?iai/ee /an 4.77 59.6 3.66
38.0I?aeaioia/i-caeeth/ia ?iaioa 0.50 6.3 1.23
12.8Aeiiii?aeia ?iaioa: 2.07 25.9 3.06 31.8
iiai?ioe ? ca?caee 0.24 3.0 0.70 7.3
caaaioaaeaiiy ian?iiy 1.80 22.5 1.91 19.8 a n?aaeeo
ia?a?caee ia o/anoee
0.03 0.4 0.45 4.7 i?ae /an ci?ie
Aeiaeaoeiaa ?iaioa: 0.39 4.8 0.53 5.5
i/euaiiy ?iai/eo i?aa- i?a
n?aaeie 0.17 2.1 0.28 2.9 ia?aa??ea yeino?
?iai- oe ? ?aaoethaaiiy ?iai/eo
i?aai?a 0.22 2.7 0.25
2.6Coieiee ii o?c?ieia?/ieo iio?aaao 0.27 3.4 0.42 4.3I?inoi?
aa?aaao?a – – 0.74 7.6?aaeaiaioiaaia
o?eaae?noue ?iai/i? 8.00 100 9.64 100ci?ie

i?eeeaae? i?e ?aoe?iiaeueiiio aaeain? ?iai/i? ci?ie a iaaeao
iaa?oioiaaieo ii?i /enoee ?iai/ee /an iaoai?caoi?a ca?eueoeany aei 4.77
aiaeei (59.6%).

Aenieii?iaeoeoeaia ?iaioa iaoeiii-o?aeoi?iiai ia?eo iiaeeeaa o?eueee i?e
caaeia?eueiiio caaacia/aii? eiai iaooii?iaeoeoaie. Caaacia/aiiy
iaoeiii-o?aeoi?iiai ia?eo iaeeaii – o?eaaeee oaoiieia?/iee i?ioean, ui
neeaaea?oueny c aca?iioa’ycaieo aoai?a: ia?aaacaiiy iaeeaa ia neeaae ?
aei i?noeue ?iaioe aa?aaao?a, caa??aaiiy ae?iaie/eo caian?a, cai?aaeaiiy
aia?aiiaoei, eiio?ieueii-iae?eia? iia?aoe??. Aiae?c ?iciiae?eo ?
aeei?enoaiiy iaeeaa ii aioo??oiueiainiiaea?nueeeo aaeocyo na?ae/eoue, ui
iaea?eueoei eiai niiaeeaa/ai ? ?ineeiieoeoai. A oeiiaeo ainiiaea?noaao
iniiaieo i?e?iaeiuei-ae?iaie/eo cii ieoiia aaaa aeo?aoe iaeeaa ii
?ineeiieoeoao noaiiaeoue: a iie?nueeiio – 60.5%, a e?ninoaiiaiio – 52% ?
a noaiiaiio – 73.5%. Ia ae?oaiio i?noe? ii aeei?enoaiith iaeeaa noi?oue
oaa?eiieoeoai. Oe? aea? i?ia?aei? aaeoc? caae?athoue a ainiiaea?noaao
a?ae 82% aei 93% iaooii?iaeoeo?a. Ia i?eaaoi? naeyinuee? (oa?ia?nuee?)
ainiiaea?noaa i?eiaaea? 2-8% iaeeaa.

Iaeiei c iaea?eueo ia?niaeoeaieo iai?aaeaiue cieaeaiiy aia?aicao?ao ?
caa?aaeaiiy ?iaeth/ino? a?oioo ? canoinoaaiiy ia ae?iuoaaii? ie?aieo
n?euenueeiainiiaea?nueeeo eoeueoo? aca?iioa’ycaieo ii ae?iaie/eo
ia?aiao?ao oaoiieia?/ieo eiiieaen?a iaoei. I?e canoinoaaii? ia
ae?iuoaaii? oeoe?iaeo ao?ye?a 12-oe ?yaeiiai ao?ye?aie/iai eiiieaeno
iaoei ia aac? ?ioaa?aeueiiai o?aeoi?a EOC-155 aeo?aoa iaeeaa noaiiaeea
97.3 ea/aa i?ioe 140 ea/aa i?e aeei?enoaii? na??eieo neeaae?a aa?aaao?a.
Ia ae?iuoaaii? ca?iiai? eoeo?oaece canoinoaaiiy 12-oe ?yaeiiai
oaoiieia?/iiai eiiieaeno iaoei ia aac? o?aeoi?a OOC-120 aeicaieeei
cieceoe ??aaiue aeo?aoe iaeeaa c 186 ea/aa aei 125 ea/aa aai ia 33%.

Ieaioaaiiy iio?aae iaeeaa a ainiiaea?noaao aaaeaoueny ia iecueeiio
??ai?. Oae, a oaoiieia?/ieo ea?oao ia ae?iuoaaiiy
n?euenueeiainiiaea?nueeeo eoeueoo?, ye i?aaeei, caeeaaeaii ii aeaeao
?ia?o eeoa iaeei neeaae aa?aaao?a, a ?o aeeiiaiiy /anoi cae?enith?oueny
?ioeie, a ?acoeueoao? oaoiieia?/i? ?ic?aooiee ae?iaie/eo aeo?ao
iaooii?iaeoeo?a iathoue cia/ia ?icoiaeaeaiiy c oaeoe/ieie. ?ic?iaeai?
iaoiaee/i? iieiaeaiiy ii aecia/aiith iio?aae ainiiaea?noaa a iaeea? a
?ic??c? ae?iaie/eo aaeocae ? ia??iae?a i?iaaaeaiiy iaoai?ciaaieo ?ia?o c
o?aooaaiiyi iii?aai/ieo eiao?oe??io?a ia no?ie neoaeae
iaoeiii-o?aeoi?iiai ia?eo.

A E N I I A E E

1. Iaeiei c aieiaieo /eiiee?a i?aeaeuaiiy aoaeoeaiino? aeei?enoaiiy
n?euenueeiainiiaea?nueei? oaoi?ee ? iioei?caoe?y no?oeoo?e
iaoeiii-o?aeoi?iiai ia?eo. Aiia a?oioo?oueny ia ae?aooaaii? i?ieaoieo
ioe?iie iaoeiii-o?aeoi?ieo aa?aaao?a (IOA) ii aeaeao aenieoaoaoe?eieo
cao?ao. Aeiiii?/ia ii??aiyiiy i?ieaoieo ioe?iie eiieo?oth/eo IOA
aeicaieeei aecia/eoe iaea?eueo iioeiaeuei? ?o neeaaee ? ?ic?iaeoe
eaeaiaea?i? a?ao?ee ?ano?nicaa??aath/iai canoinoaaiiy
iaoeiii-o?aeoi?iiai ia?eo a caiea?ianoa?. sse?nio iio?aao a
iaoeiii-o?aeoi?iiio ia?eo iaiao?aeii aecia/aoe ia?niaeoeaieie
oaoiieia?yie ae?iaieoeoaa i?iaeoeoe?? ?ineeiieoeoaa, a e?euee?nio –
iioeiaeueieie no?ieaie aeeiiaiiy iaoai?ciaaieo ?ia?o.

2. ??aaiue canoinoaaiiy iaoeiii-o?aeoi?iiai ia?eo ?aaoeth?oueny
nenoaiith iia?aoeaiiai oi?aae?iiy, ui ii nai?e i?e?iae? ? ?ioi?iaoe?eiei
i?ioeanii. ?ic?iaeai? ? ai?iaaaeaeai? ?ioi?iaoe?ei? no?oeoo?e
iia?aoeaiiai oi?aae?iiy iaoeiii-o?aeoi?iei ia?eii i?noyoue:
eiie?aoeciaai? oaoiieia?/i? ea?oe ia ae?iaieoeoai i?iaeoeoe??
?ineeiieoeoaa c ii?iaoeaaie ae?iaie/eo cao?ao; ??/iee eaeaiaea?iee ieai
?ano?nicaa??aath/iai aeeiiaiiy iaoai?ciaaieo ?ia?o ? aeei?enoaiiy
iaoeiii-o?aeoi?iiai ia?eo a caiea?ianoa?; ?ic?aooiie iioeiaeueii?
iio?aae a oaoi?/ieo caniaao c o?aooaaiiyi ?o naciiiiai caaaioaaeaiiy.

Iniiaia iaoa ?ioi?iaoe?eii? aace – aeiiii?/ia ioe?iea oa aea??
iioeiaeueieo neeaae?a IOA ii i?eeiyoieo aeo?aoao ia aeeiiaiiy
iaoai?ciaaieo ?ia?o; caaacia/aiiy iio??aiiai ??aiy ?ioi?iiaaiino?
ea??aiee?a ? niaoe?ae?no?a ainiiaea?noaa i?i noai aeeiiaiiy oa ?aca?aao
i?enei?aiiy ?ia?o a caiea?ianoa?.

?ioi?iaoe?ei? no?oeoo?e iia?aoeaiiai oi?aae?iiy iaoeiii-o?aeoi?iei
ia?eii ni?iaeoiaai? ia i?ia?aiia ae?iaieoeoai i?iaeoeoe?? ?ineeiieoeoaa.

3. Iaeii?iaeoeoeaia aeei?enoaiiy iaoeiii-o?aeoi?iiai ia?eo ainiiaea?noa,
a cia/i?e i??? coiiaeaia ia?aoe?iiaeueiei ni?aa?aeiioaiiyi o?aeoi??a ?
?iai/eo iaoei. A no/anieo oiiaao aei?noeiai ?ano?nicaa?aaeaiiy
caaacia/aiiy o?aeoi??a ?iai/eie iaoeiaie aeioe?eueii aecia/eoe ia
ni?aa?aeiioaiiyi ?o aa?oino?, a /a?ac iieaciee ni?aa?aeiioaiiy
e?eueeino? aeae?a ?iai/eo iaoei, ye? iiaeooue aa?aaaooaaoeny c
o?aeoi?aie eiaeiiai eeano iiooaeiino?.

4. Aeei?enoaiiy iaoeiii-o?aeoi?iiai ia?eo cae?enith?oueny /a?ac eiai
i?aai?caoe?ei? oi?ie. Ia?aaaaeia a?eueo?noue eieaeoeaieo
n?euenueeiainiiaea?nueeeo i?aei?e?inoa a ia?niaeoea? caa??aathoueny ye
i?aai?caoe?ei? oi?ie aioo??oiueiainiiaea?nueei? nenoaie ??cieo
aca?iioa’ycaieo i?ae?icae?e?a ii iaoeiiaeei?enoaiith iino?eiiai ?
oei/aniaiai oa?aeoa?o. I?iaiicothoue ne?aeoth/? iniia? i?eioeeie
?icaeoeo i?aai?caoe?eieo oi?i aeei?enoaiiy cania?a iaoai?caoe?? ?
iaoiae?a aeeiiaiiy iaoai?ciaaieo ?ia?o: eieaeoeaia iniiaa aeei?enoaiiy
iaoeiii-o?aeoi?iiai ia?eo; oi?ioaaiiy iia?eueieo iaoai?ciaaieo
i?ae?icae?e?a c iaoai?caoi??a-oaoiieia?a oe?ieiai i?io?eth; iaiaaeaiiy
?ici???a iia?eueieo i?ae?icae?e?a ianyaaie iaoai?ciaaieo ?ia?o; oiiae
aeeiiaiiy ae?iaie/eo caaaeaiue iia?eueieie iaoai?ciaaieie i?ae?icae?eaie
aecia/athoueny ia?eaoeiaii ? aeiaia??ieie a?aeiineiaie; i?iaaaeaiiy
iaoai?ciaaieo ?ia?o cae?enith?oueny iioieiai-eiiieaeniei iaoiaeii, a ia
cae?aii? a?iaeath – aaooiaei iaoiaeii c a?oiiaei aeei?enoaiiyi IOA.

5. Caaacia/aiiy ?iaioicaeaoiino? iaoeiii-o?aeoi?iiai ia?eo ? ae?iaie/ith
ooieoe??th ?iaeaia?ii? neoaeae. No?oeoo?ia iiea ?iaeaia?ii? neoaeae –
oea noa?a ae?yeueiino? ?iaeaia?ii-oaoi?/ieo niaoe?ae?no?a. Oi?aae?inuee?
?iaioe ii ?iaeaia?ii-oaoi?/iiio ea??aieoeoao ua ia iathoue /?oeiai
cae??ieaiiy ca eiaeiei niaoe?ae?noii ?iaeaia?ii? neoaeae, ui ia
i?aeoeoe? i?eaiaeeoue aei “ci?uaiiy” ooieoe?e, ia?aeaeueiino? ?
aeoaethaaiiy a ?iaio?. Iaiao?aeiith oiiaith iie?ioaiiy iaoiae?a ? oi?i
i?aai?caoe?? i?aoe? ?iaeaia?ii-oaoi?/ieo niaoe?ae?no?a ? aaeineiiaeaiiy
oaoiieia?? i?ioeano ?iaeaia?ii-oaoi?/iiai oi?aae?iiy oa ianeoaiaoaaiiy
ae?iaieoeoaa. A?i neeaaea?oueny c ie?aieo oaoiieia?/ieo oac, ye?
aeeiiothoueny a ne?aeoth/?e iine?aeiaiino?: i?iaiicoaaiiy oa ieaioaaiiy
?ia?o, i?eeiyooy ??oaiue, aeaea/a oa ?aae?caoe?y ?icii?yaeaeaiue,
eiio?ieue aeeiiaiiy caaaeaiue, aiae?c oa neioac ?acoeueoao?a.

6. I?ioean aeei?enoaiiy iaoeiii-o?aeoi?iiai ia?eo oa?aeoa?eco?oueny
ae?iaie/eie cao?aoaie ia aeeiiaiiy iaoai?ciaaieo ?ia?o ii iniiaieo
aeaiaioao ?o aa?oino?. ?ic?aooieia? ii?iaoeae ae?iaie/eo cao?ao ia
aeeiiaiiy iaoai?ciaaieo ?ia?o ? aeei?enoaiiy iaoeiii-o?aeoi?iiai ia?eo a
?ineeiieoeoa? aecia/athoueny i?e ?aoe?iiaeuei?e iiaoaeia? oaoiieia?/iiai
i?ioeano ? i?e ni?anoaaeaii? ?o c oaeoe/ieie cao?aoaie iai?aaeai? ia
aeyaeaiiy aeiiii?/ieo ?aca?a?a a i?aai?caoe?? iaoeiiaeei?enoaiiy.

Iieacieee ii?iaoeaieo cao?ao ?ic?iaeythoueny ia iniia? oaoiieia?/ieo
ea?o ii ae?iaieoeoao i?iaeoeoe?? ?ineeiieoeoaa ia 100 aa
n?euenueeiainiiaea?nueeeo eoeueoo? a ?ic??c? oaoiieia?/ieo iia?aoe?e ?
neeaae?a IOA, yeeie oe? iia?aoe?? aeeiiothoueny.

7. A nenoai? caoiae?a ii ye?niiio iiiaeaii? ae?iaie/eo a?aeiinei a
n?euenueeiio ainiiaea?noa? aaaiia cia/aiiy iaaoaa? i?aiaea, ye
i?ia?aneaia oi?ia o aeei?enoaii? iniiaieo cania?a ae?iaieoeoaa. Noiniaii
aei iaoeiiaeei?enoaiiy i?aiaea ?icaeaa?oueny o aeaeyae? ??ciia?/ieo
a?aeiinei: i?aiaea iiai? ? aoaoi? o aeei?enoaii? oaoi?ee ia iiaiee no?ie
neoaeae iaoei; i?aiaea oaoi?ee ia iaiiaiee no?ie neoaeae;
ei?ioeino?ieiaa i?aiaea; i?aiaea a noeoiiino? c oaoi?/iei na?a?nii ? aac
iueiai; i?aiaea iaoei c ae?iaie/eie i?ei?uaiiyie.
Aioo??oiueiainiiaea?nueea i?aiaea oaoi?ee a /enoiio aeaeyae? iaeaea ia
i?aeoeeo?oueny, a cae?enith?oueny o aeaeyae? i?aiaeiiai i?ae?yaeo, yeee
caaeiaieueiy? aeiiaai ii aeei?enoaiith oaoi?/ieo cania?a aeey
ae?iaieoeoaa i?iaeoeoe?? ?ineeiieoeoaa ye i?aiaeiaeaaa/a (ENI) oae ?
i?aiaea??a (iaoai?caoi?nuee? eieaeoeae).

Ia?aiao?e i?aiaeiiai i?ae?icae?eo nooo?ai aieeaathoue ia aaee/eio
ae?iaie/eo cao?ao, a /a?ac ieo ia ??aaiue aioo??oiueiainiiaea?nueeeo
?ic?aooieiaeo oe?i. Oaoi?/ia iniauaiiy i?aiaeieo eieaeoea?a iiaeiii
aacoaaoenue ia iioei?caoe?? nenoaie: iin?aia ieiua – neeaae iaoei –
/enaeuei?noue eieaeoeao ia iniia? e?eoa???a iaeneioio aeoiaeo aaeiai?
i?iaeoeoe?? i?e iaiaaeaieo ae?iaie/eo cao?aoao.

8. A oiiaao noaiiaeaiiy ?eieiai? aeiiii?ee iiaith oi?iith na?a?niiai
iaoeiiianeoaiaoaaiiy n?euenueeiainiiaea?nueeeo oiaa?iae?iaiee?a ?
?aeiii? iaoeiii-oaoiieia?/i? noaioe?? (ION). ION iaiao?aeii noai?thaaoe
a?aee?eoeie aeoe?iia?ii-iaeiaeie oiaa?enoaaie a neeaae? ENI, o?ce/ieo
in?a, ?aeiiieo neoaea aa?ioaona?a?no aeey iaaeaiiy ne?aeoth/eo
iaoeiiiineoa: aeeiiaiiy iaoai?ciaaieo ?ia?o; i?aiaee, i?ieaoo IOA; ii
?aiiioo ? oaoi?/iiio ianeoaiaoaaiith cania?a iaoai?caoe??. ION ne?ae
eiiieaeooaaoe aenieii?iaeoeoeaieie ? oaoi?/ii iaae?eieie iaoeiaie
a?o/eciyiiai oa ca?oa?aeiiai ae?iaieoeoaa, aeoiaey/e c aeae?a ? ianya?a
caiiaeaieo ?ia?o; oa?eoi? ?icoe?iee ca iaoeiiiineoae iiaeii? aooe ieae/?
na?aaeiuei?aeiiiiai ??aiy aa?oino? aeeiiaiiy iaoai?ciaaieo ?ia?o ENI.

9. I?iaeaia iaaeinoaoiueiai oaoi?/iiai caaacia/aiiy ? iaei??th c
aieiaieo ia?aoeiae aoaeoeaiiai ai?iaaaeaeaiiy iiaeo oi?i i?eaaoiiai
ainiiaea?thaaiiy, cie?aia oa?ia?noaa.

I?e iaa?oiooaaii? oaoi?/ii? iniauaiino? a?o/eciyieo oa?ia?nueeeo
ainiiaea?noa iio??aii aeoiaeeoe c noai?aiiai iaoeiii-o?aeoi?iiai ia?eo
aeey eieaeoeaiiai ae?iaieoeoaa. Ianaiia?aae, oa?ia?nueeei aeiiaai
a?aeiia?aeathoue aia?aiiaoeie oi?aa?naeueiiai i?ecia/aiiy, i?eaeaoi?
aeey aeei?enoaiiy ia ii??aiyii iaaaeeeeo (aei 100 aa) caiaeueieo
oa?aeaeyo. Oaeeie aia?aiiaoeiaie ? oi?aa?naeuei? eie?ni? o?aeoi?e
eean?a: 2on; 1.4on; 0.9on ? 0.6on. A no/anieo oiiaao inianoeoe an?
oa?ia?nuee? ainiiaea?noaa iaiao?aeiith nenoaiith iaoei aeey ae?iaieoeoaa
i?iaeoeoe?? ?ineeiieoeoaa iaiiaeeeai. Oey caaea/a iiaea aooe ae??oaia
oeyoii ni?eueiiai iaoeiieiiia?oaaiiy oa?ia??a aai ?o na?a?niiai
iaoeiiianeoaiaoaaiiy. I?ioa, aeoiaey/e c aeineoue aeniei? (a?ae 100
aiaeei) naciiii? caaaioaaeaiino? ie?aieo iaoei, a eiaeiiio oa?ia?nueeiio
ainiiaea?noa? iaiao?aeii aei o?aeoi?a iaoe i?e/?i, iaaaioaaeoaa/,
a?oioiia?iaiee aa?aaao, eina?eo.

10. A ?eieiaeo oiiaao ae?iaie/a ae?yeuei?noue iaoai?ciaaieo ? oaoi?/ieo
i?ae?icae?e?a ainiiaea?noaa iiaeiia cae?enithaaoenue ia i?eioeeiao
naiio?iainoaaiiy. Ia a?aei?io a?ae iaoai?ciaaieo i?ae?icae?e?a, ye?
aaciina?aaeiuei ae?iaeythoue n?euenueeiainiiaea?nueeo i?iaeoeoe?th a
o?ce/ieo iaeeieoeyo, oaoi?/i? i?ae?icae?ee ? ianeoaiaoth/eie, a ?o
i?iaeoeoe?y – iineoae, ui ia iathoue eiie?aoiiai o?ce/iiai aei??o. Oea
noai?th? o?oaeiiu? o aecia/aii? ?ic?aooieiaeo oe?i ca eiaeiee aeae
iineoa. Oiio aeey i?ae?icae?e?a oaoi?/iiai i?ecia/aiiy: ?aiiioii?
iaenoa?i?, iaoeiiiai aeai?o, NIOI ? ?i. aeioe?eueii anoaiiaethaaoe
?ic?aooieia? oe?ie ca 1 aiaeeio ?o ?iaioe aai ca 1 aiaeeio aeei?enoaiiy
?o ae?iaie/eo iiooaeiinoae (ia caeaaeii a?ae aeaeo iineoa). I?e
aioo??oiueiainiiaea?nueeiio ?ic?aooieo c eoi?aeath-i?iaeaaeath
i?iaeoeoe?? ? iineoa a ainiiaea?noa? ae?thoue oiaa?ii-a?ioia?
a?aeiineie. Eiaeiee aini?ic?aooieiaee i?ae?icae?e noa? iainiaeaiei
ae?iaieeii nai?? e?ioeaai? i?iaeoeoe?? (iineoa) ? oeae i?eioeei iiaeiai
?iciianthaeeoenue ia an? aioo??oiueiainiiaea?nuee? i?ae?icae?ee, ?iaeoa
?eieiaee iaoai?ci a ainiiaea?noa? ia cai?aoeth?. Aoaeoeaiei aeiiii?/iei
iaoai?ciii ?aaoethaaiiy ae?iaie/eo a?aeiinei i?e aeei?enoaii? oa
ianeoaiaoaaii? iaoeiii-o?aeoi?iiai ia?eo ? /aeiaa nenoaia ?aae?caoe??
aioo??oiueiainiiaea?nueeeo aca?ii?ic?aooie?a i?ae i?ae?icae?eaie.
Ieaoaaeiini?iiiaei?noue ia?ao /ae?a aa?aioo?oueny e?i?oiei oiiaeii
eioo?a eiaeiiai i?ae?icae?eo.

11. O aaeineiiaeaii? eieaeoeaieo oi?i aeei?enoaiiy
n?euenueeiainiiaea?nueei? oaoi?ee ae??oaeueia cia/aiiy a?ae?a?a?
iiaeeaeaia niaoe?ae?caoe?y aioo??oiueia?eaaaeii? i?aai?caoe?? i?aoe? ca
oaoiieia?/iei i?eioeeiii aeeiiaiiy iaoai?ciaaieo ?ia?o ii ae?iaieoeoao
i?iaeoeoe?? ?ineeiieoeoaa. Oeei iioeao?oueny iaiao?aei?noue o oi?ioaaii?
a neeaae? iino?eieo iaoai?ciaaieo a?eaaae oei/aniaeo oaoiieia?/ieo
eaiie. Eaieiaa i?aai?caoe?y i?aoe? aeicaiey? ?aoe?iiaeueia aeei?enoaiiy
oaoiieia?/ieo a?oi iaoei a iaoai?ciaai?e a?eaaae? i?e aeeiiaii?
eiiieaeno ?ia?o, iniaeeai a iaea?eueo iai?oaeai? ia??iaee.

12. Aenieoaoaoe??th iaoeiii-o?aeoi?iiai ia?eo caeiathoueny iaoai?caoi?e,
ye? ? iniiaieie ae?iaieeaie i?iaeoeoe?? ?ineeiieoeoaa. Aeey oi?ioaaiiy
eiioeiaaioo iaoai?caoi?nueeeo eaae??a, ianaiia?aae, ne?ae aecia/eoe ?o
na?aaeiuei??/io oa “i?eiao” iio?aao. ?ic?iaeaii aeni?an-iaoiae
aecia/aiiy iio?aae a iaoai?caoi?ao aeoiaey/e c no?oeoo?e
iaoeiii-o?aeoi?iiai ia?eo ainiiaea?noaa. Aeey ciyooy iai?oaeaiino? o
aeei?enoaii? iaoei ? iaoai?caoi??a iio??aii canoiniaoaaoe niiniae
iaiaa?oaaiiy oaoi?eith oa oeeee?/i? a?ao?ee ?iaioe iaoai?caoi??a ca
?aaeeiii aacia?a?aiiai ae?iaieoeoaa. Ae??aithaaiiy ??/ii? caeiyoino?
iaoai?caoi??a aeinyaa?oueny oeyoii iaieiae?iiy ieie noi?aeieo i?ioan?e
ii ?aiiioo ? oaoi?/iiio ianeoaiaoaaiith iaoei. ?aeiiaiaeiaaia ne?aeoth/a
no?oeoo?a ??/ieo o?oaeicao?ao iaoai?caoi??a: aeeiiaiiy iaoai?ciaaieo
?ia?o – 1130-1270 ethae/aiae (60-68% oiiaeo ?iai/iai /ano); aeeiiaiiy
?aiiioii-ianeoaiaoth/eo ?ia?o – 350-450 ethae/aiae (20-22%) ?iaioe ii
aeiaeaoeia?e caeiyoino?, aeeth/ath/e ae?iaie/a iaa/aiiy – 150-350
ethae/aiae (10-20%).

13. Aoaeoeaaia canoinoaaiiy IOA caeaaeeoue a?ae iaa?oioiaaiiai
ii?ioaaiiy aeo?aoe iaeeaa. Aeey aacia?aa?eii? ?iaioe IOA a
ainiiaea?noaao iaiao?aeii iaeii/anii caa??aaoe 6-7% ??/ii? iio?aae
iaeeaa. A eiaeiiio ainiiaea?noa? ne?ae nenoaiaoe/ii aiae?coaaoe
aeei?enoaiiy an?o oei?a IOA; ii??aithaaoe oaeoe/io ? ii?iaoeaio aeo?aoo
iaeeaa; aeyaeyoe aeiiii?th aai ia?aaeo?aoo eiai ii aeaeao ?ia?o a
caeaaeiino? a?ae oaoi?/iiai noaio aa?aaao?a, i?eeiyoi? oaoiieia??
ae?iuoaaiiy n?euenueeiainiiaea?nueeeo eoeueoo?, ia??iae?a aeeiiaiiy
?ia?o ? i?aai?caoe?? ae?iaie/eo i?ioean?a. C o?aooaaiiyi i?eaaaeaieo
aeiia ?ic?iaeaia iaoiaeeea aaeineiiaeaiiy ??aiy aeo?aoe iaeeaa oa eiai
iio?aae a ainiiaea?noa?.

NIENIE IOAE?EAOe?E CA OAIITH AeENA?OAOe??

Iiiia?ao?? oa a?ioo?e

1. Oeaiiaiei ?.A. I?iaeaie aeei?enoaiiy iaoeiii-o?aeoi?iiai ia?eo a
oiiaao oi?ioaaiiy ?eieiaeo a?aeiinei . – E.: Oe?IAe?NN?, 1998. – 315
n.(iaeiiin?aia iiiia?ao?y 18.1 ae.a.).

2. Aaeineiiaeaiiy aenieoaoaoe?? iaoeiii-o?aeoi?iiai ia?eo / ?.I. Ianei,
I.?.A?eoeeoei, I.O. Oa?auoe, I.I. Oa?aoia, ?.A.Oeaiiaiei. – E.: O?iaeae,
1991. – 175 n., o o./. aaoi?a n. 91-107, 114-139, 148-170 (aaoi?ii
?ic?iaeaia iaoiaeeea ieaioaaiiy iaoai?ciaaieo ?ia?o ? aeei?enoaiiy IOI c
canoinoaaiiyi aaoiiaoeciaaii? oaoiieia?/ii? i?ia?aie).

3. ?iaeaia?ia neoaeaa naea / ?.A.Oeaiiaiei, A.N. Einye, A.?. Iiiiae/,
?.A. Aieiaa/. -E.: O?iaeae, 1986. – 70n., o o./. aaoi?ii n. 5-19, 24-31,
33-41, 45-51, 54-57, 61-63 (aaoi?ii ii?aoeueiaai? iniiai? iieiaeaiiy
i?aai?caoe?? ?iaeaia?ii? neoaeae ainiiaea?noaa ? ae?iaie/? a?aeiineie
i?ae aini?ic?aooieiaeie i?ae?icae?eaie oe??? neoaeae).

4. Iaoiaeeea ii?aaeaeaiey iio?aaiinoe naeueneioicyenoaaiiuo i?aaei?eyoee
a iaoaiecaoi?ao/ I.N.?oi/aa, A.E.Aaca?ia, A.N. Aieioia, E.E. AEoeaae/,
A.A. Caeaaneee, A.I. Coaei, N.N. Ea?iooei, I.Ae. Eaoeaiiaa, A.E.
Aiae?ia, I.I. Iaco?iaa, A.O. Iaoaieia, A.O. Iiaiaeeeia, O.Ae. Ia/aiue,
I.A. Iooeioeaaa, I.N. Iieoaiy?iaa, A.Ae. Naeeaeia, E.A.Oeaiiaiei, E.E.
Oeeaoia, A.I. Oea?ueeia, E.ss. Oaiiaaeia, E.I. Oeiea?aa, I.A. Oaoiaaa. –
Iineaa, 1979. – 47 n., o o./. aaoi?a n. 15-17 (aaoi?ii ?ic?iaeaii
ii?yaeie aecia/aiiy ianya?a oaoi?/ieo ?ia?o aeey ?ic?aooieo iio?aae ?
caeiyoino? iaoai?caoi??a).

5. Iiuo i?aaiecaoeee ?aaiou iaoaiecaoi?neeo e ?aiiioii-ianeoaeeaathueo
iiae?acaeaeaiee ia oic?an/aoa e eieeaeoeaiii iiae?yaea/ A.E. Iieiiaoe,
N.N. Noaeuey, A.O. Ieaeie/oe, A.O. Ciao/aiei, E.A. Oeaiiaiei, I.E.
A?eoeuoei, A.I. Oa?aoia, E.A. Aieiaa/. – E.: O?iaeae, 1987. – 41n., o
o./. aaoi?a n.4-10, 14-21, 24-26, 29-32 (aaoi?ii ii?aoeueiaai? iaoiaee
aeei?enoaiiy oa ianeoaiaoaaiiy IOI ia iniia? aini?ic?aooieo ?
eieaeoeaiiai i?ae?yaeo).

Noaoo? a iaoeiaeo aeaeaiiyo

6.Ii?iaoeau iio?aaiinoe a iaoaiecaoi?ao / E.A. Oeaiiaiei, A.I.
Coaa//Iaoaiecaoi?neea eaae?u i?aaei?eyoee. – I.:Yeiiiieea, 1984. – n.
45-49, o o./. aaoi?a n. 45-47 (aaoi?ii ii?aoeueiaaia noaia aecia/aiiy
iio?aae ainiiaea?noa a iaoai?caoi?ao).

7.Oa?aoia A.I., Oeaiiaiei E.A. Yooaeoeaiinoue eniieueciaaiey
iaoeiii-o?aeoi?iiai ia?ea // Oaoieea a naeueneii oicyenoaa. – 1984. -N5.
-n. 8-9, o o./. aaoi?a n. 9 (aaoi?ii iaa?oioiaai? aeiiii?/i? caoiaee
i?aeaeuaiiy aoaeoeaiino? ?iaioe IOI).

8.Oeaiiaiei E.A. I?aaiecaoeey o?oaea niaoeeaeenoia eiaeaia?iie neoaeau
eieoicia // Yeiiiieea Niaaoneie Oe?aeiu. – 1975. – N8. -n. 66-69.

9.Oeaiiaiei ?.A.?icaeaath/e a?eaaaeiee i?ae?yae // Iaoai?caoe?y
n?euenueeiai ainiiaea?noaa . – 1984. – N4. -n. 28-29.

10.Oeaiiaiei E.A. Iiaeaeue oi?ie?iaaiey /eneaiiinoe iaoaiecaoi?ia a
naeueneii oicyenoaa // Iaoaiecaoi?neea eaae?u i?aaei?eyoee. – I.:
Yeiiiieea, 1984. -n. 41-45.

11.Oeaiiaiei E.A. Eniieueciaaiea o?oaea // Iaoaiecaoi?neea eaae?u
i?aaei?eyoee. – I.: Yeiiiieea, 1984. – n. 49-53.

12.Oeaiiaiei E.A. Iiuo ia?aaeiauo oicyenoa ii iaania/aieth i?iecaiaenoaa
iaoaiecaoi?aie n o/aoii eo iieiie caiyoinoe // Iaoaiecaoi?neea eaae?u
i?aaei?eyoee. – I.: Yeiiiieea, 1984.- n. 53-56.

13 Oeaiiaiei ?.A. Aeey iaeeo ae?iaieoeoa // Caiey ? ethaee Oe?a?ie. –
1993. – N4.- n. 13-14.

14.Oeaiiaiei ?.A. I?iaeaie iaoai?caoe?? ae??aieo caiea?ianueeeo no?oeoo?
//Aeiiii?ea Oe?a?ie. – 1994. – N5. – n. 67-70.

15.Oeaiiaiei ?.A. Iaoeiii-oaoiieia?/i? noaioe??: ae?eni?noue ? i?iaiice
// Oaoi?ea AIE. – 1998. – N1. -n. 5-6.

16.sseoaa E.?., Eeoeeaiei A.?., Oeaiiaiei ?.A. Aeei?enoaiiy ii?iaoea?a
aeey aecia/aiiy iio?aae a iaoai?caoi?nueeeo eaae?ao //Aeii. ? i?a.
n?euene. ainiiaea?noaa. Aei. 67: I?aai?caoe?y ? aoaeoeai?noue
ai?iaaaeaeaiiy o ae?iaieoeoai aeinyaiaiue aa?a?iiaeiiii?/ii? iaoee ?
ia?aaeiaiai aeina?aeo. E.: O?iaeae, 1981.n. 69-71, o o./. aaoi?a n. 69
(aaoi?ii iaa?oioiaaia eiioeaioe?y ?icaeoeo ci?noo ? oa?aeoa?o i?aoe?
iaoai?caoi??a).

17.Oeaiiaiei ?.A. ?ioi?iaoe?ei? nenoaie oi?aae?iiy iaoeiii-o?aeoi?iei
ia?eii ainiiaea?noaa // Oaoi?ea AIE. – 1999. – N1. – n. 16-18.

18.sseoaa E.?., Eeoeeaiei A.?, Oeaiiaiei ?.A. Aeey aeaici?iii? ?iaioe.
// Iaoai?caoe?y n?euenueeiai ainiiaea?noaa. – 1982. – N4. – n. 26-27, o
o./. aaoi?a n. 26 ( aaoi?ii ii?aoeueiaai? iaoiaee aaeineiiaeaiiy
?aaeei?a ?iaioe iaoai?caoi??a).

19.Oeaiiaiei ?.A. Aaeineiiaeaiiy eieaeoeaieo oi?i aeei?enoaiiy
iaoeiii-o?aeoi?iiai ia?eo //A?niee aa?a?ii? iaoee. – 1999. – N2. – n.
57-60.

20.Oeaiiaiei ?.A. ?ioi?iaoe?ei? oaoiieia?? oi?aae?iiy iaoeiii-o?aeoi?iei
ia?eii // Aa?i?ieii. – 1999. – N3-4. – c.34-36.

AIIOAOe??

Oeaiiaiei ?.A. Aeiiii?/i? i?iaeaie aeei?enoaiiy iaoeiii-o?aeoi?iiai
ia?eo a oiiaao oi?ioaaiiy ?eieiaeo a?aeiinei. – ?oeiien.

Aeena?oaoe?y ia caeiaoooy iaoeiaiai nooiaiy aeieoi?a aeiiii?/ieo iaoe ca
niaoe?aeuei?noth 08.07.02 – Aeiiii?ea n?euenueeiai ainiiaea?noaa ? AIE.
– ?inoeooo aa?a?ii? aeiiii?ee OAAI, Ee?a, 1999.

Aeena?oaoe?th i?enay/aii aeiiii?/iei ieoaiiyi oi?ioaaiiy iioeiaeueiiai
neeaaeo iaoeiii-o?aeoi?iiai ia?eo (IOI) oa aeei?enoaiiy
iaoeiii-o?aeoi?ieo aa?aaao?a (IOA) ia ainiiaea?nueeiio ?
i?aeainiiaea?nueeiio ??aiyo. Aeei?enoiaoth/e iaoiae ?ic?aooieo i?ieaoieo
ioe?iie a ?iaio? aia?oa anoaiiaeaii aeiiii?/i? oa?aeoa?enoeee ??cieo IOA
ia iaeii??aeieo iaoai?ciaaieo ?iaioao. Nenoaiia ii??aiyiiy
aenieoaoaoe?eieo cao?ao eiieo?oth/eo IOA aeicaiey? aecia/eoe iaea?eueo
aeiiii?/i? ?o neeaaee ? ?ic?iaeoe ??/i? eaeaiaea?i? ieaie
?ano?nicaa??aath/iai canoinoaaiiy IOI a caiea?ianoa?. Cai?iiiiiaaii
?aoe?iiaeuei? ae?iaie/? oi?ie (oaoiieia?/i? eaiee ? eiiieaene,
iaoeiii-oaoiieia?/i? noaioe??, oa?ia?nuee? iaoai?ciaai? eiiia?aoeae) ?
a?aeiineie (i?aiaea, i?ieao, ia?eaoeia, e?c?ia), ye? oai?aoe/ii
iaa?oioiaai? ? aenia?eiaioaeueii ia?aa??ai? a noa?? n.-a.
iaoeiiaeei?enoaiiy ? iaoeiiianeoaiaoaaiiy. Iniiai? ?acoeueoaoe
aeena?oaoe?? ciaeoee n.-a. ai?iaaaeaeaiiy i?e ?ic?iaoe? iiaeo ae?iaie/eo
oi?i aeei?enoaiiy IOI oa ii?iaoeaii-oaoiieia?/ieo ea?o ia ae?iuoaaiiy
i?iaeoeoe?? ?ineeiieoeoaa.

Eeth/ia? neiaa: i?ieaoia ioe?iea, aeiiii?/i? oa?aeoa?enoeee,
iaoeiii-o?aeoi?iee ia?e, ae?iaie/? oi?ie, a?aeiineie.

Oeaiiaiei E.A. Yeiiiie/aneea i?iaeaiu eniieueciaaiey iaoeiii-o?aeoi?iiai
ia?ea a oneiaeyo oi?ie?iaaiey ?uii/iuo ioiioaiee. – ?oeiienue.

Aeenna?oaoeey ia nieneaiea o/aiie noaiaie aeieoi?a yeiiiie/aneeo iaoe ii
niaoeeaeueiinoe 08.07.02 – Yeiiiieea naeueneiai oicyenoaa e AIE. –
Einoeooo aa?a?iie yeiiiieee OAAI, Eeaa, 1999.

Aeenna?oaoeey iinayuaia yeiiiie/aneei aii?inai oi?ie?iaaiey
iioeiaeueiiai ninoaaa iaoeiii-o?aeoi?iiai ia?ea (IOI) e eniieueciaaiey
iaoeiii-o?aeoi?iuo aa?aaaoia (IOA) ia oicyenoaaiiii e iaaeoicyenoaaiiii
o?iaiyo. Eniieuecoy iaoiae ?an/aoa i?ieaoiuo ioeaiie a ?aaioa aia?aua
onoaiiaeaiu yeiiiie/aneea oa?aeoa?enoeee ?acee/iuo IOA ia iaeii?iaeiuo
iaoaiece?iaaiiuo ?aaioao. Nenoaiiia n?aaiaiea yenieoaoaoeeiiiuo cao?ao
eiieo?e?othueo IOA iicaieyao ii?aaeaeeoue iaeaieaa yeiiiie/iua eo
ninoaau e ?ac?aaioaoue aiaeiaua eaeaiaea?iua ieaiu ?ano?nicaa?aaathuaai
i?eiaiaiey IOI a caieaaeaeee. Ni?iaeoe?iaaiu eioi?iaoeeiiiua nenoaiu
iia?aoeaiiai oi?aaeaiey iaoeiii-o?aeoi?iui ia?eii ia iniiaa
aaoiiaoece?iaaiiie i?ia?aiiu ANO-“Oaoiieia”. Iia ninoieo ec aoiaeiie
eioi?iaoeee, eioi?ay iiaeaee?oao oaoiieiae/aneea i?ioeannu
iaoaiece?iaaiiiai i?iecaiaenoaa i?iaeoeoeee ?anoaieaaiaenoaa; aacu
aeaiiuo, eioi?ua oa?aeoa?ecotho aa?ioaoiieiae/aneea e
oaoieei-yeiiiie/aneea oneiaey oicyenoaa; auoiaeiie eioi?iaoeee, eioi?ay
i?aaeiacia/aia aeey i?eiyoey ?aoaiee ii yooaeoeaiiio eniieueciaaieth
iaoeiii-o?aeoi?iiai ia?ea. Iainiiaaiu iiaua iiaeoiaeu a i?eiaiaiee
iieacaoaeae aeey aiaeeca e ioeaiee ?aaiou iaoeiii-o?aeoi?iuo aa?aaaoia a
oneiaeyo ?uii/iiai oicyenoaiaaiey. I?aaeeiaeaiu ?aoeeiiaeueiua
i?iecaiaenoaaiiua oi?iu (oaoiieiae/aneea caaiuey e eiiieaenu,
iaoeiii-oaoiieiae/aneea noaioeee, oa?ia?neea iaoaiece?iaaiiua
eiiia?aoeau) e ioiioaiey (a?aiaea, i?ieao, ia?eaoeia, eeceia) eioi?ua
oai?aoe/anee iainiiaaiu e yenia?eiaioaeueii i?iaa?aiu a noa?a n.-o.
iaoeiieniieueciaaiey e iaoeiiianeoaeeaaiey. ?ac?aaioaiu iaoiaee/aneea
?aoaiey ii iioeiecaoeee iio?aaiinoe e ?aoeeiiaeueiie caiyoinoe
eiaeaia?iuo e iaoaiecaoi?neeo eaae?ia. Ii?aaeaeai yeiiiie/aneee iaoaieci
?aaoee?iaaiey i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo ioiioaiee iaoaiece?iaaiiuo e
?aiiioii-ianeoaeeaathueo iiae?acaeaeaiee oicyenoaa n i?eiaiaieai /aeiaie
nenoaiu acaeii?an/aoia. Yeiiiie/aneie oaycea a aaeeiie nenoaia
i?iecaiaenoaa, ?aaeecaoeee, oaoie/aneiai ianeoaeeaaiey e eniieueciaaiey
ioa/anoaaiiie naeueneioicyenoaaiiie oaoieee niinianoaoao “iaoey
ea/anoaa”, eioi?ay ii?aaeaeyao caieiooinoue e iai?a?uaiinoue
i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo ioiioaiee iaaeaeo caaiaeaie (iaoeiii?iecaiaeeoaeyie) –
?aiiioii-ianeoaeeaathueie no?oeoo?aie (iaoeii?aaeecaoi?aie) –
oicyenoaaie (iaoeiiiieueciaaoaeyie). Iia aeeth/aao neaaeothuea yeaiaiou:
ia?eaoeia (eco/aiea e iienee ?uiea nauoa oaoieee), ?ac?aaioeo o?aaiaaiee
ia i?iaeoe?iaaiea iaoei, iaoa?eaeueii-oaoie/aneia niaaaeaiea,
i?iecaiaenoai iaoei, ii?aaeaeaiea aeiaiai?iuo oaiae e iinoaaeo iaoei
oaoie/aneei ?aaeecaoi?ai (noa?a iaoeiii?iecaiaeeoaeae); o?aiaiea
oaoieee, eiiieaeoiaaiea e i?aaei?iaeaaeiia ianeoaeeaaiea, ?aaeecaoeeth
iaoei e ?ani?aaeaeaiea aeioiaea ( noa?a iaoeii?aaeecaoi?ia);
aenieoaoaoeeth iaoei, oaoie/aneia ianeoaeeaaiea a iaoeiieniieueciaaiee,
eioi?iaoeeth i ninoiyiee e iaaeaaeiinoe iaoei, ooeeecaoeeth (noa?a
iaoeiiiieueciaaoaeae). ?aiiioii-ianeoaeeaathuea ?aaiou
iaoeii?aaeecaoi?ia iaiaoiaeeii ?anniao?eaaoue eae yeaiaio
i?iecaiaenoaaiiiai i?ioeanna iaoeiii?iecaiaeeoaeae, /oi niinianoaoao
iaeneiaeueiiio naeeaeaieth i?aaiecaoeee, yeiiiieee e oaoiieiaee
oaoie/aneiai na?aena aei o?iaiy i?iecaiaenoaa iaoei. ?ane?uou
iniaaiiinoe eniieueciaaiey n?aaenoa iaoaiecaoeee a oa?ia?neeo oicyenoaao
e ii?aaeaeaiu iooe oeo/oaiey eo iaoeiiianeoaeeaaiey. Iniiaiua
?acoeueoaou aeenna?oaoeee iaoee n.-o. aiaae?aiea i?e ?ac?aaioea iiauo
i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo oi?i eniieueciaaiey IOI e ii?iaoeaii-oaoiieiae/aneeo
ea?o ia i?iecaiaenoai i?iaeoeoeee ?anoaieaaiaenoaa.

Eeth/aaua neiaa: i?ieaoiay ioeaiea, yeiiiie/aneea oa?aeoa?enoeee,
iaoeiii-o?aeoi?iue ia?e, i?iecaiaenoaaiiua oi?iu, ioiioaiey.

Tyvonenko I.G. Economical problems of use of machine and tractor fleet
in conditions of market relations formation. -Typescript.

The thesis is offered to receive the scientific degree of doctor of
economical sciences by profession 08.07.02 – Economics of agriculture
and agribusiness.- Institute for agrarian economics of Ukrainian academy
of agricultural sciences (UAAS), Kyiv, 1999.

The thesis is dedicated to the economical questions of formation of
optimum structure of machine and tractor fleet (MTF) at the farms and
inter-farms levels. The economical perfomances of various MTA’s at
homogeneous mechanized works are determined for the first time in the
thesis using the procedure of calculation of hire estimates. System
comparison of operating costs of competing MTA’s permits to determine
their the most economical mixes and develop the annual calendar plans of
resource saving use of MTF in agriculture. The rational production forms
(technological groups and complexes, machine-and-technology stations,
mechanized farm cooperatives) and the relations (lease, hire, marketing,
leasing) are offered. The forms are theoretically grounded and
experimentally tried in the sphere of agricultural machines use and
service.

The principal results of the thesis were adopted in agriculture during
development of new production forms of MTF using, and normative and
technological charts on growing of crop husbandry produce.

Key words: hire estimate, economical perfomances, machine and tractor
fleet, production forms, relations.

I?aei. aei ae?oeo 21.04.99. Oi?iao 60o84/16. Iai?? ion. ?1. Ae?oe. ion.

Oiiai. ae?oe. a?e. 2. Iae.-aeae. a?e.2. Oe?aae 100

Cai. 480

i. Oano?a, Ee?anueei? iaeano?, aoe. Eai?ia, 40

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