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Образ Нестора Махна в творах українських письменників. Наукова достовірність і художній домисел: Автореф. дис… канд. філол. наук / В.П. Михайлюта, З

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Caii??cueeee aea?aeaaiee oi?aa?neoao

Ieoaeethoa Aaeaioeia iao??aia

OAeE 883 – 3.091

Ia?ac Ianoi?a Iaoia a oai?ao

oe?a?inueeeo ienueiaiiee?a.

iaoeiaa aeinoia??i?noue ? ooaeiaei?e aeiienae

Niaoe?aeuei?noue 10.01.01 – oe?a?inueea e?oa?aoo?a

AAOI?AOA?AO

aeena?oaoe?? ia caeiaoooy iaoeiaiai nooiaiy

eaiaeeaeaoa o?eieia?/ieo iaoe

Caii??aeaey – 1999

Aeena?oaoe??th ? ?oeiien

?iaioo aeeiiaii ia eaoaae?? oe?a?inueei? e?oa?aoo?e Caii??cueeiai
aea?aeaaiiai oi?aa?neoaoo I?i?noa?noaa ina?oe Oe?a?ie

Iaoeiaee ea??aiee: aeieoi? o?eieia?/ieo iaoe, a.i.
i?ioani?a

Oaa/aiei A?oae?e Oaaei?iae/,

caa?aeoaa/ eaoaae?e oe?a?inueei? e?oa?aoo?e

Caii??cueeiai aea?aeaaiiai oi?aa?neoaoo

Io?oe?ei? iiiiaioe: aeieoi? o?eieia?/ieo iaoe,
i?ioani?

Eei/ae A?eai??e Aeieo?iae/, caa?aeoaa/ eaoaae?e
oe?a?inueei? e?oa?aoo?e E??iaia?aaenueeiai aea?aeaaiiai iaaeaaia?/iiai
oi?aa?neoaoo ?i. Aieiaeeie?a Aeiie/aiea, aeaaeai?e AI Aeui? oeiee
Oe?a?ie

eaiaeeaeao o?eieia?/ieo iaoe, aeioeaio

Aeoa Einoyioei Naiaiiae/,

aeioeaio eaoaae?e oe?a?inueei? e?oa?aoo?e

Aei?i?iiao?ianueeiai aea?aeaaiiai oi?aa?neoaoo

I?ia?aeia onoaiiaa: Ee?anueeee iaoe?iiaeueiee
oi?aa?neoao

?i. Oa?ana Oaa/aiea, eaoaae?a oe?a?inueei?
e?oa?aoo?e

Caoeno a?aeaoaeaoueny “18” aa?aniy 1999 ?. i 10 aiaeei? ia can?aeaii?
niaoe?ae?ciaaii? a/aii? ?aaee E 17.051.02 aeey caoenoo aeena?oaoe?e ia
caeiaoooy iaoeiaiai nooiaiy eaiaeeaeaoa o?eieia?/ieo iaoe i?e
Caii??cueeiio aea?aeaaiiio oi?aa?neoao? (330600, i.Caii??aeaey,
aoe.AEoeianueeiai, 66, ei?ion 2, o?eieia?/iee oaeoeueoao, aoaeeoi??y
230).

C aeena?oaoe??th iiaeia iciaeiieoeny a a?ae?ioaoe? Caii??cueeiai
aea?aeaaiiai oi?aa?neoaoo (330600, i. Caii??aeaey, aoe.AEoeianueeiai,66,
ei?ion 2).

Aaoi?aoa?ao ?ic?neaiee “16” na?iiy 1999 ?.

A/aiee nae?aoa?

niaoe?ae?ciaaii? a/aii? ?aaee

eaiaeeaeao o?eieia?/ieo iaoe, aeioeaio
Oiiye O.A.

CAAAEUeIA OA?AEOA?ENOEEA ?IAIOE

Aeooaeuei?noue aeine?aeaeaiiy. O ?aaeyinuee?e ?noi??ia?ao?? ? a
ooaeiaei?e e?oa?aoo?? iaoiianueeee ?oo o?aeooaaany iaeiicia/ii – ye
eo?eoeuenueei-aaiaeeonueea eiio??aaiethoe?y, ni?yiiaaia i?ioe
ooaa?aeaeaiiy ?aaeyinueei? aeaaee, nioe?ae?noe/iiai eaaeo. Oi/a a?aeiii,
ui Ianoi? Iaoii iaiaeii?aciai aenooiaa o nithc? c a?enueeiaeie
ia’?aeiaiiyie *a?aiii? A?i??, aoa ?? eiia?eaii, ai?n cia/iee aeeaae o
?ica?ii ia’?aeiaieo aioo??oi?o oa ciai?oi?o aioe?aaeyinueeeo nee. Aeeoei
oae, ui Ianoi? Iaoii aithaaa i?aeoe/ii c on?ia aeaaeaie, ye? ?nioaaee ia
Oe?a?i? a 1918-1921 ?ieao, a?aenoithth/e eeoa ?ioa?ane iianoaeiai
naeyinoaa, ui?aco iiaa?oath/e ca?ith i?ioe oeo, ooi noaiiaea aeey iueiai
iaea?eueoo caa?ico. ? aiii oaiiaeeai iacaaei Iaoia “aaoueeii”, ? a?i ?c
ai?ae?noth i?aeienoaaany naia oae.

Na?aae no/anieo ?noi??ia?ao?a ? iaiaei i?eoeeueiee?a oi/ee ci?o ia
iaoiiaueio, ye ia aeano?oeoeaio neeo a ?noi??? oai?aiiy oe?a?inueei?
aea?aeaae. Aaoi?ea aeena?oaoe?? aaaaea?, ui ? a oe?i aa/aii? aeiey
?noeie, aea eiio a?aeo? iiaiioe ?noi?e/ii? ni?aaaaeeeaino?. Ai Iaoii aoa
na?eiciei iie?oe/iei eiieo?aioii ia eeoa a?eueoiaeeai; ?aeay iacaeaaeii?
Aoeyei?euenueei? ?anioae?ee ao?eaia a Aeaeea?aoe??
?aaiethoe?eii-Iianoainueei? a?i?? Oe?a?ie (iaoiiaoe?a) o aeiaoi? 1919
?.: ia ci?io i?eionia?e aea?aeaai?e aeaae? i?eoiaeeea nenoaia aeaaee
a?iiaaenueei?.

?aaiethoe?y ia Aoeyei?eueuei? a?aeaoeany ua o eeii? 1917 ?ieo, eiee
naeyinueea ni?eea, yeo i/ieea iie?oeaoi?aeaiei Ianoi? Iaoii, iaieineea
aeae?ao i?i iaae?eaiiy eiaeiiai naeyieia-o?oae?aieea caieath,
a?ae?a?aiith o iii?uee?a. Ca?ieiee naeyinueeee caa?i oi?io?oueny eeoa
aceieo 1918 ?ieo aeey ai?ioueae c aano?i-i?iaoeueeeie ieoiaioaie oa ?o
nithcieeaie – aaoueiaioeyie. Iaiaaenoue aoeyei?eueoe?a aei /oaeeioe?a
aoea oaeith aaeeeith, ui, caeaaaeiny, i?yea e?euee?noue aea?oa ia ciiaea
caaeiaieueieoe aeaao ?oiuei? iiinoe.

Ianoi? Iaoii ? o/anieee naeyinueeiai iianoainueeiai ?ooo aoee
?aaa?e?oiaai? /e ia iaei?ci?oa c on?o iie?oe/ieo noi?ioeaiee?a
a?eueoiaecio: a 1989 ?. ae?oaeeia Ianoi?a Aaeeia Eocueiaiei ? aei/ea
Ieaia I?oiaiei ? eeoa ia aeeiiaiiy Caeiio “I?i ?aaa?e?oaoe?th aea?oa
iie?oe/ieo ?ai?an?e a Oe?a?i?”, i?eeiyoiai Aa?oiaiith ?aaeith Oe?a?ie 17
ea?oiy 1991 ?., – on? ?io?.

Aacia?a/ii Ianoi? Iaoii caeia? na?e i’?aeanoae o aaea?a? aeaeaoieo
iniaenoinoae OO noie?ooy. Aaeaea a eiai inia? aoee neiioeaio?iaai? aiey,
aaaeaiiy ? aia?a?y oe?ieeo ian. Ua ca aeeooy i?i iueiai neeaaeaeeny
/eneaii? eaaaiaee, ia?aeace, aoaaeueueie, i?ni?. Ii?o?ao “aaoueea” Iaoia
oai?eany caniaaie iaoeiai? ? ooaeiaeiuei? e?oa?aoo?e, ? yeui a ia?o?
ii?aaiethoe?ei? ?iee oeae i?ioean aoa i?e?iaeiei, oi iio?i, i?ae
aeeeoaoii iaioth/i? ?aeaieia??, a?i noaa oe?eani?yiiaaiei ?
iaia’?eoeaiei.

Iniaeno?noue Ianoi?a Iaoia i?eaaaeth? aaaaoueio ienueiaiiee?a. Aeeeeea?
iacaia?a/iee ?ioa?an oie oaeo, ui ia?oei c?iaea ni?iao aea/eoe oaea
yaeua ye iaoiiaueia ia ?noi?ee ca oaoii, a ienueiaiiee Ie?ineaa ??/ai o
1919?. I?aaaea, eiai oa?? “Iaoii ? iaoi?aoe?” ia ? ooaeiaei?i, a
?noi?eei-ioae?oeenoe/iei. O 20-30-o ?ieao eiai ia?ac iinoa? a oai?ao
oe?a?inueeeo (? ia eeoa oe?a?inueeeo) ienueiaiiee?a, oa?aeoa?iith
iciaeith yeeo ? oa, ui aiie iaienai? na?aeeaie oeeo iiae?e, a /anoi ?
o/anieeaie – ethaeueie, ye? iaee eiioaeoe c iaoiiaoeyie aai /oee
?iciia?ae? oeo, ooi ciaa ?o iniaenoi. Oai?e A.Ninth?e,
A.I?aeiiaeeueiiai, A.Eineiee, I.Oaeeueiaiai, E.Iie?uoea, TH.ssiianueeiai
c’yaeeeny ua aei ii/aoeo ianiaiai oe?aaeoaaiiy a?eueoiaeoeueeith
?aeaieia??th ceia?niiai ii?o?aoa i’yiiai, ?iciaoeaiiai, ianaiiaeoiai
aoeyei?euenueeiai “aaoueea”.

Ua a 40-o ??. neacaee nai? neiai i?i iianoainueeiai ioaiaia ienueiaiieee
ca ei?aeiiii: ?.Aaa?yiee o iiai? “Aoeye-Iiea” ? ss? Neaaooe/ o aaeaae?
“Ianoi? Iaoii”.

O 50-70-o ?ieao e?oa?aoo?ith nioe?ae?noe/iiai ?aae?cio ia nioe?aeueia
caiiaeaiiy aeiaeueiao?oueny iinoaoue aaiaeeoa ? ieyea, e?eaaaiai
ca??cyee, yea aeeeeea? iaeaeo ? iani?eeiyooy. Cia/io ?ieue o oeueiio
i?ioean? a?ae?a?aee, ia aeaeue, oai?e oaeaiiaeoeo ienueiaiiee?a I.Iai/a,
I.Aii/a?a. A?ae/oaath/e iai?aeeia?i?noue iniaenoino? Ianoi?a Iaoia,
I.Aii/a? iaiaeii?aciai caa?oaany aei oe??? iinoao?, iaiaaath/enue
caaaiooe nooue iaoiianueei? noeo??, ui na?ae/eoue i?i eiai
iaaaeaeoae?noue aei “eeaeioo noaiiaeo oa/aiie, ooiioo eiiae ii eeaiiaeo
iinoao Oe?a?ie”.

I?eioeei ?noi?ecio oe?eeii i?eeiyoiee, eiee eaeaoueny i?i ia?ac Ianoi?a
Iaoia a oai?ao oe?a?inueeeo ienueiaiiee?a. O e?ioe? 80-o – ia ii/aoeo
90-o ?ie?a aeey oe?a?inueeiai ia?iaeo noaa aeinooiiei oe?eee ?yae oaeo?a
?noi??? Oe?a?ie, ye? ?ai?oa caiia/oaaeeny aai oaeueneo?eoaaeenue.
Ianiiae?aai? ? a?aaeath/?, aiie aeeeeeaee aoaeo oieo a noni?euenoa?.
Iniaeeai oea noino?oueny ?noi?e/ii? iinoao? Iaoia. Iaioe?iaiio ?ieue o
iiaa?iaii? “aaoueeia?” Iaoio ethaenueeiai iaee//y a?ae?a?aee ?iaioe
A.Aa?nothea, A. Aieeiaeinueeiai. Ca aeiiiiiaith aeieoiaioaeueieo,
a?o?aieo aeaieo i?aaaeo ?noi??? aoei iiaa?iaii a i?e?iaeiee noai, aaeaea
aei oeueiai iaeaea an? oaeoe aoei ia?ae?o/aii.

Aaaeei ia?aioe?ieoe ?noi?e/io, aeieoiaioaeueio aa?o?noue eieae “Aei?iae
Ianoi?a Iaoii”, oii?yaeeiaaii? ? oeeaaeaii? I.A?eaoai – neiii A?eoi?a
A?eaoa, ia/aeueieea ooaao Iianoainueei? a?i?? Iaoia, ?ai?aniaaiiai 1937
?ieo.

Aeeneon?y iaaeiei ?iai? Iaoia, ?icii/aoa ?noi?eeaie o?eaa?. ?noi?e/iith
ni?aaaaeeea?noth iieeeeai? aei aeeooy a inoaii? ?iee /eneaii?
ioae?eaoe?? ?noi?ee?a, e?oa?aoi??a, noeaia?eno?a, eio?? iaiaaathoueny
?aaeueii, ia’?eoeaii a?aeoai?eoe i?aaaeo i?i Ianoi?a Iaoia ? naeyinueeee
?oo, iacaaiee iaeiei i?noeei neiaii “iaoiiaueia”. Oai?e ienueiaiiee?a
Ae.Ia?eeoa, ?.Naiaoea, ss.Noaeueiaoa, A.Naaaeue?aa, E.Aa?ueiaee,
A.Ethoiai, I.Ieoaeethoe, A.Aieiaeea iieeeeai? /anii aeey aaaioaaiiy
aieiaeo oe?a?inueeiai /eoa/a ia ?noi?e/io ?ioi?iaoe?th ? ianooue a nia?
“noaoon ii?aeueii-aoe/ii? eaoaai???” (N.Aiae?on?a).

O aeena?oaoe?? aia?oa cae?eniaii ni?iao i?inoaaeaiiy i?ioeano
o?aaeeoe?iiae?caoe?? ia?aco ?noi?e/ii? iinoao? Ianoi?a Iaoia, oe?e?niiai
neioaoe/iiai ?icaeyaeo e aiae?co ooaeiaei?o i?eeeaae?a n?iaeanyoe??/iiai
oioaeueiiai oeueeoaaiiy oa cieuaiiy iaoiiaoe?a ? iai’yo? i?i ieo,
iaeeaaiiy a?oaeii iaoiianueeiai naeyinueeiai ?ooo, caaaeaiiy eiai aei
??ciiaeaeo aaiaeeoecio, a ye? aoee aoyaiai? ?noi?eee, ioae?oeenoe,
ienueiaiieee, e?iiieooe?; ie?aneaiiy oeyo?a iiaa?iaiiy ?noi?e/ii?
ni?aaaaeeeaino? ? iiaiai ooaeiaeiueiai o?aeooaaiiy iaoiiaueie.

Aeena?oaoe?y ia? ca’ycie c iiaeie iaoeiaeie i?ia?aiaie ? ieaiaie
?inoeoooo e?oa?aoo?e ?i.O.Oaa/aiea IAI Oe?a?ie, ?inoeoooo
oe?a?iiciaanoaa Ee?anueeiai iaoe?iiaeueiiai oi?aa?neoaoo ?i.O.Oaa/aiea,
aiia aeeiiaia a ?one? iaoeiaiai iai?yieo “E?oa?aoo?a e ?noi??y”,
aeeth/aiiai aei eiiieaeniiai ieaio iaoeiai-aeine?aeieo ?ia?o
Caii??cueeiai aea?aeaaiiai oi?aa?neoaoo.

Noai iaoeiai? ?ic?iaee i?iaeaie. E?oa?aoo?iciaanoaii ia
aeine?aeaeoaaeanue i?iaeaia ooaeiaeiuei? e ?noi?e/ii? i?aaaee i?e
ciaethaaii? ia?aco Ianoi?a Iaoia ? naeyinueeiai ?ooo, yeee a?i
i/iethaaa, a?eueoa oiai, ?? na?aeiii oieeaee. Ia?oei ii?ooea ??
A.Iaeueiee o iiiia?ao?? i?i A.I?aeiiaeeueiiai “Noai?ee aiae?oee aeiae”,
aeine?aeaeoth/e iia?noue ienueiaiieea “O?aoy ?aaiethoe?y”.

A?aecia/aiiy 110-? ??/ieoe? c aeiy ia?iaeaeaiiy Ianoi?a Iaoia (eenoiiaae
1998?.) c?ooeei oeth ni?aao c ia?oai? oi/ee. O iaoa??aeao
iaoeiai-i?aeoe/ii? eiioa?aioe?? “?noi?e/iee oaiiiai Aoeyeiiey. Iie?oe/ia
? a?enueeiaa ae?yeuei?noue Ianoi?a Iaoia” (1998) ai?uai? ioae?eaoe??
e?oa?aoo?iciaaoe?a, ye? iaiaaathoueny ia’?eoeaii ? anaa?/ii i?inoaaeeoe
iniaeea?noue cia?aaeaiiy Ianoi?a Iaoia ? iaoiiaueie o oai?ao aeayeeo
oe?a?inueeeo ienueiaiiee?a: O.Oii’ye “?aoeaioe?y ia?aco Iaoia oa
iaoiiaueie o i?ic? I.Oaeeueiaiai”, TH.?en?/ “Ineoieia?/iee aniaeo
inieneaiiy iaoiianueeiai ?ooo a iia?no? A.I?aeiiaeeueiiai “O?aoy
?aaiethoe?y”, O.Oii’ye, A.Na/?ii? “Ia?ac Ianoi?a Iaoia a iaeiieiaii?e
aaeaae? ss?a Neaaooe/a”, TH.Oaaei??anueeiai “Ia?ac Iaoia a ooaeiaei?e oa
?noi?e/i?e e?oa?aoo??”, I.Aanuee?aa “Aeoo ? naiaioeea Aoeyeiiey a iiai?
?.Aaa?yiiai”. Iaoeiai-?noi?e/iee i?aeo?ae iiaeaeueoeo aeine?aeaeaiue
caaacia/ea ia’?eoeaio oa?aeoa?enoeeo e?oa?aoo?iiai ia?aco ia?iaeiiai
aiaeaey ia??iaeo a?iiaaeyinueei? a?eie Ianoi?a Iaoia.

Iaoa ?iaioe iieyaa? o i?aeaioiaoe? aiae?oeei-neioaoe/iiai aeine?aeaeaiiy
aaiethoe?? i?eioeeio ?noi?ecio a ?noi??ia?ao?/iiio e ooaeiaeiueiio
a?aeoai?aii? iaoiianueeiai naeyinueeiai ?ooo, o ni?ia? i?iaeiaaeeoe a
e?oa?aoo?iciaanoa? ?icii/aoo ?noi?eeaie ? i?aeo?eiaio a e?oa?aoo?? e
e?iiienoaoeoa? aeeneon?th iaaeiei iaoiiaueie oa ?iai? ?? “aaoueea”.

?aae?caoe?y iinoaaeaii? iaoe ia?aaeaa/aea ?ica’ycaiiy oaeeo caaaeaiue:

– aeine?aeeoe aoaie o?aaeeoe?iiae?caoe?? ia?aco ?noi?e/ii? iinoao?
aaoaaeea naeyinueeiai ?ooo;

– ioa?aeoa?ecoaaoe oai?e 20-30-o ?ie?a, aaoi?aie yeeo aoee no/anieee,
i/aaeaeoe? iaoiiaueie;

– ?ice?eoe iniaeeaino? o?ainoi?iaoe?e ?noi?e/ii? i?aaaee a ooaeiaei?e
aeiienae, i?eeiie ?iaioe ienueiaiiee?a c ?noi?e/ieie oaeoaie, aeeiiaiiy
a ?noi??ia?ao?/ieo i?aoeyo ? ooaeiaei?o oai?ao nioe?aeueiiai caiiaeaiiy
ia?aiiaeoe?a-a?eueoiaee?a, ianiaiai oe?aaeoaaiiy io?oe?eiith
?aeaieia??th niaiethaeaiiai ia?aco Ianoi?a Iaoia oa niioai?aii?
?ioi?iaoe?? i?i eiai ae?yeuei?noue;

– aena?oeeoe ni?iae a?aeiiaeaiiy ?noi?e/ii? ni?aaaaeeeaino?,
i?aaaeeaiai, ia’?eoeaiiai cia?aaeaiiy iianoainueeiai naeyinueeiai ?ooo,
iiaa?iaiiy “aaoueeia?” Iaoio ethaenueeiai iaee//y;

– aecia/eoe nai???aei?noue oeyo?a ? cania?a ooaeiaeiueiai ao?eaiiy
oaeo?a ?noi??? Oe?a?ie, ye? ?ai?oa caiia/oaaeeny aai oaeueneo?eoaaeeny;

– i?iaiae?coaaoe aeai?iai-noeeueiao niaoeeo?eo ooaeiaei?o oai??a,
iaa?oiooaaoe aioo??aeai?ia? ci?ie, aeaoe oeiieia?/io oa?aeoa?enoeeo,
nenoaiaoecoaaoe ? ocaaaeueieoe iniaeeaino? ?o iiaoeee ye inai?iiy
o?aaeeoe?eii? oa iiai? anoaoe/ii? na?aeiiino?.

I?aaeiaoii aeine?aeaeaiiy noaee ?noi??ia?ao?/i? i?aoe? e ooaeiaei?
oai?e, aea eaeaoueny i?i iaoiiaueio ? Iaoia, – I.??/aia,
A.I?aeiiaeeueiiai, A.Eineiee, E.Iie?uoea, A.Ninth?e, TH.ssiianueeiai,
I.Iai/a, I.Aii/a?a, ?.Aaa?yiiai, ss?a Neaaooe/a, ?.Naiaoea,
ss.Noaeueiaoa, Ae.Ia?eeoa, A.Naaaeue?aa, E.Aa?ueiaee, A.Ethoiai,
I.Ieoaeethoe, A.Aieiaeea oa ?i., niiaaaee, iaioa?e, eenoe, iaeia?aeii? e
iaeiaeine?aeaeai? a?o?ai? iaoa??aee, oeyoe ia?ainieneaiiy ?noi?e/ieo
iiae?e ? ooaeiaeiuei? ?aeiino?oeoe?? ia?aco aoeyei?euenueeiai “aaoueea”,
?aoeaic?? oa a?aeaoee ia ieo.

Aeaea?aeueio aaco ?iaioe neeaee, e??i aeine?aeaeoaaieo ooaeiaei?o
oaeno?a, iaioa?e Ianoi?a Iaoia, iiiia?ao?? ?noi?ee?a iaoiianueeiai ?ooo
– I.A?oeiiaa, I.A?eaoa ? A.A?eaoa, A.Aieeiaeinueeiai, A.Aa?nothea,
I.Eoaai?ia, I.Oeiiuoea, A.Ooa?ia, N.Naiaiiaa, a?o?ai? oiiaee
Oeaio?aeueii? iaoeiai? a?ae?ioaee ?i.A.Aa?iaaenueeiai IAI Oe?a?ie,
?inoeoooo e?oa?aoo?e ?i.O.Oaa/aiea IAI Oe?a?ie, Aei?i?iiao?ianueeiai
iocath ?i.Ae.ssai?ieoeueeiai, Caii??cueeiai ? Aoeyei?euenueeiai
e?a?ciaa/eo ioca?a.

Iaoiaeieia?/iith iniiaith aeena?oaoe?? ? o?einionueea a/aiiy i?i
ae?aeaeoeeo i?ciaiiy, ia’?eoeai?noue i?aeoiaeo aei yaeu noni?eueiiai
aoooy, canaaee aen?ieia?/iiai i?aeoiaeo a ?noi???, i?eioeeie oa iaoiaee
?noi?e/ii? ineoieia??, ooaeiaeiueiai ?noi?ecio. Aaoi? aeine?aeaeaiiy
aeoiaeeoue ?c oiai, ui iaea?eueo ?aeue?oii, caaino?aii i?iyaeythoueny
aniaeoe aeooiaiiai aeeooy ethaeae o ia??iae nioe?aeueieo iio?yn?iue,
ai?i, ?aaiethoe?e, o?ainoi?iaoe?e oe?iiinoae oa ?aeaae?a. Aea/aiiy
niaoeeo?ee ni?aa?aeiioaiiy ?noi?e/ii? i?aaaee ? ooaeiaeiueiai aeieneo a
e?oa?aoo??, iniaeeainoae ii?o?aoii-ineoieia?/ii? oa?aeoa?enoeee
?noi?e/ieo in?a ie?aeia i?e ?noi?e/ii ci?ithaaiiio ?icoi?ii?
ooieoe?iioaaiiy ooaeiaeiuei? e?oa?aoo?e. A i?ioean? ?iaioe aeena?oaio
ea?oaaeany iaoeiaeie ?ic?iaeaie e?oa?aoo?iciaaoe?a N.Aiae?on?a,
I.A?eaoeueeiai, I.Aieeinueeiai, A.A’ycianueeiai, ?.Aecthae, A.Aeii/eea,
N.?o?aiiaa, I.AEoeeinueeiai, I.?eueieoeueeiai, A.Eei/aea, A.Iaeueie/oea,
I.Ia?iea, I.Ne?iothea, A.*oiaea i?i ?noi?e/i? ooaeiaei? aeai?e.
?acoeueoaoeaiino? ?iaioe ni?eyee nenoaiii-ooieoe?iiaeueiee ?
aaiethoe?eiee i?aeoiaee aei e?oa?aoo?iiai yaeua.

Iaoiaee aeine?aeaeaiiy. O aeena?oaoe?? ?aae?ciaaii ii?aeiaiiy
?noi?eei-ooieoe?iiaeueiiai ? ii??aiyeueii-oeiieia?/iiai iaoiae?a,
canoiniaaii o?iiieia?/iee i?eioeei ?icaeyaeo oai??a.

Iaoeiaa iiaecia ?iaioe aecia/a?oueny oei, ui aiia i?noeoue ia?aaeyae
eieeoi?o oyaeaiue, noa?aioei?a ? y?eee?a, io?oe?eii? ?noi??ia?ao?? uiaei
?aaiethoe?eii-iianoainueei? a?i?? Iaoia, ooaeiaei?o o?aeooaaiue
iaoiianueeiai ?ooo a Oe?a?i? o 1917-1921 ??., iaiethaeaiue iniaenoino?
aoeyei?euenueeiai “aaoueea” aecia/a? iia? eiioeaiooaeuei? i?aeoiaee aei
ethaeeie c? na?oiaei ?i’yi, yea oiniaeth? a?eia?/i? oe?ii?ni? i???ioe?e
? i?aaiaiiy oe?a?inueeiai ia?iaeo (naiino?eia ainiiaea?thaaiiy,
aeaiie?aoe/ia i?aai?caoe?y noni?euenoaa, aaoiiiiia naiia?yaeoaaiiy,
aieiae?iiy caieath). O aeena?oaoe?? aia?oa o a?o/eciyiiio
e?oa?aoo?iciaanoa? eiiieaenii aeine?aeaeaii i?i?aooiee aeieoiaioaeueiiai
? ooaeiaeiueiai ieneaiiy ?aaeyinueei? aeiae, yea noai?eei I.Iaoio
iaaaoeaiee i?oi?i?aeae. O ca’yceo c oeei i?iaiae?ciaaii
noni?eueii-iie?oe/i? e e?oa?aoo?i? ?aea? /ano (neoi?noue iien?a
iaoiiaueie o 1920-? ?iee aeiiaaie iai?aii? ?aeaieia??
ia?aiiaeoe?a-a?eueoiaee?a, ci?uaiiy aeoeaioo a 30-70-? ?iee naia a
e?ei?iaeueiee a?e ae?yeueiino? iianoaioe?a, iaeiicia/iee ?icaeyae Iaoia
ye aaoaaeea eiio??aaiethoe?eieo eo?eoeuenueeeo aaiae, iieac iaoiiaueie
ye neiaieo aacii?yaeeo, iaaeenoeeie?iiaaiino?, oaino, “aeeeiai eioia?o”,
i?aaiaiiy aeo?nieoe ia’?eoeai? oyaeaiiy i?i iaoiianueeee ?oo ?c
na?aeiiino?, ?noi?e/ii? iai’yo? i?aaeaiiioe?a?inueeiai naeyieia;
?aaeeeaeuei? ci?ie e?ioey 1980 – ii/aoeo 1990-o ??. aianee iiaee na?aeee
no?oi?iue o “iaoiiciaanoai”), ye? iaee aieea ia aca?iiiia’ycai?noue
?noi??ia?ao?/ieo iiaeyae?a ? ooaeiaeiuei? oai?/ino?. A ?iaio? aia?oa
i?iaiaeeoueny iine?aeiaiee ?icaeyae ye i/i?iaiiy, oae ? iaaei??ii?
?aeaae?caoe?? iniae Ianoi?a Iaoia.

I?aeoe/ia cia/aiiy iaea?aeaieo ?acoeueoao?a iieyaa? a oiio, ui aiie
?icoe?ththoue ? iiaeeaeththoue ?noi?eei-e?oa?aoo?i? i?aeoiaee aei
aea/aiiy niinia?a ooieoe?iioaaiiy ienoaoeoaa neiaa a noni?euenoa?,
aeathoue iiaeeea?noue caeo/aiiy ?o aei oa?aeoa?enoeee e?oa?aoo?iiai
i?ioeano a Oe?a?i? 20-o – ii/aoeo 90-o ?ie?a OO no. Aiie iiaeooue aooe
aeei?enoai? i?e iaienaii? iaaieo ?icae?e?a i?ae?o/iee?a,a eaeoe?yo c
?noi??? oe?a?inueei? e?oa?aoo?e, o niaoeeo?nao ? niaoenai?ia?ao,
iaa/aeueieo iin?aieeao, i?e iaienaii? aeeieiiieo ? eo?niaeo ?ia?o a
oi?aa?neoaoao ? iaae?inoeoooao, ia oaeoeueoaoeaieo caiyooyo a
iaaeo/eeeuao, eieaaeaeao, e?oeayo, a?iiac?yo. Eiiieaenia aea/aiiy iieaco
iianoainueeiai naeyinueeiai ?ooo a 1917-1921 ??. a ?noi??ia?ao?/i?e ?
ooaeiaei?e e?oa?aoo?? aeicaiey? iiiaeoe ? aeiiiaieoe iaai? noi??iee
?noi??? oe?a?inueeiai ienueiainoaa ? e?oa?aoo?iciaanoaa.

Ai?iaaoe?y aeine?aeaeaiiy cae?enithaaeanue o oi?i? aeiiia?aeae ia
i?aeia?iaeieo iaoeiaeo eiioa?aioe?yo “E?oa?aoo?a e ?noi??y”
(Caii??aeaey, 1996, 1998), “Iaoeiaa niaaeueia I.N.Aea?aeaa?ia ? ?icaeoie
neia’yiiciaanoaa” (Caii??aeaey,1995), “Caii?icueea eicaoeoai a iai’yoeao
?noi??? oa eoeueoo?e” (Caii??aeaey,1997), ia eiioa?aioe??, i?enay/ai?e
100-??//th a?ae aeiy ia?iaeaeaiiy A.Ninth?e (Aeiiaoeuee, 1998),
iaoeiai-oai?aoe/i?e eiioa?aioe?? “?noi?e/iee oaiiiai Aoeyeiiey.
Iie?oe/ia ? a?enueeiaa ae?yeuei?noue Ianoi?a Iaoia”
(Caii??aeaey-Aoeyeiiea,1998), ia ui??/ieo iaoeiaeo eiioa?aioe?yo
Caii??cueeiai aea?aeaaiiai oi?aa?neoaoo (1995, 1996, 1997, 1998).

Iaoa??aee ? aeniiaee aeena?oaoe?? ai?iaiaai? o eaeoe?eieo eo?nao ? ia
i?aeoe/ieo caiyooyo c ?noi??? oe?a?inueei? e?oa?aoo?e o Caii??cueeiio
aea?aeaaiiio oi?aa?neoao?.

Aeena?oaoe?y ie?aieie ?icae?eaie ? a iiaiiio ianyc? iaaiai?thaaeany ia
can?aeaiiyo eaoaae?e oe?a?inueei? e?oa?aoo?e Caii??cueeiai
aea?aeoi?aa?neoaoo ? ?aeiiaiaeiaaia aei caoenoo.

Iniaenoee aianie caeiaoaa/a iieyaa?:

1. O iiaeeaeaii? aa/aiiy neeaaeiinoae iianoainueeiai ?ooo a
1917-1921??., oe?ii?nieo i???ioaoe?e naeyinoaa I?aaeiy Oe?a?ie, yeiio
caeaaia aoee i?eoaiaii? ?ene ?iaeea?aeoaeueii? naiaiaee, naiino?eiiai
ainiiaea?thaaiiy, aaoiiiiiino?.

2. O i?aeo?eioe? ni?inooaaiue iinooeao?a io?oe?eii? ?noi??ia?ao?? uiaei
iaoiiaueie ye i?iyao aaiaeeoecio, iaiaa?oioiaaieo oaa?aeaeaiue i?i
Ianoi?a Iaoia ye aeeeoaoi?a.

3. A ie?aneaii? i?aai?/ieo ca’yce?a iaoiianueeiai ?ooo c o?aaeeoe?yie
caii?icueeiai eicaoeoaa, oiea?aioiiai noaaeaiiy eiai aei i?aaenoaaiee?a
?ioeo iaoe?iiaeueiinoae.

4. A aiae?c? ia?aco aoeyei?euenueeiai “aaoueea” ye iianoainueeiai
aiaeaey, ?aea? yeiai i?aeo?eioaaeeny a?eueo?noth naeyinoaa oeo ?aa?ii?a,
aea iaoiiaueia iaaoea ianiaiai oa?aeoa?o, aea ?aaiethoe?ei? neee
i?aaioee aoaeoaaoe nai? aeeooy “aac anyeeo aeanoae ? iie?oe/ieo
iyiueie”.

5. O cae?eniaii? nenoaiiiai aiae?co i?iaeaiaoeee, aeai?iai? niaoeeo?ee
ooaeiaei?o oai??a, aea eoeiny i?i iaoiiaueio ? ?? e?aea?a.

6. O aeine?aeaeaii? iniaeeainoae o?ainoi?iaoe?? ?noi?e/ii? i?aaaee a
ooaeiaei?e aeienae, ii?o?aoii-ineoieia?/ii? oa?aeoa?enoeee ?noi?e/ii?
iniae Ianoi?a Iaoia.

7. O aecia/aii? caeiaooe?a, ao?ao ? ia?niaeoea ooaeiaeiuei?
?aeiino?oeoe?? iaoiiaueie, a aiae?c? iiooe?a iiaiai ooaeiaeiueiai
neioaco.

No?oeoo?a oa ianya aeena?oaoe??. ?iaioa neeaaea?oueny ?c anooio, o?ueio
?icae?e?a, aeniiae?a ? nieneo aeei?enoaieo aeaea?ae. Ianya ?iaioe 178
noi??iie, c ieo 163 noi??iee iniiaiiai oaenoo, a?ae?ia?ao?y aeeth/a? 184
iaeiaioaaiiy ? iiaeaia ia 15 noi??ieao.

INIIAIEE CI?NO AeENA?OAOe??

O “Anooi?” iaa?oioiaaii aeooaeuei?noue ia?aii? oaie, oa?aeoa?eco?oueny
noai aea/aiiy i?iaeaie, ca’ycie aeena?oaoe?? c iaoeiaeie i?ia?aiaie,
ieaiaie ? oaiaie, ie?aneaii iaoo e iniiai? caaaeaiiy ?iaioe, i?aaeiao
aeine?aeaeaiiy, aeaea?aeueio aaco, iieacaii eiai iaoiaeieia?/io iniiao,
iaoiaee ?iaioe, aecia/aii iaoeiao iiaecio ? i?aeoe/io oe?ii?noue
aeena?oaoe??, iniaenoee aianie caeiaoaa/a, iiaeaii ?ioi?iaoe?th i?i
ai?iaaoe?th oa ioae?eaoe?? ?acoeueoao?a aeine?aeaeaiue.

O ia?oiio ?icae?e? “Eiioeaioe?y ia?aco i/eia no/aniee?a” iaaieioaii, ui
iei?oi?e niaeao noni?eueiiai ?ioa?ano aei nai?? ?noi??? oe?eeii
caeiiii??iee. Ai ie oaeee o?eaaeee /an ia?aaoaaee i?ae oeneii io?oe?eii?
aeieo?eie, yea i?eaaea aei aaaaoueio iiieeie. Aea ana oea aaea ?noi??y.
?? iiaeia aea/aoe, iiynithaaoe, ioe?ithaaoe ? iaa?oue inoaeaeoaaoe,
o?eueee ia aei?aaeyoe. Ia?icoi?iiy oeueiai caaaeaaaei iaoiio
noni?euenueao iaiii?aaieo ao?ao.

Ca?ac c’yaeeany iiaeeea?noue aeiianoe aei a?iiaaenueeino? ?ai?oa iaciai?
/e caeaa?eueoiai cae?eo? noi??iee iaoi? ni?aaaeiuei? a?o/eciyii?
?noi???. Oeth i?n?th iieeeeai? aeeiioaaoe ia eeoa ?noi?e/i? i?aoe?, a e
ooaeiaei? oai?e. *a?ac ieei /ano oai?e 20-o ?ie?a ianooue o nueiaiaeaiiy
iiaeeo ao?aiieo aei?a a?iiaaeyinueei? a?eie, ea?oeie aeeei? ceiae ?
/i?ii? aei?noieino?, ?aaiethoe?eieo iiaea?eu. Ienueiaiieee aeneiaeee a
ienoaoeueeiio ia?aeiieaii? e?au? ?ene oe?a?inueei? iaioaeueiino?, ui
?ice??ia/eeanue ? i?aeianeanue o ia??iae iaoe?iiaeueii-aecaieueieo
ciaaaiue, caaaaoeeanue iiaeie nieneiaeie iciaeaie. Iiaoe/ia oi?ioea
?aaiethoe?? “Aaea?ea ?aaiethoe?iia? – Caoeoaany na?o” (I.Oe/eia)
oiniaeth? neeo ?aaiethoe?eiiai aeaooo, no?ono, oaea?o, eio?ee iiaeiai
aoa iiiaeoe noni?euenoai.

Iaoiiaueia oa?a?aea ? a?aeia?aceea iniiai? ?ene e i?ioe??//y ia??iaeo
1917-1921 ?ie?a: caiia?oio i??th naeyinoaa caeiaooe aieth e caieth, eiai
noaaeaiiy aei ?aaeyinueei? aeaaee, ?iicaiieo caaa?aiee?a, aei
cai?iaaaeaeaii? cai?noue “naeyinueei? aieueieoe?” “oaa?aei? aeaaee”,
aca?iiae?th naeyi ?c i?aaenoaaieeaie ??cieo ia?o?e.

Ao?oeeaa aeeiai?ea ae?aiaoe/ieo iiae?e a?iiaaeyinueei? a?eie, cie?aia
iaoiianueeiai ?ooo, ia caeeoeea ienueiaiieeai /ano aeey iana?aaoe?? oa
ianooaaieo caaeoi?a ? ?o ao?eaiue. Aia?a?eia iaoe?eai?noue ia iiiaeaiiy
iiaoe/ieo ? i?iciaeo aeai??a, noeeueiaeo iaia? i?iyaeeany ianaiia?aae o
iaeeo oi?iao, ui iaoe?iiaeueii caaaa/oaaeeny, iiaeeo?eoaaeeny,
aa??thaaeeny.

Iaei??th ?c ia?oeo ni?ia inieneaiiy naeyinueeiai iianoainueeiai ?ooo,
i/iethaaiiai Ianoi?ii Iaoiii, noaa oa?? iieiaeiai ioae?oeenoa I.??/aia,
caiaeii a?aeiiiai oe?a?inueeiai ienueiaiieea, yeee o aa?ani? 1919 ?.
a?aea?aeaa Iianoainueeo a?i?th “aaoueea” Iaoia ye
“ienueiaiiee-e?oiienaoeue”, “uiae c?a?aoe iaoa??ye”. “Iaoii ? iaoi?aoe?”
I.??/aia, ca aecia/aiiyi aaoi?a, – “?ioa?ania caienea”, ui “iiaea
iineoaeeoe ca c?acie, ye iienoaaoe oe?a?inueea iianoaiiy”. Oeae oa?? ia
noaa caeiaooeii a?iiaaenueeino? o na?e /an, ai c ioe?ieith iaoiiaueie
aaoi?nueea ?acthia ia ca?aaeiny: “aaiaeeoaie aiie ia ?”.

O oeeee? iiaae “Iianoaioe?” A.I?aeiiaeeueiiai ia?niiaae? ia ?, ii noo?,
i? iaoiiaoeyie, i? iaoeth??aoeyie, i? a?eai?’?aoeyie. Oea ocaaaeueiaiee
ia?ac iianoaeiai naeyinoaa – ai?oey ca caieth, ca aieth, ca nai? i?aaa.
“O?aoy ?aaiethoe?y” – oae aecia/ea A.I?aeiiaeeueiee i?iaeaio aca?iei
i?noa e naea ? oae icaaeaaea naith iia?noue, oaaoeueia yae?i yei? –
“aaeeeee iio?ae naea ia i?noi”, ca?aeee eoee an? iaeace, eoaee
aeaiceeeny iiaeaoee, aea uacaa ae?iuaiee o noaio oe?a. Aaoaaeie Iaoii
aaeaea?oueny ia?niiaaeo iia?no? Enai? “nia?oaeueiei aee?eaaioii”.
Ni?a/oooy iianoaeei noaiiaeeai, ca ui aaoi?a caeioaa/oaaee a iie?oe/i?e
iiiceoe?eiino?, ii?aeioaaeiny c aa/aiiyi aoeii? aia?o?nonueei?
aieueieoe? ye ?oei?aii? neee, ui ii?iaeaeoaaea o a?aeiia?aeue ua a?eueoo
i?ioeae?th. Ni?iaa ienueiaiieea inyaoe nooue iaoiiaueie, c ooaeiaeiueith
ia’?eoeai?noth cia?aceoe oeae naeyinueeee ?oo cana?ae/eea eiai /ooeeao
?ioo?oe?th, ni?ioea ?aeaieia?/iei iaa?thaaiiyi, iaa?ioeany ?ici?aaith
iaae iei, ao?aoith /eoa/aie iiaeeeaino? oi?iaeiaae aeanyoee?oue
iiciaeiieoeny c oaeaiiaeoeie oai?aie A.I?aeiiaeeueiiai.

A iiia?aeaii? A.Eineiee “Aia?o?noe” (“A noaio”) aieiaiee ioaiai
n?euenueeeo oeiioe?a Einoue aeiaiaeeoue ?i, ui “aia?o?y – ?aeay aeeaiea,
a a ian aiia c i?aaee?a neaeeoue”. Iaeiae, /e oi oe?eeii na?aeiii, /e ia
aeiaiaeo iai?ai?e ?aeaieia?? ienueiaiiee iaeth? oeiioe?a ?ica?eieeaie.

O 20-o ?ieao A.Ninth?a iaienaa iiaio “Iaoii”, ca yeo, ca eiai c?ciaiiyi
o aaoia?ia?ao?/iiio ?iiai? “O?aoy ?ioa”, “no?eueee aeiea ai?y, ui e
iauaaeeai noaia”. TH.Niiee/ caaaeoaaa, ui oeth iiaio A.Ninth?a “/eoaa
ne??cue ? an?i”, aea, ca neiaaie aaoi?a iiaie, aiia “i?iiaea a noiieo
a?o?aao AeIO”. Iioae?eiaaii eeoa e?eueea o?eae?a ?c ia?. Iii?e an?
iaiaaaiiy a?eueoiaeoeueei? i?iiaaaiaee caoaa?oaaoe ?i’y Iaoia, iiao
a?ae/oaaa aeecuee?noue ?aeae iaoiiaueie, ii-ethaenueee ?icoi?a aie?nia
i?iuaiiy Iaoia c ??aeiith caieath i?e aoa/? ca ei?aeii, a?aeia?aaeaia
oaeiae o iiai? “?icno??eyia aacnia?oy”.

Ua ia iie?eaeaiee ooaeiaei?e ia?ac Ianoi?a Iaoia iinoa? c eaaaiae,
ia?aeac?a, aoaaeueuei, yeeie ia?inoaei oea ?i’y. Eaaaiaea, ia iniia?
yei? ciiaeaeueiaaii nthaeaoi? eie?c?? ?iiaio E.Iie?uoea
“Aoeyei?euenueeee aaoueei”, iiaeeeai, ? aeaniith aa?n??th aaoi?a, oiaoi
ia? e?oa?aoo?ia iioiaeaeaiiy. Ciaeueiaoth/e aaiaaeia?th ?iaeo Iaoia,
ooaeiaeiuei iaa?oioiaoth/e aeieace, ui Ianoi? i?eeoia o oeae na?o ?c
“cai?ia?aiiaaiith a??oiith aeooath” ? iaiaaaiiyi ci?ieoe na?aaeiaeua,
ienueiaiiee o?aeoo? iiaaao iianoaioe?a aei “aaoueea” naia oei, ui
inoaii?e ia aaaeaa i?yei? aeaaee, i??ya i?i iniaenoo naiaiaeo aeey
eiaeiiai.

Nooo?aei noaa ienueiaiieoeueeee aeoeaio ia oiio, ui Ianoi? aoa iieiaeei
oa caacyoei aiyeii ? caeeoeany o iai’yo? ia?iaeo “nieieii noaiiaei”, a
ia oeaeei ca??ii, yeei eiai iaethaaee i?ci?oa aeia?aeeea? aeeiiaaoe?
/oaeeo iaeac?a cai?e.

I?i/eoo?oueny a ?iiai? ? i???ioaoe?y ia i??i?eoaoi?noue iiaiai
?noi?e/iiai aeai?o a oe?a?inuee?e e?oa?aoo?? –
?aaiethoe?eii-i?eaiaeieoeueeiai. Eiai nthaeao iaenoa?ii nieaoaiee
iaaeiei o?aaeeoe?eiiai ethaiaiiai o?eeooieea: Iaoii – eiai ia?a/aia
I?eny – nioiee Nie?e. Ia?oa /anoeia ?iiaio a?aeaeaa? ni?iae aaoi?a
aenia?eiaiooaaoe a iiooeao neioaco oaioanoeee ? ?aae?e.

Ae?oaa /anoeia ?iiaio a?eueoa ni?aa?aeiineoueny c ?noi?e/iith
aeinoia??i?noth ? i?noeoue iiene /eneaiieo a?enueeiaeo iioiae?a Iaoia,
ai?ioueae c aaoueiainueeei a?enueeii ? eiai nithcieeaie – i?iaoeueeeie
?ioa?aaioaie, i?ioenoiyiiy Ianoi?a Iaoia oa ioaiaia A?eai?aiea.
Eoeuei?iaoe??th noaei ?noi?e/ii aeinoia??ia cia?aaeaiiy aaeanoaa
A?eai?aiea (A?eai?’?aa), yeiio, iaiaaii, i?eneoaeeeeny niiaaaee
i/aaeaeoe?a.

Iaiaeii?aciai E.Iie?uoe aeoeaioo? ia ai?ii? Iaoia aieeaaoe ia ethaeae,
caiaethaaoe ?o, ia?aaeaaaoe neiaaie “aaaaoi iaaiino? ? neee”. Ia’?eoeaia
a?aeoai?aiiy iiae?e iineeth? eiioeaioe?th ia?aco Iaoia ye ia?iaeiiai
canooiieea: neaaa Aoeyeiiey eoiaea ia anth Oe?a?io, ooaee oyaioeeny
??ci? ethaee, uia noaoe /anoeith oiai ?ooo, yeee ii-caii?icueeiio
iaceaaany ieciaei. Aeaea?aei iaia?aiiaeiino?, iacaaaiaiii? aeeao/ino?
iaoiianueeiai ?ooo E.Iie?uoe aaa/a? a o?aaeeoe?yo aieueieoe? ia
aoeyei?euenuee?e caie?, a caii?icueeeo noaiao, o i?aeo?eioe? caieye?a.
AEeoo?aa i?aaaea cioooaaea ienueiaiieea iiaa/eoe a Ianoi?? Iaoi?
iai?aeeia?io, yne?aao iniaeno?noue. Aea i?eoeeueia noaaeaiiy aaoi?a aei
aoeyei?euenueeiai “aaoueea” i?ye ia caaaaeaei eiio ?iciia?aeaoe i?aaaeo
i?i o? no?aoi? /ane, eiee o eiaeiiai, ooi aithaaa, ?oee aoee a e?ia?.

Aaii?th iaoiianueeiai ?ooo ienueiaiiee ia?aaea? oe?ieith iae?o?ith
aaaaothui? ia?aciino? oe?a?inueeiai neiaa, ae?aciith neeith o?iia?/ieo
cania?a, cie?aia iaoaoi?, ii??aiyiue, ai?oao?a. Oa?? aonoi iane/aiee
oieueeei?ieie aeaiaioaie, iaecaaeaie, a yeeo ie?aneth?oueny oeiieia?/ia
nii??aeiai?noue ?c iaecaaeaie I.Eioethaeinueeiai.

Aoaeo/e na?aeeii iiae?e, E.Iie?uoe caeeoea aeey iauaaee?a ?aoaeueia ?
i?aaaeeaa ooaeiaei? aeine?aeaeaiiy iaoiiaueie, ?aae?noe/io i?iienai?noue
ia?aco aoeyei?euenueeiai “aaoueea”, aaaaoiaei??i?noue eiai oa?aeoa?o,
aaea/?.

Aiae?coth/e oai?/ee aei?iaie ienueiaiiee?a 20-30-o ?ie?a o ciaethaaii?
ia?aco Ianoi?a Iaoia, iaaaaeei ae?eoe aeniiaeo, ui ?o ia?a anoeaee
ia’?eoeaii ia?aaeaoe eiai ?ene, iaaeaoe ?i ooaeiaeiuei? ia?aeiieeaino?
ia?o i?ae ii/aeiny i?aeooiaooaaiiy ?o aei a??oa – a?eueiiai /e
iaa?eueiiai – ia?aae nai?i ia?iaeii – aei a?ooaeueii-aeoieeaiai
ea?eeaoo?iiai niioai?aiiy ?noi?e/ii? iniae a?aeiia?aeii aei iie?oe/ii?
eii’thieoo?e oa iio?aa aeaaee.

Ae?oaee ?icae?e “Iniaeeaino? o?ainoi?iaoe?? ?noi?e/ii? i?aaaee a
ooaeiaei?e aeiienae” iieaco?, ye o 50-70-o? ?iee, uia ia iio?aieoe i?ae
iaa?oe ?ai?aneaii? iaoeie, aaoi?ai ?noi?e/ieo e?oa?aoo?ieo oai??a o?aaa
aoei aai caiiaeaoe ia iaaecia/aiee /an, aai i?aeei?yoeny aeiiaai
ia?o?eieo ianoaiia ? a?aeaoeoaaoeny ia nioe?aeuei? caiiaeaiiy
aea?aeaaiiai aia?aoo, oiaoi oa?eoe a ??/eua ?aaeyinueei?
?noi?eei-?aaiethoe?eii? i?ice.

O ia??iae ieuaiiy iaoe?iiaeueii? na?aeiiino?, ethaenueei? a?aeiino?
ienueiaiieee a?aenooiaee a?ae iiia?aaeiuei? ?noi??ia?ao?/ii? e
e?oa?aoo?ii? o?aaeeoe?? oa oieueeei?ieo aeaea?ae, a?aeiiaeyeeny a?ae
iaoeiai? aeinoia??iino? e ia?aoiaeeee aei ooaeiaei?o oaioac?e ia
?noi?e/i? oaie. Iiaeia neacaoe, ui oai, aea iineaaethaaeany ?noi?e/ia
i?aaaea, iineethaaeeny aeia?euei? aeienee.

Naia ?aeaieia?/iee ? iie?oe/iee aniaeoe ?noi?eei-?aaiethoe?eii? oaiaoeee
? aoee oei “neecueeei oeyoii”, yeiai aiyeeny ? yeee iaieiaee
e?oa?aoo?iciaaoe?. ?noi?eei-?aaiethoe?ei? oai?e iaeiaioa aeine?aeaeai?
ieie c on??? ?noi?e/ii? i?ice, a i?iaeaia ni?aa?aeiioaiiy a ieo
?noi?e/ii? i?aaaee ? ooaeiaeiueiai aeieneo iaeaea i?eiee ia noaaeeany.
Iaaoa?iie/ai? /eoa/? /anoi ni?eeiaee ca noia?aenioeiao i?aaaeo ana oa,
ui aiie /a?iaee c ooaeiaei?o ?iciia?aeae i?i a?aeii?, ?iiae? e iaa?aeii?
iiae?? ieioeiai, i?i ?noi?e/i? iinoao?. ?noi?e/i? ?iiaie e iia?no?
ia??aeei neoaeeee ?aeeiei aeaea?aeii i?aeoi aeinoia??ii? ?ioi?iaoe??.

Noaiaoeci, oaiaeaioe?ei?noue neiaoaaee oai?/o oyao ienueiaiiee?a ye
eaioethae, ooaeiaei? ocaaaeueiaiiy caieeaeeny a iaaeao ?aaeaiaioaoe?e
nioe?ae?noe/iiai ?aae?cio, ? iioa?iaee e ?noi?e/ia ? ooaeiaeiy i?aaaea,
? i?ia?aaaee ? ienueiaiieee, ? oai?e, ? /eoa/?.

O iiaeo aeine?aeaeaiiyo ?noi?e/ieo ?iiai?a I.Aii/a?a “Oaa??y” ?
“Ia?aeii” a?aecia/aii, ui oe? oai?e ni?aaeyee iiaea?eia a?aaeaiiy: c
iaeiiai aieo – iiaoe/ia ue?a iiia?aeue i?i ne?eaaeaeaieo ? i?eai?/aieo
ethaeae oe?a?inueeiai I?aaeiy, ye? ooeaee ia ii/aoeo OO noie?ooy aeaniee
oeyo aei i?aaaee ? ethaeyiino?, c ?ioiai – ooieoe?iiaeueii-oaiaeaioe?ei?
noaie o?aeooaaiiy iiae?e, ciaethaaiiy ?noi?e/ieo in?a.

?iciia?aeath/e i?i ai?ioueao c A?aiaaeai ? caoiieaiiy a?eueoiaeeaie
E?eio, ienueiaiiee ia i?a iaieiooe ? o/anoue iaoiiaoe?a o ieo.
Ciaeiinoai c Ianoi?ii Iaoiii ? eiai oeiioeyie a?aeaoaa?oueny a ?iiai?
“Ia?aeii” caaeiaai aei ooo?io Neaaoa. Iiaeoueny i?i eiai aei?noie?
?ici?aae c ?aaeyinueeei aeoeaii, i?i ianeiee ia oeee Ia?oi? E?iii?.
Noaaeaiiy aei iaoiiaoe?a aeyaey?oueny ? a noai?aii? ci?iaeo ia?ac?a, o
ciaethaaii? ciai?oiino?. Iinoathoue a?ioanei? ea?oeie ?oiueiai
“a?aeii/eieo”: a iaeiiio i?noe? a’thoueny, a ?ioiio – “aeoaeeyoue ?c
aooee?a iaaee/iee nie?o”. Oe?ieee niaeo? ooaeiaei?o cania?a aeei?enoaiee
aaoi?ii c iaei??th iaoith: aeeeeeaoe o /eoa/a iaaaoeaia noaaeaiiy aei
oeeo a?eoe?a. Ai, eiee ienaany ?iiai “Ia?aeii”, io?oe?eiith ?aeaieia??th
Iaoii aoa iaieioaiee “ai?iaii ia?iaeo”, iaaeiei eiai iniae aoa noai?aiee
i?aie i’yieoe?, aaiaeeoa ? aaeaoe?. Aea no/ani? aeine?aeaeaiiy ?noi?ee?a
A.Aieeiaeinueeiai, A.Aa?nothea, ye ? na?ae/aiiy ?noi?eea iaoiiaueie 20-o
?ie?a I.Eoaai?ia, noaa?aeaeothoue, ui aoeyei?euenueeee “aaoueei”
i?iaeiaaeoaaa ei?enooaaoenue o naeyi aaoi?eoaoii ? aaeeeei aieeaii.
Iaiaeiicia/ia noaaeaiiy I.Aii/a?a aei Ianoi?a Iaoia a?ae/oaa?oueny ? a
?icoi?ii? i?aaiaiiy inoaiiueiai aei naiaiaee, ? a iienao “neii/e?a ?c
aoeieie /oaaie”, yeeie, yeui ? ia ieeo?oueny aaoi?, oi ia iienaoe ?o ia
iiaea, ? a ai?oao? “iaaeiaeiee”, ui ia?aaea? aaoi?nueeo neiiao?th aei
naiai aioeaa?iy.

O cia?aaeaii? o/ano? iaoiiaoe?a o Ia?aeiinuee?e iia?aoe?? a?ae/oaa?oueny
aaoi?nueea ni?a/oooy oei, eiai i?aeiyee “c oaieeo oao”. ? aaea
ianoi?iaeothoue neiaa i?i “aeia?ia?eueio ?ici?aao”. Ienueiaiiee ia i?a
?iciia?noe i?i ia?, aea aiia ni?aaae? aoea.

Ii/aeany a?aee?eoa a?eia *a?aiii? a?i?? c E?einueeith a?oiith a?i??
Iaoia. ? eiee I.Aii/a? ieoa, ui iaoiiaoe? (cai?noue iiaooiuei? e?iiioe o
1500 /ieia?e iiaa?oaany caa?i o 250 /ieia?e – A.I.) “iaaanaei
ia?ani?thaaeenue, ia?aeeaeath/enue iioio?eie aea?oaie”, oi ieiio?oue
ia?aaea? aeeaieo ?noi?e/io i?aaaeo i?i o?aaaae?th iaoiianueeiai ?ooo,
yeee iaceaa? “eo?eoeuenueeith noeo??th”, ui na?ae/eoue i?i iie?oe/io
caaiaaaeiaai?noue ? ieaeaoio caaeai?noue ai?ciae?a ?iiaio.

O?aa?/ia iiae?y – aeoaa c A?aiaaeai o E?eio 1920 ?ieo – cia?aaeaia o
iia?no? “Ieaenaiae? Ia?oiiaiei” I.Iai/ai. Iinoaoue Iaoia o i?e
ai?ciaee/ia. Aoeyei?euenueeee “aaoueei” c’yaey?oueny iai?ee?ioe? oai?o.
Oia?aaeaeaii iaaieiooth/e ia eiai oieiaeiie?iaiino? e aei?noieino?,
ienueiaiiee iaeth? noeaio aaeanoaa iei aaea aie?ath/iai Ia?oiiaiea.
Ii?o?aoi? ?ene “oe?ieiai, ieaneaoiai iaee//y”, “aeoe??aieo coa?a”,
“aieinny, ye o aeyea” aoee o?aoa?aoieie, /eoa/ i?a i?ciaoe ?o, yeae
aaoi? ? ia iaceaaa i??caeua ia?niiaaea.

?.Oaiiaae – aaoi? eieae “O iiooeao nea?a?a” i?i iiaeaeaeieoeueea aeeooy
aaeeeiai a/aiiai-?noi?eea Caii?icueeiai eicaoeoaa Ae.ssai?ieoeueeiai – a
iiia?aeaii? “O ooaa? Iaoia” ?iciia?a, ye i?ioani? iinea?aeeany
“aaoueeia?”, ui “neiee” aeiaaathoue eeth/? a?ae iocath. Ianoi? ?aaiiae/
aeneiaea aaaeaiiy iaeyiooe ?noi?e/io nea?aieoeth, iaeaea aea? aiaeeie
ciaeiieany c ?? aeniiiaoaie, a ia i?iuaiiy iii?inea o ainiiaea?y
caii?icueei? ai??eee, ?, c?iaeaoe caien o eiec? a?aea?aeoaa/?a, caiiaea
eaeoe?th aeey eiiaiaeoaaiiy i?i ?noi??th e?ath. A eiee ianooiiiai aeiy
oa/aiea aeinoaaeea ssai?ieoeueeiai a aioaeue “Anoi??y”, aea i?noeany
ooaa, a?i ii/oa iino??ee ? iiaa/ea iaeyaiaiiai a ooao iaoiiaoey, yeee
“?icieanoaany ia i?aeeic?”. Ia caieoaiiy i?ioani?a “aaoueei” a?aeiia?a,
ui oea aeeiiaii eiai ae?ie ca eiii?iiaoaoe?th aia?o??. I?
ssai?ieoeueeiio, i? Iaoiia? aoei ia aei eaeoe??, i?ioani?a a?aeionoeee c
oiiaith, ui aiia aoaea i?i/eoaia ?ioei ?acii. Aeaieiith /ano noaee
ooaiie oeio “e?aai ca??a”, “iaeei” (i?i ooaa Iaoia), “i’yi? iaoiiaoe?”,
“aaiaeeoe” ? iaeaaeaoue aiie, ia iaoo aeoieo, aaoi?o iiia?aeaiiy
?.Oaiiaaeo, a ia Ae.ssai?ieoeueeiio. Aac oeueiai, i/aaeaeii, oa?? ia i?a
aooe iaae?oeiaaiei, a ii?o?ao Iaoia ia aienaany a o “caaioiaeo”
io?oe?eii? i?iiaaaiaee. ? ana ae, iiia?aeaiiy aeo?eio? o??aiiaaaeaiee
oii, ia’?eoeaii ia?aaea? na?ae/aiiy ?noi???.

?noi?e/iee oaeo cono??/? Iaoia c ssai?ieoeueeei, iaiaaii, aoa a?aeiiee
aaoi?ia? “Niai?o” ? noaa iniiaith ie?aiiai ?icae?eo a ?iiai? – “*i?ia
aiaieua”. ? a oeueiio oai?? I.Aii/a? iaiaaa?oueny caaaiooe, inyaoe
oaiiiai iaoiiaueie. Eiio aaea?oueny i?aeiyoeny iaae ?aeaieia?/ieie
?aieaie, ciaeoiaoe caniae ooaeiaeiueiai aiae?co e neioaco. C eaaeith
??ii??th (iiaeeeai, aiia i?ecia/aeany oeaico??) I.Aii/a? iaceaa? Iaoia
“iianoaioeai aeooo”, “noaiiaei I?iiaoa?i ?iceooei”, “Oai?eai Oe?a?ie”,
“no/aniei Oai?eai noai?a”, aeoeaioo? ia oiio, ui “/oaaoa, ?ico?enoaia
a?enueei aaa/aei a iueiio eoie?a”. Iaoii a “Niai??” oe?eaaeoueny
?noi?e/iei ieioeei Oe?a?ie, iniaith Aeieo?a ssai?ieoeueeiai. O ?iciia? c
iei a?i aeoaaey?oueny: “Aoaea ua ca iiith i?naiue ? eaaaiae, anoeaae
caienoaaoe”. Iei? ? aaaaoi i?eoeeueiee?a eicaoeueei? ?aea? iaoiiaueie, ?
aaoi? “Niai?o” oaae iaaiith i??ith noeeyany aei ia?. O?aa?ci, e?ao
aeeoo?aeo ?ethc?e “aaoueea” i?aee?aneth?oueny iaai?oaiiyi eaene/ii?
aeni?an??: “eaoano?ioa inoaiiuei? ia?ai?aae”, “aaiueaa aoa/?”,
“aaciiai?ioiee aa?aa”, “/oaeeinueeee aa?aa aeia?/ieo neeoaiue” oa ?i.
?icae?e “*i?ia aiaieua” aie?oa?oueny o ooaeiaei? aeii?iaioe ?iiaio i?i
a?/ia ? nei?iieioua, neaao ? aaiueao, aeooiai?noue ? aaciai’yonoai. ?
oi/a a?ae/oaa?oueny ?aeaieia?/ia iaoa?oaaiiy, aiii ia a nee? cieueoe
aoiai?noe/iee iioaioe?ae oai?o.

I?ae c? noi??iie “Niai?o” ia?aeoee a iia?noue-ana “Niiaaae i?i ieaai”
aeaa ia?niiaae? – i?ioani? Aeieo?i ssai?ieoeueeee ? “aaoueei” Ianoi?
Iaoii. Ae?oaee ?c ieo, iaaooue, oaae, ye ? a iiia?aaeiueiio oai??, ?
aai??i aeey ienueiaiieea, aea ceei aai??i. I?e c?noaaeaii? oaeno?a
oai?o, yeee ae?oeoaaany nii/aoeo a aeo?iae? “A?o/ecia” (1988, ? 1), a
iio?i ie?aiei aeaeaiiyi (1995), aeyaeythoueny cia/i? a?aei?iiino?, ui
na?ae/aoue i?i aaaeeo aeooiaio ?iaioo ienueiaiieea, iia?, na?oe?o? aa?ae
o ciaethaaii? ia?aco Ianoi?a Iaoia a ie?aneaii? eiai ethaenueei?
?iaeea?aeoaeueiino?.

O?ao?e ?icae?e “Ooaeiaeiy ?aeiino?oeoe?y iaoiiaueie: caeiaooee, ao?aoe,
ia?niaeoeae” ?iciia?aea?, ui e?ao ?ethno?aoi?nueei? iaoiaeieia??
inieneaiiy e?oa?aoo?ith ?noi?e/ieo iiae?e ? iinoaoae, oe?eeiaeoiai
?aii?oaaiiy ?iaiaioii? ?? niaoeeo?ee aeeeeeaa, cie?aia, iiao oaeeth
oai??a i?i Ianoi?a Iaoia, a yeeo ci?iaii ni?aa?aeiioaiiy ooaeiaeiueiai
aeieneo ? aeinoia??iino?, ci?no yeeo i?ieiyoee ?noi?eciii.

O oai?ao 90-o ?ie?a i?noyoueny ooaeiaei? aeieace oiai, ui Iaoii – ia
naiioi?e aoioa?, a ae?aciee ?ioa?an?a naeyinueeeo ian. O ieo iinoaa
iiaee ia?ac ?noi?e/ii? iniae.

Ia?oei i?ney ?noi?ee?a iini?a caa?iooeny aei oaie iaoiianueeiai ?ooo
?.Naiaoe – a?aeiiee iaenoa? i?eaiaeieoeueei-aeaoaeoeaiiai aeai?o, iaai?
iciaee yeiai ia? ?iiai “Iaoii”. Caa’ycea ? ia?oa o?aoeia ?icaeoeo iiae?e
o oai?? i?noyoue ?iciia?aeue i?i oa, ye ae?oea?ea Niiy Oaaei?ianueea,
i?eaoaoe c Oa?eiaa aei Aoeyeiiey aeey oieaoinueei? ae?yeueiino?, ?,
i?aoethth/e a/eoaeueeith, oa?eoea aei iaeaeeae/iai ioi/aiiy Iaoia.
Caeioaaoenue o iaoiiaoey Nai?eea Ieeieae/oea, aiia noa? eiai
ae?oaeeiith. Niiy aea/a? iiaaae?ieo, a/eiee aoeyei?euenueeiai “aaoueea”,
?icaeoio?, aiae?co?. Ca oeei i?eeiiii i?iaeyaea? aaoi?nueea oeoia/aiiy
iiae?e. ?icaeoie aa?i?i? ia caaaeaee ineoieia?/ii aiioeaiaai? ?
ooaeiaeith ia?aeiieea?, o ieo /anoi-aonoi i?ioiieth?oueny niaoeeo?/ii
nueiaiaeaiiee oii, iaaei?a/iee ? oaeueoeaee aeey ethaeeie, ui aeeea a o?
/ane. Iaai? ii?ooaiiy i?eioeeio ?noi?ecio i?ecaiaeyoue aei
inaaaei?i?oaoe?? aeooo aiioe, aei ino/aniaiiy iiae Iaoia. Ai?ciaee
i?iuaiiy c A?o/eciith ?.Naiaoe oaae ino/anith?: o aioo??oiueiio iiiieic?
Iaoii oaa?aeeoue, ui eiai, iia neaaeaiiai ina, aeaiooue a?eueoiaeee. O
nai?o niiaaaeao aoeyei?euenueeee “aaoueei” oaae cae?eaa? i/? ia i?aaaeo
i?i oa, ui i?ney cai?iaaaeaeaiiy ?aaeyinueeith aeaaeith iie?oeee iaio
naeyie aaea ia oio?ee eiai i?aeo?eioaaoe, aoiieai? a?eiith aiie aaaeaee
ie?ii? i?aoe? ? ca?aaee oeueiai caeaoi? aoee c?aaeeoe ? aaeoe naiai
ioaiaia. Ia caoeueeiaaiiai ? aiaiiai ia?aiiaeiith *a?aiiith A?i??th
Iaoia eieeoi? eiai ni?eueieee a/eieee e?eueea iaiaae?a c iaoith cieuaiiy
eiai, oi/a o niiaaaeao a?i i?eoiaaa oe? oaeoe, caaaeaaoe eeoa, ui o?noue
?ac?a aoa ii?aiaiee.

?.Naiaoe oi?ei canoiniao? eeane/i? i?eeiie i?eaiaeieoeueeiai ?iiaio:
iaa?iiaaeaeaiiy ia?aoeiae, iieii, aoa/a, ianiiae?aai? ii?yooiee ia?aae
iaieio/eie no?aoaie. Iiae?oaeaey Ieeieae/oe?a, aeeiiaaoe iaia’ycie
ia?aae “aaoueeii”, iiaa?oa?oueny aeiaeiio ia ooo?? c aeoieith “ia
i?iianoe ia oe?a?inueeeo /i?iicaiao”. Oa ii aei?ic? Niith ? Nai?eea
ia?aoiieththoue /ae?noe ?, ce? a?ae iaaaea/?, ui Iaoii aeneecioa ?c ?oe,
?icno??eththoue ?o.

Aaaaothuee iioaioe?ae ?noi?e/ii? iniae Ianoi?a Iaoia iino?eii ia?ai-
nieneth?oueny, ia?aaeoeaioiao?oueny, ?aeiino?oth?oueny. Eeoa caaaeea
eiai ?iai? aieea? a?aeiia?aeio nieneiao eaieo, oaeno ?icoe?th? ianya
a?aeiiiai iaoa??aeo. Ooaeiaei?e caaeoi ?aaa?e?ooaaoe iai’youe ia?iaeiiai
iieeiaiaeoey ia?a??n o aeanio aa?n?th iaoiiaueie ienueiaiieea ?.Naiaoea.

O e?iiiia?no? “Aaoueei Iaoii” (aeo?iae “Ee?a”, 1993, ? 10) ss.Noaeueiao
i?iaeiaaeo? o?aaeeoe?? I.Aeiaaeaiea a oiio, ui ia?ac ethaeeie, aeeaee
oa?aeoa? aea?oueny a cae?i/aiiio, aei oiai ae a?aie/ii neiiaeainiaaiiio,
aiioe?eii i?aeneeaiiio i?iya?. Aaiethoe?iio? ia no?eueee nai oa?aeoa?,
ne?eueee i?ioean ?ice?eooy eiai, aeyaeaiiy aaea iaaooeo ?en ? ??cieo
a?aiae. O ?icia?oo? aeeaeo ?iaeea?aeoaeueieo iciae iinoa? ?noi?e/ii
aeinoia??iee ia?ac aaoaaeea naeyinueeeo ian. Aea?oueny aciaee, ui aaoi?
aiey/a a?aaeaiee i?aaaeith, yea o?eueee oaia? ?ice?eaa? i/? ia a?aoith,
ui oe?aaeoaaeany aeanyoee?ooyie. ? eiai neiiao?? a?aeaeai? eieenue
iiaaiueaeai?e ethaeei?, nai?io aa?i?a? – Ianoi?o Iaoio.

Oi/a iia?noue ia/aaoi neiiiiiiaaia c o?iiieia?/ii ie?aieo ea?oei, aea
aiie noai?ththoue ianooaaio iaii?aio a?iiaaeyinueei? a?eie, aeoeaiei
o/anieeii yei? ? oe?a?inueea naeyinoai, i?aai?ciaaia oaeaiiaeoei
aaoaaeeii Ianoi?ii Iaoiii. Ioae?oeenoe/i?noue ? iieai?/i?noue noaee
iciaeaie aino?inioe?aeueiiai oai?o ss.Noaeueiaoa, yeee i?aaia neioaoe/ii
ioiieoe iiae?? oa inieneeoe aeie? aa?i?a o ?oiueiio ca’yceo c aeieath
iianoainueeiai ?ooo.

Ienueiaiiee iaaaci?aenoaaii aaaaea?, ui ieyea ? a?aa?aeieea ia?iae ia
i?a iacaaoe “aaoueeii”. Iaoii o e?iiiia?no? ss.Noaeueiaoa – oaeaiiaeoee
iieeiaiaeaoeue, i?aai?caoi?, iaenoa? aaaeaiiy ia?oecainueei? a?eie. A?i
oa?a o a?e oa/aieo c eoeaiaoii, caaaeyee /iio a e?eueea ?ac?a i?aeaeuea
iia?euei?noue ? ai?caeaoi?noue nai?o a?enuee. Eiai oaeoeea ? no?aoaa?y
noaee iaaooeii a?enueeiai? iaoee. Ooaeiaeiy i?aaaea ss.Noaeueiaoa i?i
oi?ia??noue, aaciaeyaeio aacno?aoi?noue Iaoia, eiai aaoi?eoao na?aae
naeyinoaa oioiaeia ?noi?e/i?e i?aaae?. O ea?oeiao e?eaaaiai iaeea ai?a,
niiaiaieo aaeaaeiei eiei?eoii, oeiieia?/ii noiaeeo ?c
aeiaaeaie?anueeeie, iacae/ii /eoaoe ?yaeee, a yeeo aa?i?/ieie ?
aaee/ieie iinoathoue naia iaoiiaoe?, a ia ?oi? noi?ioeaieee.

Ea?oeie e?iiiia?no? ao?eththoue caaeoi ienueiaiieea – ?ice?eoe oa?aeoa?
naiai aa?iy a a?aie/ii “iaieaieo” c?oeiaiiyo ? eiioe?eoao, eiee ??ci?
aeeoo?a? eiioeaioe?? i?ioenoiyoue iaeia iaei?e ? ao?oeea? i?eno?ano?
ciaoiaeyoue aeo?ae o ??oo/eo, /anii ? iaaiioeaiaaieo ae?yo ia?niiaae?a.
Iai?eeeaae, o iaei?e ?c ieo /a?aiiia?i?eoe? c i?iaecaaiio
?ici?aaeythoueny ?c naeyieiii Aeaieeii, yeee eeioany caoeuaoe ca?iaeai?
i?iaeoeoe. Eiioe?eoiith iane/ai?noth oai?o ss.Noaeueiao aeiaiaeeoue, ui
a?iiaaeyinueea a?eia – oea ianeeuenoai, e?ia, nia?oue, ? aeiaeia c
iie?oe/ieo nee ia aoea o oe?e a?ei? /enoith.

Aeey e?iiiia?no? oa?aeoa?i? eiei?eoi? e aeeiai?/i? ae?aeiae Iaoia ? eiai
i?aeeaaeeo ?c i?ioeaieeaie. Aiie ei?ioe?, e aeeneaae/ii aeaeaathoue
a?oio c-i?ae i?a iie?oe/iiai iiiiaioa nai?th eia?eith ? aeieacia?noth.

Aaaaoiaei??iino? cia?aaeaiiy iineoaiao? ?ooeea?noue eiiiiceoe?eiiai
iaethiea, /anoa, ai?noeio e?iaiaoia?ao?/ia /a?aoaaiiy ea?oei ? ai?ciae?a
?c ia?aianaiiyi ae?? o ??ci? ieiueie – ye eieaeuei?, oae ? iaii?aii? ca
ianyaii iiae?e. Ai?/io oiiaeuei?noue e?iiiia?no? i?aeneeththoue
aaoaeuei? noeaie, aea /ooii aeaooe nia?yae?a, eoeaiaoi? /a?ae, aaoeaiiy
a?oeea???.

?c e?iiiia?noyie I.Aeiaaeaiea, i?iciaeie oai?aie A.Eineiee,
I.Oaeeueiaiai, TH.ssiianueeiai e?iiiia?noue ss.Noaeueiaoa oeiieia?/ii
nii??aeiaia aeni?an?ii?noe/iith aoiinoa?ith ie?aieo ea?oei, yea
i?iyaey?oueny a /ooo?a?e iane/aiino? ia?ac?a, a?? eieuei?iai? aaie,
a?ao?/iino? e?iieaae?o, aioo??oi?e iiioaaei?e aeeiai?oe?, ui i?aeneeth?
iioea aacaeocaeino? a?aoiaaea/i? a?eie.

E??eei-?iiaioe/iee noi?ia?ae niiaith? iiene noinoie?a caeioaieo Ianoi?a
? Aaeeie. ? oea oaae i?eioeeiiaa iiceoe?y aaoi?a, yeee oi/a cieoe a?oae
?c oeeo ethaenueeeo noinoie?a, ui aoa iaia’yceiaith oiiaith oai??a
iiia?aaeiueiai /ano.

Eoeuei?iaoe??th e?iiiia?no?, ye, iaaooue, ? iaoiiaueie, ? e?einueea
iia?aoe?y, ia yeo Iaoii iiaiaeeany, ai a?eueoiaeee ia?oeyee eiio
aaoiiii?th Aoeyei?euenueei? ?anioae?ee. Aaaaiiy ? iaaiaaiai?noue,
o?eaiaa ? iaae?y ia?aiiaiththoue aeooo aa?iy, iaaeeaeath/e iiae?? aei
caeiiii??ii? ?ica’ycee. ss.Noaeueiao aeoeaioo?, ui iaeac i?i cieuaiiy
iaoiiaoe?a i?ney ia?aiiae iaae A?aiaaeai aoa iaethaenueeei ?
aaiaeeonueeei ii noo?. Ae?aiaoe/ieie caniaaie iaeth? ienueiaiiee Ianoi?a
i?ney ?aii?oo Ia?/aiea i?i i?eaoooy a?oie cianeeaieo ethaeae, ye? eaaeaa
ae?aaeeny aeeaeie: ia eaaeo/e i?eiio i? neiaa, a?i a?ae?eoia a?ae
ethaeae, iia??a o noai, nai?oiy iaeaiueea iinoaoue caaoaeeany na?aae
i?ne?a. Ii??aiyiiy c ia?aeioeiieai, yea a?oa? aaiy? i?neaie,
aenaenooth/e, iana aeeaiea ci?noiaa iaaaioaaeaiiy. Aaeaea Iaoii ni?aaae?
noaa ia?aeioeiieai, yea aaiya a?oa? /oaeeie.

Inoaiiy ea?oeia e?iiiia?no? aeaoiaaia 1934 ?ieii. Ianoi? Iaoii iiie?a?
i?ney iia?aoe??. Ii?o/ aoee ae?oc?. Ia?aaenia?oi? ii/oooy, iiaeyae
Ianoi?a ni?yiiaai? ia aei/eo oa ae?oaeeio.

Iaei??th ?c aieth/eo i?iaeai a?iiaaeyinueei? a?eie aoee ?a?aenuee?
iia?iie. E?iiiia?noue ss.Noaeueiaoa aeiaiaeeoue no/anieeai, ui
aioenai?oeci ia aoa aeanoeaee iaoiianueeiio ?ooia?, ui iaei??th c i?e/ei
?icno??eo A?eai?’?aa aoea i?aai?caoe?y iei ianiaeo ?ici?aa iaae ?a?ayie.
O oeueiio aiia ia?aaoeo?oueny c ?iiaiii ?a?aenueeiai ienueiaiieea
Ae.Ia?eeoa “Iiethoei-iiea” (aeo?iae “Ae?oaeaa ia?iaeia”, 1991, ? 5-6),
ui noaa ia?oith eano?aeith, yea i?ia?noeea iioaie?iiy o noaaeaii?
noni?euenoaa aei caaiueaeaiiai aoeyei?euenueeiai “aaoueea”.

sse o ?noi?e/i?e iaooe?, oae ? a ooaeiaei?e e?oa?aoo?? oyaeaiiy i?i
aoaeue-yeo ?noi?e/io iniao ia iiaea aooe onoaeaiei, iaci?iiei. I?ae
aieeaii iiai? ?aeaieia??, iaa?aeiieo ?ai?oa oaeo?a ? aeieoiaio?a
a?aeaoeany ooaeiaeiy ?aeiino?oeoe?y iaoiiaueie, ia?ac Ianoi?a Iaoia
o?ainoi?ioaaany a?ae aaiaeeoa aei ia?iaeiiai aiaeaey.

E?euee?noue e?oa?aoo?ieo ?ioa?i?aoaoe?e ia?aco Ianoi?a Iaoia c?inea,
ioaea, iiaeeeaa ?o nenoaiaoecaoe?y, yea ia?aaeaa/a? eeaneo?eaoe?th
oai??a ca noaaeaiiyi aaoi?a aei naiai aa?iy, ca niaeo?ii cania?a
?iaeea?aeoae?caoe?? ia?aco.

Iia?noue-ana A.Naaaeue?aa “Iaoii. Inoaiiy i?aaaea” oaae ? ni?iaith
?aaa?e?ooaaoe, oi/i?oa – iaaei??ii ?aeaae?coaaoe ?noi?e/io iniao. Aea??
aeai?o – ana – iaaiith i??ith i?ieeaa? na?oei ia caaeoi aaoi?a. Iaeiae,
ia aeoieo aaoi?ee aeena?oaoe??, o oai?? ia ia?aaei?e ieai ia??aeei
aeoiaeyoue ia nai? ?aae??, ia i?aaaeea? ?noi???, a iano?eiia i?aaiaiiy
ienueiaiieea uinue aeiaanoe, ia?aeiiaoe a /iionue, oi/a aiii ? ia
ca?aa?oueny c ia’?eoeaieie na?ae/aiiyie. Aaea aiae?coaaeeny ni?iae
a?aeiaeoe eaoaai??eia iiiyooy iaoiianueeiio ?ooia?: “oe?a?inueeee
?ac?i”, “Ioaa/ia OO noie?ooy”. A.Naaaeue?a ?aea ua aeae?: “oe?a?inueea
aeaea??y”, “?ia?iaoaaea”, “ithioea??aaea”. Iiae?ai? aiaeia??
aeaeathoueny ia?ieie, ai iaoiiaueia – oea naiiaooi? yaeua oe?a?inueeiai
naeyinueeiai ?ooo.

“Iaoiianuee?” iiac?? E.Aa?ueiaee, A.Ethoiai, iieeaaeai? ia ioceeo, noaee
iaeii/anii ? eaoae?caoi?ii noni?eueii? na?aeiiino?, ? na?ae/aiiyi
iaaie?ouino? ?noi?e/ii? iai’yo?.

I?ioean ooaeiaeiueiai canai?iiy ? ia?aieaaeaiiy iiai? iaoeiai?
?ioi?iaoe??, ooaeiaeiueiai ia?ainieneaiiy ia?aco Ianoi?a Iaoia o?eaaeee
?, iaaooue, e?auee oa?? ua ia iaienaiee. A aeena?oaoe?? aeine?aeaeaii
iniiai? oaiaeaioe?? o ciaethaaii? oe??? iinoao? oe?a?inueeeie
ienueiaiieeaie, iia? o?aeooaaiiy e aaiethoe?ei? oeyoe i?eioeeio
?noi?ecio ? eiioeaioe?? aa?iy – ?noi?e/ii? iniae o oai?ao i?i Ianoi?a
Iaoia.

O “Aeniiaeao” ocaaaeueiaii ?acoeueoaoe i?iaaaeaiiai iaoeiaiai
aeine?aeaeaiiy, iaaieioaii, ui iie?naiaioe/i?noue ? iaei??th c iniiaieo
iciae o?aaeeoe?eiiai ia?aco ?noi?e/iiai iioiaeaeaiiy, o yeiio caaaeaee
caeeaaeai? iiaeeeaino? ??cieo ?ioa?i?aoaoe?e, ui caeiiii??ieie ? ia eeoa
/anoeiaa ci?ia aaoi?nueeiai noaaeaiiy (iiaeeaeaiiy, ooi/iaiiy,
?icoe?aiiy), a e ci?ia ioe?iee ia ae?aiao?aeueii i?ioeeaaeio –
aeiei??iia ia?aaeyaeaiiy. Iaaecae/aeii oe?ieith ? aiie?ooaea ioe?ii/ieo
eieeaaiue.

I?eioeei ?noi?ecio ia?aaeaa/a? ??cia iio?aeooaaiiy ?noi?e/ii? iniae
??cieie iieie?iiyie. O ooieoe?iioaaii? ia?aco I.Iaoia i/aaeaei? e?eueea
aoai?a: inieneaiiy, iiaaiueaeaiiy, caoaaethaaiiy.

Oai?/ee aei?iaie ienueiaiiee?a 20-o ??. caeeoea aeey iauaaee?a
?aae?noe/io i?iienai?noue ia?aco a?aeiiiai iianoainueeiai ioaiaia
Oe?a?ie, yeee coi?a noai?eoe iaeio c iaeai?caeaoi?oeo a?i?e
a?iiaaeyinueei? a?eie, aaaaoiaei??i?noue oa?aeoa?o, aaea/? Ianoi?a
Iaoia, anoea ia’?eoeaii ia?aaeaoe ?o iciaee, iaaeaoe ooaeiaeiuei?
ia?aeiieeaino? oaiiiaio aiaeaey naeyinueeeo ian aei oiai, ye ii/aeiny
eiai a?ooaeueii-aeoieeaa niioai?aiiy.

Ia?o?ei? ianoaiiae ? nioe?aeuei? caiiaeaiiy aea?aeaaiiai aia?aoo,
oaiaeaioe?ei?noue ? noaiaoeci neiaoaaee oai?/o oyao ienueiaiiee?a
50-70-o ?ie?a ye eaioethae, ?aaeaiaiooaaee ooaeiaei? o?aeooaaiiy ?yaeo
?noi?e/ieo iiae?e ? in?a, cie?aia Ianoi?a Iaoia.

O aeena?oaoe?? iaoeiai iaa?oioiaaii aiae?cothoueny oaiaeaioe??
e?oa?aoo?e nioe?ae?noe/iiai ?aae?cio o 50-70-o ?ieao ia nioe?aeueia
caiiaeaiiy iaethaaoe ia?ac Ianoi?a Iaoia ye aaiaeeoa ? ieyea, oa?i?enoa
? ethaeeiiaaeaoe?. Ia aeaeue, cia/io ?ieue o aeano?oeoe?? eiioo??a
ia?aco, a aeoeaioaoe?? i?aaiaiiy aei e?ia? e nia?o? a?ae?a?aee oai?e
oaeaiiaeoeo ienueiaiiee?a I.Iai/a, I.Aii/a?a.

Aeeoiaoe c-i?ae eiio?ieth io?oe?eii? aeiaiaoeee, ienueiaiieee 90-o ?ie?a
noai?ththoue aeiaeiea ?iai? Ianoi?a Iaoia ? iia’ycaiiai c iei
ooaeiaeiueiai iaaooeo iiao ao?o, yea, c?aooith, a?aeiia?aea? ?noi?e/i?e
i?aaae?.

Aaoi? aeena?oaoe?? a?aoiaioo? noaeaeaiiy i?i iia? ?noi?e/i? ?ica?aeee
A.Aa?nothea, A.Aieeiaeinueeiai, E.ss?ooeueeiai, i?i ooaeiaei? oai?e –
?iiai ?.Naiaoea “Iaoii”, e?iiiia?noue ss.Noaeueiaoa “Aaoueei Iaoii”,
iia?noue – ana A.Naaaeue?aa “Iaoii. Inoaiiy i?aaaea”, ?iiai Ae.Ia?eeoa
“Iiethoei-iiea” oa ?i.

Ieeiii /ano, eiai ?aeaieia?/ieie e ooaeiaei?ie noa?aioeiaie ?
aeii?iaioaie i?iiecaiee i?ioean ienoaoeueeiai canai?iiy ? ia?aieaaeaiiy
iiai? iaoeiai? ?ioi?iaoe??, ooaeiaeiueiai ia?ainieneaiiy ia?aco Ianoi?a
Iaoia. O aeena?oaoe?? aeine?aeaeaii iniiai? oaiaeaioe?? o ciaethaaii?
oe??? iinoao? oe?a?inueeeie ienueiaiieeaie, iia? o?aeooaaiiy e
aaiethoe?ei? oeyoe i?eioeeio ?noi?ecio ? eiioeaioe?? aa?iy – ?noi?e/ii?
iniae o oai?ao i?i Ianoi?a Iaoia, ioa?aeoa?eciaaii ?o caeiaooee ?
ao?aoe, iae?aneaii eiioeaiooaeuei? ia?niaeoeae ooaeiaei?o iiooe?a.

Ioae?eaoe??. Iniiaiee ci?no ?iaioe a?aeia?aaeaiee o aeanyoe
ioae?eaoe?yo, a oiio /ene? aeaa’yoe noaooyo ? iaeieo oacao aeiiia?aeae
ia eiioa?aioe?yo.

1. Ieoaeethoa A. Ooaeiaeiy ?aeiino?oeoe?y iaoiiaueie: caeiaooee, ao?aoe,
ia?niaeoeae // Ai?enoai. – 1999. – ? 4. – N.7-8.

2. Ieoaeethoa A. ?ieue ooaeiaeiueiai aeiieneo i?e cia?aaeaii? ia?aco
Ianoi?a Iaoia a ?iiai? Ieany Aii/a?a “Niai?” // I?eaei?i?ianueeee
iaoeiaee a?niee. O?eieia?y ? iaaeaaia?ea. – ? 27. – Aei?i?iiao?ianuee,
1997. – N.12-16.

3. Ieoaeethoa A. Iaoiiaueia ? ?a?aenueea ieoaiiy //Ai?enoai. – 1999. -?
6. – N.17-18.

4. Ieoaeethoa A. Iniaeeaino? o?ainoi?iaoe?? ?noi?e/ii? i?aaaee a
ooaeiaei?e aeiienae (Ia?ac Ianoi?a Iaoia a oai?ao Ieany Aii/a?a) //
E?oa?aoo?a ? oieueeei?. I?iaeaie iiaoeee. Ca??iee iaoeiaeo i?aoeue. –
Aei.5. – E.: Oa?i ?ioa?, 1997. – N.35-43.

5. Ieoaeethoa A. Ianoi? Iaoii: “ca” ? “i?ioe” // E?oa?aoo?ia Oe?a?ia. –
1999. – 10 /a?aiy. – N.7.

6. Ieoaeethoa A. Nai???aei?noue a?aeia?aaeaiiy ia?aco Ianoi?a Iaoia a
?iiai? Eeeia Iie?uoea “Aoeyei?euenueeee aaoueei” // Caii?icueea
eicaoeoai a iai’yoeao ?noi??? oa eoeueoo?e. Iaoa??aee i?aeia?iaeii?
iaoeiai-i?aeoe/ii? eiioa?aioe??. – Caii??aeaey, 1997. – N.246-251.

7. Ieoaeethoa A. Iia? (? ia eeoa iia?) aeine?aeaeaiiy e?oa?aoo?iciaaoe?a
iiaie A.Ninth?e “Iaoii” // Iie?oe/ia ? a?enueeiaa ae?yeuei?noue Ianoi?a
Iaoia. Iaoa??aee iaoeiai-oai?aoe/ii? eiioa?aioe??. – Caii??aeaey:
I?ina?oa, 1998. – N.101-105.

8. Ieoaeethoa A. Ianoi? Iaoii a ?iiai? ?.Naiaoea “Iaoii” //E?oa?aoo?a e
?noi??y. Iaoa??aee i?aeia?iaeii? iaoeiai? eiioa?aioe??. – Caii??aeaey,
1996. – N.108-112.

9. Ieoaeethoa A. Ianoi? Iaoii a “O?ao?e ?aaiethoe??” A.I?aeiiaeeueiiai
// Iaoeiaa niaaeueia I.N. Aea?aeaa?ia ? ?icaeoie neia’yiiciaanoaa.
Iaoa??aee i?aeia?iaeii? iaoeiai? eiioa?aioe??. – Caii??aeaey, 1995. –
N.52-54.

10. Ieoaeethoa A. Iaoii ? iaoiiaueia a ?iiai? Ieany Aii/a?a “Ia?aeii”.
?noi?e/iee oaeo ? ooaeiaei?e aeiienae // Oace aeiiia?aeae iaoeiaeo
eiioa?aioe?e aeeeaaea/?a ? nooaeaio?a oi?aa?neoaoo. – CAeO, 1996. –
N.115-118.

Ieoaeethoa A.I. Ia?ac Ianoi?a Iaoia a oai?ao oe?a?inueeeo ienueiaiiee?a.
Iaoeiaa aeinoia??i?noue ? ooaeiaei?e aeiienae. – ?oeiien.

Aeena?oaoe?y ia caeiaoooy iaoeiaiai nooiaiy eaiaeeaeaoa o?eieia?/ieo
iaoe ca niaoe?aeuei?noth 10.01.01 – oe?a?inueea e?oa?aoo?a. –
Caii??cueeee aea?aeaaiee oi?aa?neoao, Caii??aeaey, 1999.

O aeena?oaoe?? aia?oa o a?o/eciyiiio e?oa?aoo?iciaanoa?
aeine?aeaeothoueny aoaie i?ioeano o?aaeeoe?iiae?caoe?? ia?aco ?noi?e/ii?
iinoao? Ianoi?a Iaoia, i?inoaaeo?oueny aiie?ooaea ioe?ii/ieo eieeaaiue a
?noi??? ooaeiaeiueiai ao?eaiiy aaoaaeea naeyinueeiai ?ooo,
ioa?aeoa?eciaaii i?i?aooiee aeieoiaioaeueiiai ? ooaeiaeiueiai ieneaiiy
?aaeyinueei? aeiae, yea noai?eei Ianoi?o Iaoio iaaaoeaiee i?oi?i?aeae.

Oai?/ee aei?iaie ienueiaiiee?a 20-o ?ie?a I.??/aia, A.I?aeiiaeeueiiai,
A.Ninth?e, E.Iie?uoea oa ?i. caeeoea aeey iauaaee?a ?aae?noe/i? ?ene
ia?aco, aaaaoiaei??i?noue oa?aeoa?o, aaea/? I.Iaoia. O aeena?oaoe??
i?iaiae?ciaaii oaiaeaioe?? e?oa?aoo?e nioe?ae?noe/iiai ?aae?cio 30-70-o
??., cie?aia oai??a I.Aii/a?a, I.Iai/a, ia nioe?aeueia caiiaeaiiy
iaethaaoe niioai?aiee ia?ac I.Iaoia. Aeeoiaoe c-i?ae eiio?ieth
io?oe?eii? aeiaiaoeee, ienueiaiieee 90-o ?ie?a ?.Naiaoe, ss.Noaeueiao,
A.Naaaeue?a, Ae.Ia?eeo, A.Ethoee oa ?i. noai?eee iiao ao?o aeiaeiea
?iai? I.Iaoia.

Eeth/ia? neiaa: ?noi??ia?ao?y, iaoeiaa aeinoia??i?noue, eiioeaioe?y,
ia?ac, ooaeiaei?e aeiienae, o?ainoi?iaoe?y, aeai?, noeeue.

Mikhailuta V.P. Image of Nestor Makhno in the works of the ukrainian
writers. Scientific reability and art invention. – Manuscript.

Thesis for the Candidate Degree in Philology, specialization 10.01.01
Ukrainian literature, Zaporizhya State University. Zaporizhya, 1999.

The stages of the traditionalizing process of a literary image of a
historical person Nestor Makhno is studied in this work for the first
time in the national literary science. The dissertalion also touches
upon the amplitude of the estimative hesitations in the history of the
art incarnation of a peasant movement leader. Special attention is payed
to the faults of the documentary and art thinking of the soveit period,
which created a negative mithoimage to Nestor Makhno.

The creative heredity of the writers of the 20’s – M.Irchan,
V.Pidmogylnyi, V.Sossura, K.Polishchuk and others – left for the yonger
generation the realistic features of Nestor Makho, the complexity of his
character and nature.

The tendencies of the socialist realism literature of the 30-70’s,
particularly O.Gonchar’s and P.Panch’s woks to describe a perverted
image of N.Makhno on the social order are analired in the thesis. Having
become free of the official dogmastics control the writers of the go’s
– R.Sambuk, I.Stelmakh, V.Saveliev, D.Markish, G.Lutyi and others
created a new aura around N.Makhno’s name.

Key words: historiography, scientific reliability, conception, image,
art fiction, transformation, genre, style.

Ieoaeethoa A.I. Ia?ac Ianoi?a Iaoii a i?iecaaaeaieyo oe?aeineeo
ienaoaeae. Iao/iay aeinoiaa?iinoue e ooaeiaeanoaaiiue aeiiunae. –
?oeiienue.

Aeenna?oaoeey ia nieneaiea iao/iie noaiaie eaiaeeaeaoa oeeieiae/aneeo
iaoe ii niaoeeaeueiinoe 10.01.01 – oe?aeineay eeoa?aoo?a. – Caii?iaeneee
ainoaea?noaaiiue oieaa?neoao, Caii?iaeuea, 1999.

A aeenna?oaoeee aia?aua a ioa/anoaaiiii eeoa?aoo?iaaaeaiee enneaaeothony
yoaiu i?ioeanna o?aaeeoeeiiaeecaoeee ia?aca enoi?e/aneie ee/iinoe
Ianoi?a Iaoii, i?ineaaeeaaaony aiieeooaea ioeaii/iuo eieaaaiee a enoi?ee
ooaeiaeanoaaiiiai aiieiuaiey i?aaeaiaeeoaey e?anoueyineiai aeaeaeaiey,
noa?aeoa?eciaaiu i?in/aou aeieoiaioaeueiiai e ooaeiaeanoaaiiiai iuoeaiey
niaaoneiai a?aiaie, eioi?ia nicaeaei Ianoi?o Iaoii io?eoeaoaeueiue
ieoieieaeae.

A 20-30-o aa. ia?ac iianoai/aneiai aoaiaia ecia?aaeai a i?iecaaaeaieyo
oe?aeineeo e ?onneeo ienaoaeae, ioee/eoaeueiie iniaaiiinoueth eioi?uo
anoue oi, /oi iie nicaeaiu naeaeaoaeyie niauoee, a /anoi e o/anoieeaie,
eiaaoeie eiioaeou n iaoiiaoeaie. I?iecaaaeaiey I.E?/aia,
A.Ieaeiiaeeueiiai, A.Ninth?u, E.Iieeuoea e ae?. inoaaeee aeey iioiieia
?aaeenoe/aneea /a?ou ia?aca, iiiaiia?iinoue oa?aeoa?a, oaea/e I.Iaoii.

A 50-70-a aa. eeoa?aoo?a nioeeaeenoe/aneiai ?aaeecia ii nioeeaeueiiio
caeaco ecia?aceea aaiaeeoa e iueyieoeo, aucuaaaoaai ioa?auaiea e
iai?eyoea. Cia/eoaeueioth ?ieue a yoii i?ioeanna nua?aee, e niaeaeaieth,
i?iecaaaeaiey I.Aii/a?a, I.Iai/a.

A eiioea 80-o – a ia/aea 90-o aa. noae aeinooiiui oeaeue ?yae oaeoia
enoi?ee Oe?aeiu, a oii /enea eanathueony I.Iaoii. Aieueooth ?ieue a
aica?auaiee “aaoueeo” Iaoii /aeiaa/aneiai eeoea nua?aee ?aaiou enoi?eeia
A.Aa?nothea, A.Aieeiaeineiai. Aueaey ec-iiae eiio?iey ioeoeeaeueiie
aeiaiaoeee, ienaoaee ?.Naiaoe, ss.Noaeueiao, A.Naaaeueaa, Ae.Ia?eeo,
A.Ethoue e ae?. nicaeaee iiaoth ao?o aie?oa eiaie I.Iaoii.

Eeth/aaua neiaa: enoi?eia?aoey, iao/iay aeinoiaa?iinoue, eiioeaioeey,
ia?ac, ooaeiaeanoaaiiue aeiiunae, o?ainoi?iaoeey, aeai?, noeeue.

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