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AIEEINUeEEE AeA?AEAAIEE OI?AA?NEOAO
?IAI? EAN? OE?A?IEE
IAIENOEE AIAe??E AIEIAeEIE?IAE*
OAeE 796-053.7+331.826
I?AeAIOIAEA NOA?OIEEANIEE?A ? A?AeA??
AeI IAA*AIIss IA OAEOEUeOAO?
O?CE*IIAI AEOIAAIIss
24.00.02 – O?ce/ia eoeueoo?a, o?ce/ia aeoiaaiiy
??cieo a?oi ianaeaiiy
AAOI?AOA?AO
aeena?oaoe?? ia caeiaoooy iaoeiaiai nooiaiy eaiaeeaeaoa iaoe
c o?ce/iiai aeoiaaiiy ? nii?oo
Eooeuee – 1999
Aeena?oaoe??th ? ?oeiien.
?iaioa aeeiiaia a Oa?iii?euenueeiio aea?aeaaiiio iaaeaaia?/iiio
oi?aa?neoao? ?iai? Aieiaeeie?a Aiaothea, I?i?noa?noai ina?oe Oe?a?ie.
Iaoeiaee ea??aiee – aeieoi? iaaeaaia?/ieo iaoe, i?ioani? Oeyi Aiaaeai
Ieoaeeiae/, Oa?iii?euenueeee aea?aeaaiee iaaeaaia?/iee oi?aa?neoao ?iai?
Aieiaeeie?a Aiaothea, caa?aeoaa/ eaoaae?e oai?aoe/ieo iniia ? iaoiaeeee
o?ce/iiai aeoiaaiiy.
Io?oe?ei? iiiiaioe – aeieoi? iaaeaaia?/ieo iaoe, i?ioani? Eooe
Ieaenaiae? Na?a?eiae/, A?iieoeueeee aea?aeaaiee iaaeaaia?/iee
oi?aa?neoao ?iai? Ieoaeea Eioethaeinueeiai, i?ioani? eaoaae?e oai??? ?
iaoiaeeee o?ce/iiai aeoiaaiiy
– eaiaeeaeao iaaeaaia?/ieo iaoe, aeioeaio O?aoueyeia Ieeiea
Ieaenaiae?iae/, aeioeaio ?inoeoooo ci?noo ? iaoiae?a iaa/aiiy i. Ee?a
I?ia?aeia onoaiiaa I?eea?iaonueeee aea?aeaaiee oi?aa?neoao ?iai?
Aaneey Noaoaieea, eaoaae?a oai??? ? iaoiaeeee o?ce/ii? eoeueoo?e ?
nii?oo, I?i?noa?noai ina?oe Oe?a?ie, i. ?aaii – O?aie?anuee.
Caoeno a?aeaoaeaoueny ” 2 ” ea?oiy 1999?. ia 11 aiae. ia can?aeaii?
niaoe?ae?ciaaii? a/aii? ?aaee E 32.051.02 Aieeinueeiai aea?aeaaiiai
oi?aa?neoaoo ?iai? Ean? Oe?a?iee, (263021, Eooeuee, aoe. Aeiie/aiea,
30)
Aaoi?aoa?ao ?ic?neaiee” 1″ aa?aciy 1999?.
A/aiee nae?aoa?ue niaoe?ae?ciaaii?
a/aii? ?aaee, eaiaeeaeao iaaeaaia?/ieo
Oeueinue A.A.
iaoe, aeioeaio
CAAAEUeIA OA?AEOA?ENOEEA ?IAIOE
Aeooaeuei?noue. O caeiiao Oe?a?ie “I?i ina?oo”, “I?i o?ce/io eoeueoo?o ?
nii?o”, Aea?aeaai?e iaoe?iiaeuei?e i?ia?ai? “INA?OA(Oe?a?ia XXI no. )”,
Aea?aeaai?e i?ia?ai? ?icaeoeo o?ce/ii? eoeueoo?e ? nii?oo a Oe?a?i?
caa?oa?oueny oaaaa ia iaiao?aei?noue i?aeaioiaee iiai? aaia?aoe??
i?aoe?aiee?a, i?aeaeuaiiy ?oiueiai i?ioan?eiiai oa caaaeueiieoeueoo?iiai
??aiy.
I?iaeai? i?aeaioiaee a/eoaey o?ce/ii? eoeueoo?e i?enay/aii aaaaoi
aeine?aeaeaiue a?o/eciyieo oa ca?oa?aeieo aaoi??a. A ?o iie? ci?o aoee
ia?aaaaeii oae? ieoaiiy: i???ioaoe?y ia i?ioan?th a/eoaey o?ce/ii?
eoeueoo?e(N. TH. Aaeaaiei, 1973; C.I.A’yoe?ia 1977; ?. I. Ea?aaiieia,
1981; I. A. Iioi??i, 1981; ?. I. I?e?o?ia, 1983; A. A. Oeneyeia, 1984;
A. A. Eica, 1994; A. A. Iiaeueyiaiei, 1995); iaoiaeieia?y a?aeai?o o
aeu? iaa/aeuei? caeeaaee, ye? aioothoue oao?aoe?a c o?ce/iiai
aeoiaaiiy(A.I.Oii?/iaa, ?. ?. Oiaetho, 1970; A. O. Iaeaiei, 1973; E. I.
A?ey?aa, 1974; E. A. Eaa/aiei, 1976; A. A. ?e/eiaa, 1977; E. A.
Iieiaeoeiaa, 1981; N. A. Iaaei?eiaa, 1982; A. I. Oeyii?eiaa, 1983; N. A.
Aieiaaiiaa, 1987; A. A. Eiiao?i, 1989; A. I. Aioe?a, I. ?. Aoeue/a?ia,
I. ?. Iie?eoeueeee, 1994; N. TH. Aaeaaiei, A.A.Ieao??, 1994; I. I.
*aniieia, 1998); iiooe oeyo?a iioeiaeueieo i?ia?ai anooiieo ?nieo?a ia
oaeoeueoao o?ce/iiai aeoiaaiiy(A. A. Eiiao?i, 1989; A.?.Aiae?inia, 1994;
TH. Oaee?, E. ss. ?aauaiei, 1996); no?oeoo?a ae?yeueiino? a/eoaey
o?ce/ii? eoeueoo?e(I. N. Eooe, A. A. Eaiiiaa, E. A. Aaeaeaethe, 1996; A.
I. Oeyi, 1997).
Aiaeii/an, iacaaaeath/e ia oaeee oe?ieee niaeo? iai?yie?a
aeine?aeaeaiiy, i?iaeaie i?aeaioiaee a/eoaey o?ce/ii? eoeueoo?e, ieoaiiy
i?aeaioiaee ? a?aeai?o aa?oo???io?a aei iaieiae?iiy i?ioan??th
nii?oeaiiai iaaeaaiaa aea/aii iaaeinoaoiuei, ui iaaaoeaii iicia/a?oueny
ia i?ioean? i?ioan?eiiai noaiiaeaiiy oao?aoe?a c o?ce/iiai aeoiaaiiy.
Aaeaea ye?noue i?aeaioiaee oao?aoe?a aecia/a?oueny ??aiai aioiaiino?
nooaeaio?a aei canai?iiy ciaiue, oi?iue oa iaae/ie iaiao?aeieo
iaaeaaiao.
Ioaea, aeooaeuei?noue oaie iaoiai aeine?aeaeaiiy coiiaeth?oueny, c
iaeiiai aieo, ia’?eoeaieie noni?eueieie iio?aaaie o i?aeaioiaoe?
aenieaae?o?eiaaieo oao?aoe?a c o?ce/iiai aeoiaaiiy o iaaeaaia?/ieo
aocao, eio?? a a?aeiia?aeaee aeiiaai nueiaiaeaiiy, c ?ioiai –
a?aenooi?noth aenia?eiaioaeueiiai ia??oiooaaiiy ci?noo oa iaoiaeeee
i?aeaioiaee ? a?aeai?o aa?oo???io?a aei iaa/aiiy ia oaeoeueoao?
o?ce/iiai aeoiaaiiy ye iniiae oi?ioaaiiy ?o i?ioan?eii? iaenoa?iino?.
Ca’ycie ?iaioe c iaoeiaeie i?ia?aiaie, ieaiaie, oaiaie. Aeena?oaoe?eia
?iaioa aeeiiaia o a?aeiia?aeiino? ?c caaaeaiei ieaiii IAe? I?i?noa?noaa
Oe?a?ie o ni?aaao iieiae? ? nii?oo ia 1990 – 1995 ?ie?a. Ca oaiith
1.3.1.03. “Ia??oiooaaiiy oa ?ic?iaea nenoaie aeeoa?aioe?eiaaiiai
i?ia?aioaaiiy o?ceoeueoo?ii – icaei?ia/eo caiyoue ? eiai eaae?iaa
caaacia/aiiy” (iiia? aea?aeaaii? ?a?no?aoe?? 910026146).
A?iioaca aeine?aeaeaiiy. Ia?aaeaa/aeiny, ui oaeineiiaeaiiy ci?noo oa
i?aai?caoe?? anooiieo aei?iaoaaiue ? iaoiaeeee i?aeaioiaee aei ieo ia
canaaeao eiiieaeniiai i?aeoiaeo aeiiiiiaea oni?oii i?aeaiooaaoenue aei
anooiieo ?nieo?a noa?oieeanieeai oa iaa/aoenue ia oaeoeueoao?, ui
c?aooith ni?eyoeia i?aeaeuaiith ??aiy i?ioan?eii? eiiiaoaioiino? a/eoaey
o?ce/ii? eoeueoo?e aei aoaeoeaiiai aeeiiaiiy i?ioan?eieo iaia’yce?a.
Iaoa aeine?aeaeaiiy. Oai?aoe/ii ia??oiooaaoe ? aaeineiiaeeoe nenoaio
i?aeaioiaee ? a?aeai?o noa?oieeaniee?a aei iaa/aiiy ia oaeoeueoao?
o?ce/iiai aeoiaaiiy.
O a?aeiia?aeiino? c iaoith oa a?iioacith ia?aae aeine?aeaeaiiyi
noaaeeenue oae? caaea/?:
1. Aea/eoe noai i?aeaioiaee ? a?aeai?o noa?oieeaniee?a aei iaa/aiiy ia
oaeoeueoao? o?ce/iiai aeoiaaiiy a oai??? ? i?aeoeoe? o?ce/iiai
aeoiaaiiy.
2. Noi?ioaaoe aaciao nenoaio i?aeaioiaee ? a?aeai?o aei iaa/aiiy ia
oaeoeueoao? o?ce/iiai aeoiaaiiy oa aenia?eiaioaeueii ia?aa??eoe ??
iaaeaaia?/io aoaeoeai?noue.
3. ?ic?iaeoe iaoiaee/i? ?aeiiaiaeaoe?? uiaei i?aeaioiaee noa?oieeaniee?a
aei anooio oa iaa/aiiy ia oaeoeueoao? o?ce/iiai aeoiaaiiy.
Ia’?eo aeine?aeaeaiiy – aeiaoc?anueea i?aeaioiaea oa a?aea??
noa?oieeaniee?a aei iaa/aiiy ia oaeoeueoao? o?ce/iiai aeoiaaiiy aeueo
iaaeaaia?/ieo caeeaae?a ina?oe.
I?aaeiaoii aeine?aeaeaiiy ? ci?no ? oi?ie i?aeaioiaee oa a?aeai?o
noa?oieeaniee?a aei iaa/aiiy ia oaeoeueoao? o?ce/iiai aeoiaaiiy.
Iaoeiaa iiaecia aeine?aeaeaiiy iieyaa? o:
– ia??oiooaaii? iaiao?aeiino? eiiieaeniiai i?aeoiaeo aei i?ioeano
i?aeaioiaee noa?oieeaniee?a ? a?aeai?o aa?oo???io?a aei iaa/aiiy ia
oaeoeueoao? o?ce/iiai aeoiaaiiy, ui ia?aaeaa/a? ?aei?noue oai?aoe/ii?,
?ooiai? oa ineoieia?/ii? i?aeaioiaee;
– aecia/aii? eiiieaeno i?aai?caoe?eii – iaaeaaia?/ieo oiia
oaeineiiaeaiiy i?ioeano i?aeaioiaee noa?oieeaniee?a ? a?aeai?o aei
iaa/aiiy ia oaeoeueoao? o?ce/iiai aeoiaaiiy, ui aeeth/a? niaoe?aeueii
i?aai?ciaaio aeiaoc?anueeo i?aeaioiaeo oa aaeaeaaoio aeiiaai iiaeae?
i?aeaioiaeaiino? aa?oo???io?a nenoaio a?aeai?o.
I?aeoe/ia cia/ou?noue ?iaioe iieyaa? o:
– ia??oiooaaii? iaiao?aeiino? eiiieaeniiai i?aeoiaeo aei i?ioeano
i?aeaioiaee ? a?aeai?o noa?oieeaniee?a ia oaeoeueoao o?ce/iiai
aeoiaaiiy;
– ?ic?iaoe? i?ia?aie i?aeaioiaee noa?oieeaniee?a aei anooio ia
oaeoeueoao o?ce/iiai aeoiaaiiy oa iaoiaeeee a?aeai?o aa?oo???io?a aei
iaa/aiiy ia oaeoeueoao? o?ce/iiai aeoiaaiiy, yea iiaea
aeei?enoiaoaaoenue o aeueo iaaeaaia?/ieo caeeaaeao ina?oe Oe?a?ie ?
aeanoue iiaeeea?noue io?eiaoe ia’?eoeaio ?ioi?iaoe?th i?i ?o noai.
Ai?iaaaeaeaiiy ?acoeueoao?a. ?acoeueoaoe aeine?aeaeaiiy ai?iaaaeaeai? a
i?aeoeeo i?aeaioiaee noa?oieeaniee?a caaaeueiiina?oi?o oe?e i. Oa?iiiiey
oa Oa?iii?euenueei? iaeano? aei anooio ia oaeoeueoao o?ce/iiai aeoiaaiiy
oa i?e oi?ioaaii? i?ia?aie anooiieo aei?iaoaaiue ?c niaoe?aeueiino? ia
oaeoeueoao? o?ce/iiai aeoiaaiiy Oa?iii?euenueeiai aea?aeaaiiai
iaaeaaia?/iiai oi?aa?neoaoo ?iai? Aieiaeeie?a Aiaothea, i?i ui
na?ae/aoue a?aeiia?aei? aeoe.
Ai?iaaoe?y ?acoeueoao?a aeena?oaoe?eiiai aeine?aeaeaiiy cae?enithaaeanue
oeyoii aenooi?a ia Anaoe?a?inuee?e i?aeoe/i?e eiioa?aioe?? “Ina?oa a
aaeoc? o?ce/ii? eoeueoo?e oa nii?oo” (Euea?a,1996), Anaoe?a?inuee?e
iaoeiai-i?aeoe/i?e eiioa?aioe?? “Eoeueoo?a oa aeieia?y thiaoeoaa”
(Oiaeueieoeueeee,1996), Anaoe?a?inuee?e iaoeia?e eiioa?aioe??
“Iioei?caoe?y i?ioeano o?ce/iiai aeoiaaiiy a nenoai? ina?oe”
(Oa?iii?eue,1997), Ae?oa?e Anaoe?a?inuee?e iaoeia?e eiioa?aioe??
ani??aio?a “Iieiaea nii?oeaia iaoea Oe?a?ie” (Euea?a,1998),
Iaoeiai-i?aeoe/i?e eiioa?aioe?? “I?i aea?aeaai? oanoe ? ii?iaoeae
ioe?iee o?ce/ii? i?aeaioiaeaiino? ianaeaiiy Oe?a?ie”
(E?aiaiaoeue,1998), a oaeiae ia caaaeueiioaeoeueoaonueeeo oa
eaoaae?aeueieo iaoeiai-iaoiaee/ieo eiioa?aioe?yo.
Iniaenoee aianie aeena?oaioa iieyaa? o iaoeiaiio ia??oiooaaii? ?
?ic?iaoe? ci?noo anooiieo aei?iaoaaiue ia oaeoeueoao o?ce/iiai aeoiaaiiy
oa i?ia?ai i?aeaioiaee aei ieo.
Ioae?eaoe??. Iniiai? iieiaeaiiy aeena?oaoe?? iioae?eiaai? o iaoiaee/ieo
?aeiiaiaeaoe?yo aeey aa?oo???io?a oaeoeueoaoo o?ce/iiai aeoiaaiiy oa 13
noaooyo o iaoeiaeo oaoiaeo aeaeaiiyo oa iaoa??aeao eiioa?aioe?e.
No?oeoo?a ? ia’?i aeena?oaoe??. Aeena?oaoe?y neeaaea?oueny c i’yoe
?icae?e?a, aeniiae?a, i?aeoe/ieo ?aeiiaiaeaoe?e, nieneo aeei?enoaieo
aeaea?ae, aeiaeaoe?a. ?iaioa aeeiiaia ia 213 noi??ieao, i?noeoue 43
oaaeeoe?, 10 ?enoie?a oa 2 noaie . O ?iaio? aeei?enoaii 260 e?oa?aoo?ieo
aeaea?ae, c yeeo 23 ?iicaii?.
INIIAIEE CI?NO ?IAIOE
O anooi? ia??oioiao?oueny aeooaeuei?noue aeena?oaoe?eiiai
aeine?aeaeaiiy, ?ice?eaa?oueny eiai i?aeoe/ia cia/ou?noue, aeaco?oueny
iaoa, a?iioaca, ia’?eo oa i?aaeiao aeine?aeaeaiiy, ?ice?eaa?oueny noa?a
ai?iaaoe??.
O ia?oiio ?icae?e? “Oai?aoe/ia ia??oiooaaiiy i?aeaioiaee oa a?aeai?o
noa?oieeaniee?a aei anooio ia oaeoeueoao o?ce/iiai aeoiaaiiy”
aiae?co?oueny no?oeoo?a i?ioan?eii? ae?yeueiino? a/eoaey o?ce/ii?
eoeueoo?e ? oi?ie i?ioi???ioaoe?eii? ?iaioe c noa?oieeanieeaie, i?iaeaie
i?iaiicoaaiiy a i?ioean? i?aeaioiaee oa a?aeai?o aei iaa/aiiy ia
oaeoeueoao? o?ce/iiai aeoiaaiiy; noi?iie oe??? i?aeaioiaee oa aeiiae aei
caei?ia’y aa?oo???io?a.
A ae?oaiio ?icae?e? “Caaaeaiiy, iaoiaeeea oa i?aai?caoe?y ? eiioeiaaio
aeine?aeaeaiiy” i?aaenoaaeai? caaaeaiiy, aoaie aeena?oaoe?eiiai
aeine?aeaeaiiy, iaoiaeeea eiai i?iaaaeaiiy, a?aeiiino? i?i i?aai?caoe?th
oa eiioeiaaio aeine?aeaeoaaieo.
A i?ioean? aeine?aeaeaiiy o 1996 – 1997 ?ieao iaie i?iaiae?ciaaii ci?no
oa i?aai?caoe?th anooiieo aei?iaoaaiue ia oaeoeueoaoao o?ce/iiai
aeoiaaiiy iaaeaaia?/ieo aoc?a Oe?a?ie.
C iaoith oi?ioaaiiy aaciai? i?ia?aie anooiieo aei?iaoaaiue ?c
niaoe?aeueiino?, i?iaiae?ciaaii ? i?aeaeaii ei?aeyoe?eiiio aiae?co
iieacieee oanooaaiiy ??aiy ?ooiai?, oai?aoe/ii?, ineoieia?/ii?
i?aeaioiaeaiino? oa noaio caei?ia’y aa?oo???io?a oaeoeueoaoo o?ce/iiai
aeoiaaiiy Oa?iii?euenueeiai aea?aeaaiiai iaaeaaia?/iiai oi?aa?neoaoo ?i.
A.Aiaothea i?ioyaii 1992 – 1996 ??. ? aeine?aeaeaii ?o aieea ia
oni?oi?noue iaa/aiiy i?ioyaii ia?oiai eo?no. Ia oe?e iniia? noi?iiaaii
aaciao i?ia?aio anooiieo aei?iaoaaiue oa nenoaio ?o ioe?ithaaiiy. Oey
i?ia?aia ai?iaiaaia ia oaeoeueoaoao o?ce/iiai aeoiaaiiy
Oa?iii?euenueeiai aea?aeaaiiai iaaeaaia?/iiai oi?aa?neoaoo ?iai?
A.Aiaothea(1997, 1998), ?aaii – O?aie?anueeiai aea?aeaaiiai oi?aa?neoaoo
?iai? A.Noaoaieea (1997) oa o Eai’yiaoeue – Iiae?euenueeiio
aea?aeaaiiio iaaeaaia?/iiio oi?aa?neoao? (1998). Ai?iaaoe?y aeaea
iiceoeai? ?acoeueoaoe.
A ?acoeueoao? aieaooaaiiy aa?oo???io?a, ui anooiathoue ia oaeoeueoao
o?ce/iiai aeoiaaiiy a 1995 oa 1996 ?ieao aeyaeaii oi?ie i?aeaioiaee aei
anooiieo ?nieo?a oa o?oaeiiu?, c yeeie cono??/aeenue anooiieee.
Ia iniia? ?ic?iaeaieo ? ai?iaiaaieo iiaeaeueieo oa?aeoa?enoee
aa?oo???io?a oaeoeueoaoo o?ce/iiai aeoiaaiiy oa ?acoeueoao?a ?o
iieooaaiiy, iaie aoei ?ic?iaeaii aenia?eiaioaeueio i?ia?aio
aeiaoc?anueei? i?aeaioiaee.
Aeey ia?aa??ee aoaeoeaiino? ai?iaaaeaeaiiy oe??? i?ia?aie aoee
noi?iiaai? aea? aenia?eiaioaeuei? ? eiio?ieueia a?oie.
Caiyooy a?oi i?aeaioiaee o/i?a noa?oeo eean?a aei anooio ia oaeoeueoao
o?ce/iiai aeoiaaiiy i?iaiaeeeenue ia aac? Oa?iii?euenueeiai
iaaeaaia?/iiai e?oeath oa caaaeueiiina?oi?o oe?e i. Oa?iiiiey.
A o?aoueiio ?icae?e? “Nenoaia anooiieo aei?iaoaaiue ia oaeoeueoao
o?ce/iiai aeoiaaiiy” i?aaenoaaeai? ?acoeueoaoe aeanieo aeine?aeaeaiue.
C iaoith aea/aiiy aeoiee oao?aoe?a uiaei ci?noo ? i?aai?caoe?? anooiieo
aei?iaoaaiue iaie i?iaaaeaia aieaooaaiiy a/eoae?a o?ce/ii? eoeueoo?e,
o?aia??a AeTHNO, aeeeaaea/?a oaeoeueoao?a o?ce/iiai aeoiaaiiy iaaeaoc?a
Oe?a?ie, ?iniaeoi??a c o?ce/iiai aeoiaaiiy ?aeiiieo oi?aae?iue ina?oe.
Ci?no aieaoe aeey an?o ?aniiiaeaio?a aoa iaeiaeiaee.
Ocaaaeueieaoe ?acoeueoaoe iieooaaiiy ??cieo a?oi ?aniiiaeaio?a, iaie
io?eiaia ?ioi?iaoe?y uiaei iiceoe?e an?o caoe?eaaeaieo noi??i a
i?aeaioiaoe? a/eoaey o?ce/ii? eoeueoo?e ? ia iniia? oeueiai ae?iaeaii
i?aeoiaee oaeineiiaeaiiy ci?noo nenoaie a?aeai?o aa?oo???io?a aei
iaa/aiiy ia oaeoeueoao? o?ce/iiai aeoiaaiiy.
A?eueo?noue iieoaieo(93,6%) aeneiaeeenue ca oa, uia i?iaiaeeoe anooii?
aei?iaoaaiiy ?c niaoe?aeueiino? i?e a?aeai?? aa?oo???io?a ia oaeoeueoao
o?ce/iiai aeoiaaiiy. ?c cai?iiiiiaaieo ia aea?? ?aniiiaeaio?a aeaio
nenoai ioe?ithaaiiy (aaeueia ? nenoaia “caeaa – ia caeaa”) anooiieo
aei?iaoaaiue a?eueo?noue(74,5%) iieoaieo aeneiaeeenue ca aaeueio nenoaio
ioe?ithaaiiy
Ia ia? ?aeeii? aeoiee na?aae oao?aoe?a uiaei ioe?ithaaiiy ??aiy
nii?oeaii? iaenoa?iino? aa?oo???io?a oaeoeueoaoo o?ce/iiai aeoiaaiiy.
A?eueo?noue iieoaieo(64,5%) noeeythoueny aei aeoiee i?i aeioe?euei?noue
?? ia?aa??ee. I?ioa a?eueoa o?aoeie an?o oao?aoe?a (35,5%) aaaaeathoue
ca iaaeioe?eueia aeeth/aiiy o anooii? aei?iaoaaiiy ia?aa??eo ??aiy
nii?oeaii? iaenoa?iino?.
I’yoaeanyo a?aenioe?a iieoaieo oao?aoe?a aeneiaeeenue ca iaiao?aei?noue
aecia/aoe ??aaiue ooieoe?iiaeueieo iiaeeeainoae i?aoaiaeaio?a ia
nooaeaionuee? i?noey, ?io? 50% -“i?ioe” oaeeo aei?iaoaaiue. Iaea?eueoa
i?eoeeueiee?a oeeo oano?a aoei na?aae o?aia??a.
A?aoiaoth/e aeeeaaeaia, oa ie?ai? aeoiee oao?aoe?a, aeneiaeaieo ieie a
aan?aeao, ?ioa?a’th oa o a?aeiia?aeyo i?e aieaooaaii?, ?aeiiaiaeo?ii
aeei?enoiaoaaoe ooieoe?iiaeuei? i?iae i?e iaaee/ieo iaeyaeao o
o?ceoeueoo?ii – icaei?ia/iio aeeniaina?? aa?oo???io?a ? neooa/?a
aeiaoc?anueeeo i?aeaioia/eo a?aeae?eaiue.
Iao? iieooaaiiy aeyaeee aeioe?euei?noue i?iaaaeaiiy ia?aa??ee ??aiy
niaoe?aeueieo oai?aoe/ieo ciaiue oe?eueii? i?ia?aie c o?ce/ii? eoeueoo?e
i?e a?aeai?? aa?oo???io?a aei iaa/aiiy ia oaeoeueoao? o?ce/iiai
aeoiaaiiy. Ca ia? aeneiaeeinue 76% ?aniiiaeaio?a. Uiaei ci?noo
oai?aoe/ii? /anoeie anooiieo aei?iaoaaiue oi a?eueo?noue iieoaieo
a?aeaeaee ia?aaaao ?icae?eo ciaiue c aeae?a nii?oo (40%), iniia aiaoii??
ethaeeie ? caei?iaiai niiniao aeeooy (34%). ?io? ?icae?ee ciaiue
iaea?aeaee a?ae 0 aei 20%. Cia/ia e?euee?noue ?aniiiaeaio?a (63,5%)
aeneiaeeenue ca aecia/aiiy ineoieia?/iiai noaoono aa?oo???io?a.
Nueiaiaei? a i?aeoeoe? o?ce/iiai aeoiaaiiy aeei?enoiao?oueny aaeeea
??ciiiai?oi?noue oano?a aeey aecia/aiiy o?ce/ii? i?aeaioiaeaiino?
ethaeeie. A i?aeoeoe? o?ce/iiai aeoiaaiiy oeiey??a iae/ano?oa
ei?enoothoueny aeaaaeoeyoueia aeaiia ?ooiaeie oanoaie. Aiie
cai?iiiiiaai? iaie oao?aoeyi aeey ?aiaoaaiiy uiaei aeei?enoaiiy a
i?aeoeoe? a?aeai?o ia oaeoeueoao o?ce/iiai aeoiaaiiy.
Aeey ae?a/ao a?ae 74% aei 55% iaa?aee oae? oanoe: no?eaie a aeiaaeeio c
i?noey; ieaaaiiy aac a?aooaaiiy /ano; caeiaiiy ?oe a oii?? eaaea/e; a?a
100 i. A?ae 41% aei 30% oae? oanoe: iaoaiiy a?aiaoe; a?a 1000, 60 i ;
iaoee aia?aae. A?ae 23% aei 20% oae? oanoe: a?a 2000, 30 i.
Aeey oeiioe?a a?ae 72% aei 64% iaa?aee oae? oanoe: no?eaie a aeiaaeeio c
i?noey; ieaaaiiy aac a?aooaaiiy /ano; i?aeoyaoaaiiy a aen? ia
ia?aeeaaeei?; a?a 100 i. A?ae 43% aei 30% oae? oanoe: iaoaiiy a?aiaoe;
a?a 3000 i ; i?aeeii ia?aai?ioii a oii? ia ia?aeeaaeei?. A?ae 27% aei
21% oae? oanoe: a?a 1500, 1000, 60 i.
Aecia/aiiy iioeiaeueii? i?ia?aie anooiieo aei?iaoaaiue a ia?oo /a?ao
iiaeiii aacoaaoenue ia ??oioiaiiio aiae?c? iiia?aaeiueiai aeina?aeo
oi?ioaaii? ?? ci?noo ia oaeoeueoaoao o?ce/iiai aeoiaaiiy iaaeaoc?a
Oe?a?ie oa eieeoiueiai N?N?. Aiae?c i?ia?ai ca inoaii? 60 ?ie?a aea?
i?aenoaae ia’?aeiaoe aeiiae, ui i?aae’yaeyeenue aei aa?oo???io?a a o?e
a?oie. Aei ia?oi? a?oie aoiaeyoue aei?iaoaaiiy, ye? aecia/athoue ??aaiue
o?ce/ii? i?aeaioiaeaiino?, aei ae?oai? – oanoia? ai?aae ye? aecia/athoue
??aaiue aieiae?iiy oaoi?eith o?ce/ieo ai?aa oe?eueii? i?ia?aie ? aei
o?aouei? a?oie – aei?iaoaaiiy, ye? aecia/athoue ??aaiue niaoe?aeueieo
ciaiue c o?ce/ii? eoeueoo?e. I?e oeueiio inoaiiy a?oia aeiia aoea
aeeth/aia a i?ia?aie aei?iaoaaiue eeoa c 1991 ?ieo ia ie?aieo
oaeoeueoaoao o?ce/iiai aeoiaaiiy, ui na?ae/eoue i?i iiaa aa/aiiy ci?noo
i?aeaioiaee oao?aoe?a aeaiiai i?io?eth aeayeeie eieaeoeaaie
iaaeaaia?/ieo iaa/aeueieo caeeaae?a.
Iaie aeyaeaii oaeiae ?a??iiaeuei? iniaeeaino? ci?noo anooiieo
aei?iaoaaiue oa ioe?iee iieaciee?a.
Aiae?c ii?iaoea?a ?ooiaeo oano?a, ye? aeei?enoiaothoueny aeey ioe?iee
??aiy o?ce/ii? i?aeaioiaeaiino? ??cieie oaeoeueoaoaie o?ce/iiai
aeoiaaiiy Oe?a?ie na?ae/eoue, ui aiie nooo?ai a?ae??ciythoueny(oaae. 1).
Oaaeeoey 1
Ii??aiyeueia oa?aeoa?enoeea ii?iaoea?a ioe?iee iieaciee?a o?ce/ii?
i?aeaioiaeaiino? o i?ia?aiao anooiieo aei?iaoaaiue ia oaeoeueoaoe
o?ce/iiai aeoiaaiiy ??cieo aoc?a Oe?a?ie
(ia i?eeeaae? o?ueio aoc?a ca 1996 ?.)
OanoeNoaoueAoceEi?iaia?aaenueeee iaae. yiiaa?neoaoNeaa’yinueeee
iaae. iinoeoooE-Iiaeieuenueeee iaae.
oiiaa?neoaoioeiieaioeiieaioeiiea345345345Aia
1000i
(oa)*3,203,103,053,403,303,103,203,052,52AE4,204,103,525,004,304,104,203
,523,40Aia
100i
(nae)*14,313,512,814,513,813,014,312,812,2AE14,814,013,218,016,615,017,0
14,613,4Iiaeoyaoaaiiy
o aeni (?ace)*6912481161224Caeiaiiy i ?icaeiaiiy ?oe
(?ace)AE71112591271524
sseui aeiiae aei o?ce/ii? i?aeaioiaeaiino? aa?oo???io?a oaeoeueoaoo
o?ce/iiai aeoiaaiiy ia aeeeeeathoue caia?a/aiue ? ooo iiaeia
iieai?coaaoe eeoa c i?eaiaeo e?euee?nieo iieaciee?a, oi aei?iaoaaiiy c
ieaaaiiy noaaeyoue a aaniethoii ia??ai? oiiae aa?oo???io?a. C?icoi?ei,
ui aeey canai?iiy nii?oeaieo niinia?a ieaaaiiy iaiao?aei? ye i?i?ioi o?e
oiiae: iayai?noue eaae?o?eiaaieo oao?aoe?a; iaeaaeiaieo i?noeue aeey
oe?ei??/ieo caiyoue; aeeth/aiiy ?icae?eo ieaaaiiy a oe?euei? i?ia?aie ?
?iceeaaee o?ie?a.
Iaa?oue aac aeeaieiai aiae?co nueiaiaei?oiuei? neooaoe?? a aea?aeaa?
c?icoi?ei, ui o ia?aaaaeii? e?eueeino? aeioneiee?a oe?e oae? oiiae
a?aenooi?. Ioaea, aeey aeeiiaiiy nueiaiaei?oi?o aeiia iio??ai? iaae
coneeey aa?oo???io?a ? ?o aaouee?a, a a ie?aieo aeiaaeeao iaa?oue oae?
coneeey ia aeaaeooue iiceoeaiiai ?acoeueoaoo. Aaeaea nueiaiaei? a
Oe?a?i? a e?auiio aeiaaeeo ooieoe?iio? iaeei aanaei ia 150 oeny/
ianaeaiiy ? ciaoiaeyoueny aiie aeeeth/ii o aaeeeeo i?noao, a a?aee?eo?
aiaeieie, yeui aiie ?, oi caa?oaeiai? ? a ieo naiai?aeaineoaeae ia
?aeiiaiaeothoue ieaaaoe.
Ioaea, i?iaeaio ieaaaiiy ?aeiiaiaeo?ii ae??ooaaoe oeyoii aeeeth/aiiy ?c
ci?noo anooiieo aei?iaoaaiue, aai a e?aeiueiio aeiaaeeo ia?aeoe ia cae?e
c ieaaaiiy o a?aeiia?aeiino? c ii?iaoeaaie ia?aaeaa/aieie “Aea?aeaaieie
oanoaie ? ii?iaoeaaie ioe?iee o?ce/ii? i?aeaioiaeaiino? ianaeaiiy
Oe?a?ie aeey 17-??/ieo thiae?a.
C 1992 ii 1996 ?iee iaie aoea i?iaiae?ciaaia aeeiai?ea iieaciee?a
o?ce/ii? i?aeaioiaeaiino? ? aecia/aii, ui na?aaei? ?acoeueoaoe
a?eueoino? iieaciee?a ia a?ae??ciythoueny.
E??i oeueiai iio??aii a?aecia/eoe, ui i?e caaaeuei?e ioe?ioe? o?ce/ii?
i?aeaioiaeaiino? niinoa??aa?oueny iaaia aeenaa?iii?ei?noue ?icaeoeo
ie?aieo o?ce/ieo yeinoae. I/aaeaeii a caaaeueiiina?oi?e oeie? neeaeanue
i?aeoeea, eiee a/eoae? o?ce/ii? eoeueoo?e oa ? o?aia?e AeTHNO a i?ioean?
caiyoue ia i?eae?eythoue cia/ii? oaaae aa?iii?eiiio ?icaeoeo o?ce/ieo
yeinoae.
Io?eiaoe iiaio ?ioi?iaoe?th i?i ?ooiao i?aeaioiaeai?noue aa?oo???io?a
oaeoeueoaoo o?ce/iiai aeoiaaiiy iiaeia eeoa, aeiiiaieaoe aeai? i?i
?icaeoie o?ce/ieo yeinoae aeaieie i?i ??aaiue aieiae?iiy ieie oaoi?eith
ai?aa oe?eueii? i?ia?aie. Oea iaeii/anii aea? ciiao ioe?ieoe
eii?aeeiaoe?ei? iiaeeeaino? aa?oo???io?a oa ??aaiue ?icaeoeo aio/eino?.
Aaeaea ye?nia aeeiiaiiy ai?aa oe?eueii? i?ia?aie aenoaa? cia/i? aeiiae
aei i?iyao oeeo yeinoae.
??aaiue aieiae?iiy aa?oo???ioaie 1992 ? 1996 ?ie?a anooio ai?aaaie
oe?eueii? i?ia?aie ie aeyaeyee ca aeiiiiiaith ia?aa??ee yeino? aeeiiaiiy
ai?aa c a?iianoeee. Io?eiai? aeai? na?ae/aoue, ui na?aaei? ?acoeueoaoe
caaaeii ia a?ae??ciythoueny o aa?oo???io?a 1992 ? 1996 ?ie?a.
Aiae?coth/e ??aaiue niaoe?aeueieo ciaiue, ie ia?aa??yee an? aeiee
ciaiue, ye? ? i?ae??oioyi oni?oiiai iaa/aiiy ia oaeoeueoao?. Aei ieo ie
a?aeianee: iniiae oai??? ? iaoiaeeee o?ce/iiai aeoiaaiiy oa oai???
aeae?a nii?oo, ?noi??? o?ce/ii? eoeueoo?e, aiaoii?? ? o?c?ieia??
ethaeeie oa caei?iaiai niiniao aeeooy. A i?ia?aio ia?aa??ee aeeth/aeenue
eeoa o? ieoaiiy, ye? iathoue i?noea a oe?euei?e i?ia?ai? c o?ce/ii?
eoeueoo?e, a?ieia?? oa aaeaieia??. Aecia/aany a?aenioie iieoaieo, ye?
ciiaee aeaoe iiceoeaio a?aeiia?aeue ia iinoaaeai? ieoaiiy c aeua
ia?a?aoiaaieo aeie?a ciaiue.
??cieoe? i?ae ?acoeueoaoaie iieooaaiiy aa?oo???io?a 1992 oa 1996 ?ie?a
anooio ie ia aeyaeee ie??i a?aeiia?aeae c iniia aaeaieia??. Ooo aeaui
c??n a?aenioie iiceoeaieo a?aeiia?aeae, ui i/aaeaeii iia’ycaii c
aeeeaaeaiiyi iniia aaeaieia?? o oe?euei?e i?ia?ai?.
Ineoieia?/i? iniaeeaino? aa?oo???io?a oaeoeueoaoo o?ce/iiai aeoiaaiiy
aeine?aeaeoaaeenue o 1996-1997 ??. ? ioe?ithaaeenue ca iaoiaeeeith Thill
E (1984), yea ia?aaeaa/a? ioe?ieo ie?aieo ineoieia?/ieo yeinoae a
caeaaeiino? a?ae nooiaiy ?o ae?aaeaiino?.
Aiae?c ea?oe ineoieia?/iiai i?io?eth na?ae/eoue, ui o oeiioe?a 1995 oa
1996 ?ie?a anooio a?eueo?noue yeinoae iathoue na?aaeith nooi?iue
ae?aaeaiino? (a iaaeao ioe?ii/ii? ciie). I?ioa ia a?aei?io a?ae ?ooiai?
? oai?aoe/ii? i?aeaioiaeaiino?, aiae?c ?o ineoieia?/ieo iniaeeainoae
(aa?oo???io?a ??cieo ?ie?a anooio) aeyaea iaai? a?aei?iiino?.
A?aei?iiino? niinoa??aathoueny o ae?aaeai? oaeeo ineoieia?/ieo yeinoae
ye: aiaaiai?noue o nia?, caeaoi?noue aei ni?eeoaaiiy. Oe? yeino? iathoue
o oeiioe?a 1995 ?ieo anooio nooi?iue ae?aaeaiino? aeua na?aaeiueiai, a o
aa?oo???io?a 1996 ?ieo ?iioeueneai?noue, aacia/i?noue, eaaeiaaaei?noue,
noeeuei?noue aei niiioaiieo ae?e, aeeiai?/i?noue oa aia?a?ei?noue
iathoue nooi?iue ae?aaeaiino? aeua na?aaeiueiai.
O ae?a/ao, oae ye o oeiioe?a, a?eueo?noue ineoieia?/ieo yeinoae iathoue
na?aaeith nooi?iue ae?aaeaiino?, aea ae?a/aoa – aa?oo???ioe 1995 ?ieo
anooio iathoue aeua na?aaeiueiai nooi?iue ae?aaeaiino? c oaeeo yeinoae
ye: ?i?oe?aoeai?noue, nioe?aeueia aeoeai?noue oa nioe?aaaeuei?noue. Ia
a?aei?io a?ae anooiiee?a ae?a/ao 1995 ?ieo, aa?oo???ioe 1996 ?ieo anooio
iathoue aeua na?aaeiueiai nooi?iue ae?aaeaiino? c oaeeo yeinoae ye:
noeeuei?noue aei niiioaiieo ae?e, aeeiai?/i?noue oa aia?a?ei?noue.
I/aaeaeii, ? iiceoeai?, ? iaaaoeai? i?iyae ineoieia?/ieo yeinoae
aa?oo???io?a, ye? ie niinoa??aaee, a?aeaeca?eaeththoue c iaeiiai aieo
no/anio nioe?aeueii-aeiiii?/io neooaoe?th a aea?aeaa?, c ?ioiai –
cieaeaiiy ??aiy aeoiaoth/iai aieeao oeiee.
Noai caei?ia’y aecia/aee ca aeiiiiiaith aieaooaaiiy, ui ? noa’?eoeaiith
ioe?ieith inoaiiueiai. Nooi?iue iiaeeeaiai ?icaeoeo na?oeaai-noaeeiieo
caoai?thaaiue anoaiiaethaaee ca iaoiaeeeith Aeooai?ia N. I. (1980), a
naiiioe?iea caei?ia’y aecia/aeanue ca iaoiaeeeith Aieoaiea A. I (1991).
Iieooaaiiy nooaeaio?a ia?oiai eo?no uiaei naiiioe?iee caei?ia’y ?
nooiaiy iiaeeeaiai ?icaeoeo na?oeaai-noaeeiieo caoai?thaaiue iieacaee,
ui ye oeiioe? oae ? ae?a/aoa iaea?eueoo e?euee?noue iani?eyoeeaeo
a?aeiia?aeae aeaee ia ieoaiiy, ye? ca neiioiiaie oa?aeoa?ecothoueny, ye
iaa?ice, ui i?aeoaa?aeaeo?oueny aiaeia?/ieie aeine?aeaeaiiyie Ae?icae I.
A. (1998).
Io?eiai? iaie ?acoeueoaoe iiaeia iiynieoe oei, ui o ia?o? aei? iaa/aiiy
o nooaeaio?a ia?oiai eo?no i?iyaeythoueny caeeoeia? yaeua iai?oaeaiiy
ineo?/ieo ooieoe?e ? aiioe?eiiai ia?aaaioaaeaiiy, yea aeieeei a i?ioean?
i?aeaioiaee ? neeaaeaiiy anooiieo ?nieo?a. Ioaea, aeo?ae c oeueiai
iieiaeaiiy ie aaa/a?ii a oaeineiiaeaii? nenoaie anooiieo aei?iaoaaiue ?
iaoiaeeee i?aeaioiaee aei ieo.
Nenoaia ioe?iee ?acoeueoao?a ?ooiai? i?aeaioiaeaiino? aa?oo???io?a iaie
?ic?iaeyeanue ia iniia? ia?oeeioeeueiiai aiae?co iieaciee?a ?ooiaeo
oano?a. A?aeiia?aeii aei ?aeiiaiaeaoe?e Metivierg et all (ca Leger I.,
1980)aei iecueeiai ??aiy i?aeaioiaeaiino? a?aeianai? ?acoeueoaoe,
cia/aiiy yeeo aeinooii? a?eueo i?ae 80% i?ioanoiaaieo, ieae/a
na?aaeiueiai – 60-79%, aei na?aaeiueiai – 40-59%, aei aeua-na?aaeiueiai
– 20-39%, aei aenieiai iaioa i?ae 20%. Ia?oeaioeeueia oeaea noi?iiaaia
ia aac? aeanyoe ?aiaiai? oeaee. Oaeei /eiii aei iecueeeo ?acoeueoao?a
a?aeianaii 0-2 aaee, ieae/a na?aaeiueiai – 3-4 aaee, na?aaei?e – 5-6
aae?a , aeua na?aaeiueiai – 7-8 aae?a, aenieee – 9 -10 aae?a.
C iaoith aecia/aiiy iioeiaeueiiai ci?noo anooiieo aei?iaoaaiue c
o?ce/ii? i?aeaioiaeaiino? aa?oo???io?a iaie i?iaiae?ciaaii aeecueei 50
?ooiaeo oano?a, 19 c yeeo iae/ano?oa cono??/athoueny a i?aeoeoe?
o?ce/iiai aeoiaaiiy oeiey??a. Ia iniia? ?acoeueoao?a iaoaiaoe/iiai
aiae?co aeyaeaii aieea oeeo ?ooiaeo oano?a ia oni?oi?noue nooaeaio?a
ia?oiai eo?no oaeoeueoaoo o?ce/iiai aeoiaaiiy ?c nii?oeaii-iaaeaaia?/ieo
aeenoeeie?i.
Aiae?c iieacaa, ui iaea?eueo i?iaiinoe/ieie aecia/eeenue o?noue oaeeo
?ooiaeo oano?a: 1)i?aeoyaoaaiiy a aen? (oeiioe?)(r=0,520 P
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