.

Періодичні зміни параметрів атмосфер Юпітера і Сатурна: Автореф. дис… д-ра фіз.-мат. наук / А.П. Відьмаченко, НАН України. Голов. астрон. обсерватор

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IAOeIIIAEUeIA AEAAeAIIss IAOE OE?A?IE

AIEIAIA ANO?IIIII*IA IANA?AAOI?Iss

AIAeUeIA*AIEI Aiaoieie Iao?iae/

OAeE 523.4+551.591

IA?IIAeE*II CIIIE

IA?AIAO?IA AOIINOA? THIIOA?A I NAOO?IA

01.03.03 – Aaeiioiceea i oiceea Noiy/ii? nenoaie

Aaoi?aoa?ao aeena?oaoe?? ia caeiaoooy iaoeiaiai nooiaiy

aeieoi?a o?ceei-iaoaiaoe/ieo iaoe

EE?A – 1999

Aeena?oaoe??th ? ?oeiien.

?iaioa aeeiiaia a Aieiai?e ano?iiii?/i?e iana?aaoi???

Iaoe?iiaeueii? Aeaaeai?? iaoe Oe?a?ie, i. Ee?a.

Io?oe?ei? iiiiaioe: aeieoi? o?ceei-iaoaiaoe/ieo iaoe, aeaaeai?e ?AI,
i?ioani?, Aie?oeei Aai?a?e Na?a?eiae/,

?inoeooo o?ceee aoiinoa?e ?AI, i.
Iineaa, ?in?y,

aee?aeoi?;

aeieoi? o?ceei-iaoaiaoe/ieo iaoe,
i?ioani?, I?ieio’?aa Aaeaioeia Aieiaeeie??aia,

E?einueea ano?io?ce/ia iana?aaoi??y, i.
Iao/iee,

noa?oee iaoeiaee ni?a?ia?oiee;

aeieoi? o?ceei-iaoaiaoe/ieo iaoe,
i?ioani?,

E?o/eiaiei A?oae?e A?eai?iae/,

Ano?iiii?/ia iana?aaoi??y Ee?anueeiai
aea?aeaaiiai,

oi?aa?neoaoo ?i Oa?ana Oaa/aiea, i.
Ee?a,

caa?aeoaa/ a?aeae?eo.

I?ia?aeia onoaiiaa: Ano?iiii?/ia iana?aaoi??y Oa?e?anueeiai
aea?aeaaiiai

oi?aa?neoaoo, i. Oa?e?a.

Caoeno a?aeaoaeaoueny ” 22 ” aeiaoiy 1999 ?ieo i 10 aiaeei? ia
can?aeaii?

niaoe?ae?ciaaii? a/aii? ?aaee Ae 26.208.01 i?e Aieiai?e
ano?iiii?/i?e

iana?aaoi??? Iaoe?iiaeueii? Aeaaeai?? iaoe Oe?a?ie (Aiein??a,
Ee?a-127,

03680, AAI IAIO).

C aeena?oaoe??th iiaeia iciaeiieoenue a a?ae?ioaoe? Aieiaii?
ano?iiii?/ii?

iana?aaoi??? Iaoe?iiaeueii? Aeaaeai?? iaoe Oe?a?ie.

Aaoi?aoa?ao ?ic?neaiee ” 17 ” aa?aniy 1999 ?ieo.

A/aiee nae?aoa? niaoe?ae?ciaaii? ?aaee

eaiaeeaeao o?ceei-iaoaiaoe/ieo iaoe Aon?aa
I.A.

CAAAEUeIA OA?AEOA?ENOEEA ?IAIOE

Aeineiaeaeaiiy aa?iaoeie iioe/ieo oa?aeoa?enoee oa oice/ieo
ia?aiao?ia ieaiaoieo aoiinoa? i?aaenoaaey? cia/iee iioa?an aeey
aaaaoueio ?icaeieia no/anii? ieaiaoieiai?.

Aeooaeueiinoue ?iaioe ii aeaiie oaiaoeoei, ii aeyao iaoaiiciia
ia?aaea/i ciaiioiio i aioo?ioiio cao?aiue aei ?icaeyaeoaaieo oa?ia
aoiinoa?e i ii aea/aiith ?iciiiaiioieo eieeaaeueieo i?ioeania a
ieaiaoieo aoiinoa?ao aecia/a?oueny neiaeoth/eie ianoaaeiaie:

– naia iayaiinoue ciii iioe/ieo oa?aeoa?enoee ieaiaoieo aoiinoa? ia
nueiaiaeii ? aeia?a aiaeiia; i?ioa cia/aiiy ia?iiaeia oeeo ciii, ?o
aiieiooaea, ia?aeie aeioooth/eo nee, yei aeeeeeathoue i iioii
o?eaaeee /an iiaeo?eiothoue oaei ciiie, iaoaiicie ia?aaea/i aia?ai? i
iioi?iaoei? iiae ?iciiiaiioieie oa?aie a aoiinoa?i i o.i.- ana ua
caeeoathoueny i?aeoe/ii iaaea/aieie;

– aeey ieaiao ic cia/iei iaoeeii aeaaoi?o aei ieiueie ?o i?aioe
oa?aeoa?ia aiae/ooia ?icieoey i?eoieo niiy/ii? aia?ai? aei ?icieo
oe?ioieo iiynia i?ioyaii ia?iiaeo iaa?oaiiy iaaeiei Niioey, ui ni?ey?
i?iyao naciiieo ciii a ieaiaoieo aoiinoa?ao; aeyaeaiiy naciiieo
aa?iaoeie iioe/ieo, eiiaiaoe/ieo i o. i. oa?aeoa?enoee aoiinoa?
ieaiao-aiaaioia, ?o aeineiaeaeaiiy i aeieac oiai, ui naia naciiii ciiie
ii?iiiiaiiy ieaiaoe Niioeai ? aiaeiiaiaeaeueieie ca aeayei ic
niinoa?aaeoaaieo aa?iaoeie – yaey?oueny aecia/aeueiei i?e aecia/aiii
oice/ieo iaoaiiciia ia?aaea/i aia?ai? i iioi?iaoei? iiae ?icieie oa?aie
a aoiinoa?ao ieaiao;

– /eneaiii ?iaioe ii aaeiinaeniieiai?, oai?aoe/iee aiaeic naeniieiai?
ieaiaoieo aoiinoa? oa aeaii ano?iiiii/ieo niinoa?aaeaiue ca ciiiaie
aeaeeii? a ?icieo aeieyieao niaeo?o iiaa?oii oia?iaiai oa?o ieaiao
iaaeathoue iiaeeeainoue aeenoaioeieii aea/aoe i?ioeane a aeeaieeo oa?ao
aoiinoa? ieaiao-aiaaioia oa aeineiaeaeoaaoe ?o aioo?ioith aoaeiao.

Iaoa aeaii? aeena?oaoei? iieyaa?:

1) o aeyaeaiii ?aaoey?ieo ia?iiaee/ieo i/aai eaaciia?iiaee/ieo
neeaaeiaeo, i?enooiio o ciiiao iioe/ieo oa?aeoa?enoee ieaiaoieo
aoiinoa?, ia iniiai aiaeico /aniaeo ?yaeia niinoa?aaeieo aeaieo,
io?eiaieo o niaeo?aeueiiio aeiaiaciii 300-800ii;

2) o aecia/aiii aiieiooaee oeeo ciii, cia/aiue ia?iiaeia inioth/eo
aa?iaoeie, ?o aiaeiiiiinoae o iiaeoeyo ieaiao i a ie?aieo ii?oieiai/ieo
iiynao aeaeeieo aeeneia THiioa?a i Naoo?ia;

3) o aeenoaioeieiiio aeineiaeaeaiii ano?iiiii/ieie iaoiaeaie
aeeiaiiee, eiiaiaoeee, no?oeoo?e ieaiaoieo aoiinoa? oa o aecia/aiii
ia?aiao?ia aioo?ioiuei? aoaeiae ieaiao-aiaaioia;

4) o ?a?no?aoei? aeanieo eieeaaiue aoiinoa? THiioa?a i Naoo?ia, ui
aeicaieeei c?iaeoe eieueeinii ioeiiee ?o aeeiaii/ieo i eiiaiaoe/ieo
oa?aeoa?enoee oeyoii aea/aiiy eieeaaeueieo aeiaaeueieo iia?oeieieo iiae,
iiae oeneo i a?aaioaoei?.

Iaoeiaa iiaecia iaea?aeaieo ?acoeueoaoia.

® Io?eiaii iiai oioiiao?e/ii i niaeo?aeueii aeaii i?i aa?iaoei?
aiaeaeaii? caeaoiinoi ie?aieo aeieyiie aeeneia THiioa?a i Naoo?ia,
aeeneo anueiai aeenea THiioa?a oa niinoa?aaeii aeaii i?i ?iciiaeie
yne?aainoi acaeiaae oe?ioieo iiynia i acaeiaae oeaio?aeueiiai
ia?eaeiaia THiioa?a a ?icieo aeiaaeeiao oaeeue niaeo?aeueiiai iioa?aaea
300-800ii ca 593 ii/i iaoeo niinoa?aaeaiue a 1977-1995??.

® ?c niaeo?aeueiiai iaoaiaoe/iiai aiaeico aaaaoi?i/ieo
niinoa?aaeieo aeaieo aia?oa aeyaeaii: inioaaiiy naciiii? ia?aaoaeiae a
aoiinoa?i THiioa?a c ia?iiaeii 11.86 ?ieia, i?iya 22.3-?i/iiai
Oaeeianueeiai iaaiioiiai oeeeeo Niiy/ii? aeoeaiinoi oa iieacaia
iayaiinoue aieiaeo ciii aaniethoii? ci?yii? aaee/eie THiioa?a c
ia?iiaeii aiey 180 ?ieia.

® ?c ?acoeueoaoia ia/eneaiue iioe/ieo ia?aiao?ia aoiinoa?e Naoo?ia oa
ic ii?iaiyeueiiai aiaeico noaio aoiinoa?e aeey aeaio iineiaeiaieo
iiiaioia ?iaiiaeaiue ieaiaoe a 1966 oa a 1980??. aia?oa
ca?a?no?iaaii i?iyae naciiii? ia?aaoaeiae a aoiinoa?i Naoo?ia ia ?iaiyo
oi?ioaaiiy iaoaiiaeo nioa iiaeeiaiiy oa oeueo?aoiieaoiaiai
aei?iiiithaaiiy a aeiaiaciii niaeo?a 300-370ii.

® Aia?oa aecia/aii aeeiaii/ii i eiiaiaoe/ii ia?aiao?e i oa?aeoa?ii
ianooaae aeey aeeaieeo oa?ia aoiinoa?e THiioa?a ic aeenoaioeieieo
ano?iiiii/ieo niinoa?aaeaiue aeaeeiiai oia?iaiai oa?o ieaiaoe.

® Cai?iiiiiaaia i ?aaeiciaaia ia i?aeoeoei iaoiaeeea niinoa?aaeaiue oa
?o ia?iaee, eio?a aeicaieeea aia?oa ca?a?no?oaaoe ia?oi aeai
aa?iiiiee aeanieo eieeaaiue aoiinoa? THiioa?a i Naoo?ia; aiieiooaee
aa?iaoeie aeeneo ieaiao-aiaaioia a neiie aeieyioei niaeo?a ciaoiaeyoueny
a iaaeao 0.0008-0.004m.

Iniaenoee aianie caeiaoaa/a.

– Aaoi?ii aeeiiaii oioiiao?e/ii, niaeo?ioioiiao?e/ii ?
niaeo?iiiey?eiao?e/ii niinoa?aaeaiiy THiioa?a i Naoo?ia a ia?iiae
1977-1995??. a niaeo?aeueiiio aeiaiaciii 300-800ii;

– ii?aoeueiaaii ani io?eiaii iaie niinoa?aaeii aeaii ii aaniethoiie ?
aiaeiiniie aeaeo?ioioiiao?i?, niaeo?ioioiiao?i? i niaeo?iiiey?eiao?i?
THiioa?a i Naoo?ia: ?acoeueoaoe aei?aaeaii ca aieea aoiinoa?ii?
aenoeieoei?, aeaii oioiiao?e/iiai ?iciiaeieo yne?aainoi ii aeeneao
aei?aaeaii ca aieea aoiinoa?iiai o?aioiiiy, c?iaeaia aaniethoia
i?ea’ycea niinoa?aaeieo aeaieo aei niaeo?o Niioey;

– aaoi?ii aeeiiaii ani ?ic?aooiee, ?acoeueoaoe yeeo i?aaenoaaeaii a oeie
?iaioi; ?ic?aooiee ia?aiao?ia aoiinoa?e Naoo?ia i?iaiaeeeenue ii
i?ia?aii etha’ycii iaaeaiie iai Aeeoaa/ AE.I.;

– cai?iiiiiaaii aeaeieeoe oaeee /eiiee ye “naciie” na?aae
aeiaaiia?iiaee/ieo ciii, ui aiaeaoaathoueny a aoiinoa?ao ieaiao, yeee ?
aaaeeeaei iai?yieii a ieaiaoieiai/ieo aeineiaeaeaiiyo (niieueii ic
No?eeiaei I.O. ia ?iaieo i?aaao );

– cai?iiiiiaaia i ?aaeiciaaia iaoiaeeea aea/aiiy naciiieo i?ioeania a
aoiinoa?ao ieaiao-aiaaioia ia ei?ioeeo iioa?aaeao /ano;

– aeeiiaii aiaeic ?iaiyiiy iaia?a?aiinoi aeey ieaiaoieo aoiinoa? a
cai?iiiiiaaiiio iaie ii?iiaaii e?eoa?iaeueiiio aeaeyaei, ui aeicaieeei
ioe?ieoe cia/aiiy na?aaeiuei? aa?oeeaeueii? oaeaeeinoi ia?aiiuaiiy
iiaio?yieo ian a aoiinoa?i THiioa?a ii cia/aiiyo aeiaaeueieo aeeiaii/ieo
ia?aiao?ia iiaeiaiinoi Aieioeeia (niieueii ic No?eeiaei I.O. ia ?iaieo
i?aaao);

– aaoi?ii ?ic?iaeaia iaoiaeeea i?iaaaeaiiy niinoa?aaeaiue, ?aaeiciaaia
niinoa?aaeia i?ia?aia i noai?aii aiaeiiaiaeia i?ia?aiia caaacia/aiiy
aeey aeeiiaiiy ?ic?aooieia, iaiaoiaeieo aeey ?icaeieaiiy inoeeeyoeie
i?ici?inoi aoiinoa?e Caiei i eieeaaiue aeeneo aiae iaaanieo ia’?eoia;

– cai?iiiiiaaia i iaa?oioiaaia iaeay, ui cia/aiiy aa?oeeaeueii?
oaeaeeinoi ia?aiiuaiiy iiaio?yieo ian w@(10-50)ni/nae ? iiaeeeaoi?ii
i?ioeania ooai?aiiy i ?iciaaeo oia? ia ieaiaoi (aiaeaoaa?oueny ciiia
aiaeaeaii? caeaoiinoi oia? c ia?iiaeaie, yei niiaiaaeathoue ic
cia/aiiyie, c yeeie ciiith?oueny aa?oeeaeueia oaeaeeinoue); oea
aeicaieeei aia?oa aenia?eiaioaeueii ca?a?no?oaaoe ?aaeiaeueii
inoeeeyoei? (aeanii eieeaaiiy) aoiinoa? THiioa?a i Naoo?ia.

Ca’ycie ?iaioe c iaoeiaeie i?ia?aiaie, ieaiaie, oaiaie.

I?aaenoaaeaia aei caoenoo aeena?oaoeieia ?iaioa aeeiiaia o aiaeaeiei
Oiceee oie Niiy/ii? nenoaie (OONN) Aieiaii? ano?iiiii/ii? iana?aaoi?i?
IAI Oe?a?ie. Nii/aoeo aiia i?iaiaeeeany ii Ananithciie niinoa?aaeiie
i?ia?aii “Ieaiaoiee iao?oeue N?N?”, a yeie aiaeaeie OONN AAI IAI
Oe?a?ie aenooiaa eii?aeeiaoi?ii a ?aieao aoaoiai N?N?. Iiney oeueiai
aaoi? aoa aiaeiiaiaeaeueiei aeeiiaaoeai iaoeiaiaeineiaeieoeueei? oaie
“Aea/aiiy aa?oeeaeueii? no?oeoo?e oia?iaeo oa?ia ieaiao-aiaaioia ic
aeenoaioeieieo niinoa?aaeaiue”, a 1993-1997??. aoa ea?iaieeii
iaoeiai-aeineiaeieoeueei? oaie “Ei?ioeiia?iiaee/ii aa?iaoei? iioe/ieo
oa?aeoa?enoee ieaiao”, eio?a aoiaeeea a ia?aeie i?ii?eoaoieo oai o
Aiaeaeieaii Oiceee i Ano?iiiii? IAI Oe?a?ie i ?acoeueoaoe, i?aaenoaaeaii
a oeie aeena?oaoei?, i?aeoe/ii a iiaiiio ia’?ii aaieoee a iiaenoieiaee
caio ii cacia/aiie oaii. C 1998?. aeena?oaio ea?o? aiaeii/ith oaiith
“Ciiie oice/ieo ia?aiao?ia ieaiao i ?o noiooieeia, iaoiiaeaii aieeaii
Niioey”. Aaoi? a?aa o/anoue o iiaeia?iaeieo eiiia?aoeaieo i?ia?aiao
ii aea/aiith aoiinoa?e THiioa?a.

I?aeoe/ia cia/aiiy iaea?aeaieo ?acoeueoaoia.

I?eaaaeaii a aeena?oaoei? ?acoeueoaoe niinoa?aaeaiue
aeei?enoiaoaaeeny, aeei?enoiaothoueny i iiaeooue aooe aeei?enoaii i?e
eieueeiniiio aiaeici oioiiao?e/ieo, iiey?ecaoeieieo ? niaeo?aeueieo
aeineiaeaeaiue THiioa?a i Naoo?ia, aeey ?ic?aooieia iiey aiaeaeoiai oa
iiaeeiooiai ieaiaoieie aoiinoa?aie aei?iiiithaaiiy, i?e ?ic?iaoei
iiaeaeae noaiaea?oieo aoiinoa? ieaiao-aiaaioia, ui yaey?oueny
aeooaeueiei i?e iiaeaioiaoei iaoeiaeo i?ia?ai ?o aeineiaeaeaiue ca
aeiiiiiaith einii/ieo aia?aoia. Ani iaaaaeaii a aeena?oaoei?
?acoeueoaoe niinoa?aaeaiue, iiaeooue aooe a aoaeue-yeee /an aeei?enoaii
oe?ieei eieii caoeieaaeaieo aeineiaeieeia, ineieueee aiie iioaeieiaaii o
aiaeiieo aeaeaiiyo a Oe?a?ii i ca ei?aeiiii, aea iiaeaii a oaaee/iiio
i/aai a?aoi/iiio aeaeyaei. A aiaee?eooy c aenieith ii?ith aeinoiai?iinoi
eieeaaiue aiaeaeaii? caeaoiinoi oia?iaeo oa?ia aoiinoa? THiioa?a i
Naoo?ia c ia?iiaeaie, ui niiaiaaeathoue ic cia/aiiyie ia?iiaeia aeanieo
eieeaaiue aiaeiaaiaaei?aeo aoiinoa? oeeo ieaiao-aiaaioia, aea? iai
iiaenoaao cacia/eoe i?i ia?aoiae oaeiai iai?yio a ieaiaoioiceoei ye
naeniieiaiy ieaiaoieo aoiinoa? aiae oai?aoe/ieo ?ic?iaie a i?aeoe/io
ieiueio aeineiaeaeaiue.

Ai?iaaoeiy ?iaioe.

?acoeueoaoe ?iaioe aeiiiaiaeaeeny, aai aoee i?aaenoaaeaii ia
ano?ioice/ieo naiiia?ao AAI IAI Oe?a?ie, ia naiiia?ao “Oiceea oie
Niiy/ii? nenoaie” (AAI IAI Oe?a?ie), ia naiiia?i Ano?iiiii/ii?
iana?aaoi?i? Oa?ueeianueeiai oiiaa?neoaoo, ia naiiia?ao AAI AI
?inienueei? Oaaea?aoei? (Ioeeiai), a Aea?aeoiiaa?neoaoi i.
Naieo-Iaoa?ao?a, ia caniaeaiiyo I?aceaei? Iaoeiiiaeueii? Aeaaeaii? iaoe
?anioaeiee Aieiaiy, ia ui?i/iie (1987?.) iaoeiaie nani? Iaoeiiiaeueii?
Aeaaeaii? iaoe ?anioaeiee Aieiaiy, a oaeiae i?aaenoaaeyeeny ia
ano?iiiii/ieo ia?aaeao i neiiicioiao: Ia?aaea ?iai/i? a?oie
“Ieaiaoe-aiaaioe” (Aeia-Aoa, Eacaonoai, 1980); Neiiicioi “Ano?iiiii/ii
aeineiaeaeaiiy a Iiaaeaiiie Aia?eoei” (Ea?aean, Aaianoaea, 1987);
Neiiicioi “Aeineiaeaeaiiy oie Niiy/ii? nenoaie” (Ea-Ieaoa, A?aaioeia,
1987); Ia?aaea ?iai/i? a?oie “Ieaiaoe-aiaaioe” (Eaiiia?aae, ?inienueea
Oaaea?aoeiy 1988); Ia?aaea ?iai/i? a?oie “Ieaiaoe-aiaaioe” (Aeia-Aoa,
Eacaonoai, 1989); Ui?i/iee neiiicioi Aia?eeainueei? ano?iiiii/ii?
anioeiaoei? (Ia?ieaiae, NOA, 1994); O?aoie c’?cae Oe?a?inueei?
ano?iiiii/ii? anioeiaoei? (Ee?a, Oe?a?ia, 1995); *aoaa?oee c’?cae
Oe?a?inueei? ano?iiiii/ii? anioeiaoei? (Ee?a, Oe?a?ia, 1997); 29 iaoeiaa
eiioa?aioeiy ii aea/aiith Iinyoey i ieaiao (O’thnoii, NOA, 1998).

Ia’?i i no?oeoo?a aeena?oaoei?.

Aeena?oaoeiy neeaaea?oueny ic Anooio, Ia?aaeiiae, aeeeaaeo iniiaieo
?acoeueoaoia ?iaioe a aeaio *anoeiao ii o?e ? aeaa ?icaeiee,
aiaeiiaiaeii, a eiaeiie i?e ?o iane?iciie ioia?aoei?, Aeniiaeia i Nienea
eioa?aoo?e, yeee iaei/o? 430 iaeiaioaaiue. Caaaeueiee ia’?i
aeena?oaoei? noaiiaeoue 344 noi?iiee. ?c ieo 39 iethno?aoeie ia 39
noi?iieao oa 16 oaaeeoeue ia 16 noi?iieao.

INIIAIEE CI?NO ?IAIOE

O Anooi? iaa?oioiao?oueny iinoaiiaea caaea/?, ?? aeooaeuei?noue oa
oeyoe cae?eniaiiy. Aoiinoa?a – neeaaeiee oiii/iee, aiae?iiaoaii/iee i
o.i. eiiieaen ic i?eoaiaiiei ?e iaai?ii oiii/ieo ia?aoai?aiue i
eiiaiaoe/ieo ?ooia. Ani oei ?a/i oei /e iioei /eiii
aiaeia?aaeathoueny (i?iyaeythoueny) a aoiinoa?i ieaiaoe. Aeayei c
oeeo aiaeia?aaeaiue ie iiaeaii ca?a?no?oaaoe aeenoaioeieii ia caaeaiiio
?iaii a aoiinoa?i. I?iaiaeicoaaaoe ?o, iiaeia c?iaeoe aeniiaie i?i oa,
aea aeaia cao?aiiy ooai?eeiny i yei aeanoeainoi ia? aoiinoa?a ia ?iaii
eiai oi?ioaaiiy i/aai ?a?no?aoei?. A ia?oie /anoeii ?iaioe ie i?iaaee
aeineiaeaeaiiy aieeao oaei? ciaiioiuei? aeioooth/i? neee, ye ciiia
ii?iiiiaiiy ieaiaoe Niioeai, a a ae?oaie /anoeii ?icaeyiooi aieea
aioo?ioiio aeioooth/eo nee (ciiie aioo?ioiuei? aia?ai? ca ?aooiie
ia?a?iciiaeieo aia?ai? aiae aeonoe/ieo oaeeue, aiae aioo?ioiio
i?ea?aie/ieo oa?ia i cnoaieo oa/ie, aioo?ioiio a?aaioaoeieieo oaeeue a
iaa?oiaie ?iaeeii i o.i.) ia aeaeieaiee aeey aea/aiiy oa? aoiinoa?e.

*anoeia 1. Naciiii i iioi niiy/ii-iaoiiaeaii ciiie a ieaiaoieo
aoiinoa?ao. Aei ia?oii?e/ei, ui oei /e iioei /eiii aieeaathoue ia
aoiinoa?e ieaiao, ie ia?aaeianii aiaeianee /eiieee, aaciina?aaeiuei
iia’ycaii c eieueeinoth aei?iiiithaaiiy, ui iaaeoiaeeoue ia ieaiaoo aiae
Niioey: iiaeeeai ?aaeueii ciiie niiy/ii? ?aaeiaoei? a ?icieo
aeiaaeeiao oaeeue ic /anii; aa?iaoei? a ii?iiiiaiii ?icieo oe?io
ieaiaoe Niioeai /a?ac iayaiinoue iaoeeo ini iaa?oaiiy ieaiaoe aei
ieiueie aeeiioeee; aiaeiiiiinoue i?eoieo niiy/ii? aia?ai? aei aoiinoa?
ieaiao a ia?eaaei? ? a aoaei? /a?ac iayaiinoue aenoeaio?eneoaoa i?aioe
ieaiao, oiaoi /a?ac ?? aeiioe/iinoue.

?icaeie 1. Aeiy niiy/iiai aei?iiiithaaiiy ia ieaiaoii aoiinoa?e.
Ca?ac aeinoiai?ii anoaiiaeaii, ui iio?e niiy/iiai aei?iiiithaaiiy,
iniaeeai a aeieyioei niaeo?a |60i|.

I?e 407ii niinoa?iaa?ii neeueio aiaeiiiiinoue oa?aeoa?o iioaiiiiiy
acaeiaae iiaaeaiii? i iiaii/ii? aeaaoi?iaeueieo iaeanoae Naoo?ia: a NEZ
iioaiiiiiy aei e?ath cia/ii aieueoa, iiae a SEZ. Oaea ?icieoey a aeayeie
ii?i caa?iaa?oueny i a 372ii, aea a iiaii/iie aeaaoi?iaeueiie iaeanoi
caieueoaiiy yne?aainoi aei e?ath ciiith?oueny ?? ciaioaiiyi i?e cos(i)
(i – eoo aiaeaeaaiiy naioea) aeaui aieueoiio, iiae a SEZ.

Ii?iaiyiiy iaoeo ?acoeueoaoia a oeueo?aoiieaoi 1980?. c aeaieie,
iaea?aeaieie Ia?a a aiaeiai/ieo oiiaao ii?iiiiaiiy Naoo?ia niiy/iith
?aaeiaoei?th, iieaco?, ui a 1966?. oaeiae iaea iinoea aiaeiiiiinoue a
oa?aeoa?i ciiie iioaiiiiiy aei e?ath aeeneo iiae SEZ i NEZ. I?ioa, a oie
/an a iiaii/iie aeaaoi?iaeueiie ciii niinoa?iaaeinue cia/ia caieueoaiiy
yne?aainoi aiae oeaio?o aei e?ath, oiaei ye a SEZ aiii i?aeoe/ii aoei
aiaenooi?. A 1980?. neooaoeiy ciiieeany ia cai?ioio: oaea SEZ iaea
cia/ii aieueoo yne?aainoue ia e?ath aeenea, oi/ i noaea iaeoaiiioith
aeaoaeeth ia aeeneo Naoo?ia. A 1966?. iaeoaii?oith aeaoaeeth aoea
iiaii/ia aeaaoi?iaeueia iaeanoue.

Aeey aea/aiiy aiaeiiiiinoae a ?aciiaeieao yne?aainoi ii aeeneo
Naoo?ia a ?icieo aeiaaeeiao oaeeue niaeo?aeueiiai aeiaiaciio 300-800ii
ca aia?oa cai?iiiiiaaiith iaie iaoiaeeeith (aeea.a [17]), ie
ii?aoethaaee ani inioth/i a iaoiio ?icii?yaeaeaiii ?iciiaeiee yne?aainoi
acaeiaae oeaio?aeueiiai ia?eaeiaia ca 1966 i 1980??., oiaoi, aeey
iiiaioia, eiee iaeaeai iiaeoei Naoo?ia io?eioaaee aiae Niioey i?eaeecii
iaeiaeiao eieueeinoue aia?ai?. Aeey oeueiai ie iiaeieeee iiaii/io
/anoeio oioiiao?e/iiai i?ioiey ia aiaeiiaiaeio iiaaeaiio eiai /anoeio i
io?eiaee “oaeeth” aiaeiioaiue yne?aainoae iiaii/ii? ? iiaaeaiii?
iiaeoeue a ?icieo aeiaaeeiao oaeeue aeey aiaeiiaiaeieo oe?io.
?acoeueoaoe aeey anio aeiaaeei oaeeue ie ii?ioaaee ia yne?aainoue
oeaio?o aeenea Naoo?ia. Iaeaieueoi aa?iaoei? aeueaaaei c oe?ioith
niinoa?iaathoueny a oeueo?aoiieaoi (346-372ii) i a nioaao iiaeeiaiiy
iaoaiii i?e 725 i 792ii. A iioeo aeiaaeeiao oaeeue aiaeiiiiinoi a
yne?aainoyo iiaaeaiii? i iiaii/ii? iiaeoeue cia/ii iaioi. I?e oeueiio,
caa?oa? ia naaa oaaao ?yae iniaeeainoae.

1) Iiaia aioeoaciinoue niaeo?aeueiiai oiaeo aiaeiioaiue BN/BS(/j/) aeey
aeaaoi?iaeueii? iaeanoi c iaeiiai aieo oa iiii?ii? i iiey?ii? iaeanoae c
iioiai. Aioeoaciinoue i?iyaey?oueny a oiio, ui a OO a 1980?. iiaii/ia
aeaaoi?iaeueiay iaeanoue yne?aaioa iiaaeaiii? aeaaoi?iaeueii? iaeanoi,
oiaei ye ia iiii?ieo oe?ioao i a iiey?ieo ?aaiiiao iiaaeaiia iiaeoey
yne?aaioa iiaii/ii?. O aeaeeieo ? a /a?aiieo i?iiaiyo iaaiaee: oaea
iiaaeaiia aeaaoi?iaeueia iaeanoue yne?aaioa iiaii/ii?, a a iiii?ieo
oe?ioao i a iiey?ieo iaeanoyo – iiaii/ia iiaeoey ia? aieueoo
yne?aainoue.

2) Ii iaoeo aeaieo 1980?. aeey anio o?ueio aeaeieaieo oe?ioieo iiynia
inio? cia/aiiy aeiaaeeie oaeei, i?e yeiio ?o yne?aainoue a iiaii/iie ?
i?aaeaiiie iiaeoeyo iaeiaeiaa. I?e/iio, i?e ia?aoiaei aiae OO a /a?aiio
iaeanoue nii/aoeo ae?iaiththoueny yne?aainoi a iiii?ieo oe?ioao (i?e
407ii), iiney oeueiai – a iiaaeaiiie i a iiaii/iie aeaaoi?iaeueieo
iaeanoyo (i?e 457ii) i oieueee i?e 540ii – ae?iaiththoueny yne?aainoi
iiey?ieo ?aaiiiia.

3) A 1966?. niinoa?iaaeany aeaui iioa ea?oeia: iiey?ii iaeanoi a iaio
iiaeoeyo i?eaeecii ?iaii ii yne?aainoi aeey anio o?ueio inioth/eo a
iaoiio ?icii?yaeaeaiii aeiaaeei oaeeue – 350, 590 i 619ii; iiaaeaiia
aeaaoi?iaeueiay iaeanoue aoea yne?aaioa iiaii/ii? aeaaoi?iaeueii?
iaeanoi a onio aeiaaeeiao oaeeue; a iiii?ieo oe?ioao a oeueo?aoiieaoi i
a 590ii iiaii/ia iiaeoey aeaui yne?aaioa iiaaeaiii?, i eeoa a iaoaiiaie
nioci i?e 619ii iiaaeaiia iiaeoey ia 5% yne?aaioa iiaii/ii?.

Oaeei /eiii, a oeueo?aoiieaoi yne?aainoi anio aeineiaeaeoaaieo a
1966?. oe?ioieo iiynia ciaoiaeyoueny a i?ioeoaci aei aiaeiai/ieo
niinoa?aaeieo aeaieo, iaea?aeaieo a 1980?. A iaoaiiaie nioci iiaeeiaiiy
i?e 619ii yne?aainoi iiii?ieo i i?eiiey?ieo iaeanoae Naoo?ia
ciaoiaeeeenue a i?ioeoaci c ?iciaoii aiieiooaee aei 15-20%. Aeayea oaeey
i?ioeoaciinoi yne?aainoae niinoa?iaa?oueny i a aeaaoi?iaeueieo iaeanoyo.
I?ioa, ye a 1966, oae i a 1980??. a iieinao NI4 SEZ aoea yce?aaioa NEZ.
Iaeiiiioiioa i?ioeoaciinoue o yne?aainoyo iiaii/ii? i iiaaeaiii?
iiaeoeue Naoo?ia a 1966 i a 1980??. i?iyaey?oueny a aeaaoi?iaeueiiio
iiyni ii niinoa?aaeaiiyo a oeueo?aoiieaoiaeo i?iiaiyo (c ?iciaoii
aiieiooae aei 45%). Aeey iiii?ieo ? i?eiiey?ieo iiynia ?iciao aiieiooae
aiaeiioaiiy yne?aainoae ii aeaieo a 1966 i 1980??. a 350ii neeaaea?
15-20%. Oiaoi, iaeneiaeueia aiieiooaea naciiieo aa?iaoeie
niinoa?iaa?oueny ia oe?ioao |5-15i|. Naia cacia/aii oe?ioe aeiaoa
anueiai ciaoiaeeeenue a caoiieo eieaoeue. Oey i?e/eia cia/ii iiaeneeth?
eiio?ano aa?iaoeie i?eoieo aia?ai? aei ieaiaoii? aoiinoa?e aiae Niioey
/a?ac caoaiiaiiy eieueoeyie ye?ac ceiiai? iiaeoei Naoo?ia.

?c iaea?aeaieo iaie aeaeo?ioioiiao?e/ieo, niaeo?ioioiiao?e/ieo ?
niaeo?iiiey?eiao?e/io aeaieo, a oaeiae aiaeiai/ieo aeaieo, iaea?aeaieo
iioeie aaoi?aie (i?i aaniethoio aiaeaeaio caeaoiinoue aeieyiie aeeneo
Naoo?ia, i?i aiaeiiniee ?iciiaeie yne?aainoi acaeiaae oe?ioieo iiynia i
acaeiaae oeaio?aeueiiai ia?eaeiaia ieaiaoe, i?i iiey?ecaoeieii
aeanoeainoi aeieyiie aeaeeiiai aeeneo), a ?icieo aeiaaeeiao oaeeue i?e
?icieo oiiaao inaioeaiiy ieaiaoe Niioeai i a ?icii naciie aeaeeiinoi
Naoo?ia, – ie ii i?ia?ai? AE.I. Aeeoaa/ i?iaaee iaiaoiaeii ?ic?aooiee c
iaoith aecia/aiiy iioe/ieo ia?aiao?ia aaciai? ? aa?icieueii? neeaaeiaeo
aoiinoa?e ieaiaoe. ?c aiaeico cia/aiue ia?aiao?ia, ?ic?aoiaaieo aeey
?icieo oe?ioieo iaeanoae, neiaeo? aeniiaie, ui aeey iiaeoei, yea aei
iiiaioo iaea?aeaiiy niinoa?aaeieo aeaieo ae?aioaaeanue eieueoeyie (oai
o?eaaeee /an aoea ceia: a iiaaeaiiie iiaeoei aei 1966?. i a iiaii/iie
iiaeoei aei 1980?.), oia?iaee oa? ? aieueo ?ic?iaeaeaiei i eiai aa?oiy
a?aieoey ciaoiaeeoueny a iueiio ia aieueoie aenioi, iiae o iiaeoei, yea
“ia?aaeeea” aei oeueiai eioiie nacii. E?ii oiai, oi aeaaoi?iaeueii
iaeanoi Naoo?ia, yei o?eaaeee /an aoee cae?eoi eieueoeyie, aiae/oaath/e
aeaoioeeo i?eoieo a aoiinoa?o niiy/ii? ?aaeiaoei?, aiae?iciythoueny aiae
iioeo oe?ioieo iiynia iiaeaeuaiith eieueeinoth neeueii iiaeeiath/i?
eieuei?iai? aeiiioee.

O anio ieaiao iniothoue iaaii e?eoe/ii oi/ee ia i?aioi, iiaeeco yeeo
aiaeaoaa?oueny ?icea ciiia iioe/ieo oa?aeoa?enoee, i niinoa?aaeaiiy
i?ioyaii /ano iaioa iieiaeie iaeiiai naciio (1/8 i?aioaeueiiai ia?iiaeo)
aeicaieythoue aeyaeoe ciiie iioe/ieo aeanoeainoae ieaiaoe i anoaiiaeoe,
ui naia naciiii aa?iaoei? ii?iiiiaiiy ieaiaoe Niioeai aoaeooue
i?e/eiith inioth/eo ciii. Oea oaa?aeaeaiiy ie ia?aai?eee ia i?eeeaaei
aiaeico ?iciiaeieo iaoaiiaiai iiaeeiaiiy acaeiaae oeaio?aeueiiai
ia?eaeiaia Naoo?ia a 1965 ? 1967??. i?e naoo?iioeaio?e/iiio iaoeei
Niioey B=+5i i B=-5i, aiaeiiaiaeii; oiaoi ca iaeei caiiee ?ie aei
iiiaioo ?iaiiaeaiiy i /a?ac iaeei ?ie iiney iueiai. A 1965?. eieueoeyie
cae?eaaeany /anoeia iiaaeaiii? aeaaoi?iaeueii? iaeanoi a aeiaiaciii
oe?io aiae -1i aei -7i, a a 1967?. /anoeia iiaii/ii? aeaaoi?iaeueii?
iaeanoi a aeiaiaciii aiae +1i aei +7i. Oiio ie i?iaiaeeee ii?iaiyiiy
?acoeueoaoia oieueee aeey oe?io >7i.

Caoaeoaaaoe aiaeiiaiaeii i?ioiei aiaeiioaiiue iaoaiiaiai iiaeeiaiiy
a nioci NI4 i?e 619ii ie?aii aeey oeaio?aeueii? aeeaeie RN/RS i aeey
aeaiaaeaioii? oe?eie WN/WS, ie io?eiaee inioaaiiy aioeoacii? naciiii?
oaeei a ciiii iiaeeiaiiy a iiii?ieo iaeanoyo i a iiey?ieo ?aeiiao
Naoo?ia. I?e/iio, a iiey?ieo ?aaiiiao aioeoaciinoue i?iyaey?oueny e?aua
i iniiaiee aeeaae a inioaaiiy aioeoaciinoi aiinyoue aa?iaoei?
oeaio?aeueii? aeeaeie: aeey RN/RS aioeoacia oaeey inio? i a iiey?ieo
?aeiiao, i a iiii?ieo iaeanoyo, oiaei ye aioeoacia naciiia ciiia
aeaiaaeaioii? oe?eie niinoa?iaa?oueny ia?aaaaeii oieueee a iiey?ieo
?aeiiao. Oiaoi, niinoa?aaeoaaia aioeoaciinoue o aa?iaoeiyo iiaeeiaiiy
iaoaia acaeiaae oeaio?aeueiiai ia?eaeiaia iinaiae/o? i?i oa, ui iaaioue
oaei? iaei? ciiie iaoeeo ini iaa?oaiiy ieaiaoe a ea?oeiiie ieiueii, ui
aiaeaoeany ia Naoo?ii c 1965 ii 1967??., aeinoaoiuei aeey ?a?no?aoei?
naciiieo ciii a aoiinoa?i.

*anoeia 2. Aoiinoa?ii oaeei i naeniieiaiy THiioa?a i Naoo?ia.
?icaeie 4. Aeeiaiiea i iiaeaei aoiinoa?ii? oee?eoeyoei? THiioa?a i
Naoo?ia. Aeey aoiinoa? ieaiao-aiaaioia oa?aeoa?ia aii?yaeeiaaia
ciiaeueia no?oeoo?a aeaeeiiai oia?iaiai oa?o, ui coiiaeaii ia?aaaaeiei
neiao?e/iei ?aaeeiii a aeiaaeueiie oee?eoeyoei?. ?aeeiei i?yiei
niinoa?aaeiei iiaeoaa?aeaeaiiyi ?ooia a ?o aoiinoa?ao ? ie?aii aeii?e
aeaeeieo ciiaeueieo ia?aiiuaiue. Aeey oiai, uia c?icoiioe inaneiao?e/io
no?oeoo?o i iioi aeaoaei ieaiaoii? iaoai?ieiai? iaiaoiaeii ?icia?aoeny c
iaoaiiciaie, ui i?eaiaeyoue a ?oo aoiinoa?o, i c i?e/eiaie, yei
coiiaeththoue noieeinoue oeeo e?oiiiianooaaieo oa/ie. E?ii aeia?a
aiaeiii? ciiaeueii? aoaeiae aoiinoa? ieaiao-aiaaioia iinoieia oaaaa
i?eaeiey?oueny naioeei i oaiiei aeoi?ai c ?icii?aie aiae nioii aei
oeny/, a oi e aei aeanyoeia oeny/ eieiiao?ia. Oaei oaeei ? aeoi?i, ui
ioiieththoue oe?ieee aeiaiacii i?inoi?iaeo i /aniaeo ianooaaia, ? a
cia/iie ii?i oa?aeoa?ecothoue no?oeoo?o oia?iaiai iie?iao, neoaeaoue
aaaeeeaei iiaeeeaoi?ii i?ioeania o aioo?ioiio oa?ao aoiinoa?e.

?c /enaeueiiai oa oai?aoe/iiai aeineiaeaeaiiy noaoeiiia?iiai ?ooo
a’ycei? ?iaeeie, ?iciiuaii? iiae aeaiia eiioeaio?e/ieie noa?aie, yei
iaa?oathoueny iaaeiei niieueii? ini c iinoieieie, aea aeaui aiaeiiiieie
oaeaeeinoyie i?e ia?aiao?ao, ui oa?aeoa?ecothoue oeth oa/ith:
aiaeiioaiiy ?aaeionia noa? – h=r1/r2, aiaeiioaiiy eooiaeo oaeaeeinoae
iaa?oaiiy – m=W1/W2 i /enei ?aeiieueaena Re=W1r22/K (aea E –
eiaoioei?io eiiaiaoe/ii? a’yceinoi) – aeieeaa?, ui ia aeaaoi?i iiaeiai
aiaeaoaaoeny iiaeeii iane ?iaeeie aiae aioo?ioiuei? noa?e, i eiei
ciaiioiuei? noa?e aiia aoaea neiao?e/ii ?icoiaeeoeny aei iiethnia,
noai?thth/e aoi?eiio oa/ith. I?e iinooiiaiio caieueoaiii ia?aiao?a h, a
oaeiae i?e caieueoaiii /enea ?aeiieueaena ?iaeeia /a?ac aieea
Ei?iieiniaeo nee ia aoaea aeinyaaoe iiey?ieo iaeanoae, ?icaeieyth/enue o
ia?eaeiiiaeueiie ieiueii ia ?yae caieiooeo aeoi?ia c eiaei i i?aaei
iaa?oaiiyi. Oiaoi a oa/i? c’yaey?oueny ia?oa ianoieeinoue, eiee aeoi?i
?icoaoiaothoueny neiao?e/ii aeaaoi?o, ineieueee iaeaeai iiaeoei
ciaoiaeyoueny a iaeiaeiaeo aeeiaii/ieo oiiaao. Aeey oiieiai oa?o oaea
?icaaeoaeaia ?ioaiiy iiaeeco aeaaoi?o ia? aeaeyae neiao?e/ieo ii
aiaeiioaiith aei aeaaoi?a aeoi?ia Oaeei?a. Oice/iee ?icii? aeoi?ia
caeaaeeoue aiae oiaueie oa?o iiae noa?aie (h=r2-r1). Caaaeoaaia
ianoieeinoue iiaea aooe aiaeiiaiaeaeueiith ca inioth/o nioaanoo
no?oeoo?o ia THiioa?i (o anyeiio aeiaaeeo, ca ?? e?oiiiianooaaio
i?aaiicaoeith). Aeoiaey/e c aeaiiai i?eiouaiiy ie aecia/eee aeayei
aeeiaii/ii, eiiaiaoe/ii i i?inoi?iai ia?aiao?e aoiinoa?e THiioa?a. ?o
niiaiaaeaiiy c aiaeiai/ieie aaee/eiaie, ae?aooaaieie ii oeieeii
aiaeiiiiie iacaeaaeiie iaoiaeeoei aeicaieeoue iai neacaoe i?i
i?aaeeueiinoue iaoiai i?eiouaiiy.

Oiiaa ao?aoe noieeinoi oa/i? a eieueoeaaiio i?inoi?i iiae noa?aie, a
ioaea, i oiiaa aeieeiaiiy aeoi?ia Oaeei?a ae?aaea?oueny i?e aeiiiiici
e?eoe/iiai /enea Oaeei?a o aeaeyaei neiaeoth/iai niiaaiaeiioaiiy:
Ta=[(r2-r1)U1/E]* [h/r1]0.5>41.3 (U1 – eiiieia oaeaeeinoue aioo?ioiuei?
noa?e ia aeaaoi?i), yea aeoaea aeia?a niiaiaaea? c ?acoeueoaoaie
iiaeaeueieo oa /eneiaeo aenia?eiaioia. Aenia?eiaioaeueia aea/aiiy
noa?e/ii? oa/i? Eoaooa iieacaei oaeiae, ui i i?e cia/ii aieueoeo /eneao
Oaeei?a oa/iy ana ua caeeoaeany eaiiia?iith. ? oieueee i?e Ta=1715 noa?
iiiioiith iaeiianooaaia oo?aoeaioiinoue. Oi/a i a i?aeoe/ii iiaiinoth
oo?aoeaioieo oa/iyo a oiieeo oa?ao niinoa?iaa?oueny inioaaiiy
e?oiiiianooaaii? caeeoeiai? no?oeoo?e: oiaoi niinoa?aaeoaaia ea?oeia
neeaaea?oueny ic iinoieieo iaeiianooaaieo ?ooia i e?oiiiianooaaiiai
aeene?aoiiai cao?aiiy. Cie?aia i?e Re=20000 (aiaeiiaiaea? /eneo Oaeei?a
Ta=8000) niinoa?iaaeeny caeeoeiai e?oiiiianooaaii eieueoeaai aeoi?i
iiaeeco aeaaoi?a a iiaiinoth oo?aoeaioiiio ?aaeeii. Ia THiioa?i ye?ac i
niinoa?iaa?oueny i?eaeecii oaea ae neooaoeiy: ia oiii iaeiianooaaii?
oo?aoeaioiinoi iniothoue e?oiiiianooaaii eieueoeaai aeoi?i (na?oe? ciie
? oaii? nioae), ui ?icoaooaaeeny aieueo-iaio neiao?e/ii ii iaeaeai
noi?iie aiae aeaaoi?o.

Ii aaaaoi?i/ieo aeaieo oeaio?e iiaaeaiii? i iiaii/ii?
aeaaoi?iaeueieo nioa ciaoiaeyoueny ia oe?ioao |13.5i|. ?c oeueiai
cia/aiiy ciaoiaeeii ?icii? eiiieiiai ia?aoeio aeoi?a Oaeei?a ii
niiaaiaeiioaiith: h=Rth*sin(13.5i)= 16270 ei. Oiaoi, aeeaeia aaciai?
aoiinoa?e THiioa?a neeaaea? 16270ei. A ioaea, aaee/eia
hi=r1/r2=(r2-h)/r2=0.766. Iaea?aeaia cia/aiiy aiaeiioaiiy ?aaeionia
“oaa?aei? ei?e” THiioa?a r 1 i aa?oiuei? a?aieoei aeaeeieo oia? r2
i?aeoe/ii niiaiaaea? c aiaeiai/iei aiaeiioaiiyi (h=0.765), ae?aooaaiei
aeoiaey/e c i?eiouaiiy i?i aaeiaaaoe/iinoue aioo?ioiuei? aoaeiae
ieaiaoe. Ciath/e h, ciaeaeaii i cia/aiiy eiaoioeiaioo eiiaiaoe/ii?
a’yceinoi aeey e?oiiiianooaaieo ?ooia i?e Ta = 8000: K =
(U1h/Oa)[h/(r2-h)] = (1.9*1011ni2n-1).

Cacia/eii, ui ae?aooaaia cia/aiiy K aiaeiineoueny aei aeeaeiii?
eiiaaeoei?, aiaeiiaiaeaeueii? ca e?oiiiianooaaia ia?aiiooaaiiy a
aoiinoa?i THiioa?a: oiaoi ca ciiaeueio no?oeoo?o aeaeeiiai oia?iaiai
oa?o i ? aoaeoeaiei cia/aiiyi eiaoioeiaioo eiiaiaoe/ii? a’yceinoi.

I?e aea/aiii cia?aaeaiue THiioa?a e?ii aeia?a aiaeiii? ciiaeueii?
no?oeoo?e oia?, caa?oathoue ia naaa oaaao eaioethaeee naioeeo i oaiieo
aeoi?ia, ?icoaoiaaieo acaeiaae ia?aeaeae ia neiaeoth/eo ieaiaoia?aoi/ieo
oe?ioao: naioei ia +47i i -41i, oaiii ia +35i i -31i. Ieae/a ie
iieaaeaii, ui oei nenoaie aeoi?ia i?aaenoaaeythoue niaith aeaeeiee
i?iya aeeaeiieo oaeeueiaeo i?ioeania a aoiinoa?i THiioa?a. O
i?aaenoaaeaii aoiinoa?e oaeaeeiiaa?oiai? ieaiaoe-aiaaioa ye oa?o
aoaeoeaii a’ycei? ?iaeeie iiae aeaiia eiioeaio?e/ieie noa?aie, ui
iaa?oathoueny iaaeiei niieueii? ini c iinoieieie, aea aeaui ?icieie
oaeaeeinoyie, aiey aioo?ioiuei? noa?e iiyaeythoueny i?ea?aie/ii
iia?oeieii oa?e. Iana “?iaeeie”, ui aoyao?oueny a ieo ic aieueii?
aoiinoa?e, aeooiaoo?oueny acaeiaae iiaenoeeath/i? iiaa?oii a iai?yii
aeaaoi?iaeueieo oe?io i iiaeeco aeaaoi?a aiaeaoaa?oueny ?o cioeiaiiy.
Aianeiaeie oeueiai a aeaaoi?iaeueiiio “eieueoei” iaaeiei aioo?ioiuei?
noa?e noai?th?oueny iaaia cao?aiiy oeneo i iioeo ia?aiao?ia aoiinoa?e
(aonoeie, oaiia?aoo?e, oaeaeeinoi caoea i o.i.). Oaei iaaaeeei cao?aiiy
a iaa?oiaie ?iaeeii ?iciianthaeaeothoueny o aeaeyaei oaeeue. Oaeei
/eiii, iia?oeieii i?ea?aie/ii oa?e, yei ooai?ththoueny aiey
aoaeue-yeiai no?eaea aonoeie a aoiinoa?i ieaiaoe, noai?thth/e iaaaeeeee
iioie iane, iathoue caoaeaeoaaoe iia?oeieii iiaee a aoiinoa?i.

Iaoaiaoe/ia aeineiaeaeaiiy oaeeueiaiai ?ooo a na?aaeiaeui
i?iaiaeeeiny ii neiaeoth/ie noaii. Nii/aoeo ?icaeyaeaany ?iaiiaaaeiee
noai na?aaeiaeua. Iiney oeueiai aaiaeeeiny iaea cao?aiiy i
aeineiaeaeoaaeanue caaea/a i?i iiaeeeainoue ?iciianthaeaeaiiy
?acoeueooth/iai oaeeueiaiai cao?aiiy. I?e oeueiio, iniiaii ?iaiyiiy
eiiaa?ecothoueny. Aeaei i?eioneaeinue, ui cao?aiiy i?iii?oeieia
exp[i(kr-wt)]. Iaoa oaei? i?ioeaaeo?e – ciaoiaeaeaiiy aeenia?nieiiai
niiaaiaeiioaiiy, ui iia’yco? /anoioo cao?aiiy c aaee/eiith oaeeueiaiai
aaeoi?o k i eiai iai?yiii uiaei ini iniiaiiai iaa?oaiiy. A caaaeueiiio
aeiaaeeo ?iciianthaeaeaiiy oaeei aiicio?iiia, ineieueee oaciaa
oaeaeeinoue caeaaeeoue aiae iai?yieo ?iciianthaeaeaiiy. A aeaiiio
aeiaaeeo aeaeieaiee iai?yiie iia’ycaiee c iaa?oaiiyi. Eiiieia
aeeoa?aioeieia ?iaiyiiy a /anoeiaeo iioiaeieo, a yeiio iacaeaaeia ciiiia
aoiaeeoue oieueee a iioiaeii ii eii?aeeiaoao iaeiiai ii?yaeeo (ooo
ae?oaiai), ia? ?ioaiiy, ui iieno? eiii/io iiaa?oith oaeeueiaeo /enae, i
ooai?aia i?yieie, yei i?ioiaeyoue /a?ac ii/aoie eii?aeeiao. Ia
aeinoaoiuei aaeeeie aiaenoaii aiae aeaea?aea cao?aiiy oaeeueiai o?iioe
noathoue i?aeoe/ii ieineeie. I?e oeueiio, ?ioaiiy ?iaiyiue ?ooo, ui
iienothoue iioe?thaaio oaeeth, caeaaeeoue oieueee aiae iaeii??
eii?aeeiaoe – iai?yio ?? ?iciianthaeaeaiiy. Iiaenoaaeaoe ?ioaiiy aeaeo
ieinei? oaeei u1=ui*exp[i(wwt-kx-ly-mz)] a aeeoa?aioeieia ?iaiyiiy
(Du1)tt+(2Wo)2u1zz=0 (D- iia?aoi? Eaieana, Wi – /anoioa iaa?oaiiy
THiioa?a), iaea?aeo?ii -w2(u1xx+u1yy+u1zz)+4Wo2u1zz=0. Caiaey/e
eiaoioeiaioe i?e iaeiaeiaeo iioiaeieo, ciaoiaeeii
u1xx+u1yy+(1-4Wo2/w2)u1zz=0. Caiaene neiaeo?, ui ?ioaiiy aeaeo ieinei?
oaeei caaeiaieueiy? iaoa aeeo?iaiyiiy ca oiiae aeeiiaiiy aeenia?nieiiai
niiaaiaeiioaiiy w=±2Wo*sinq, aea q – eoo iiae iiaa?oiath iinoieii? oace
i ainnth iaa?oaiiy OZ.

Ioaea, /anoioa cao?aiiy caeaaeeoue oieueee aiae iai?yieo
?iciianthaeaeaiiy, aea ia caeaaeeoue aiae aaee/eie oaeeueiaiai aaeoi?o,
i iiaea iaoe ethai cia/aiiy w2Wo) iaoa ?iaiyiiy caiaeeoueny aei
?iaiyiiy Eaieana. I?e oeueiio, cao?aiiy ?iciianthaeeoue naie aieea ia
anth aoiinoa?o. Oiaei ye a ia?oiio aeiaaeeo aeaea?aei, ui eieeaa?oueny c
/anoioith w20ni/n ciiia ciaeo aa?oeeaeueii? oaeaeeinoi
i?aeoe/ii c?aco ae i?eaiaeeoue aei ii/aoeo i?ioeania ooai?aiiy, aai
?iciaaeo oia?iinoi; i?e/iio /an, ui aecia/a? iiiaio iiyae oia? i/aai
ii/aoie ?o cieeiaiiy – ciaioo?oueny ic caieueoaiiyi iiaeoey
aa?oeeaeueii? oaeaeeinoi ia?aiiuaiiy iiaio?yieo ian.

O?iiinoa?e THiioa?a i Naoo?ia iathoue aaaaoee aeaiaioiee neeaae,
aeayei ic eiiiiiaio yeiai (iniaeeai aiaea, aiae?inoeueoiae aiiaeo, iaoai
i aiiae) eiiaeainothoueny ia iaaieo ?iaiyo a aoiinoa?i, ciiithth/e oei
naiei, yce?aainoii oa?aeoa?enoeee oia?iaiai oa?o aoeieiio. Oiio i?e
iiyai iaaioue ii?iaiyii iaaaeeeiai a?aaei?ioa aa?oeeaeueii? oaeaeeinoi
ia?aiiuaiiy iiaio?yieo ian aiaeaoaa?oueny iiiioia ciiia ieoiiiai aiinoo
neiiaeainiaaieo oia?iaeo ian a aoiinoa?ao ieaiao-aiaaioia. A ca’yceo c
oeei, i?e iayaiinoi ia?iiaee/ii? ciiie a oaeaeeinoi aa?oeeeueiiai
ia?aiiuaiiy iiaio?yieo ian /a?ac inioaaiiy ?aaeiaeueieo inoeeeyoeie
(aeanieo eieeaaiue ieaiaoieo aoiinoa?), ie iiaeiii niinoa?iaaoe
aa?iaoei? aiaeaeaieo, iiaeeiaeueieo i aei?iiiithaaeueieo aeanoeainoae
aeaeeiiai oia?iaiai oa?o ? iaaeoia?iaiai ooiaio. Ii iaoiaeeoei,
i?aaenoaaeaiie a [17], ie c?iaeee ioeiieo ciii iioe/ieo ia?aiao?ia
aaciai? i aa?icieueii? neeaaeiaeo aoiinoa?e Naoo?ia, aeeeeeaieo
ciiiaie aa?oeeaeueii? oaeaeeinoi: iiaeaeueii ?ic?aooiee iieacaee, ui ca
/an aiey aeaio aiaeei iiaeeii iiaio?yieo ian c oaeaeeinoth wi=30ci/c
i?eaiaeeoue aei caieueoaiiy aaniethoii? aiaeaeaii? caeaoiinoi a
aeiaaeeii oaeei 316ii ia aaee/eio 0.0035 i?e na?aaeiueiio cia/aiii 0.200
aeey aeaaoi?iaeueii? iaeanoi Naoo?ia. A aeiaaeeii oaeei 600ii –
eeoa ia 0.00007 i?e na?aaeiueiio cia/aiii 0.550. Ae?aooaaii iaie
cia/aiiy niaeo?aeueieo eiaoioeiaioia i?ici?inoi caiii? aoiinoa?e
[23,24] i iaoi niinoa?aaeii aeaii i?i ciiio aeueaaaei ?icieo aeieyiie
aeeneo Naoo?ia [1,2] iieacothoue, ui iaee?auei ? iiooe iiaeeeaeo ciii
iioe/ieo aeanoeainoae aoiinoa?e Naoo?ia /a?ac iayaiinoue ?aaeiaeueieo
inoeeeyoeie a niaeo?aeueiiio iioa?aaei 390-420ii. Naia a oeeo aeiaaeeiao
oaeeue aa?iaoei? i?ici?inoi caiii? aoiinoa?e aaea ia oae neeueii
ciiiththoue neaiae aiae ieaiao (ye oea ? a oeueo?aoiieaoi a 316ii),
naioeiaee iioie aiae ieaiao noa? cia/iei aeey iaaeieii? eiai ?a?no?aoei?
i?e aeaeo?ioioiiao?i? c iiae?aooieii oioiiia i ca /an aiey aeaio aiaeei
iiaeeii iiaio?yieo ian c oaeaeeinoth wi=30ci/c i?eaiaeeoue aei
caieueoaiiy aeueaaaei a aeiaaeeii oaeei 400ii ia aaee/eio aei 0.001 i?e
na?aaeiueiio cia/aiii 0.200 aeey aeaaoi?iaeueii? iaeanoi Naoo?ia. sse
iieaco? iao aeinaiae aaaaoi?i/ieo niaeo?iaeaeo?ioioiiao?e/ieo aeii?ia ia
ai?i Iaeaeaiae, i?eaaaeaii aeua aaee/eie ciii aiaeaeaii? caeaoiinoi
aoiinoa? ieaiao-aiaaioia ? oeieeii aeinooiieie aeey ?o ?a?no?aoei? i?e
niinoa?aaeaiiyo ieaiaoieo aoiinoa? c iiae?aooieii oioiiia o cacia/aiiio
aeiaiaciii niaeo?a.

A ca’yceo c aeeeaaeaiei aeua, ie i?eionea?ii, ui i?ioean eieeaaiue
oia?ioai?/i? aeiyeueiinoi ? aeia?ee cania aeey ?a?no?aoei? ?iciiiaiioieo
eieeaaeueieo i?ioeania iioe/ieo oa?aeoa?enoee a aoiinoa?ao ieaiao i?e ?o
aeenoaioeieieo niinoa?aaeaiiyo. Aeey niinoa?aaeiiai aiaee?eooy oaeeo
aa?iaoeie ie aeeiiaee niaoeiaeueiee eiiieaen niinoa?aaeii? i?ia?aie i
?ic?iaeee aiaeiiaiaeia i?i?aiia caaacia/aiiy aeey aeyaeaiiy ia?iiaee/ieo
neeaaeiaeo o oioiiao?e/ieo ?yaeao ano?iiiii/ieo aeaieo. Iineieueee
aaee/eia aa?oeeaeueii? oaeaeeinoi ia?aiiuaiiy iiaio?yieo ian a aoiinoa?i
THiioa?a ? aecia/aeueiith i?e aea/aiii eieeaaeueieo i?ioeania o
oia?ioai?/ie aeiyeueiinoi ia ieaiaoi, ie ioeiieee ?? ?icaeyioaoe
?iaiyiiiy iaia?a?aiinoi aoiinoa?e a aac?icii?iiio ii?iiaaii
e?eoa?iaeueiiio aeaeyaei; oea aeicaieeei ae?aceoe oa?aeoa?ii ianooaae
ooeaieo aaee/ei aiaeioe/ii /a?ac oiiaa?naeueii ia?aiao?e iiaeiaiinoi
Aieioeeia. Noiiuaiiy niiniao e?eoa?iaeueieo ?iaiyiue ? niiniao
iaac?icii?thaaiiy ii?ioaaiiyi oa aeei?enoaiiy iaaeeaeaiiy
“ianoeneoaaiinoi” aaco aeicaieeei iai io?eiaoe, ui aa?oeeaeueii
oaeaeeinoi a aoiinoa?ao ieaiao a na?aaeiueiio a noieueee ?ac iaioi
ai?eciioaeueieo (U), a neieueee ?ac aeiaooie oaeaeeinoi caoea ia eiiieio
oaeaeeinoue iaa?oaiiy ieaiaoe – iaioee aiae eaaae?aoa ia?oi? einii/ii?
oaeaeeinoi. Cia/aiiy aa?oeeaeueii? oaeaeeinoi ia?aiiuaiiy iiaio?yieo ian
a aoiinoa?i THiioa?a, ae?aooaaia i?e cia/aiiyo U=25-150i/n, neeaaea? wi
=(10-50)ci/n, ui ? oeieeii caaeiaieueiei aeey iiaeeeainoi
?a?no?aoei? eieeaaiue oia?ioai?/i? aeiyeueiinoi ii cai?iiiiiaaiiio
iaie aeua niiniao.

C iaoith aeyaeoe ia?iiaee/ii neeaaeiai a ?yaeao aeaieo iaie aoea
canoiniaaia iaoiaeeea ia/eneaiiy cia/aiue ia?iiaeia ii ia?aiao?e/iiio
iaoiaeo iaeneiaeueii? aio?iii?, yeee oe?iei aeei?enoiaoaaany a AAI IAI
Oe?a?ie o aiaeaeiei einii/ii? aaiaeeiaiiee i?e aea/aiii aieueii?
eaaciaeiaiai? iooaoei? i iioeo ia?iiaee/ieo neeaaeiaeo iaa?oaiiy Caiei.
Aeey aiaei?aoethaaiiy eiiieaeno i?ia?ai i aaeaioaoei? iaoiai i?ia?aiiiai
caaacia/aiiy aeey aeyaeaiiy iiaeeeaeo ia?iiaee/ieo neeaaeiaeo o
oioiiao?e/ieo ?yaeao aeaieo i?e ano?iiiii/ieo niinoa?aaeaiiyo, ie
aeeiiaee cia/io ?iaioo ii aecia/aiith cia/aiue ia?iiaeia o ciiii aeeneo
eiiao [15,16,20] oa ?ioeo ano?iiii?/ieo ia’?eo?a [7,8,11-13,18] c
aeiiiiiaith iaoi? i?ia?aie.

Caiia aoiinoa?a ? aieiaiei aeaea?aeii ?iciiiaiioieo ooiia i?e
ni?iaao ?a?no?aoei? aeanieo eieeaaiue aeeneo iaaanieo ia’?eoia ic
ano?iiiii/ieo niinoa?aaeaiue ia iacaiieo iana?aaoi?iyo. Aeey a?aooaaiiy
inoeeeyoeie, ui aeeeeeathoueny aoiinoa?ith Caiei, iaie aoea iinoaaeaia i
aeeiiaia i?ia?aia niaoeiaeueieo niinoa?aaeaiue ii iao?oethaaiith ca
i?ici?inoth caiii? aoiinoa?e a aeniaaeeoei? ia ai?i Iaeaeaiae (aenioa
2750i). Niinoa?aaeaiiy i?iaiaeeeeny c aeiiiiiaith niaeo?iiiey?eiao?a,
anoaiiaeaiiai ia 60-ni oaeaneiii oi?ie Ea?e Oeaenn (E?ia). A aeaio
iacaeaaeieo eaiaeao (naioei aiae ci?ee ?icaeieyeinue iaiiai?ici?ei
aeca?eaeii) i?iaiaeeeiny ia?aeaeueia oioiiao?oaaiiy a noaiaea?oiiio
oieueo?i “A” i a aeieyioei niaeo?a, oeaio?iaaiie ia aeiaaeeio oaeei
555ii. *an iaeiie/oaaiiy a iaio eaiaeao aoa iaeiaeiaei, aea aeaui
aa?ithaaany a ?icii ii/i: aiae 20 naeoiae aei 1 oaeeeie. ?acoeueooth/a
noaoenoe/ia oi/iinoue iaeiie/aiiai neaiaeo neeaaeaea 0.0003. A yeinoi
aeineiaeaeoaaiiai ia’?eoa aea?aia Iiey?ia ci?ea, ?icoaooaaiiy yei? ia
iaainoeei caeeoa?oueny i?aeoe/ii iaciiiiei ia i?ioyci anueiai /ano
niinoa?aaeaiue: aeaeieueea ii/ae a aeiaoii 1990, a aa?acii, a eaioii i
a eeiii 1991?ieo ii 6-8 aiaeei aacia?a?aiiai iao?oethaaiiy ci?ee.
Niaeo?aeueiee aiaeic io?eiaieo iaie ?acoeueoaoia c aeinoiai?iinoth e?aua
90% iieacaa iayaiinoue inoeeeyoeie i?ici?inoi aoiinoa?e [18,27] c
ia?iiaeaie 2.5, 3.6, 5.2, 8.9, 11.2, 16.5, 20.6, 48.0 i 107 oaeeei.
Noia?iee niaeo? inoeeeyoeie aeeneo aa?ith? aeaiue aiae aeiy.
Iaenoaaieueiioi ia?iiaee 3.6 i 20.6 oaeeei c aiieiooaeaie, aiaeiiaiaeii,
0.0008-0.004m i 0.003-0.007m a ?icii aeii. ?nioaaiiy ia?iiaeia 48 i
107 oaeeei a /eiaeie ii?i caeaaeeoue aiae iayaiinoi /e aiaenooiinoi
aio?o a i?ecaiiiio oa?i. Oiaoi, niinoa?aaeaiiy Iiey?ii? ci?ee aeicaieeee
iai ca?a?no?oaaoe ciiie i?ici?inoi caiii? aoiinoa?e c ia?iiaeaie
aeecueeeie aei ia?iiaeia aioo?ioiio a?aaioaoeieieo oaeeue aoiinoa?e
Caiei. Iaea?aeaii ?acoeueoaoe iaee, oaeiae, aeoaea aaaeeeaa cia/aiiy
aeey ?o a?aooaaiiy i?e i?iaaaeaiii ?iaioe ii aecia/aiith cia/aiue
ia?iiaeia eieeaaiue iioe/ieo oa?aeoa?enoee aoiinoa? THiioa?a i Naoo?ia.

?c iaea?aeaieo aaniethoieo niinoa?aaeaiue aeaaoi?iaeueii? iaeanoi
Naoo?ia a ia?iiaee 1977-1984 i 1986-1987??. iaeuieueiioi ?yaee aeii?ia
ieaiaoe ? aeaio ci?ie ii?iaiyiiy a eiaeio c ii/ae aoee io?eiaii a
ni/ii-ethoiio 1979?. Ia?aeaeueii c iaie aiaeiai/io ?iaioo ii aaniethoie
aeaeo?ioioiiao?i? ciiaeueieo ii?oieiai/ieo aeaoaeae THiioa?a aeeiioaaa
A.I. Eeeiaiei, yeee etha’ycii iaaeaa a iaoa ?icii?yaeaeaiiy oi/ii
iiiaioe aeii?ia Iiaii/ii? o?iii/ii? ciie a cacia/aiee /an. Ia ia?oiio
aoaii iiaeaioiaee niinoa?aaeieo oioiiao?e/ieo ?yaeia aei ia?iaee ie
a?aooaaee oaciao caeaaeiinoue ii iaoiaeeoei, i?aaenoaaeaiie a ?iaio?
[1]. Iiney oeueiai, aeei?enoiaoth/e ae?aooaaii iaie na?aaeii ca ii/
cia/aiiy niaeo?aeueieo eiaoioeiaioia i?ici?inoi, ani iiaeeaiaeoaeueii
aiaeeiee aiae ieaiao i ci?ie aoee i?eaaaeaii aei iaeeie/ii? iiaio?yii?
iane M=1. Oaeei /eiii aoee iiaeaioiaeaii /ioe?e iniiaii iiiaeeie:
Ic,I*1,I*2 i Ith, yei a iiaeaeueoiio ie aiaeicoaaee ye eiaeai ie?aii,
oae i neeaaeath/e aiaeiiaiaeii aiaeiioaiiy In/Im. Aeey aeyaeaiiy
iiaeeeaeo ia?iiaee/iinoae a iaea?aeaieo ?yaeao iaie aoee aeei?enoaii
aeaeieueea iaoiaeee aeineiaeaeaiue.

Ca ioeueiao aiioo ie acyee iiiaio UO 17h 00m 18.01.79. Caaeath/e
ia?iiae Tk i ii/aoeiao aiioo, ae?aoiaoaaeeny ciiiii oace aeey eiaeii?
ie?aii acyoi? niinoa?aaeii? oi/ee. Iiney oeueiai aanue ia?iiae Tk ci
nai?ie oacaie aiae ioey aei iaeeieoei ie ?icaeee ia 32 ?iaii /anoeie i
ae?aoiaoaaee na?aaei? cia/aiiy aeey eiaeiiai ?yaeo, iiney /iai
?iciiaeieyee ani aaee/ei Ik ii oeei 32 oaciaei iioa?aaeai ia?aiiai
ia?iiaeo. Ii ona?aaeaiei a eiaeiiio iioa?aaei cia/aiiyi i?iaiaeeeany
na?aaeiy e?eaa i ia ianooiiiio e?ioei ae?aoiaoaaeeny
na?aaeiueieaaae?aoe/ii aiaeoeeaiiy aiae na?aaeiuei? e?eai? aeey aneo
aeii?ia i aeey eiaeiiai ic 32 iioa?aaeia. Aeaei i?iaiaeeeany
iiiiiicaoeiy ?acoeueooth/i? e?eai? aei iiiio?iiaoe/ii? neioni?aee c
oaeei aea ia?iiaeii Tk oa aeayeith aiieiooaeith A0.

E?ii oiai, aeey aiaei?aoethaaiiy iaoiaeeee ?icaeieaiiy inoeeeyoeie,
aeeeeeaieo ciiiith i?ici?inoi aoiinoa?e Caiei i eieeaaiiyie aeenea
iaaaniiai ia’?eoa, a oaeiae aeey aeyaeaiiy aeanieo eieeaaiue aoiinoa?
ieaiao-aiaaioia, ie canoiniaoaaee niaeo?aeueiee aiaeic ii IIA aei oeeo
aea ?yaeia aeaieo. Ia ia?oiio aoaii i?ioeaaeo?a niaeo?aeueiiai
iaoaiaoe/iiai aiaeico ii IIA canoiniaoaaeany iaie aei iaeaeiaoeo ?yaeia
aeaieo, iaea?aeaieo a ii/i 19/20.01 i 31.01/01.02.79. Iiney
iiia?aaeiuei? ioeiiee cia/aiue ia?iiaeia ia?aai?yeiny caa?aaeaiiy oac
aeey eiaeiiai ic aeaeieaieo eieeaaiue. A?aoiaoth/e oace anio iniiaieo
ia?iiaeia i aeei?enoiaoth/e niinia “coeaaiiy”, aeey eiaeiiai ic
aeineiaeaeoaaiiai a aeaiee iiiaio ia?iiaee/iiai i?ioeano i?iaiaeeeany
i?ioeaaeo?a coeaaiiy ?yaeia aeaieo ca aanue aeineiaeaeoaaiee ia?iiae.
Aei ciia iaea?aeaieo iiaeeaiaeoaeueieo ?yaeia (oioiiao?iy THiioa?a,
Naoo?ia, aeaio ci?ie) i aei ?yaeia neeaaeaieo ic ?o aiaeiioaiue
(ieaiaoa/ci?ea, ieaiaoa/ieaiaoa, ci?ea/ci?ea) ciiao canoiniaoaaeany
iienaia aeua ia/enethaaeueia i?ioeaaeo?a niaeo?aeueiiai aiaeico IIA.

A ?acoeueoaoi aeei?enoaiiy aeaio aeuaiienaieo i?ioeaaeo?, ie
io?eiaee c aeinoiai?iinoth e?aua 90% iaai? ia?iiaeia ?icii? o?eaaeinoi.
Ia?iiaee O=105±1.8, 130±2.4, 207±5.7 oaeeei i?iyaeythoueny oieueee o
anio iiaeeaiaeoaeueieo ?yaeao aeaieo, aea aiaenooii a ?yaeao, neeaaeaieo
ic ?o aiaeiioaiue, aea aiaeaoaa?oueny ?o aca?iia eiiiainaoeiy. Oea iiaea
aiai?eoe i?i oa, ui i?e?iaea oaeeo ia?iiaee/iinoae caeeaaeaia a ciiii
i?ici?inoi caiii? aoiinoa?e. Ia?iiaee O=137±2.6, 179±3.6 oaeeei
oa?aeoa?ii oieueee aeey Naoo?ia, a ia?iiaee O=103±1.8, 142±2.9 oaeeeie –
oieueee aeey THiioa?a [18,27]. C aaeeeith iiiai?iinoth ?o iiaeia
aiaeianoe aei aeanieo eieeaaiue aoiinoa? oeeo ieaiao, ineieueee aeniea
aia?aaoeea aoiinoa? ieaiao-aiaaioia iiaeiia i?eaiaeeoe aei ii?iaeaeaiiy
aeanieo inoeeeyoeie. Oei aieueoa, ui iaea?aeaii iaie cia/aiiy ia?iiaeia
i?aeoe/ii niiaiaaeathoue ic oai?aoe/ii ae?aooaaieie aaee/eiaie ia?oeo
aeaio aa?iiiie aeanieo eieeaaiue THiioa?a i Naoo?ia. Aiieiooaee
eieeaaiue aeeneo ieaiao-aiaaioia ia aeiaaeeii oaeei 407ii ciaoiaeyoueny
a iaaeao 0.0008-0.004m.

Oaeei /eiii, ic aiaeico niinoa?aaeieo ?yaeia aeaieo ii
aeaeo?ioioiiao?i? THiioa?a i Naoo?ia, aeaiia iacaeaaeieie iaoiaeeeaie,
c ai?iaiaeiinoth e?aua 90% iaie aeyaeaii eieeaaiiy aeeneo ie?aieo
aeieyiie aeeneo THiioa?a i Naoo?ia, ui ii aaee/eii niiaiaaeathoue ic
cia/aiiyie aeanieo eieeaaiue ?o aoiinoa?. Oeae oaeo iiaeiai iaoe
aaee/acia cia/aiiy aeey noaiiaeaiiy i ?icaeoeo naeniieiai? aoiinoa?
ieaiao-aiaaioia.

O caeeth/i?e /anoei? c?iaeaii aeniiaee oa iai?/aii ia?oi/a?aia?
caaaeaiiy aeey iiaeaeueoeo aeine?aeaeaiue aoiinoa? ieaiao-a?aaio?a.

AENIIAEE.

A Aeena?oaoei? ic aiaeico niinoa?aaeieo aeaieo, iaea?aeaieo iaie a
ia?iiae ic 1977 ii 1995??. i /eneaiieo niinoa?aaeieo aeaieo, io?eiaieo
iioeie aeineiaeieeaie aoiinoa? THiioa?a ? Naoo?ia, i?iaaaeaii ?aoaeueia
aeineiaeaeaiiy ii aea/aiith aiaeia?aaeaiiy ?iciiiaiioieo ia?iiaee/ieo
aeioooth/eo nee a ?o aoiinoa?ao. Oea aeicaieeei aeyaeoe naciiii
aa?iaoei? iioe/ieo, eiiaiaoe/ieo i o.i. oa?aeoa?enoee aoiinoa? oeeo
ieaiao-aiaaioia i aeiaanoe, ui naia naciiia ciiia ii?iiiiaiiy ieaiao
Niioeai ? aiaeiiaiaeaeueiith ca aeayei ic niinoa?aaeoaaieo aa?iaoeie. ?c
aiaeico aaaaoi?i/ieo niinoa?aaeieo aeaieo i?i ciiio iioaa?aeueiiai
aeeneo THiioa?a o aeaeeiiio naioei aeyaeaii i?iya 22.3-?i/iiai
Oaeeianueeiai iaaiioiiai oeeeeo Niiy/ii? aeoeaiinoi oa inioaaiiy aieiaeo
ciii aaniethoii? ci?yii? aaee/eie THiioa?a.

Aeineiaeaeaiiy iieacaee oaeiae, ui ai?iaaaeaeaia iaie aiaeiioaiiy
yne?aainoae Iiaii/ii? ? Iiaaeaiii? O?iii/ieo cii Aj= BNTrZ/BSTrZ ?
oi?ioei iiaeaenii aeoeaiinoi aoiinoa?ieo i?ioeania ia THiioa?i.
Iaea?aeaia iayaiinoue oeeeei/iinoi a aeiaaiia?iiaee/ieo eieeaaiiyo Aj
iiaeoeue ieaiaoe c ia?iiaeii 11.86 ?ieia aeiaaea inioaaiiy naciiii?
ia?aaoaeiae a aoiinoa?i THiioa?a.

Iieacaii, ui aa?iaoei? aiaeaeaii? caeaoiinoi oia?iaiai oa?o Naoo?ia
a oeueo?aoiieaoi i a nioaao iiaeeiaiiy iaoaiii iiaeia iiynieoe
iayaiinoth naciiieo ciii, aeeeeeaieo iaoeeii ini iaa?oaiiy ieaiaoe aei
aeeiioeee, a ioaea, aa?iaoeiyie ii?iiiiaiiy ieaiaoe Niioeai, ui, a
naith /a?ao, i?eaaee aei ciiie iioe/ieo i oice/ieo ia?aiao?ia aoiinoa?e
Naoo?ia ia ?icieo oe?ioao. I?iaaaeaii iaie ia/eneaiiy aeey iiiaioia
?iaiiaeaiue 1966 i 1980??. a ?aieao aeaioa?iai? iiaeaei aoiinoa?e
Naoo?ia iieacaee, ui oe?ioii iiyne ieaiaoe, yei uieii aeeoee ic oiii
eieaoeue, aiae?iciythoueny aiae iioeo iiynia cia/aiiyie ?icnithth/i?
neeaaeiai? iioe/ii? oiaueie iaaeoia?iaiai aaciaiai oa?o, ia’?iiith
eiioeaio?aoei?th oia?iaiai aa?iciey i aaee/eiith oyaii? /anoeie
iieacieea caeiieaiiy oia?iaeo /anoie ni . Oai, aea o?eaaeee /an aoea
ceia (a iiaaeaiiie iiaeoei aei 1966?. i a iiaii/iie aei 1980?.),
oia?iaee oa? ? aieueo ?ac?iaeaeaiei i eiai aa?oiy a?aieoey ciaoiaeeoueny
aeua, iiae o iiaeoei, ui “ia?aaeeea” aei oeueiai eioiie nacii. Oi
aeaaoi?iaeueii iaeanoi Naoo?ia, ui o?eaaeee /an aoee cae?eoi
eieueoeyie, aiae/oaath/e aeaoioeeo i?eoieo a aoiinoa?o niiy/ii?
?aaeiaoei?, aiae?iciythoueny aiae iioeo oe?ioieo iiynia iiaeaeuaiith
eieueeinoth neeueii iiaeeiath/i? eieuei?iai? aeiiioee.

A oeueiio aeineiaeaeaiii iaie iieacaii, ui niinoa?aaeaiiy aeaeeii?
iiaa?oii oia?iaiai oa?o ieaiaoe aeicaieythoue aeenoaioeieii aea/aoe
i?ioeane o aioo?ioiio oa?ao aeeaieeo aoiinoa? ieaiao-aiaaioia,
aeineiaeaeoaaoe ?o aioo?ioith aoaeiao. I?e oeueiio, iia?oeieii
i?ea?aie/ii oa?e eiei aoaeue-yeiai no?eaea aonoeie a aoiinoa?i ieaiaoe
iiaeooue caoaeaeoaaoe iia?oeieii iiaee a aoiinoa?i. Iieacaia i?eioeeiiaa
iiaeeeainoue ooai?aiiy a aoiinoa?ao ieaiao-aiaaioia iia?oeieieo oaeeue
aeiaaeeiith ii?yaeeo ?aaeiona ?innai.

Aaoi?ii cai?iiiiiaaia i iaa?oioiaaia iaeay, ui ia?oa ianoieeinoue
oeio aeoi?ia Oaeei?a, ui i?iyaey?oueny a oiieioa?iaie noa?e/iie oa/i?
Eoaooa, ? aiaeiiaiaeaeueiith ca niinoa?aaeoaaio ciiaeueio no?oeoo?o ia
THiioa?i. Ianeiaeeii oeueiai noaei aecia/aiiy aeeaeie aaciai? aoiinoa?e
ieaiaoe (h=16270ei) i cia/aiiy aoaeoeaiiai eiaoioeiaioo eiiaiaoe/ii?
a’yceinoi aeey e?oiiiianooaaiiai ia?aiiooaaiiy aoiinoa?e THiioa?a
(K

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