.

Експресіонізм в контексті західноєвропейської культури ХХ століття: Автореф. дис… канд. філос. наук / О.О. Осьмак, Київ. ун-т ім. Т.Шевченка. — К.,

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EE?ANUeEEE OI?AA?NEOAO ?IAI? OA?ANA OAA*AIEA

OAeE 48.7.01

INUeIAE Ienaia Ieaenaiae??aia

AENI?AN?II?CI A EIIOAENO? CAO?AeII?A?IIAENUeEI? EOEUeOO?E OO NOIE?OOss

niaoe?aeuei?noue 09.00.08 – anoaoeea

AAOI?AOA?AO

aeena?oaoe?? ia caeiaoooy iaoeiaiai nooiaiy

eaiaeeaeaoa o?einionueeeo iaoe

Ee?a – 1999

Aeena?oaoe??th ? ?oeiien

?iaioa aeeiiaia a Ee?anueeiio oi?aa?neoao? ?iai? Oa?ana Oaa/aiea ia
eaoaae?? aoeee, anoaoeee ? eoeueoo?ieia?? o?einionueeiai oaeoeueoaoo.

Iaoeiaee ea??aiee – Eaa/oe Ea?ena Oeiio??aia, aeieoi? o?einionueeeo
iaoe, i?ioani?, caa?aeoaa/ eaoaae?e aoeee, anoaoeee ? eoeueoo?ieia??
o?einionueeiai oaeoeueoaoo Ee?anueeiai oi?aa?neoaoo ?iai? Oa?ana
Oaa/aiea

Io?oe?ei? iiiiaioe – Ee/eiaao Aieiaeeie? Aiaoie?eiae/, aeieoi?
o?einionueeeo iaoe, i?ioani?, caa?aeoaa/ eaoaae?e ?noi??? oa oai???
eoeueoo?e *a?i?a?anueeiai aea?aeaaiiai iaaeaaia?/iiai oi?aa?neoaoo ?iai?
Oa?ana Oaa/aiea

Eaaaaeeinueea ??eia Aaaeei?aia, eaiaeeaeao o?einionueeeo iaoe,
aeioeaio, i?ia?aeiee ni?a?ia?oiee ?inoeoooo nioe?aeueii? ? iie?oe/ii?
ineoieia?? AII Oe?a?ie

I?ia?aeia onoaiiaa – ?inoeooo o?einio?? ?iai? A.N.Neiai?iaee IAI Oe?a?ie

Caoeno a?aeaoaeaoueny “ 29 ” ea?oiy 1999 ?ieo i 15 aiaeei? ia
can?aeaii? niaoe?ae?ciaaii? a/aii? ?aaee Ae.26.001.28 i?e Ee?anueeiio
oi?aa?neoao? ?iai? Oa?ana Oaa/aiea ca aae?anith: 252001, Ee?a, aoe.
Aieiaeeie?nueea 60, aoae. 327.

C aeena?oaoe??th iiaeia iciaeiieoeny o iaoeia?e a?ae?ioaoe? Ee?anueeiai
oi?aa?neoaoo ?iai? Oa?ana Oaa/aiea /Ee?a, aoe. Aieiaeeie?nueea 58/.

Aaoi?aoa?ao ?ic?neaii “ 26 ” aa?aciy 1999 ?.

A/aiee nae?aoa?

niaoe?ae?ciaaii? a/aii? ?aaee Eo/a?the
Ae.TH.

CAAAEUeIA OA?AEOA?ENOEEA ?IAIOE

Aeooaeuei?noue oaie aeine?aeaeaiiy. Aiae?c aeni?an?ii?cio a eiioaeno?
no/anii? cao?aeii?a?iiaenueei? eoeueoo?e iia’ycaiee, ia iao iiaeyae, c
a?eueo oe?ieith, oai?aoe/ii aaaiiith i?iaeaiith – nooi?noth
aoiai?oa?iiai ciaiiy.

No/ania aoiai?oa?ia ciaiiy aecia/a?oueny iiooeaie oeyo?a aei ?ioaa?aoe??
??cieo iaoe, eiaeia c yeeo ?icaeaa?oueny ? ye naiiaeinoaoiy, ? ye oaea,
ui caaaa/o? noi?aeio iaoeo. Aeyaeaiiy o?einionueei-anoaoe/ieo canaae
aeni?an?ii?cio – iaeiiai c i?ia?aeieo iai?yi?a ienoaoeoaa OO noie?ooy –
iiaeeeaa eeoa i?e oai?/?e aca?iiae?? anoaoeee, ienoaoeoaiciaanoaa,
ineoieia?? oa ?noi??? eoeueoo?e, i?eiaeii?, e?ioey O?O – ia?oi? iieiaeie
OO noie?ooy. Aca?iiae?y oeeo iaoe ia eeoa aeicaieeoue /?oei
“aeaoaeoaaoe” o?iiieia?th noaiiaeaiiy e ?icaeoeo aeni?an?ii?cio, aea e
aeiiiiiaea a?aoiaioiaaii iaa?oiooaaoe naiiaooi?noue aeni?an?ii?cio uiaei
oaiaoe/ii? ? nioe?aeueii? ni?yiiaaiino? eiai oai??a, iaia?an?/iino?
ooaeiaei?o i?eeii?a, iie?oii?/iino? ineoio?c?ieia?/ieo canaae, ye?
aeyaeythoueny a i?ioean? noai?aiiy eiie?aoieo oai??a o ??cieo aeaeao
ienoaoeoaa: e?oa?aoo??, aeeaiieno, ioceoe?, oaao?? oa e?ii.

?ioa?an aei eiie?aoieo iai?yi?a ienoaoeoaa OO noie?ooy, yeee ana
ae?aci?oa aeaiiino?o? no/ania oe?a?inueea anoaoeea, ?, iaaiith i??ith,
neiaie?/iei: caaa?oo?oueny noie?ooy ? aeieea? iaaaeueia iio?aaa
i?aenoioaaoe eiai aeinyaiaiiy oa i?i?aooiee, iae?aneeoe ia?niaeoeae
iiaeaeueoiai ooaeiaeiueai ?icaeoeo. O oaeiio eiioaeno? aeni?an?ii?ci ia?
iniaeeaee nain: c?iaeaoe ia?o? e?iee iaii/aoeo noie?ooy, oea ienoaoeoai
aeineoue yne?aai aeyaeei naaa o eiai iaeae?aiaoe/i?oeo neooaoe?yo,
iinooiiai noai?eaoe niaoeeo?/iee aeooiaiee i?ino??, yeee ia’?aeiaa /e ia
iaeoaeaiiaeo?oeo no/anieo ieooe?a, iae?aneea oeyoe aca?iiae?? cao?aeii?
oa no?aeii? eoeueoo?e, ni?eya iiaeeaeaiith oyaeaiue no/aniee?a i?i
oai?/ee iioaioe?ae ooaeiaeiuei? ae?yeueiino?. Aaaeeeai a?aei?oeoe, ui
aeni?an?ii?ci ia ae/a?iaa naaa a iaaeao noie?oiuei? ?noi???, a,
iinooiiai anoaoe/ii caaaa/oth/enue, ia? aeineoue aaaiia i?aea?oioy aeey
iiaeaeueoiai ?icaeoeo.

Nooi?iue iaoeiai? ?ic?iaee i?iaeaie. ?icaeoie aeni?an?ii?cio aaaaoi a
/iio caaaey/o? iaia?an?/i?e cao?aeii?a?iiaenuee?e o?einio?? ae?oai?
iieiaeie O?O noie?ooy, yea ni?eyea aeoea?caoe?? ?ioa?ano aei aioo??oi?o
ineoieia?/ieo noai?a ethaeeie, aei ?? ii?aeuei?nieo iiooe?a, aei
iaiaaaiiy ciaeoe nai? i?noea o noia?a/iinoyo noni?eueiiai aeeooy.

Ia aeni?an?ii?no?a cia/iith i??ith aieeioea o?einio?y N.E??eaai?a,
A.Oiiaiaaoa?a, C.O?aeaea, a oaeiae oeo, ooi caeeaaeaa oai?aoe/i?
i?eioeeie oaiiiaiieia??, cie?aia, A.Aonna?ey. A?eueo i?ci? ia??iaee
?icaeoeo aeni?an?ii?cio iiaeooue aooe ?icaeyioo? a eiioaeno? oai?aoe/ieo
iiooe?a I.Ia?ei-Iiio?, O.Aaei?ii, /anoeiai, eiie?aoieo ?aeae
AE.-I.Na?o?a.

A inoaii? ?iee anoaoe/ia iaoea i?eae?ey? iaaio oaaao i?iaeaiai
ienoaoeoaa, iaaieiooth/e ia eiai anoaoe/i?e i?e?iae?. Na?aae oai?aoe/ii
ia?niaeoeaieo i?aeoiae?a cacia/eii ?iaioe oe?a?inueeeo anoaoee?a:
N.Ae.Aaceeoaaiea, I.I.A?iaea, I.I.Ai?aiae?ia, A.?.Iai/aiei, ?.I.Ooeueae
oa ?i.

?aeay anoaoeee ye iaoaoai??? ienoaoeoaa iaaoaa? iniaeeaiai cia/aiiy a
oiiaao caaa?oaiiy OO noie?ooy ? oe?eeii caeiiii??iiai aaaeaiiy
oai?aoee?a ocaaaeueieoe o? i?ioeane, ye? aeanoea? ?icaeoeo ienoaoeoaa
i?ioyaii aeineoue o?eaaeiai /ano. O oeueiio eiioaeno? iathoue cia/aiiy
ye oaiaeaioe?? ?icaeoeo ienoaoeoaa caaaeii, oae ? eiai eiie?aoieo
i?iya?a, o iaoiio aeiaaeeo, – aeni?an?ii?cio. Ioaea, e??i aiae?co
caaaeueiioai?aoe/ieo aeaea?ae iniaeeaiai cia/aiiy iaaoaathoue ni?iae
anoaoeei-ienoaoeoaiciaa/iai ?icaeyaeo oeueiai iai?yio.

Na?aae ni?ia o?einionueei-anoaoe/iiai aiae?co aeni?an?ii?cio ne?ae
a?aei?oeoe ?iaioe a?aeiieo ?in?enueeeo anoaoee?a ?.N.Eoe?eiai? oa
TH.A.Ai??aa, o yeeo ia o?eueee aeineoue aeaoaeueii a?aeoai?ththoueny
o?iiieia?/i? iaae? ? nooi oi?iaeuei? (oa?oiiaoaaiiy, iai?oanoe,
aenoaaee, caniiaieee ? o/anieee oeueiai ienoaoeueeiai iai?yieo) canaaee
?noi??? aeni?an?ii?cio, aea e ?ic?iaeythoueny ieoaiiy oai?aoe/iiai
caaacia/aiiy oeueiai ienoaoeoaa. ?.N.Eoe?eiaa aeyaeea i?aai?/iee ca’ycie
ooaeiaei?o iiooe?a aeni?an?ii?no?a c eiie?aoieie ?aeayie o?einio??
A.Aonna?ey, caa?oath/e iniaeeao oaaao ia o?iiieia?/i? aoaie noaiiaeaiiy
?aeae Aonna?ey o ?icaeoeo i?aeoeee ooaeiaeiuei? oai?/ino?
aeni?an?ii?no?a. TH.A.Ai??a iine?aeiaii aeyaey? oaiaeaioe?th
i?ioenoaaeaiiy aeni?an?ii?cio oa ?aae?cio, ?iaeea?aeoae?cio e oeiiaino?.
Aeey c’ynoaaiiy niaoeeo?ee aeni?an?ii?cio, a?i caeo/a? eaoaai???
“?ic??aai?noue” oa “?cieueiaai?noue”. I?ioa iiceoe?y TH.A.Ai??aa
nie?a?oueny, ia?aaeon?i, ia ?aeaieia?/i? canaaee, ia aeyaeaiiy
nioe?aeueii? noo? aeni?an?ii?cio. Ooaeiaeiuei-anoaoe/ia niaoeeo?ea
ienoaoeoaa ie?aneaia iei a?eueo, i?ae iia?aeii.

??ci? ca ni?yiiaai?noth ? oai?aoe/ieie caaaeaiiyie, i?ioa
aaciina?aaeiuei iia’ycai? ?c c’ynoaaiiyi i?e?iaee aeni?an?ii?cio, a
oe?a?inuee?e iaoeia?e aeoioe? aeae?eythoueny ?iaioe ?.E.?aaie?ia,
E.O.Eaa/oe, I.?.Ii?uaiei.

Oae, E.O.Eaa/oe aaaaea? ca iaiao?aeia /?oei “?icaanoe” iaoiaeieia?/i?
ni?yioaaiiy a na?aaeei? aeni?an?ii?noe/iiai ?ooo, aaeaea oai?aoe/ia oa
?aeaieia?/ia ?icoa?iaai?noue aeni?an?ii?cio aino?i aeyaeeany,
iai?eeeaae, ? o I?ia//ei? 20 – 30-o ?ie?a: c iaeiiai aieo, /anoei?
ieooe?a aoei caai?iiaii i?aoethaaoe, a c ae?oaiai, ieooe? aeoeaii
ni?a?ia?oie/aee c iiaith aeaaeith. E.O.Eaa/oe oaeiae i?inoaaeo? ?
no/anio aeieth aeni?an?ii?cio ia i?eeeaae? oai?/ino? ?.Aa?aiaia oa
A.?aeia?a.

Aeaui inoi?iiue a?ae o?aaeeoe?eieo i?aeoiae?a aei aeni?an?ii?cio noi?oue
iiceoe?y I.?.Ii?uaiei, yeo oe?eaaeoue aeiey no?aeii?a?iiaenueeiai
(neaa’yinueeiai) aeni?an?ii?cio, cie?aia, aeni?an?ii?noe/i? iioeae o
oai?/ino? I.I.Aeiaaeaiea. I.?.Ii?uaiei aaaaea?, ui oaeeo aeaeaoieo
ieooe?a e?ioey O?O – ii/aoeo OO noie?ooy, ye I.Eiaeeyinueea, A.Noaoaiee,
ne?ae aaaaeaoe i?aaenoaaieeaie “oe?a?inueei? a?eee”
no?aeii?a?iiaenueeiai aeni?an?ii?cio.

I?iaeaia niaoeeo?ee oai?/iai i?ioeano a aeni?an?ii?ci? ? iaei??th c
iaeneeaaei?oeo uiaei c’ynoaaiiy anoaoeei-ienoaoeoaiciaa/i? i?e?iaee
aeieeiaiiy caaeoio oai?o e aeyaeaiiy oeyo?a eiai cae?eniaiiy. O?
oai?aoe/i? aeaea?aea, ia ye? nueiaiaei? ie nie?a?iiny i?e aiae?c?
aeni?an?ii?noe/iiai ienoaoeoaa, iiai?noth oieeathoue i?iaeaie niaoeeo?ee
oai?/iai i?ioeano. Aiaeii/an, iaa?yae /e iiaeii c?icoi?oe ienoaoeoai,
yeui aeey aeine?aeieea caeeoa?oueny oa?iieoeath ye iniaa ieooey, oae ?
i?ioean eiai ?iaioe. Ioaea, iaa?oioiaoth/e i?iaeaio niaoeeo?ee oai?/iai
i?ioeano a aeni?an?ii?noe/iiio ienoaoeoa?, c’yniao?oueny aeae?eueea
ieoaiue: ii-ia?oa, nooi?iue ni?aiaaeaiiy ?icoi?iiy oai?/ino?
aeni?an?ii?noaie c a?eueo ocaaaeueiaieie oi/eaie ci?o, ae?iaeaieie
no/aniith iaoeith, ia ye? nie?a?oueny ieoaoeue. Ae?oaa ieoaiiy
noino?oueny aaciina?aaeiuei naieo aeni?an?ii?no?a, a naia, –
aecia/a/aiiy ni?eueieo ?en a oai?/iio i?ioean? aeni?an?ii?no?a.

Nenoaiaoecoth/e aaea c?iaeaia, aeae?eeii oae? aniaeoe aeine?aeaeaiiy
caaaeueieo i?iaeai oai?/ino?, ye? aeiiiiiaeooue c’ynoaaoe niaoeeo?eo
aeni?an?ii?cio a eiioaeno? oai?/iai i?ioeano: ineoieia?/iee
(?.A.Eaaaaeeinueea, E.I.Ieaoiiia, A.A.?iiaiaoeue, E.E.?ooeaae/),
o?einionueeee (A.I.Aeaaeaeiaa A.A.Ee/eiaao, A.?.Iacaia, A.A.Iia?eia,
A.Ae.Oeaiie), anoaoe/iee (E.O.Eaa/oe, TH.A.Iao?ia, E.I.Noieiae/,
?.A.sseiae?a), anoaoeei-ienoaoeoaiciaa/ee (Ae.?.Aiai?oi, I.I.Iao?iaa).

Ia iniaeeao oaaao caneoaiaothoue ?iaioe o?einionueei-ineoieia?/iiai
ieaio, i?enay/ai? aaciina?aaeiuei oai?/ino? i?aaenoaaiee?a
aeni?an?ii?cio (E.A.Aiae?a?aa, I.E.Iaia?aeaoa?e?).

Cacia/eii, ui ?nioth/? i?aeoiaee aei ?icoi?iiy i?e?iaee oai?/ino? eeoa
/anoeiai iiaeooue aeiiiiiaoe ?icoi?iith oai?/iai i?ioeano
aeni?an?ii?noaie. A?eueo?noue oai?aoee?a aeoiaeyoue c ?icoi?iiy
oai?/ino? ye ae?yeueiino?, e?ioeaaei i?aenoieii yei? ? noai?aiiy iiaeo
iaoa??aeueieo ? aeooiaieo oe?iiinoae. Oaeee i?aeo?ae ni?aiaaea? c a?eueo
oe?ieith iiceoee?th aeciaiiy, ia?aaeon?i, nioe?aeueii? aeoeaiino?
ienoaoeoaa acaaae?, a, a?aeiia?aeii, e nioe?aeueii? aeoeaiino? ethaeeie,
yea eiai noai?th?. Ia iaoo aeoieo – aeni?an?ii?ci, oi/a ? iana a nia?
nioe?aeueia iaaaioaaeaiiy, i?ioa aiii ia ni?aiaaea? c, oae ae iiaeoe,
caaaeueiiaeciaiei cia/aiiyi iiiyooy “nioe?aeueia”, oei a?eueo, c
iiiyooyi “ia?ac-ae?y”. ?ica?aei?noue i?ae “oeiiaei” ?
“aeni?an?ii?noe/iei” aaeeaaiiyi iaaieo iiiyoue iiaeeaeth?oueny i?ae /an
aiae?co i?ioeano oai?/ino?. Ci?noiaia “iane/aiiy” ??cieo iiiyoue,
a?aei?ii?noue aaeeaaiiy iaaieo oa?i?i?a aeni?an?ii?noaie o
caaaeueiiaeciaiiio cia/aii? noai?th? o?oaeiiu?, ye? aeaeaei ia caaaeaee
iiaeia iiaeieaoe.

A oiae? aeine?aeaeaiiy, caeo/ath/e aei aiae?co ?yae ?ic?iaie o noa??
no/anii? ineoieia??, a oaeiae anoaoeei-ienoaoeoaiciaa/eo aeine?aeaeaiue
c eoeueoo?e Noiaeo, aeena?oaio na?aeiii canoiniao? eiiia?aoea?nonueeee
iaoiae aiae?co, yeee iaaea? ciiao a?eueo aeaoaeueii aeine?aeeoe
niaoeeo?eo oai?/iai i?ioeano a aeni?an?ii?ci?.

Ia’?eo aeine?aeaeaiiy: aeni?an?ii?ci a eiioaeno? cao?aeii?a?iiaenueei?
eoeueoo?e OO noie?ooy.

I?aaeiao aeine?aeaeaiiy: anoaoeei-ienoaoeoaiciaa/a i?aea?oioy
cao?aeii?a?iiaenueeiai aeni?an?ii?cio oa eiai i?noea a ae?aeic? eoeueoo?
“Cao?ae-No?ae” a nenoai? eiiia?aoea?nonueeiai aiae?co.

Iaoa aeine?aeaeaiiy: iaa?oiooaaoe anoaoeei-ienoaoeoaiciaa/? canaaee
aeni?an?ii?cio ? niaoeeo?eo eiai i?iyao o ??cieo aeaeao ienoaoeoaa.

?aae?caoe?y iinoaaeaii? iaoe ia?aaeaa/a? ae??oaiiy eiie?aoieo caaea/
aeine?aeaeaiiy:

– ?aeiino?othaaoe ?noi??th noaiiaeaiiy ? ?icaeoeo aeni?an?ii?cio;

– aeine?aeeoe aeni?an?ii?ci ye iai?yiie o no/aniiio ienoaoeoa?, ui ia?
ei?ai? o na?oia?e o?einionuee?e aeoioe? ? iaoiiaeaiee aeeiai?eith
?icaeoeo ooaeiaeiueiai ieneaiiy;

– i?iaiae?coaaoe anoaoeei-ienoaoeoaiciaa/? canaaee aeni?an?ii?cio;

– c’ynoaaoe oeie oai?/iai i?ioeano aeni?an?ii?no?a a?aeiia?aeii aei
aeaeiai? niaoeeo?ee ienoaoeoaa;

– a?aoiaiooaaoe ?ioaa?aoeaio ooieoe?th aeni?an?ii?cio a ae?aeic?
eoeueoo? “Cao?ae-No?ae”.

Iaoeiaa iiaecia iaea?aeaieo ?acoeueoao?a aecia/a?oueny aaoi?nueeei
i?aeoiaeii aei aeni?an?ii?cio – ia eeoa ye aei ienoaoeueeiai iai?yieo,
na?aeiii ci???ioiaaiiai ia a?aeoai?aiiy nieneiaeeoo?ai? i?iaeaiaoeee, a,
ia?aaeon?i, ye aei niaoeeo?/iiai aeooiaiiai i?inoi?o a
cao?aeii?a?iiaenuee?e eoeueoo?? OO noie?ooy, yeiio i?eoaiaiia naiiaooi?
na?oiaa/aiiy, caeaoia aeeiiaoe ?ioaa?aoeaio ooieoe?th o ae?aeic?
“Cao?ae-No?ae”.

A i?ioean? aeine?aeaeaiiy aaoi? io?eiaa ?acoeueoaoe oa ae?eoia
aeniiae?a, ui iathoue iaoeiao iiaecio ? aeiinyoueny ia caoeno:

– aeine?aeaeaii o?einionueei-anoaoe/i? aeoiee aeni?an?ii?cio
(N.E??eaai?, O.I?oeoa, C.O?aeae) ? a?aeoai?aii i?ioean
eiioeaiooae?caoe?? oai??? aeni?an?ii?noe/iiai ienoaoeoaa a ?iaioao
O.Aaei?ii;

– nenoaiaoeciaaii ? ocaaaeueiaii iiiyo?eii-eaoaai??aeueiee aia?ao
no/aniiai ienoaoeoaiciaanoaa, nie?ath/enue ia yeee iiaeia a?aeoai?eoe
aeina?ae inieneaiiy aeni?an?ii?cio ye ?oo a?ae
nioe?aeueii-?aeaieia?/iiai i?aeoiaeo aei anoaoeei-ienoaoeoaiciaa/iai oa
ineoieia?/iiai;

– iieacaii, ui anoaoe/i? canaaee aeni?an?ii?cio ?ice?eaathoueny /a?ac
caia?a/aiiy “ii/ooo?aiai” oeio eoeueoo?e (I.Ni?ie?i) oa aeoea?caoe?th
?ioa?ano aei ia?a?niiai ienoaoeoaa, i?oieia??, naiiaooiueiai
aeei?enoaiiy a oai?ao oaeoi??a “/an-i?ino??”, “na?aeiia-iicana?aeiia”,
“?aaeueia-aano?aeia” oa ?i.;

– ?aeiino?oeiaaii ?noi??th oai?/eo eiioaeo?a ieooe?a caoiaeo ? noiaeo ia
iaae? O?O-OO noie?ooue, ? ia cia/iiio ienoaoeoaiciaa/iio iaoa??ae?
a?aoiaioiaaia ?ioaa?aoeaia ooieoe?y aeni?an?ii?cio o ae?aeic? eoeueoo?
“Cao?ae-No?ae”;

– ?ice?eoa niaoeeo?ea oai?/iai i?ioeano aeni?an?ii?no?a c iaeyaeo ia
ooaeiaei? iiaeeeaino? eiie?aoieo aeae?a ienoaoeoaa – e?oa?aoo?e, ioceee,
aeeaiieno, – a oaeiae oeo caaaeaiue, ye? noaaeoue ia?aae niaith
aeni?an?ii?noe/ia ienoaoeoai.

Aeaiaioe iaoeiai? iiaecie aeyaeythoueny a aiae?c? eiie?aoieo oai??a
aeni?an?ii?noe/iiai ienoaoeoaa, a ?ice?eoo? aca?iiaieeao oai?/iai e
iniaenoiai aeeooy ie?aieo ieooe?a, niaaeueia yeeo ca?ac eeoa
iiaiiao?oueny ye aeaeaoia ooaeiaei? yaeua eoeueoo?e OO noie?ooy (A.Aaei,
A.O?aeeue, A.Oaiaa?a, Aeae.Eaeaeae, A.?aeia?, E.Ia oa ?i.)

Oai?aoe/ia oa iaoiaeieia?/ia iniiaa aeine?aeaeaiiy nie?a?oueny ia
caaaeuei? i?eioeeie iaoeiaiai i?ciaiiy – ia’?eoeai?noue oa ?noi?eci.
Neeaaei?noue ia’?eoa aeine?aeaeaiiy – aeni?an?ii?ci a eiioaeno?
cao?aeii?a?iiaenueei? eoeueoo?e OO noie?ooy – coiiaeea caa?iaiiy aei
o?einionueeeo, anoaoe/ieo, ienoaoeoaiciaa/eo oa ineoieia?/ieo aeaea?ae,
cie?aia aaooaeueo-ineoieia?? oa aecenoaioe?aeueiiai aiae?co, a oaeiae
eiie?aoieo i?aoeue c ?noi??? ienoaoeoaa, ?ae?a??, na?oiai? eoeueoo?e. O
?iaio? aeei?enoaiee iaoiae eiiia?aoea?nonueeiai aiae?co, yeee aeicaiey?
a?eueo ci?noiaii ie?aneeoe ?ieue aeni?an?ii?cio o ae?aeic? eoeueoo?
“Cao?ae-No?ae”, a oaeiae aeine?aeeoe niaoeeo?eo noai?aiiy eiie?aoieo
oai??a aeni?an?ii?noe/iiai ienoaoeoaa.

Aiae?c aeni?an?ii?cio cae?eniaii c iaeneiaeueiei o?aooaaiiyi neeaaeiino?
e noia?a/eeaino? oai?/eo ? ethaenueeeo aeieue ieooe?a, oai?e yeeo
oi?iothoue iaia?an?/ia yaeua a aeooiaiiio aeeoo? ?a?iie OO noie?ooy. O
ca’yceo c oeei, aaoi? na?aeiii aeei?enoiao? a?ia?ao?/iee iaoiae
aeine?aeaeaiiy c aeinoaoiuei oe?ieei caa?iaiiyi aei iaioa?ii?
e?oa?aoo?e.

I?aeoe/ia cia/aiiy io?eiaieo ?acoeueoao?a. Aeine?aeaeaiiy aeni?an?ii?cio
ia? ye naiioe?iia cia/aiiy – a?oioiaiee, aeinoia??iee aiae?c iaeiiai c
i?ia?aeieo iai?yie?a no/aniiai ienoaoeoaa, – oae ? iiina?aaeeiaaia –
aeyaeaiiy aeeiai?ee ooaeiaeiueiai ?icaeoeo cao?aeii?a?iiaenueei?
eoeueoo?e OO noie?ooy. Ie?ai? iaoa??aee oa aeniiaee iiaeooue aooe
aeei?enoai? ye a caaaeueieo eo?nao c ?noi??? eoeueoo?e, anoaoeee,
ienoaoeoaiciaanoaa, oae ? a i?ioean? ?ic?iaee niaoe?aeueieo eo?n?a aeey
nooaeaio?a aoc?a, i?aeii?yaeeiaaieo I?i?noa?noao eoeueoo?e ? ienoaoeoa
Oe?a?ie. Aeena?oaoe?ei? iaoa??aee noaiiaeyoue iaaiee ?ioa?an aeey
e?oa?aoo?ii-ooaeiaeiuei? e?eoeee, yea ni?ey? ae?iaeaiith oe?ii?nieo
i???ioe??a o ?icaeoeo no/aniiai ienoaoeoaa Oe?a?ie.

Ai?iaaoe?y ?acoeueoao?a aeena?oaoe??. Iniiai? iieiaeaiiy oa aeniiaee
?iaioe iaaiai?thaaeeny ia iaoeiai-i?aeoe/ieo nai?ia?ao aeey ani??aio?a
o?einionueeiai oaeoeueoaoo, can?aeaiiyo eaoaae?e aoeee, anoaoeee ?
eoeueoo?ieia?? Ee?anueeiai oi?aa?neoaoo ?iai? Oa?ana Oaa/aiea, ia
iaoeia?e eiioa?aioe?? c iaaiaee 60-??//y c aeiy ia?iaeaeaiiy
A.N.Eaia?nueeiai (Ee?a,1995), I?aeia?iaei?e iaoeiai-i?aeoe/i?e
eiioa?aioe?? “Oaeaiiaeoa iniaeno?noue, n?i’y, oeiea, aea?aeaaa” (Ee?a,
1994), Ae?oa?e I?aeia?iaei?e iaoeiai-i?aeoe/i?e eiioa?aioe?? c i?iaeai
aaaiaa?aeiiai ienoaoeoaa (Oa?nii, 1995), o iaoeiaeo ioae?eaoe?yo
caaaeueiei ianyaii 2.5 ae.a.

No?oeoo?a aeena?oaoe?? aecia/aia eia?eith ?icaeoeo oaie ? i?noeoue
anooi, o?e ?icae?ee (10 i?ae?icae?e?a), aeniiaee oa nienie aeei?enoaieo
aeaea?ae, aei yeiai aeeth/aii 294 iiceoe??.

INIIAIEE CI?NO ?IAIOE

O Anooi? iaa?oioiao?oueny aeooaeuei?noue oaie aeine?aeaeaiiy,
oa?aeoa?eco?oueny nooi?iue ?? iaoeiai? ?ic?iaeaiino?, aecia/athoueny
iaoa ? caaaeaiiy aeine?aeaeaiiy, aeaco?oueny oai?aoe/ia oa
iaoiaeieia?/ia iniiaa ?iaioe, oi?ioeth?oueny ?? iiaecia oa iieiaeaiiy,
ui aeiinyoueny ia caoeno, oai?aoe/ia ? i?aeoe/ia cia/aiiy.

O ia?oiio ?icae?e? “Aeni?an?ii?ci ye niaoeeo?/ia na?oiaa/aiiy”
aiae?cothoueny iaoeia? aeaea?aea, i?enay/ai? aea/aiith
aeni?an?ii?noe/iiai ienoaoeoaa, ?icaeyaea?oueny niaoeeo?ea
?ioa?i?aoaoe?? iiiyooy “aeni?an?ii?ci” oa o?einionuee? aeoiee ienoaoeoaa
aeni?an?ii?cio.

O?aaeeoe?? noaiiaeaiiy e ?icaeoeo aeni?an?ii?noe/iiai ienoaoeoaa
caeaa?eueoa aiae?cothoueny ia a?oio? i?iaoeueei? eoeueoo?e. Iaaiei /eiii
iiae?eyth/e oaeee i?aeo?ae, aeena?oaio ana ae ia iaiaaeo? ?icaeyaeaiiy
aeni?an?ii?cio ?aieaie eoeueoo?e iaei??? e?a?ie ? iaa?oue eeoa cao?aeii?
eoeueoo?e. Ia iaoo aeoieo, oaiiiaiieia?/i? c?acee na?oini?eeiaiiy Noiaeo
iiaeooue aooe aeaea?aeii aeey ?icoi?iiy ienoaoeoaa aeni?an?ii?cio a
aniaeo? eiiia?aoea?noeee.

Ii/eiath/e ?aeiino?oeoe?th noaiiaeaiiy e ?icaeoeo aeni?an?ii?cio,
aeena?oaio iaaieioo?, ui aeni?an?ii?ci ne?ae ?icoi?oe ia o?eueee ye
ooaeiaei?e iai?yiie, ui a?aeie?aieany a?ae iiaea?io iaii/aoeo OO
noie?ooy, a, ia?aaeon?i, ye niin?a ?nioaaiiy aeooo, niaoeeo?eo
na?oini?eeiaiiy, aaniethoii ie?aiee, ?iaeea?aeoaeueiee iiaeyae ia
i?iaeaio ia?iaeaeaiiy oa nia?o?.

Iiia?aaei? oai?aoe/i? i?aeoiaee aei aeni?an?ii?cio aoee i???ioiaai? ia
aeni?an?ii?ci ye ienoaoeoai. I?ioa, aeena?oaio iaiaaa?oueny iaa?oiooaaoe
aeni?an?ii?ci ia o?eueee ye ooaeiaei?e noeeue, yeee ia? nai? caeiie, a
ye aeooiaiee i?ino?? c? niaoeeo?/iei ?icoi?iiyi i?noey
?iaeea?aeoaeueiino? a ioi/oth/iio na?o? oa ?? niiniao ia?aaoaaiiy a
iueiio.

Oa?i?i “aeni?an?ii?ci” iioiaeeoue a?ae eaoeinueeiai “expressio”, ui
icia/a? “ae?aaeaiiy”. Naia “ae?aaeaiiy” ? aieiaiith iciaeith,
ni?e?ath/enue ia yeo, ?ice?eaa?oueny ci?no oeueiai iiiyooy. Ia iaoo
aeoieo, ia?aeeaae ? ci?noiaia o?aeooaaiiy oa?i?io “aeni?an?ii?ci” ye
“ae?aaeaiiy” aai “naiiae?aaeaiiy” ia ? ei?aeoiei. Oa ?oeioaaiiy oi?i,
yeeie iicia/aiee oeyo ?icaeoeo ienoaoeoaa a oiiaao OO noie?ooy cieueei
oyaeaiiy i?i ?aeaae?ciaaio i?e?iaeo ? aeni?aneaii aeyaeaio aeooaai?noue.
Inoaii? aaea ia neeaaeathoue ci?no ooaeiaeiueiai ia?aco, a iiiyooy
“ae?aaeaiiy” aai “naiiae?aaeaiiy”, oaeiae ye ? iiiyooy “iane?aeoaaiiy”
aaea ia a?aeiia?aeathoue ci?noo e caaaeueiiienoaoeuee?e i???ioaoe??
iiaiai ienoaoeoaa. O i?ioean? aeine?aeaeaiiy aeena?oaio aeiaiaeeoue
iaiao?aei?noue ?ic?iaeoe e iaa?oiooaaoe iia? ci?noiai? iiaeae? ?icoi?iiy
niaoeeo?ee aeni?an?ii?noe/iiai ienoaoeoaa ca aeiiiiiaith oa?i?i?a
“ona?aeiieaiiy”, “naiiona?aeiieaiiy”, “iiooe”, “i?ciaaaiiy”,
“?aae?caoe?y”.

Ienoaoeoai aeni?an?ii?cio aeineoue u?eueii iia’ycaia c o?einio??th O?O –
ii/aoeo OO noie?ooy. A iaoiaeieia?? oeueiai ienoaoeoaa ciaeoee nai?
ae?aaeaiiy ?aea? O.Oaee?iaa, N.E??eaai?a, O.I?oeoa, C.O?aeaea, a i?ci?oa
AE.-I.Na?o?a, A.Eaith oa ?i. Eiioeaiooae?caoe?y o?einionueei-anoaoe/ieo
canaae aeni?an?ii?cio o 30-50 -o? ?ie? OO noie?ooy a?aeaoaa?oueny
caaaeyee iine?aeiaiiio ?ioa?ano aei oai?/ino? ieooe?a-aeni?an?ii?no?a c
aieo O.Aaei?ii, eiioeaioe?y yeiai ? aaaiiei i?aea?oioyi a inieneaii? oeo
i?ioean?a, ui a?aeaoaaeeny o eoeueoo?? OO noie?ooy o oe?eiio ?,
ianaiia?aae, o aeni?an?ii?noe/iiio ienoaoeoa?. Iineeath/enue ia
iiceoe?th O.Aaei?ii aaoi? iaiaaa?oueny ?icaeyiooe aeni?an?ii?noe/ia
ienoaoeoai o eiai nioe?aeueiiio aniaeo?, ye iiooe niiniao ?nioaaiiy o
nioe?aeueiiio na?o?, caa?oath/enue aei anoaoe/ii? niaaeueie A.Oaiaa?aa
oa “iiai? a?aeainueei? oeiee”.

O ae?oaiio ?icae?e? “Anoaoe/i? canaaee aeni?an?ii?cio” aeena?oaio
iieaco?, ui aeoea?caoe?y oai?aoe/iiai ?ioa?ano aei oe?ieiai eiea i?iaeai
eoeueoo?e iia’ycaia naia c e?ioeai O?O – ia?oeie aeanyoee?ooyie OO
noie?ooy. O oeae ia??iae c’yaeythoueny ?iaioe, ye? ? iaaiei
iaoiaeieia?/iei i?aea?oioyi eoeueoo?ieia?? e aei nueiaiaei?. A?aeaeath/e
iaeaaeia ?iaioai, ye? iaee ? iathoue oe?eeii caneoaeaiee ?icaiein,
aeena?oaio caa?oa? oaaao, ia?aaeon?i, ia aeine?aeaeaiiy I.Ni?ie?ia
“Nioe?ieoeueoo?ia aeeiai?ea”. Nie?ath/enue ia oeiieia?/i? iiaeae?
eoeueoo?e, cai?iiiiiaai? I.Ni?ie?iei, aeena?oaio aecia/a?
aeni?an?ii?noe/ia ienoaoeoai ye “?aeaaoe?iiaeueia”, yea nooo?ai
a?ae??ciy?oueny a?ae oiai, ui iaaoea “ii/ooo?aa” eoeueoo?a. Oea
ienoaoeoai, aeey yeiai iaeaaaeeea?oith oe?ii?noth ? aeooiai?noue
ethaeeie, ?? aecenoaioe?y.

Aeena?oaio aeioiaeeoue aeniiaeo, ui aieiaiith iciaeith
aeni?an?ii?noe/iiai ienoaoeoaa ? ?io?iaa?n?y, eiai na?aeiiee iaaiein ia
?iaeea?aeoaeueiiio na?o? ethaeeie, ni?yiiaaii?noue ia ?ice?eooy
niaoeeo?/ieo ineoieia?/ieo noai?a ? a?ae/ooo?a (no?aoo, aeaoo,
a?ae/ath).

Aeine?aeaeoth/e anoaoe/i? canaaee aeni?an?ii?noe/iiai ienoaoeoaa,
aeena?oaio iniaeeao oaaao caa?oa? ia iiiyooy “/an”, yea a iaaeao
aeni?an?ii?cio aeineoue ae?acii aeaiiino?o? ia?aeaeueiee ?icaeoie
oeueiai iai?yieo a ienoaoeoa? ? aecenoaioe?aeuei?e o?einio??.
Ni?aiaaeaiiy ?ioa?an?a eoei /a?ac iaiaaaiiy ? o?einio??, ? ienoaoeoaa
ae?aceoe ye oioaeueiee aano?ae ?nioaaiiy, oae ? iacaeaoi?noue eiai
iiaeieaiiy.

Na?aeiii i?aee?anethth/e iiiyooy /ano, aeni?an?ii?noe ?icoi?thoue eiai
ye aeooaeuei?noue i?iaeeaaiiy “oaia??oiueiai” iiiaioo. Ieioea e iaeaooi?
?niothoue aeey i?eoeeueiee?a aeni?an?ii?noe/iiai ienoaoeoaa ye
naineoeai? ? iaioaeuei? i?iaeoe??, ia ye /anoeie /ano, a ye /anoeie
na?aeiiino?. Oa, ui aecia/a?oueny ye “aecenoaioe?eiee /an” iieno?oueny
ca aeiiiiiaith iiiyooy “oaia??oiueiai”, aea ae ia ye iciaee /ano, a ye
aeooaeueiino? eiaeiiai iiiaioo aeeooy ? ona?aeiieaiiy eiaeiiai iiiaioo
oei, ooi oea aeeooy i?iaeeaa?.

Ienoaoeoai aeni?an?ii?cio iiai?iieo /an?a (A.E?oa?, N.Ae?ai?o, A.?aeia?)
a?aeiinii oeoia/aiiy “/ano” nie?a?oueny ia ?aea? aoiai?noe/ii?
ineoieia?? (E.Ia?aioi, O.Ia?en).

Aeena?oaio aiae?co? aano?aei?noue ye iniiaiee aecenoaioe?eiee noai, aei
yeiai caa?oathoueny ieooe?-aeni?an?ii?noe, ye ii/aoeiaa noaaeaiiy
ethaeeie aei na?oo. Caeo/ath/e eiioeaioe?th aoiai?noe/ii? ineoieia??
(E.Ia?aioi, O.Ia?ec), aecenoaioe?aeueiee aiae?c ?.Eaeiaa, oai?e A.Eaith,
O.Eaoee, aaoi? aiae?co? noaaeaiiy aeni?an?ii?noe/ii? ethaeeie aei na?oo,
?icaeyaea? iiaeaeueiino? ineoieia?/ii? caoeuaiino?, aiaaiaiino? o
aeaniiio aooo? ? aeioiaeeoue aeniiaeo, ui aeni?an?ii?noe/i? oai?e
a?aeaeaathoue noai ineoieia?/iiai a?ae/oooy ao?aoe aeanii? ?aaeueiino?,
noai i?e/aiiino?, eeiooino?, aacneeey.

Aeei?enoaiiy aeni?an?ii?noaie iiiyooy “/an” ia caaaeaee a?aeaoaaeiny o
o?aaeeoe?eieo oi?iao, a?aeiia?aeii aei aeiia eeane/ii? o?einio??. A
ienoaoeoa? aeni?an?ii?cio oea iiiyooy iaaoaa? iaoaoi?e/iee oa?aeoa?.
Naia oae aeei?enoiao?oueny iiiyooy “aano?ae” – iciaea iaaiiai /ano,
noaio ethaeeie a iniaenoeo, aioo??oi?o ineoieia?/ieo aei??ao.

I?ney ae?oai? na?oiai? a?eie, yea ua a?eueoa iiaeeaeea aeooiaio e?eco
ethaeeie OO noie?ooy, ? iaaeaea iiaiai iiooiaoo i?ioeano
“?icnoae?ioaaiiy” eoeueoo?e (O.Aaei?ii, aoiai?noe/ia ineoieia?y),
ienoaoeoai ie?aneth?oueny oyae?iiyi aei eiioeaiooae?cio,
“?ioaeaeooaeueiino?”, oneeaaeiaiino? ia o?eueee cania?a ae?aaeaiiy, aea
e nieneiai? iane/aiino? oai??a, ui ia?aaeaa/a? aeineoue aeeaie? ciaiiy
c? noa?e o?einio??, i?oieia??, ?noi??? ?ae?a??.

Aeni?an?ii?noe/ia ienoaoeoai i?neyai?iieo /an?a eiioeaio?o? oaaao
iaaeiei ethaenueeeo aecenoaioe?eieo noai?a ?icaoaeaiino?, aeaoo,
c?oeiiaaiino? /?oeeo nienei-aeeoo?aeo i???ioe??a. I?e a?aenooiino?
i?aeo?eiee o iaaeao o?aaeeoe?eii? ?ae?a?? ieooe? iaiaaathoueny
aeioi?eiooeny aei ?noeie /a?ac aeaniee i?noe/iee aeina?ae. Iaaecae/aeii
oe?eaaei aeaea?aeii aeey inieneaiiy ?ae?a?eii-i?noe/iiai aniaeoo
aeni?an?ii?cio, cie?aia, o ?aieao a?aeiioaiiy oeueiai iai?yieo aei
o?aaaae?? ethaeeie, iinoaaeaii? ia?aae iaee//yi nia?o?, ? oai?/?noue
N.Ae?eai?oa oa A.?aeia?a. Nie?ath/enue ia ooaeiaei?e aeina?ae A.?aeia?a
? aeei?enoiaoth/e ye i?aea?oioy ?ae?a?eii-ienoaoeueeo eiioeaioe?th
I.Iao?a?a, aaoi? iaiaaa?oueny i?inoaaeeoe ni?iae aeni?an?ii?cio aeeoe ca
iaae? io?oe?eii? ?ae?a?eii? aeieo?eie, aeiaeoe aeania i?noe/ia ciaiiy.

Na?aae oai?aoe/ieo i?iaeai anoaoeee aeni?an?ii?cio o aniaeo?
eiiia?aoea?nonueeiai aiae?co, iaei??th c i?eioeeiiai aaaeeeaeo ?
aeyaeaiiy aca?iiae?? ooaeiaei?o iiaeaeae “Cao?ae-No?ae” ? iiaeeea?noue
iai?ee?ioe? OO noie?ooy iaa?oiooaaoe aeni?an?ii?ci ia o?eueee ye
cao?aeii?a?iiaenueeee oaiiiai. I?e oeueiio ne?ae a?aoiaoaaoe oa, ui
aieea no?aeiiai ienoaoeoaa ia cao?aeii?a?iiaenueeo anoaoeeo ? ienoaoeoai
ii/aoeo noi??//y aeaeaei ia caaaeaee aeyaeyany aaciina?aaeiuei. ?iiae?
aiii aieeaaei ia ieooe?a nei??oa iiina?aaeeiaaii, /a?ac aoe/i?
i?eioeeie, /a?ac na?oiaeyae, i?ioa, iaiao?aeii a?ae?aco ae ?ic??ciyoe o
oeueiio i?ioean?, c iaeiiai aieo, ?ioa?an aei aeaeaei? aecioeee, yea
noaaaea iiaeiith, a c ae?oaiai – iiooee aeecueeino?
cao?aeii?a?iiaenueeiai e no?aeiiai ienoaoeoa.

Ne?ae caoaaaeeoe, ui ia Caoiae? e?eoe/ia ni?eeiyooy No?aeii? o?einio??
oa anoaoeee ? aein? ?iiae? i?ioiaeeoue i?ae ciaeii “ianoiaeino?”,
“/oaei??aeiino?”. Ni?iae iiaeieaoe oeth noeaio “ianoiaeino?” i?iyaeeeny
iai?ee?ioe? O?O – ii/aoeo OO noie?ooy o oai?aoe/ieo ?ic?iaeao a/aieo
??cieo ?a?iiaenueeeo e?a?i, cie?aia, ?in??, aea iaoeiaee ?ioa?an aei
?noi???, ?ae?a??, ienoaoeoaa Noiaeo aeyaey?oueny aeineoue ae?acii
(A.I.Aiia?aae-Eaa?i, A.-O.?eue?i, E.A.Aanue?a oa ?i.). I?ioyaii OO
noie?ooy c’yaeythoueny /eneaii? ?ic?iaee, ye? iiaeeaeththoue oyaeaiiy
?a?iiaeoe?a uiaei iaioae?oaoo ia?iae?a Eeoath, ?iae??, ssiii??
(E.N.Aaneeue?a, A.N.A?eoeaiei, A.A.Caaaaenueea, N.I.Othey?a,
I.A.Oeiea?aiei).

Nueiaiaei? na?aae iaea?eueo ia?niaeoeaieo i?aeoiae?a o o?einionuee?e oa
anoaoe/i?e aeoioe? caneiaiao? ia iniaeeao oaaao eiiia?aoea?nonueeee
iaoiae aeine?aeaeaiiy, aeaoaeueii ?ic?iaeaiee, cie?aia, o i?aoeyo
ienoi?aenueeiai i?ioanni?a Ae?ioa Aeie/a (“Eiiia?aoea?nonueea
anoaoeea”, 1997) oa ni?aiinueeiai i?ioani?a Aaeii?na (“Noo?ci oa
nth??aae?ci”, 1992), ye? noinothoueny ieoaiue aca?iiaieeao cao?aeii? ?
no?aeii? eoeueoo?. Eiiia?aoea?nonueeee iaoiae anoaoe/iiai aeine?aeaeaiiy
iaaea? iiaeeeaino? i?inoaaeeoe ia?aeae? i?ae eoeueoo?ieie o?aaeeoeeyie,
anoaoe/ieie iiaeaeyie, niiniaii ni?eeiyooy na?oo.

Caoaaaeeii, ui a inoaii? ?iee eiiia?aoea?nonueeee iaoiae aiae?co
aeineoue aeoeaii a?aei?aoeueiao?oueny ?in?enueeeie a/aieie
(A.N.Eieanieeia, I.ss.Ei?i??a, A.A.Ia?eia, ?.E.?iiaiiaa, TH.A,Naiaeoeia,
?.I.Neaei?ia, A.A.Nieieia).

Ia ii/aoeia?e noaae?? eiiia?aoea?noeea c?ooiaoo?oueny c iaaiith
e?euee?noth aa?iaiaaoe/ieo oa ?ioa?i?aoaoe?eieo i?iaeai, iaea?eueo
neeaaeiith c yeeo ? caeo/aiiy anoaoe/ii? aeoiee oa ienoaoeueeiai
aeina?aeo ?ioi? eoeueoo?e oeyoaie, ye? i?inoi annei?eththoue,
ni?iuothoue eoeueoo?iee aeina?ae ?, c ?ioiai aieo, a?ae/oaeothoue eiai.
sse oai?/ee e?aaoeaiee iaoiae eiiia?aoea?noeea noaaeoue ia?aae niaith
caaaeaiiy i?eeiyooy ?ioi? eoeueoo?ii? o?aaeeoe??. Oaeee oeyo aeicaiey?
iiaeeaeoe ?icoi?iiy anoaoe/iiai aeina?aeo ? ?icaeyiooe oeyoe, yeeie oeae
aeina?ae iiaea caaaa/oaaoeny, ia?ainienethaaoeny, noaaaoe ona?aeiieaiei
? a?aee?eoei aeey ?icoi?iiy.

O i?ioean? aeine?aeaeaiiy aeena?oaio aiae?co? ?noi??th i???ioae?cio a
cao?aeii?a?iiaenueeiio ienoaoeoa?, i?ae?eia? i?iaeaio aeyao “no?aeieo
aeaiaio?a” o oai?/ino? cao?aeii?a?iiaenueeeo ieooe?a, aeaoaeueii
aiae?coth/e oai?/?noue A.Aai Aiaa, A.Iao?nna, na?oiaa/aiiy yeeo
aiiaeaeueoiio a?ae?a?aei aaaeeeao ?ieue o ?icaeoeo aeni?an?ii?noe/iiai
ienoaoeoaa, ?icaeyaea? ca’ycie oai?/ino? oeeo ieooe?a c ienoaoeoaii
aecai-aoaeaeecio. Aeena?oaio caa?oa?oueny aei aiae?co oaio?e/iiai
ienoaoeoaa o eiioaeno? eiai aieeao ia cao?aeii?a?iiaenueeee aano?aeoiee
aeeaiien OO noie?ooy, cie?aia, A.Eaiae?inueeiai, I.Ee??, O.Ia?ea, uiaei
canoinoaaiiy eieuei??a, eiiiiceoe??, nieneiaiai iane/aiiy oai??a.

Oai?/a aca?iicaaaa/aiiy eoeueoo? “Cao?ae-No?ae” aeineoue /?oei
i?inoaaeo?oueny o ?icaeoeo aecenoaioe?eii? anoaoeee, ia ?aea? naia yei?
nie?aeiny ienoaoeoai aeni?an?ii?cio. O oeaio?? oaaae aecenoaioe?ae?cio
N.E??eaai?a, AE.-I.Na?o?a, A.Eaith, ye ? a oeaio?? oaaae aecai,
ciaoiaeyoueny i?iaeaie, iia’ycai? c? no?oeoo?ith iniaenoino?.
Caa?oath/enue aei aecainueeiai ? oaio?e/iiai a/aiiy, aaoi? i?iaiaeeoue
iaai? ia?aeae? i?ae no?aeiith eiioeaioe??th neiaa, eiai iani?iiiaei?noth
aaeaeaaoii ia?aaeaaaoe oiie? ineoieia?/i? a?ae/oooy, aiioe?eiee noai
ethaeeie ? acenoaioe?ae?nonueeith ?aea?th aeaaaeueaaoe?? neiaa.

?icaeyaeath/e ienoaoeoai Noiaeo, aaoi? ciaoiaeeoue ia?aeae? i?ae
niaoeeo?/iei ineoio?c?ieia?/iei noaiii, oa?aeoa?iei aeey no?aeiiai
iaioae?oaoo, ? eiioeaioe??th “a?aie/ii? neooaoe??” E.ssnia?na, ?
aeiaiaeeoue, ui oae? ineoieia?/i? noaie ynii a?aeoai?ai? o
aeni?an?ii?noe/ieo oai?ao cao?aeii?a?iiaenuee?o ieooe?a. (A.A?ai,
A.Oa?oeia).

Ne?ae cacia/eoe, ui i?ioyaii OO noie?ooy a?aeaoaathoueny iaai? ci?ie
uiaei oa?aeoa?o ae?aeiao eoeueoo? “Cao?ae-No?ae”. sseui iaii/aoeo OO
noie?ooy /?oei i?inoaaeo?oueny i?ioean a?aee?eooy Caoiaeii Noiaeo, ?
?aea? no?aeii? eoeueoo?e aeoeaii aieeaathoue ia cao?aeieo ieooe?a
acaaae? ? i?eoeeueiee?a aeni?an?ii?cio cie?aia, oi i?ioyaii noie?ooy
aaea i?inoaaeo?oueny ? cai?ioi?e i?ioean – aieea cao?aeii? eoeueoo?e ia
no?aeio. Oaeiio i?ioeano aaaaoi a /iio ni?eyea iiioey?i?noue ia Noiae?
o?einio?? C.O?aeaea oa E.THiaa, cie?aia, ?aeae iia’ycaieo c oai?/ei
i?ioeanii. Iaea?eueo ae?acii oeae i?ioean i?inoaaeo?oueny o oai?/ino?
no/aniiai yiiinueeiai ienueiaiieea-aeni?an?ii?noa E.Ia.

Iaoiaeieia?/iei i?aea?oioyi aeey aiae?co niaoeeo?ee oai?/iai i?ioeano a
aeni?an?ii?ci? o o?aoiio ?icae?e? aeena?oaoe?? “Oai?/ee i?ioean ye aeya
naiiaooiino? aeni?an?ii?noe/iiai ienoaoeoaa” iiaeooue aenooieoe ?iaioe
I.Ia?ei-Iiio?. Aiae?coth/e niaoeeo?eo oai?/iai i?ioeano a aeni?an?ii?ci?
aeena?oaio iineea?oueny ia i?ia?aeia o oai??? oai?/ino? I.Ia?ei-Iiio?
iiiyooy “aa/aiiy”, ?iaey/e iaaiein ia niaoeeo?oe? noaio aa/aiiy,
aeoeaiooth/e oaaao ia oiio, ui noai aa/aiiy iaaiith i??ith
ni?aa?aeiineoueny ?c noaiii naiiona?aeiieaiiy.

Aeena?oaio ?aeaioeo?eo? ieooey-aeni?an?ii?noa c aeooiaiei ooea/ai ?
?icaeyaea? o?e aeooiai? aei??e, o ye?o a?aeaoaa?oueny i?noa??y
aeni?an?ii?cio: “naiiona?aeiieaiiy”, “iaeei”, “i?ic??iiy”, caeo/ath/e
aei aiae?co oai?/?noue A.O?aeey, ia?aaeon?i, eiai a?ia?ao?th, eenoe,
iioaoee o uiaeaiieeao.

Aeooiaiee ?oo /a?ac o?e aei??e a?aeiia?aea? i?oo i?i iaiae??aeo
noa?iaeaaiueiai ?aeiaonueeiai aiaa In???na. Oeae i?o na?ae/eoue, ui
iaiae??aea aiaa iaea aea? oace: iiaei?iae e??cue aeaiue oa iiaei?iae
e??cue i?/. A acioa?e/iiio ae cia/aii? iiaei?iae In???na iiaeiia
?iceeaaeaoeny ia o?e oace: iaiae??aea o niiy/iiio /iai?, ui a?aeiia?aea?
aei??o “naiiona?aeiieaiiy”, o i?ny/iiio /iai?, ui a?aeiia?aea? aei??o
“iaeei”, a yeiio ethaeeia i?ioiaeeoue e??cue a?eue, no?aaeaeaiiy, “oaiio
i?/ aeoo?” ?, ciiao ae oaee, o niiy/iiio, ui a?aeiia?aea? aei??o
“i?ic??iiy”.

Ia?oee aei?? aeni?an?ii?noe/ii? i?noa??? “naiiona?aeiieaiiy” ia?aaeaa/a?
iiooe naii?aeaioeo?eaoe?? ieooey, iiooe eiai naiioioiaeiino?, aea
iaaiein ?iaeoueny ia neia? “nai?noue”. Oaeee noai aeooo a?aeiia?aea?
?aiiueiio A.Aai Aiao, aecia/aaoiio naaa /a?ac ei?e/iaaee eie?? caie?,
/a?ac neiaie ian?iiy, yea iaaea? ia ni?eeiath/ee a?oio, /a?ac noai
caieiaiino? ia naaa. Ia ??ai? “naiiona?aeiieaiiy” – ae?aaeaiiy,
aeni?an?y cae?enith?oueny naia /a?ac iniao ieooey (A.A?inn, A.Ioie,
A.Oaee?).

Ia ??ai? “i?ic??iiy” – ae?aaeaiiy iacaaa?aeaia iniaeno?noth oiai, ooi
noai?th?. Ieoaoeue aeyaey? naaa ia ye iniaeno?noue, a ye “aeica?e”
?nioaaiith “aeeeaaoeny” /a?ac iueiai. Aooe oai?/ei icia/a? ao?aoeoe naaa
? /a?ac oea aia?oa caaaeaoe naaa. I?ioa iiaa?iaiiy aei aioo??oiueiai
aeaea?aea iiaeeeaa o?eueee i?ney i?ioiaeaeaiiy aeeaeiiiai aioo??oiueiai
“iaeea”. I?noe/iee ioao Oai?en aie?a? o aiai?, yeee aeieea? ana?aaeei?
eiai aeanii? ?noioe. Aiaiiue iiaeeia? eiai, a?i uaca? a iueiio, a iueiio
? aine?ana?, aaeaea aine?an?iiy iiaeeeaa o?eueee i?ney aioo??oiuei?
nia?o? (Aeae.Eaeaeae, E.Ia, A.?aeia?).

Noaio “iaeea” a?aeiia?aea? niaoeeo?/iee noai na?aeiiino?: noai
a?c?iia?nueeiai aa/aiiy ? ineoiaeae?/iino?. I?ioiaey/e “iaeei”, ethaeeia
ia?aaeeaa? aecenoaioe?eio nia?oue, yea ? “aeaa?eia o iioa?iia” (A.Aaei,
O.Eaoea, A.O?aeeue).

Oeyo noai?aiiy ooaeiaei?o oai??a, yeee aeanoeaee O?aeeth oa ?ioei
ieooeyi, ui iane?aeoaaee eiai, ia ?aeeiee o oai?/?e iae?o??
aeni?an?ii?no?a. ?ioa iiaeaeue – oai?/?noue Aeae.Eaeaeaea, – aeyaeaiiy
ia?aeae? i?ae na?oiaa/aiiyi eiiiiceoi?a ? o?einio??th aecai-aoaeaeecio,
oa aeayeeie aniaeoaie na?oini?eeiaiiy noo??a.

Aeena?oaio caa?oa?oueny aei oai?/ino? N.E??eaai?a, A.Aai Aiaa, A.Ioiea,
O.Eaoee, TH.I?n?ie ye aei oeyoo iinooiiaiai iiaeieaiiy no?aoo,
?icaeyaeath/e oai?/?noue ye niin?a ?nioaaiiy ?iaeea?aeoaeueiiai, ye
niin?a naiicaaaeoaaiiy.

Aeni?an?ii?noe, nie?ath/enue ia iaaaeyeee aieea ienoaoeoaa ia ethaeeio,
iaiaaaeeny caniaaie ienoaoeoaa, aai caniaaie oai?aoe/iiai iaa?oiooaaiiy
caaaeaiue ienoaoeueeiai oai?o iaa/eoe ethaeeio ii?aeueii-ineoieia?/iiio
noaaeaiith aei nia?o? ye aei yaeua, yea ia ? e?ioeai aeeooy, a ? eiai
e?auaiaei.

O eiioaeno? oiai, ye O.Eaoea cae?enith? oai?/ee i?ioean, iniaeeaiai
cia/aiiy iaaoaathoue na?ae/aiiy ?ioeo iniaenoinoae, ye? oaeiae
iao?aaeeoe?eii ?icoi?ee caaaeaiiy oai?/ino? ? eoee aei ?aae?caoe?? nai?o
?aeae niaoeeo?/iei oeyoii. Oae, ia eeoa N.E??eaai?, yeee aoa ia?aeiiaiee
o nai?e i?n?? io/aieea, aea e aeaeaoiee yiiinueeee ienueiaiiee TH.I?n?ia
a?ae/oaaee iaiao?aei?noue iiia?oe, uia ia?aoo? ethaee ana?eic
a?aeianeeny aei ?o i?iiia?ae?. Aeey ioae?ee o?eueee nia?oue noaaeea ciae
aeinoia??iino? ia iaienaiiio.

O Aeniiaeao cacia/a?oueny, ui aeni?an?ii?ci, yeee neeaany a eiioaeno?
cao?aeii?a?iiaenueei? eoeueoo?e OO noie?ooy, iiaeia ?icaeyaeaoe ye
naiiaeinoaoi? aeooiaia yaeua. Eiai yne?aaith iciaeith noaa aeeaieee
ca’ycie c o?einio??th O?O – OO noie?ooy, o??th o?einio??th, yea
iaiaaaeany yeiiiaa iiai?oa iiaioaaoe i?e?iaeo ethaeeie, i?noea oai?/iai
iiooeo a noaiiaeaii? ?? ?iaeea?aeoaeueiino?.

O O?O noie?oo? eiie?aoi? o?einionuee? eiioeaioe?? ?nioaaee, ia?aaeon?i,
ye, oae ae iiaeoe, “/enoee” oai?aoe/iee iiooe. Oea noino?oueny
eiioeaioe?e O.Oaee?iaa, N.E??eaai?a, O.I?oeoa. Oe? eiioeaioe?? a?eueo
aeeaiei e iiaii aoee ioe?iai? eeoa ia ii/aoeo OO noie?ooy, cie?aia,
i?aaenoaaieeaie aeni?an?ii?noe/iiai ienoaoeoaa. Aiie ciiaee aeineoue
ie?aeii aeei?enoaoe oo aoiinoa?o, yea aeyaeyeany o iiaiio
o?einionueeiio i?aeoiae? aei ethaeeie: iiaeeaeaii aea/aee ?? neeaaeio
ii/ooo?ao i?e?iaeo. O?einio?y a?aee?eea aeey ieooe?a aioo??oi?e
iioaioe?ae ii/ooo?a no?aoo, aeaoo, a?ae/ath, naiioiino?. Aiioe?eia
iane/aiiy ienoaoeoaa, iiaoaeiaaiiai ia a?aeoai?aii? naia oaeeo
ii/ooo?a, ia?aaa?oeei on? niiae?aaiiy ? iino?eii caaaa/o?oueny, caaaeyee
ana a?eueo aeeaieiio e iiaiioe?iiiio iiaiiaoaaiith nenoaiith aioo??oiuei
neeaaeieo ethaenueeeo ii/ooo?a. I?aai?/iee ca’ycie ienoaoeoaa c
aiioe?eii-ineoieia?/iith i?e?iaeith ethaeeie iaaeaa aeni?an?ii?cio o???
aeeiai?ee, yea aeeaeoue oea ienoaoeoai, ? ana ae?aci?oa ia?aoai?th? eiai
ia naiiaooi?e aeooiaiee i?ino??. A?aeeeioaoe o?aaeeoe?eiee oei
“ii/ooo?aiai” ienoaoeoaa, yea i?iaieiooaaei aieiaiith oe?ii?noth
aii??e/io ?aaeuei?noue, aeni?an?ii?noe noai?ththoue aeaniee na?o
?io?iaa?neaii? ni?yiiaaiino? ia iniaenoee ineoieia?/iee aeina?ae, ia
iniaeno? ia?aaeeaaiiy. Oeae na?o a?aei?iiee a?ae o?aaeeoe?eiiai
na?aeiiei iaaieinii ia iaaaoeaiiio ineoieia?/iiio noai? ethaeeie,
iaoiiaeaiiio ianaiia?aae ?? iniaenoeie aioo??oi?ie ia?aaeeaaiiyie.

Iaei??th c aaaeeeaeo iciae aeni?an?ii?cio ? ?oeioaaiiy ?a?iiioeaio?e/ii?
i???ioaoe?? o eoeueoo?? OO noie?ooy. Ieooe?-aeni?an?ii?noe c?iaeee
/eiaei aeey iaeaaiaeaeaiiy oai?/eo ca’yce?a c? no?aeiith eoeueoo?ith,
aoee na?aae o??? /anoeie cao?aeii?a?iiaenueei? ?ioae?aaioe?? ii/aoeo OO
noie?ooy, yea ?icii/aea ae?aeia eoeueoo? “Cao?ae-No?ae”. Aiaeii/an,
ne?ae cacia/eoe, ui ae?aeia aei oeueiai /ano ia?, ia aeaeue, eeoa
ii/aoeiaee oa?aeoa? ? iiooee oeyo?a uiaei a?eueo aeeaiei? aca?iiae??
cao?aeii? ? no?aeii? eoeueoo? caeeoathoueny aeooaeueieie.

sse aoei iieacaii a i?ioean? aeena?oaoe?eiiai aeine?aeaeaiiy,
aeni?an?ii?ci aeineoue yne?aai cayaea i?i naaa o ??cieo aeaeao
ienoaoeoaa, iaea?eueo iiaiioe?iii aeyaoenue o ioceoe?, iiac??,
aeeaiieno. Ia iao iiaeyae, ? ua iaai? oai?/? ?aca?ae o iiaeaeueoiio
ao?eaii? aeni?an?ii?noe/ieo i?eioeei?a o ienoaoeoai oaao?o, e?ii,
aaeaoo.

Iniiai? iieiaeaiiy aeena?oaoe?? aeeeaaeai? o oaeeo ioae?eaoe?yo:

1. Inueiae I.I. Aeni?an?ii?ci a ae?aeic? eoeueoo?
“Cao?ae-No?ae”//Aeooaeuei? o?einionuee? oa eoeueoo?ieia?/i? i?iaeaie
no/aniino?: Ca.iaoe.i?. I-ai ina?oe Oe?a?ie. Ee?anueeee aea?aeaaiee
e?iaa?noe/iee oi?aa?neoao. – E., 1999, n. 18-24

2. Inueiae I.I. Aeni?an?ii?ci: ?ae?a?eii-i?noe/iee aniaeo//Ooaeiaeiy
eoeueoo?a: ?noi??/iee aeina?ae e no/aniee noai. Ca. iaoe. no. Aea?aeaaia
Aeaaeai?y ea??aieo eaae??a eoeueoo?e ? ienoaoeoa. – E., 1999, n. 27-37

3. Inueiae I.I. O?einionueei-anoaoe/ia iiaeaeue oai?/ino?
A.Oaiaa?aa//Aeooaeuei? o?einionuee? oa eoeueoo?ieia?/i? i?iaeaie
no/aniino?: Ca. iaoe. i?. I-ai ina?oe Oe?a?ie. Ee?anueeee aea?aeaaiee
e?iaa?noe/iee oi?aa?neoao. – E., 1998, n. 11-17

4. Inueiae I.I. Aeni?an?ii?ci: o?aaeeoe?? ? no/ani?noue //Ooaeiaeiy
eoeueoo?a: ?noi??y, oai??y, i?aeoeea. Ca. iaoe. no. I-ai eoeueoo?e ?
ienoaoeoa Oe?a?ie. ?i-o i?aeaeuaiiy eaae?o?eaoe?? i?aoe?aiee?a
eoeueoo?e. – E., 1997, n. 186-197

5. Inueiae I.I. Aeni?an?ii?ci: i?iaeaia oa?i?iieia?? ? noaiiaeaiiy
i?iaeaiaoeee//Oai?aoe/i? i?iaeaie ooaeiaeiuei? eoeueoo?e. Ca. iaoe. no.
Aeione 1. – Ia?ayneaa-Oiaeueieoeueeee, 1995, n. 58-62

6. Inueiae I.I. Yeni?aneiieci: ynoaoeea yecenoaioeeaeueiuo
ninoiyiee//Iaoa?eaeu Aoi?ie Iaaeaeoia?iaeiie iao/ii-i?aeoe/aneie
eiioa?aioeee ii aaaiaa?aeo. – Oa?nii, 1995, n. 79-82

7. Inueiae I.I. Aei aecia/aiiy iiiyooy “aeni?an?ii?ci”//Oace iaoeiaeo
aeiiia?aeae c iaaiaee 60-??//y c aeiy ia?iaeaeaiiy A.N.Eaia?nueeiai. –
E., 1995, n. 64-65

8. Inueiae I.I. Ienoaoeoai aeni?an?ii?cio a Oe?a?inuee?e
eoeueoo??//Oaeaiiaeoa iniaeno?noue, n?i’y, oeiea, aea?aeaaa. Iaoa??aee
I?aeia?iaeii? iaoeiai-i?aeoe/ii? eiioa?aioe??. – E., 1994, n. 148-150

9. Inueiae I.I. Aei i?iaeaie ?ae?a?eii-i?noe/iiai aniaeoo ienoaoeoaa (ia
i?eeeaae? oai?/ino? no/anieo oe?a?inueeeo iaeno??a)// Eaoaeia aenoaaee
“No/ania Aeooiaia Ienoaoeoai” c iaaiaee 100-??//y a?ae aeiy ia?iaeaeaiiy
Ia?oiai Iao??a?oa Ee?anueeiai ? an??? Oe?a?ie Inoeneaaa.- E., 1998, n.
1-19

Inueiae I.I. Aeni?an?ii?ci a eioaeno? cao?aeii?a?iiaenei? eoeueoo?e OO
noie?ooy. – ?oeiien.

Aeena?oaoe?y ia caeiaoooy iaoeiaiai nooiaiy eaiaeeaeaoa o?einionueeeo
iaoe ca niaoe?aeuei?noth 09.00.08 – anoaoeea. – Ee?anueeee oi?aa?neoao
?iai? Oa?ana Oaa/aiea, Ee?a, 1999.

Aeena?oaoe?y i?enay/aia aeine?aeaeaiith oaiiiaia “aeni?an?ii?ci” a
eiioaeno? cao?aeii?a?iiaenueei? eoeueoo?e OO noie?ooy. ?icaeyaea?oueny
anoaoeei-ienoaoeoaiciaa/a i?aea?oioy cao?aeii?a?iiaenueeiai
aeni?an?ii?cio oa eiai i?noea a ae?aeic? eoeueoo? “Cao?ae-No?ae” a
eiioaeno? eiiia?aoea?nonueeiai aiae?co. ?aeiino?oeiaaia ?noi??y
noaiiaeaiiy ? ?icaeoeo aeni?an?ii?cio, iaa?oioiaai? eiai
anoaoeei-ienoaoeoaiciaa/? canaaee, niaoeeo?ea i?iyao o ??cieo aeaeao
ienoaoeoaa. Aeni?an?ii?ci aeine?aeaeaii ye iai?yiie o no/aniiio
ienoaoeoa?, ui ia? ei?ai? o na?oia?e o?einionuee?e aeoioe? ? iaoiiaeaiee
aeeiai?eith ?icaeoeo ooaeiaeiueiai ieneaiiy. C’yniaai? oeie oai?/iai
i?ioeano aeni?an?ii?no?a a?aeiia?aeii aei aeaeiai? niaoeeo?ee
ienoaoeoaa.

A i?iiiiiaaiiiio aeine?aeaeaii? aeni?ann?ii?ci ?icaeyaea?oueny ia eeoa
ye ienoaoeueeee iai?yiie, a, ia?aaeon?i, ye niaoeeo?/iee aeooiaiee
i?ino?? a cao?aeii?a?iiaenuee?e eoeueoo?? OO noie?ooy, yeiio i?eoaiaiia
naiiaooi? na?oiaa/aiiy, caeaoia aeeiiaoe ?ioaa?aoeaio ooieoe?th o
ae?aeic? “Cao?ae-No?ae”.

Eeth/ia? neiaa: aeni?an?ii?ci, ae?aaeaiiy, naiiae?aaeaiiy, iniaeno?noue,
?io?iaa?n?y, ona?aeiieaiiy, naiiona?aeiieaiiy, iiooe, no?ao, a?ae/ae,
i?ciaaaiiy, ?aae?caoe?y.

Osmak O.A. Expressionism in the context of 20th century Western-European
culture. – Manuscript.

This thesis is dedicated to the research of the phenomenon
“expressionism” in the context of 20th century Western-European culture.
Aesthetic and art-historical grounds of Western-European expressionism
and its place in the dialogue of western and eastern culture are
discussed in comparative analysis context. History of foundation and
development of expressionism is reconstructed and aesthetic and
art-historical roots and spicifics its manifestation in different types
of art are grounded. Expressionism is examined as a direction of
contemporary art which has roots in wourld’s philosophical thought and
is conditioned by the dynamics of art thinking development. Types of
expressionist creative process corresponding to specifics of art are
cleared out.

In proposed scientific work expressionism is investigated as not only
simple branch of art but as consciousnessly directed to reappiarence the
sence of existence. Author’s approach to expressionism is concentrated
on reappiarence of spiritual world’s specific in European culture in
20th century. On the creative side, expressionism’s authentic perneption
made more deep and intelligible the West-East dialog.

Key words: expressionism, expression, self-expression, individual,
introversion, consciousness, self-consciousness, search, fear,
desperation, recognition, realization.

Inueiae I.A. Yeni?anneiieci a eiioaenoa caiaaeiiaa?iiaeneie
eoeueoo?u OO noieaoey. – ?oeiienue.

Aeenna?oaoeey ia nieneaiea o/aiie noaiaie eaiaeeaeaoa oeeinioneeo iaoe
ii niaoeeaeueiinoe 09.00.08. – Ynoaoeea. – Eeaaneee oieaa?neoao eiaie
Oa?ana Oaa/aiei, Eeaa, 1999.

Aeenna?oaoeey iinayuaia enneaaeiaaieth oaiiiaia “yeni?anneiieci” a
eiioaenoa caiaaeiiaa?iiaeneie eoeueoo?u OO noieaoey. ?anniao?eaaaony
ynoaoeei-eneonnoaiaaae/aneia iainiiaaiea caiaaeiiaa?iiaeneiai
yeni?anneiiecia e aai ianoi a aeeaeiaa eoeueoo? “Caiaae-Ainoie” iaoiaeii
eiiia?aoeaenoneiai aiaeeca. ?aeiino?oe?iaaia enoi?ey noaiiaeaiey e
?acaeoey caiaaeiiaa?iiaeneiai yeni?anneiiecia, iainiiaaiu aai
ynoaoeei-eneonnoaiaaae/aneea i?eioeeiu, niaoeeoeea i?iyaeaiey a
?acee/iuo aeaeao eneonnoaa.

Yeni?anneiieci enneaaeiaai eae iai?aaeaiea a nia?aiaiiii eneonnoaa,
eioi?ia eiaao ei?ie a ie?iaie oeeinioneie iunee e iaoneiaeai aeeiaieeie
?acaeoey ooaeiaeanoaaiiiai iuoeaiey. I?iaiaeece?iaaiu oeiu oai?/aneiai
i?ioeanna yeni?anneiienoia a niioaaonoaee n aeaeiaie niaoeeoeeie
eneonnoaa.

N?aaee ooaeiaeanoaaiiuo iai?aaeaiee a eneonnoaa OO noieaoey
yeni?anneiieci iaeaieaa oai?aoe/anee niaea?aeaoaeai, iiyoiio aioo?aiiea
i?ioeai?a/ey yoiai iai?aaeaiey iaoaeeeaatho ia ?anniio?aiea aai iiae
oaeii eiioeaiooaeueiiai aiaeeca.

Yeni?anneiieci iaoiaeeo naia aiieiuaiea a ?acee/iuo aeaeao eneonnoaa –
iocuea, aeeaiiene, iiycee, eeiaiaoia?aoa, a oaeay /a?oa eiie?aoiiai
iai?aaeaiey o?aaoao enneaaeiaaoue aai, iie?aynue ia n?aaieoaeueiue
aiaeec ?acee/iuo oeiia oai?/anoaa, i?eaeaeay cia/eoaeueiue iauai
ineoieiae/aneie eeoa?aoo?u n eniieueciaaieai aeia?aoe/aneiai iaoiaea.

A oiaea enneaaeiaaiey aaoi? i?eoiaeeo e auaiaeo, /oi yeni?anneiieci eae
iai?aaeaiea a nia?aiaiiii eneonnoaa eiaao aeoaieea ei?ie a ie?iaie
oeeinioneie e ynoaoe/aneie iunee, iainiiaai e ii?aaeaeyaony ?acaeoeai
caiaaeiiaa?iiaeneiai eneonnoaa OO noieaoey, io?aaeaao aeoaeiiua
iioeaaoeee e iiaeaeueiinoe /aeiaa/aneie aeooe.

Oa?iei “yeni?anneiieci” aei neo ii? ia iaoae iaeiicia/iiai e
caeii/aiiiai enoieeiaaiey, oioy nouanoaothuea ioeaiee ia ioee/athony
nouanoaaiii ae?oa io ae?oaa. Aieueoeinoai oieeiaaiee oa?ieia
“yeni?anneiieci”, niaea?aeaueony a enneaaeiaaoaeueneie eeoa?aoo?a,
iie?athony ia oi, /oi aicieeiiaaiea yeni?anneiiecia auei iaoneiaeaiii
nioeeaeueiui e iieeoe/aneei e?ecenii iaeaioia ia?aie ie?iaie aieiu.
Aeaenoaeoaeueii, yeni?anneiieci i?ienoiaeeo ec e?ecena e iaeiia?aiaiii
aeaao aiciiaeiinoue naiei nouanoaiaaieai eaeaioeoeoee?iaaoue e?ecen ia
oieueei eae yeiiiie/aneoth, nioeeaeueioth e iieeoe/aneoth
ianoaaeeueiinoue, ii eae caeeth/aiiue a naiie i?e?iaea nouanoaiaaiey
aioo?eineoieiae/aneee eiioeeeo, aicieeathuee a ninoiyiee iieeiooinoe,
no?aoa e io/ayiey, e oieeathuee /aeiaa/aneoth eiaeeaeaeoaeueiinoue e
naiiiiciaieth e iieneo aioo?aiiaai “iiaeeeiiiai ss”.

A i?aaeeaaaaiii enneaaeiaaiee yeni?anneiieci ?anniao?eaaaony ia oieueei
eae iai?aaeaiea a eneonnoaa, ii i?aaeaea anaai eae niaoeeoe/aneia
aeooiaiia i?ino?ainoai a caiaaeiiaa?iiaeneie eoeueoo?a OO noieaoey,
iaeaaeathuaa naiiauoiui ie?iaini?eyoeai, eioi?ia niiniaii auiieieoue
eioaa?aoeaioth ooieoeeth a aeeaeiaa “Caiaae-Ainoie”.

A aeenna?oaoeee enneaaeiaaiu oeeinionei-ynoaoe/aneea enoiee
yeni?anneiiecia (N.Euea?eaai?, O.Ieoeoa, C.O?aeae), i?iaiaeece?iaai
i?ioeann eiioeaiooaeecaoeee yeni?anneiienoe/aneiai eneonnoaa a ?aaioao
O.Aaei?ii. Nenoaiaoece?iaai e iaiauai eaoaai?eaeueiue aiia?ao
nia?aiaiiiai eneonnoaiciaiey, iie?aynue ia eioi?ue iiaeii
?aeiino?oe?iaaoue iiuo iniuneaiey yeni?anneiiecia eae aeaeaeaiey io
nioeeaeueii-eaeaieiae/aneiai iiaeoiaea e ynoaoeei-eneonnoaiaaae/aneiio e
ineoieiae/aneiio.

Ynoaoe/aneea iniiaaiey yeni?anneiiecia ?ane?uaathony /a?ac io?eoeaiea
“/oanoaaiiiai” oeia eoeueoo?u (I.Ni?ieei) e aeoeaecaoeeth eioa?ana e
aeienoi?e/aneiio eneonnoao e ieoieiaee ni niaoeeoe/aneie eioa?i?oaoeeae
iiiyoee “a?aiy-i?inoainoai”, “iniciaaaaiia-iainiciaaaaiia”,
“?aaeueiia-aano?aeiia” e ae?.

A aeenna?oaoeee aeaeaaony auaiae, /oi iaeaieaa nouanoaaiiuie i?eciaeaie
yeni?anneiienoe/aneiai eneonnoaa yaeythony eio?iaa?ney, niciaoaeueiia
ia?auaiea e aioo?aiiaio ie?o /aeiaaea, iai?aaeaiiinoue ia ?ane?uoea
niaoeeoe/aneeo ineoieiae/aneeo ninoiyiee e iuouaiee (no?aoa, io/ayiey,
o?aaiae).

A ?aaioa iainiiaaii, /oi eneonnoai yeni?anneiiecia iiieiaao aano?ae eae
ecia/aeueiia ioiioaiea /aeiaaea e ie?o. N?aaieaay iiaeoiaeu
aoiaienoe/aneie ineoieiaee e yecenoaioeeaeueiiai aiaeeca, ?anniao?eaay
i?iecaaaeaiey A.Aaeia, A.O?aeey, O.Eaee, A.?aeia?a, aaoi? i?eoiaeeo e
auaiaeo, /oi eaiao yeni?anneiienoe/aneeo i?iecaaaeaiee ninoaaeytho
iaaaoeaiua iiaeaeueiinoe ineoieiae/aneeo ninoiyiee (ioa?auaiea, o?aaiaa,
ioeaiaiaiea, ionoonoaea /oanoaa aaoiiiiee, io/oaeaeaiea, ecieyoeey).

Aaoi?neee iiaeoiae e niaoeeoeea oai?/aneiai i?ioeanna a yeni?anneiiecia
iie?aaony ia oai?eth oai?/anoaa I.Ia?ei-Iiioe, ooiaeaiaioaeueiui
iiiyoeai eioi?ie yaeyaony iiiyoea “aeaeaiey”. A oiaea aiaeeca aaoi?
i?eoiaeeo e auaiaeo, /oi iniiaie “aeaeaiey” yaeyaony aioo?aiiyy
?aaeueiinoue e iiyoiio naycuaaao aai n naiiiniciaieai ”aeaeyuaai”.

I?eaeaeay e aiaeeco oai?/anoai A.O?aeey, e a ia?aoth i/a?aaeue, aai
aeia?aoeth, ienueia e aeiaaieee, aaoi? eaeaioeoeoee?oao
oai?oea-yeni?anneiienoa n aeooiaiui eneaoaeai. ?anniao?eaathony o?e
aeooiaiuo ecia?aiey, a eioi?uo i?ienoiaeeo ienoa?ey yeni?anneiiecia:
naiiiniciaiea, aae e i?ic?aiea. Ia?aia ecia?aiea i?aaeiieaaaao iiene
naiieaeaioeoeeaoeee e naiioiaeaeanoaaiiinoe, i?e yoii aeoeaio aeaeaaony
ia neiaa “naiinoue”. Ninoiyiea aaea iiieiaaony eae yecenoaioeeaeueiay
nia?oue. Ia o?iaia “i?ic?aiey” oai?/anoai ooaeiaeieea ia eneaaeaii aai
ee/iinoueth. Ii ?aaeecoao naay eae iicaieaiea nouanoaiaaieth
“eceeaaoueny” /a?ac iaai. Auoue oai?/aneei caeanue icia/aao aniiieiaoue
naay.

Eeth/aaua neiaa: yeni?anneiieci, au?aaeaiea, naiiau?aaeaiea, ee/iinoue,
eio?iaa?ney, iniciaiea, naiiiniciaiea, iiene, no?ao, io/ayiea,
ociaaaiea, ?aaeecaoeey.

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