OA?E?ANUeEEE AeA?AEAAIEE IIE?OAOI?*IEE
OI?AA?NEOAO
A?aaa? THe?y Einei?aia
OAeE 539.219:537.226.86:536.5
?AAE?CAOe?ss AENIEIOI*IEO AEI??THAAIUe OAIIA?AOO?E
CA AeIIIIIAITH I’?CIEAA?OeIAEO OA?IIIAO??A
Niaoe?aeuei?noue 05.11.15 – Iao?ieia?y oa iao?ieia?/ia caaacia/aiiy
Aaoi?aoa?ao
aeena?oaoe?? ia caeiaoooy iaoeiaiai nooiaiy
eaiaeeaeaoa oaoi?/ieo iaoe
Oa?e?a – 1999
Aeena?oaoe??th ? ?oeiien.
?iaioa aeeiiaia a Oa?e?anueeiio aea?aeaaiiio iaoeiai-ae?iaie/iio
ia’?aeiaii? (Iao?ieia?y(, Aea?aenoaiaea?o Oe?a?ie.
Iaoeiaee ea??aiee aeieoi? oaoi?/ieo iaoe,
i?ioani? Iaca?aiei Eaii?ae Aiae??eiae/,
caa?aeoaa/ a?aeae?eii
oa?iiiao???, oioiiao??? oa
oaieio?ce/ieo aei??thaaiue AeIAI
(Iao?ieia?y(.
Io?oe?ei? iiiiaioe: aeieoi? o?ceei-iaoaiaoe/ieo iaoe, i?ioani?
Ia??nia Ai?en Ieaenaiae?iae/,
caa?aeoaa/ i?iaeaiiith iaoeiai-aeine?aeiith
eaai?aoi???th o?ceee iecueeeo oaiia?aoo?
Oa?e?anueeiai aea?aeaaiiai oi?aa?neoaoo;
eaiaeeaeao oaoi?/ieo iaoe, aeioeaio Eiiae?aoia
Na?a?e ?aaiiae/, cai. i?i?aeoi?a ii iaoeia?e
?iaio? Oa?e?anueeiai aea?aeaaiiai
iie?oaoi?/iiai oi?aa?neoaoo.
I?ia?aeia onoaiiaa: Aea?aeaaiee oi?aa?neoao (Euea?anueea iie?oaoi?ea(,
I?i?noa?noaa ina?oe Oe?a?ie, i.
Euea?a, eaoaae?a
(?ioi?iaoe?eii – aei??thaaeueia
oaoi?ea(.
Caoeno a?aeaoaeaoueny 30 aa?aniy 1999 ?. i 14
aiaeei? ia can?aeaii? niaoe?ae?ciaaii? a/aii? ?aaee Ae 64.050.09 o
Oa?e?anueeiio aea?aeaaiiio iie?oaoi?/iiio oi?aa?neoao? ca aae?anith: 310
002, Oa?e?a, aoe. O?oica, 21.
C aeena?oaoe??th iiaeia iciaeiieoenue a a?ae?ioaoe? oi?aa?neoaoo.
Aaoi?aoa?ao ?ic?neaii 26 na?iiy 1999 ?.
A/aiee nae?aoa? niaoe?ae?ciaaii? a/aii? ?aaee
Ai?eoiia AI.
CAAAEUeIA OA?AEOA?ENOEEA ?IAIOE
Aeooaeuei?noue oaie. A inoaii?e /an i’?cieaa?oeia? oa?iiiao?e caciaee
oe?ieiai ?iciianthaeaeaiiy ye a e?a?iao NIAe, oae ? a Oe?a?i?.
I’?cieaa?oeia? oa?iiiao?e ciaeoee canoinoaaiiy o ia?iaeiiio
ainiiaea?noa? aeey aei??thaaiiy oaiia?aoo?e ii?nueei? aiaee o
i?iieneiaiio ?eaaeuenoa?, i?e iiooeao caeeaae?a iaooe o i?eaa?aaeieo
oaeueoao, aeey aei??thaaiiy oaiia?aoo?e iia?o?y o iaoai?ieia?? oa i?e
aei??thaaii? aaeeeeo aeiaaeei o aeaeueiiiao???. I’?cieaa?oeia?
oa?iiiao?e ? oi?eaeueiei ?ino?oiaioii, ui c oni?oii canoiniao?oueny a
eaai?aoi?i?e i?aeoeoe?.
Iiaeaeueoee ?icaeoie iaoee e oaoi?ee aeiaaa? iiaeaeueoiai i?aeaeuaiiy
oi/iino? aei??thaaiiy oaiia?aoo?e oa ?icoe?aiiy aei??thaaieo
ae?aiacii?a, a oaeiae aeinoia??iino? ?acoeueoao?a aei??thaaiiy i?e ae??
aeanoaa?e?coth/eo oaeoi??a. *anoioi? i’?cieaa?oeia? oa?iiiao?e caaaeyee
aenie?e ?icae?ethaaeuei?e caeaoiino? ? ia?niaeoeaieie c oi/ee ci?o
?aae?caoe?? aenieioi/ieo aei??thaaiue oaiia?aoo?e, a a?aenooi?noue
aieeao iaai?oiiai iiey ia ?oi? iieace ni?ey? ?icoe?aiith ae?aiaciio
canoinoaaiiy a iaeanoue iecueeeo oaiia?aoo?. Oaeei /eiii, ?aoaeueia
aea/aiiy aeaea?ae iioeaie aeaieo oa?iiiao??a, iiooe oeyo?a ciaioaiiy
iniiaieo ?c ieo oa noai?aiiy aenieioi/ieo oa?iiiao??a aeaiiai eeano ?
aeooaeueiith i?iaeaiith no/anii? oa?iiiao???.
Ca’ycie ?iaioe c iaoeiaeie i?ia?aiaie, ieaiaie, oaiaie. Aeena?oaoe?eia
?iaioa aeeiiaia o a?aeiia?aeiino? c oaiith (Noai?aiiy c?aceiaiai caniao
aei??thaaiiy oaiia?aoo?e – oa?iiiao?a i’?cieaa?oeiaiai /anoioiiai o
ae?aiacii? a?ae i?ion 196 aei iethn 90 (N( (oaia 06. 02. 08. 01 ) ia
caiiaeaiiy Aea?aenoaiaea?oo Oe?a?ie oa c oaiaie: (Aaiia( – ca?aeii c
??oaiiyi AIE ?I N?N? ? 224 oa c iaeacii i?aai?caoe?? A – 1651 ? 0059,
(Iioie( – ca?aeii aeiaiai?o 242 c EA (Aeiac(, i. Iineaa, (?ac?aaioea e
nicaeaiea ooieoeeiiaeueiuo aeao/eeia oaiia?aoo?u ia iniiaa caaeneiinoe
/anoiou iueacieaa?oeaauo ?aciiaoi?ia io oaiia?aoo?u( – ca?aeii aeiaiai?o
312 c EA (Naetho(, i. Iineaa oa c ?ioeie aeiaia??ieie ?iaioaie.
Iaoa oa caaea/? aeine?aeaeaiue iieyaathoue o aecia/aii? iao?ieia?/ieo
oa?aeoa?enoee i’?cieaa?oeiaeo oa?iiiao??a, i?aeaeuaii? ?oiuei? oi/iino?
oa o noai?aii? iaoeiai-oaoi?/ii? aace iao?ieia?/iiai caaacia/aiiy
aei??thaaiue oaiia?aoo?e ca aeiiiiiaith i’?cieaa?oeiaeo oa?iiiao??a –
oa?iiiao??a iiaiai eeano.
Aeey ?aae?caoe?? oe??? iaoe iaiao?aeii aoei ae??oeoe oae? caaea/?.
1.Aecia/eoe neeaaeia? noia?ii? iioeaee aei??thaaiiy oaiia?aoo?e ca
aeiiiiiaith i’?cieaa?oeiaeo oa?iiiao??a c ??cieie c??caie i’?ciaeaiaio?a
oa c ??cieie noaiaie eaa?oeiaeo aaia?aoi??a.
2.A?aeooeaoe oeyoe aei ciaioaiiy iaei??? c iniiaieo iioeaie – iioeaee,
yea iia’ycaia c a?noa?acenii /anoioe i’?cieaa?oeiaeo
oa?iiia?aoai?thaa/?a.
3.Noai?eoe i’?cieaa?oeiaee oa?iiiao? i?aeaeuaii? oi/iino?.
Iaoeiaa iiaecia iieyaa? a oiio, ui aia?oa
iaeiicia/ii aecia/aii aieea ?ii?a aeii?oie o iiiie?enoae? eaa?oeo ia
aaee/eio a?noa?aceno /anoioe oa?iiia?aoai?thaa/?a e cai?iiiiiaaii niin?a
cieaeaiiy aaee/eie a?noa?aceno, ui c oeei iia’ycaia;
aecia/aii aieea iino?eiiai aeaeo?e/iiai iiey ia aaee/eio a?noa?aceno;
aecia/aii aieea oaiia?aoo?e ia?aoai?thaa/a ia?aae oa?iioeeeeoaaiiyi oa
/ano, ia i?ioyc? yeiai ia?aoai?thaa/ ia?aaoaaa i?e i?e, ia aaee/eio
a?noa?aceno;
ciaeaeaii iiaeeea?noue ci?ie ciaea a?noa?aceno ia iaeiiio e oiio ae
ia?aoai-?thaa/?;
ciaeaeaii iaoiae oa?iiia?iaee ia?aoai?thaa/a, yeee aeicaieea cieceoe
aaee/eio a?noa?aceno i?e iecueeeo oaiia?aoo?ao a?ae 8 aei 25 ?ac?a;
noai?aii iiaeaeue i?ioean?a, ye? /anoeiai a?aeiia?aeathoue ca aoaeo
a?noa?aceno.
I?aeoe/ia cia/aiiy iaea?aeaieo ?acoeueoao?a iieyaa? a oiio, ui
?ic?iaeaii aeae?eueea oei?a i’?cieaa?oeiaeo oa?iiiao??a, c ?icoe?aiiyi
ae?aiaciio canoinoaaiiy a a?e iecueeeo oaiia?aoo?, ye? ca nai?ie
oi/iinieie ia?aiao?aie aai ia iinooiathoueny e?auei ?nioth/ei c?aceai,
aai ia?aaa?oothoue ?o,
?ic?iaeaii i?ia?aie oa iaoiaeeee iao?ieia?/ii? aoanoaoe?? oa iia??ee, ui
aeei?enoai? i?e aoanoaoe?? i’?cieaa?oeiaeo oa?iiiao??a, ye?
ai?iaaaeaeaii o /eneaii? ia’?eoe ia?iaeiiai ainiiaea?noaa Oe?a?ie oa
aeecueeiai ca?oa?aeaey,
aecia/aii oeyoe i?aeaeuaiiy oi/iino? i’?cieaa?oeiaeo oa?iiiao??a e
i?aeaeuaii ?oith oi/i?noue a?ae 0,03-0,05 E o ae?aiacii? a?ae 0 aei 90
(N aei
0,003- 0,05 E o a?eueo oe?ieiio ae?aiacii? oaiia?aoo? ( a?ae i?ion 196
aei 90 (N ),
noai?aii oa ai?iaaaeaeaii o iao?ieia?/io i?aeoeeo i’?cieaa?oeiaee
oa?iiiao? – ?iai/ee aoaeii – ca aeiiiiiaith yeiai iiaeeeai cae?enithaaoe
iia??eo ia o?eueee eaa?oeiaeo, aea e ?oooieo, neeyieo ??aeeiieo,
oeeo?iaeo oa ?ioeo oa?iiiao??a ieae/iai ?ic?yaeo. A?i ia iio?aao?
a?ii?caeei? aei?iaieiooiaii? aia?aoo?e, a /anoioiee aeo?ae ni?iuo?
i?ioean aei??thaaiiy. Noai?aiiy oa ai?iaaaeaeaiiy aoaeiiiiai
i’?cieaa?oeiaiai oa?iiiao?a a?aoiaaii i?e ?ic?iaoe? iiai? iia??i/ii?
noaie cania?a aei??thaaiiy oaiia?aoo?e, yeo ?ic?iaeaii o ca’yceo c?
noai?aiiyi iiaiai aea?aeaaiiai aoaeiia iaeeieoe? oaiia?aoo?e eaeuea?ia
( AeNOO 3742-98 Iao?ieia?y. Aea?aeaaia iia??i/ia noaia aeey cania?a
aei??thaaiiy oaiia?aoo?e. Eiioaeoi? caniae aei??thaaiiy oaiia?aoo?e ).
Iniaenoee aianie caeiaoaa/a iieyaa? o ianooiiiio:
o/anoue o ?ic?iaoe? i’?cieaa?oeiaeo oa?iiiao??a o aaeoc? caaacia/aiiy
ieie iio??aii? oi/iino?. Caeiaoaa/ai cai?iiiiiaaii ??oaiiy ii
ca?eueoaiith e?ooino? ia?aoai?aiiy aac i?aeaeuaiiy /anoioe oa?iiiao??a,
ye? i?ecia/ai? aeey ?iaioe o ae?aiacii? a?ae 16 aei 26 E,
?ic?iaeaii i?ia?aie oa iaoiaeeee iao?ieia?/ii? aoanoaoe?? oa iia??ee
eaa?oeiaeo oa?iiiao??a,
iaeiicia/ii aecia/aii aieea ?ii?a aeii?oie o iiiie?enoae? eaa?oeo ia
aaee/eio a?noa?aceno,
aecia/aii aieea iino?eiiai aeaeo?e/iiai iiey ia aaee/eio a?noa?aceno,
aecia/aii aieea oaiia?aoo?e ia?aoai?thaa/a ia?aae oa?iioeeeeoaaiiyi oa
/ano, ia i?ioyc? yeiai a?i ia?aaoaaa i?e oe?e oaiia?aoo??, ia aaee/eio
a?noa?aceno,
ciaeaeaii aoaeo ci?ie ciaea a?noa?aceno ia iaeiiio e oiio
aeia?aoai?thaa/?,
ciaeaeaii iaoiae oa?iiia?iaee ia?aoai?thaa/a, yeee aeicaiey? cieceoe
aaee/eio a?noa?aceno /anoioe i?e iecueeeo oaiia?aoo?ao a?ae 8 aei 25
?ac?a,
noai?aii iiaeaeue i?ioean?a, ye? /anoeiai a?aeiia?aeathoue ca aoaeo
a?noa?aceno,
noai?aii e ai?iaaaeaeaii i’?cieaa?oeiaee oa?iiiao? – ?iai/ee aoaeii,
yeee i?aoeth? a ae?aiacii? oaiia?aoo? a?ae i?ion 196 aei 90 (N c
iioeaeith aei??thaaiiy oaiia?aoo?e ia a?eueoa, i?ae 0,05 E i?e
iaaaoeaieo oaiia?aoo?ao oa ia a?eueoa, i?ae 0,003 E i?e iiceoeaieo
oaiia?aoo?ao.
Ai?iaaoe?y ?acoeueoao?a aeena?oaoe??. Iniiai? iieiaeaiiy oa ?acoeueoaoe
?iaioe aeiiia?aeaeenue ? iaea?aeaee iiceoeaio ioe?ieo ia 11 ananithcieo
oa ?anioae?eainueeeo iaoeiai-oaoi?/ieo eiioa?aioe?yo.
Ioae?eaoe??. Ca iaoa??aeaie aeena?oaoe?? iioae?eiaaii 5 iaoeiaeo
i?aoeue, oa 1 cayaeo ia aeiao?ae.
No?oeoo?a oa ianya aeena?oaoe??. Aeena?oaoe?eia ?iaioa neeaaea?oueny c
anooio, /ioe?ueio ?icae?e?a, aeniiae?a, nieneo aeei?enoaieo e?oa?aoo?ieo
aeaea?ae, aeaio aeiaeaoe?a A ? A oa i?noeoue 147 noi??iie, 13 ?enoie?a,
29 oaaeeoeue oa
82 iaeiaioaaiiy aeei?enoaieo e?oa?aoo?ieo aeaea?ae.
CI?NO AeENA?OAOe??
O anooi? i?aaenoaaeaii noai iaoeiai? i?iaeaie oa iaa?oiooaaiiy ??
aeooaeueiino?. Noi?ioeueiaaii iaoo aeine?aeaeaiue. Iaaaaeaii ca’ycie
aeena?oaoe?eii? ?iaioe c ieaiaie ?iaioe AeIAI (Iao?ieia?y(. Aecia/aii
iaoeiao iiaecio, i?aeoe/ia cia/aiiy oa ai?iaaaeaeaiiy io?eiaieo
?acoeueoao?a.
O ia?oiio ?icae?e? c?iaeaii iaeyae ?nioth/eo i’?cieaa?oeiaeo
oa?iiia?aoai?thaa/?a. Iaaaaeaii ?oi? iniiai? eiino?oeoeai? oa
iao?ieia?/i? oa?aeoa?enoeee. I?iaaaeaii ii??aiyeueiee aiae?c oeeo
oa?aeoa?enoee, i?eoaiaiieo caei?aeiiiei ia?aoai?thaa/ai c
oa?aeoa?enoeeaie ia?aoai?thaa/?a, ye? ?ic?iaeaii a AeIAI (Iao?ieia?y(.
Aeiaaaeaii iaiao?aei?noue iiaeaeueoeo aeine?aeaeaiue, cie?aia yaeua
a?noa?aceno, c iaoith i?aeaeuaiiy oi/iino? i’?cieaa?oeiaeo
oa?iiia?aoai?thaa/?a.
Ae?oaee ?icae?e aeena?oaoe?? i?enay/aii aeine?aeaeaiiyi iao?ieia?/ieo
oa?aeoa?enoee ?ic?iaeaieo ?iai/eo oa?iiiao??a. Aeine?aeaeaiiy aeyaeee,
ui oea iioeaea a?aaeothaaiiy; iioeaea, iia’ycaia c aeiaai/aniith
ianoaa?euei?noth; iioeaea, iia’ycaia c iaa?aeoai?thaaiiyi oa?ii/anoioii?
oa?aeoa?enoeee; iioeaea, iia’ycaia c naii?ic?a??aii ia?aeiiiai
oa?iiia?aoai?thaa/a; iioeaea, iia’ycaia c ei?ioei/aniith
ianoaa?euei?noth eaa?oeiaiai aaia?aoi?a; iioeaea, iia’ycaia c iayai?noth
oa?ii/anoioii? ( O* ) caeaaeiino? eaa?oeiaiai aaia?aoi?a
( o aeiaaeeo, eiee i?ae /an a?aaeothaaiiy aaia?aoi? ciaoiaeeoueny i?e
e?iiaoi?e oaiia?aoo?? ); iioeaea, iia’ycaia c ianoaa?euei?noth aeeaeaiiy
oa?iiiao?a; iioeaea aeo?aeiiai i?eeaaeo.
Oeeo?ia? oa?iiiao?e, ye? aoei noai?aii aeey aei??thaaiiy oaiia?aoo?e
iia?o?y aoiinoa?e, i?ecia/aeenue aeey aei??thaaiiy oaiia?aoo?e a
ae?aiacii? a?ae 0 aei 40 (N. A yeino? oa?iiia?aoai?thaa/?a
aeei?enoiaoaaeenue i’?cieaa?oeia? ?aciiaoi?e Iss-c??co, ye? i?aoeththoue
ia 5 IAoe iniiaii? /anoioe. Eaa?oeiaee aaia?aoi?, yeee aoei c?a?aii ca
noaiith Aaoea?a, ciaoiaeeany ia a?aenoai? a?ey
35 ni a?ae aeianaiiai ia aio/eiio ciiae? ia?aoai?thaa/a. A?aaeothaaiiy
oaeeo oa?iiiao??a i?iaiaeeeiny oeyoii caio?aiiy oa?iiciiaeo a aiaeyiee
oa?iinoao, aai a aiioeo iio??eii? oi/ee aiaee, a oie /an, ye aaia?aoi?
ciaoiaeeany i?e e?iiaoi?e oaiia?aoo??. A yeino? aoaeiiiiai i?eeaaeo
aeei?enoiaoaaany ieaoeiiaee oa?iiia?aoai?thaa/ iii?o – ?iai/ee aoaeii
ia?oiai ?ic?yaeo. Aeo?aeiee i?eeaae i?eioneaa e?i?eio caeaaei?noue
/anoioe a?ae oaiia?aoo?e. Aaee/eie neeaaeiaeo iioeaie aeaiiai oeio
oa?iiiao??a i?eaaaeaii a oaae. 1.
Oaaeeoey 1
Iioeaea a?aaeothaaiiy 1,3 ( 10 – 2 E
Iioeaea, iaoiiaeaia aeiaai/aniith ianoaa?eueiinoth, ca ??e ( 0,5 ( 1 ) (
10 – 2 E
Iioeaea, iaoiiaeaia ei?ioei/aniith ianoaa?euei?noth 4 ( 10 – 5 E
Iioeaea, iaoiiaeaia naii?ic?a??aii 6 ( 10 – 4 E
Iioeaea , iaoiiaeaia a?noa?acenii ( 5 ( 10 – 3 E
Iioeaea, iaoiiaeaia O* caeaaei?noth aaia?aoi?a 4 ( 10 – 3 E
Iioeaea, iaoiiaeaia e?i?eiei ia?aoai?aiiyi ( 2 ( 3 ) ( 10 – 2 E
?icae?ethaaeueia caeaoi?noue aeo?aeiiai i?eeaaeo 5 ( 10 – 3 E
Iioeaee, ui iaoiiaeai? a?aaeothaaiiyi, aeiaai/aniith ianoaa?euei?noth,
naii?ic?a??aii oa?iiia?aoai?thaa/a, oa?ii/anoioiith caeaaei?noth
aaia?aoi?a, e?i?ei?noth ia?aoai?aiiy /anoioe a oaiia?aoo?o aeo?aeiei
i?eeaaeii, a?noa?acenii, ?icae?ethaaeueiith caeaoi?noth aeo?aeiiai
i?eeaaeo iiaeia ?icaeyaeaoe, ye iaaeeo/ai? caeeoee nenoaiaoe/ieo
iioeaie. Noia?ia iioeaea iiaea aooe ciaeaeaia, ye
,
I?e aeia??/?e eiia??iino? 0,95 k = 1,1 e noia?ia iioeaea ( = 3,9 ( 10
– 2 E.
Iioeaea, yea iia’ycaia c ei?ioei/aniith ianoaa?euei?noth aeiaaeeiaa e
noaiiaeoue 4 ( 10 – 5 E. Caaaeyee oiio, ui aeeiio?oueny ia??ai?noue ( /
S > 8, oi noia?ia iioeaea aei??thaaiiy oaiia?aoo?e aeaiei oeiii
oa?iiiao??a, ca AINO 8.207-76, ( = ( e i?e i?aeiia??i/iiio ?ioa?aae? 1
??e noaiiaeoue ( 3 – 4 ) ( 10 – 2 E.
Aeey oa?iiiao??a, ye? i?aoeththoue o ae?aiacii? a?ae i?ion 21 aei 100 (N
oaeiae aeei?enoai? oa?iiia?aoai?thaa/? Iss-c??co, ye? i?aoeththoue ia
/anoio? 5 IAoe. Aeo?aeiei i?eeaaeii oeeo oa?iiiao??a ?
aeaeo?iiii-e?/eeueiee /anoioiaei??thaa/, a ia?aoai?aiiy /anoioe o
oaiia?aoo?o aeeiio?oueny oeyoii aeei?enoaiiy iie?iiia o?aoueiai
noaiaiy, eiao?oe??ioe yeiai ?ic?aoiaai? aeey eiaeiiai oa?iiiao?a, aai ca
aeiiiiiaith oaaeeoeue caeaaeiino? oaiia?aoo?e a?ae /anoioe, ye? oaeiae
?ic?aoiaai? ca iie?iiiii o?aoueiai noaiaiy e i?eaaaeai? o aeiaeaoeo aei
ianii?oa aei eiaeiiai oa?iiiao?a.
O aeaiiio aeiaaeeo oa?iiiao? i?ecia/aiee aeey aei??thaaiiy oaiia?aoo?e
ca aeiiiiiaith oa?iiciiaea, a aaia?aoi? o i?ioean? aenieoaoaoe??
ciaoiaeeoueny i?e e?iiaoi?e oaiia?aoo??.
Noia iaaeeo/aieo caeeoe?a nenoaiaoe/ii? iioeaee ( i?e aeei?enoaii?
eoa?/iiai ia?aoai?aiiy aeo?aeiiai /anoioiiai neaiaeo o oaiia?aoo?o
neeaaea?
2,87 ( 10 – 2 E i?e na?aaei?o cia/aiiyo a?noa?aceno oa iiaea aeinyaaoe
4,5 ( 10 – 2 E i?e eiai iaeneiaeueieo cia/aiiyo.
Aeey aeaiiai oeio oa?iiiao??a oaeiae caa??aa?oueny ni?aa?aeiioaiiy ( / S
> 8, oiio ( = (.
Oa?iiiao?e, ye? i?aoeththoue o ae?aiacii? a?ae 0 aei i?ion 196 (N c
aaia?aoi?aie oa oa?iiia?aoai?thaa/aie oiai ae oeio, a?ae??ciythoueny
eeoa a?eueoeie cia/aiiyie a?noa?aceno oa iae?i?eiino? oa?ii/anoioii?
oa?aeoa?enoeee. Iioeaea, yea iia’ycaia c a?noa?acenii, o na?aaeiueiio
neeaaea? 5 ( 10 – 2 E, a iae?i?ei?noue oa?ii/anoioii? oa?aeoa?enoeee
iiaea aeinyaaoe 2 E o ae?aiacii? a?ae 77 E aei 190 E; 0,6 E o
ae?aiacii? a?ae 150 E aei 273 E oa 0,15 E o ae?aiacii? a?ae
220 E aei 310 E. O ca’yceo c oeei i?e oi/ieo aei??thaaiiyo i?e iecueeeo
oaiia?aoo?ao aeyaeeinue iaiao?aeiei ai?ieneioaaoe oa?ii/anoioi?
oa?aeoa?enoeee aeaiia, aai o?ueiia iie?iiiaie o?aoueiai noaiaiy ii
oaiia?aoo?ieo i?aeae?aiaciiao.
Noia?ia iioeaea aeaiiai oeio oa?iiiao??a ( oaeiae aecia/a?oueny
iioeaeith ( e neeaaea? 6,5 ( 10 – 2 E.
?ioei oeiii aeine?aeaeoaaieo oa?iiiao??a aoee oa?iiiao?e, ye? iaee aeaa
?aciiaoi?e, aeaa eaa?oeia? aaia?aoi?e oa ci?ooaa/ /anoioe. ?aciiaoi?e
oeeo oa?iiiao??a ciaoiaeyoueny o aaciina?aaei?e aeecueeino? aei
aaia?aoi?a (ia a?aenoai? a?ey 8 ni). A?aaeothaaiiy oa aeei?enoaiiy oaeeo
oa?iiiao??a i?iaiaeeeiny oeyoii ?oiueiai iiaiiai caio?aiiy o
na?aaeiaeua, oaiia?aoo?a yeiai aei??thaaeanue. Oeae oei oa?iiiao??a
i?ecia/aiee aeey aei??thaaiiy oaiia?aoo?e a?ae 16 aei 26 E, aea
e?oo?noue ia?aoai?aiiy ??cei cieaeo?oueny. Cai?iiiiiaaiee niin?a
i?aeaeuaiiy e?ooino? oa?ii/anoioii? oa?aeoa?enoeee oa?iiiao?a iieyaa? a
canoinoaaii? aeaio oa?iiia?aoai?thaa/?a c oa?ii/anoioieie
oa?aeoa?enoeea c i?ioeeaaeiei iaoeeii. Iaeei c ?aciiaoi??a ia?
i’?cieaa?oeiao ieanoeio Iss-c??co, a ?ioee – ieanoeio iiaa?iooiai
Y-c??co c eooii iiai?ioo ( = 50(. Aeei?enoaiiy ??cie/ii? /anoioe oaeeo
ia?aoai?thaa/?a aeicaieeei aeei?enoiaoaaoe i’?cieaa?oeia? oa?iiiao?e a
oeueiio ae?aiacii? oaiia?aoo? aac i?aeaeuaiiy /anoioe.
Oaiia?aoo?ii/anoioi? oa?aeoa?enoeee on?o oei?a i’?cieaa?oeiaeo
oa?iiiao??a, ye? aoee ?icaeyioo?, aeinoaoiuei aeia?a iienothoueny
iie?iiiaie o?aoueiai noaiaiy. I?e aeei?enoaii? iienaieo i?eeaae?a oa
cania?a a?aaeothaaiiy, iioeaea ia?aaea/? oa?aeoa?eco?oueny iaeith
aaee/eiith aeiaaeeiai? iioeaee, ? iioeaea a?aaeothaaiiy, a iniiaiiio,
aecia/a?oueny caeeoeaie iaaeeo/aii? nenoaiaoe/ii? iioeaee, yea
caeaaeeoue a?ae oi/iino? aoaeiiiiai oa?iiiao?a oa /anoioiaei??thaa/a,
yeee ?a?no?o? /anoioo eaa?oeiaiai oa?iiiao?a, ui a?aaeoth?oueny.
Iniiaieie iioeaeaie aei??thaaiiy oa?iiiao??a, i?ecia/aieo aeey
oe?ieiai ae?aiaciio aei??thaaieo oaiia?aoo?, ? iioeaea a?aaeothaaiiy,
aeiaai/ania ianoaa?euei?noue oa iaa?aeoai?thaaiiy oa?ii/anoioii?
oa?aeoa?enoeee, yea ii?iaeaeaii oae caaiei aoaeoii a?noa?aceno /anoioe
i’?cieaa?oeiaeo ?aciiaoi??a. Aeey i?aeaeuaiiy oi/iino? oa?iiiao??a
iaiao?aeii cieceoe oe? iioeaee. Aeyaeaii, ui iioeaeo a?aaeothaaiiy
iiaeeeai cieceoe oeyoii canoinoaaiiy aoaeiiiiai ieaoeiiaiai
oa?iiia?aoai?thaa/a iii?o a?eueo aenieiai ?ic?yaeo, oeyo aei cieaeaiiy
iioeaee, yeo ii?iaeaeaii aeiaai/aniith ianoaa?euei?noth, oea aeiaeaoeiaa
ooo/ia noa??iiy ia?aoai?thaa/?a oa nei?i/aiiy i?aeiia??i/iiai ?ioa?aaeo.
Oeyo aei cieaeaiiy a?noa?aceno /anoioe eaa?oeiaeo ?aciiaoi??a
iac?icoi?eee, oiio ui oea yaeua iaaeinoaoiuei aea/aia e iac?icoi?ea
eiai i?e?iaea.
O?ao?e ?icae?e aeena?oaoe?? i?enay/aii aeine?aeaeaiiyi a?noa?aceno
/anoioe i’?cieaa?oeiaeo ?aciiaoi??a, c yeei iia’ycaia iaeia c iniiaieo
iioeaie i’?cieaa?oeaaeo oa?iiiao??a, i?ecia/aieo aeey aei??thaaiiy
iecueeeo oaiia?aoo?.
Iaa?aeoai?thaaiiy /anoioe aeine?aeaeoaaeinue a iaei?e c o?eniaaieo
oaiia?aoo?ieo oi/ie: iio??ei?e oi/oe? aiaee, oi/oe? eei?iiy ??aeeiai
acioo oa a oi/oe? eei?iiy ??aeeiai aae?th i?ney ia?aaoaaiiy ia?aeiiiai
oa?iiia?aoai?thaa/a i?e a?eueo aenie?e, /e i?e a?eueo iecuee?e
oaiia?aoo??.
Aeyaeaii caeaaei?noue aaee/eie a?noa?aceno a?ae iayaiino? ?ii?a aeii?oie
a no?oeoo?ieo eaiaeao e?enoae?/ii? a?aoee (-eaa?oeo. Caaaeyee i/euaiith
( oeyoii aeaeo?iaeeooc??) iiiie?enoaea eaa?oeo, c yeiai aeaioiaeyeenue
ia?aeii? ia?aoai?thaa/?, aaeaeiny iaeaea aaea?/e cieceoe aaee/eio
a?noa?aceno, iia’ycaio c ?iiaie aeii?oie, ii c??aiyiith c eiio?ieueiith
ia?o??th ia?aoai?tha/?a, aeaioiaeaieo c iai/euaiiai iiiie?enoaea.
Ciaioaiith aaee/eie a?noa?aceno ni?eyei e iiia?aaei? i?eeeaaeaiiy
iino?eii? aeaeo?e/ii? iai?oae 500 A aei aeaeo?iae?a aioiaeo ia?aeiieo
ia?aoai?thaa/?a i?e oaiia?aoo?? 170 (N, ui oaeiae iiynith?oueny
ciaioaiiyi aieeao ?ii?a aeii?oie caaaeyee ?o aeaeaeaiith c aeoeaii? ciie
?aciiaoi?a.
I?e aeine?aeaeaiiyo iaa?aeoai?thaaiiy /anoioe ia?aoai?thaa/a Iss-c??co
i?e 0,01 (N c aa?oiath iaaeath oeeeeoaaiiy 100 (N oa c ieaeiath iaaeath,
ui ci?ithaaeanue a?ae i?ion 21 (N aei i?ion 196 (N, aeyaeaii oaeo
iinooiiaiai cieaeaiiy aaee/eie a?noa?aceno i?eaeecii aei oaiia?aoo?e
ieaeiuei? iaae? i?ion 70 (N, aea aiia iaaeeaeaeany aei ioey. I?e
iiaeaeueoiio cieaeaii? ieaeiuei? iaae? aaee/eia a?noa?aceno ii/eiaea
c?inoaoe, ci?ieaoe na?e ciae ia i?ioeeaaeiee. Ieaeiy oaiia?aoo?ia iaaea,
i?e ye?e a?aeaoaaeiny ci?iaiiy ciaea a?noa?aceno, iaaoea iino?eiith aeey
??cieo ia?aoai?thaa/?a, aea ciae a?noa?aceno i?eoaiia?aoo?? 0,01 (N i?e
oeeeeoaaii? ia?aoai?thaa/a a?ae 100 (N aei i?ion 21 (N aoa caaaeaee aeey
an?o ia?aoai?thaa/?a i?ioeeaaeiee ciaeo a?noa?aceno, ui niinoa??aaany
i?e oeeeeoaaii? a?ae 100 (N aei i?ion 196 (N. Anoaiiaeaiee oaeo iiaea
yaeyoe ye i?aeoe/iee, oae ? oai?aoe/iee ?ioa?an.
I?e aeine?aeaeaiiyo a?aee?eoeo eaa?oeiaeo caaioiaie AO oa Iss – c??c?a
?iiae? aoea niinoa?aaeaia iiyaa iaaaeeeeo iie?a aeio?iaenueeeo
aea?eiee?a i?e ??ceeo ci?iaiiyo oaiia?aoo?e ieanoei a?ae 200 (N aei 20
(N. Aea oaea aea?eieeoaaiiy a?aeaoaaeiny ia /anoi, oiio c?iaeaii
aeniiaie, ui aeio?iaenueea aea?eieeoaaiiy eaa?oeo iaa?yae
a?aeiia?aeaeueii ca aoaeo a?noa?aceno, oei a?eueoa, ui aeieeiaiiy
aea?eieeiaeo iie?a a ?aciiaoi??, yeee ai?uaii a ei?ion o?aicenoi?a, ua
a?eueoa oo?oaeiaii.
E??i aieeao e?aei?o oaiia?aoo? oeeeeoaaiiy ia aaee/eio ? ciae
a?noa?aceno, anoaiiaeaii oaeiae aieea /ano ia?aaoaaiiy e cia/aiiy
oaiia?aoo?e, yea ia?aaeoaaea oa?iioeeeeoaaiith oa?iiia?aoai?thaa/a. A
oaae. 2 i?eaaaeaii caeaaei?noue a?noa?aceno a?ae iiia?aaeiuei?
oaiia?aoo?e ia?aoai?thaa/a oa a?ae /ano ia?aaoaaiiy i?e i?e.
Oa?iioeeeeoaaiiy ia?aoai?thaa/a i?iaiaeeeenue a iaaeao a?ae 100 aei
i?ion 21 (N c aei??thaaiiyi /anoioe i?e oaiia?aoo?? 0,01 (N.
Oaaeeoey 2
Iiia?aaeiy oaiia?aoo?a 100 (N. Iiia?aaeiy oaiia?aoo?a i?ion
196 (N.
( , Aoe
t , oa t , oa.
0 0 3,3
25 15 4,1
60 15 4,6
90 105 2,6
120 105 3,8
150 165 3,4
210 195 5,5
240 195 9,7
275 435 4,7
290 435 1,9
Anoaiiaeaii, ui /ei a?eueoee /an ia?aaoaaa ia?aoai?thaa/ i?e oaiia?aoo??
100(N, oei a?eueoee a?noa?acen a?i ia?, e /ei a?eueoee /an ia?aaoaaa
ia?aoai?thaa/ i?e oaiia?aoo?? i?ion 196 (N, oei iaioee a iueiai
a?noa?acen.
Oaeo iiceoeaiiai aieeao iecueeeo oaiia?aoo? ia a?aeoai?thaaiiy /anoioe
i’?cieaa?oeiaeo oa?iiia?aoai?thaa/?a aoei aeei?enoaii a cai?iiiiiaai?e
oaoiieia?? oa?iiia?iaee ia?aoai?thaa/?a c iaoith cieaeaiiy aaee/eie
a?noa?aceno. Oa?iiia?iaea iieyaa? a aeae?eueeio oa?iioeeeeoaaiiyo
ia?aeiieo ia?aoai?thaa/?a a ia?iai/iio noai? a?ae 300 E aei 4,2 E c
aeo?eieith i?e oaiia?aoo?? 4,2E ia i?ioyc? aeae?eueeio aiaeei.
Cai?iiiiiaaiee iaoiae oa?iiia?iaee ia?aeiieo oa?iiia?aoai?thaa/?a
aeicaieea cieceoe aaee/eio a?noa?aceno i?e iecueeeo oaiia?aoo?ao a?ae 8
aei 25 ?ac?a.
Aiae?c iiaeeeaeo i?e/ei a?noa?aceno iieacaa, ui iaea?eueo ae?ia?aeiith
i?e/eiith ? aeaoaeoe no?oeoo?e iiiie?enoaea eaa?oeo. Cai?iiiiiaaii
iiaeaeue iaoai?cio a?noa?aceno, ui aeieea? caaaeyee ?ooo ?ii?a aeii?oie
ii no?oeoo?ieo eaiaeao (-eaa?oeo i?ae ae??th oa?iii?oaeieo iai?oa, ye?
aeieeathoue i?e ci?iaii? oaiia?aoo?e ia?aoai?thaa/a. Ca aeiiiiiaith
cai?iiiiiaaii? iiaeae? iiynith?oueny a?aenooi?noue a?noa?aceno a
?aciiaoi?ao iiaa?iaiiai O-c??co c eooii iiai?ioo 32(.
?aeiiaiaeiaaii caoiaee, canoinoaaiiy yeeo i?e aeaioiaeaii? ia?aeiieo
i’?cieaa?oeiaeo oa?iiia?aoai?thaa/?a aaaea aei cieaeaiiy aaee/eie
a?noa?aceno. Iniiai? c ieo iieyaathoue o ianooiiiio:
i/euaiiy iiiiaeieo eaa?oeo oeyoii aeaeo?iaeeooc?? i?e oaiia?aoo??
500 (N c i?eeeaaeaiiyi iino?eii? iai?oae 5 EA ia i?ioyc? 8 aiaeei aei
aeaeo?iae?a, ui ?icoaoiaai? ia iiaa?oi? iiiiaeieo ia?iaiaeeeoey?ii aei
in? Z;
i?eeeaaeaiiy iino?eii? iai?oae 500 A i?e oaiia?aoo?? 170 (N ia i?ioyc?
8 aiaeei aei aeaeo?iae?a aioiaeo oa?iiia?aoai?thaa/?a;
3 – 4 oa?iioeeeeoaaiiy ca noaiith 300 E ( 77 E ( 300 E c aeo?eieith ia
inoaiiueiio oeeee? i?e oaiia?aoo?? 77 E ia i?ioyc? 8 – 12 aiaeei;
3 – 4 oa?iioeeeeoaaiiy ca noaiith 300 E ( 4,2 E ( 300 E c aeo?eieith ia
inoaiiueiio oeeee? i?e oaiia?aoo?? 4,2 E ia i?ioyc? 8 – 12 aiaeei.
*aoaa?oee ?icae?e i?enay/aii i?aeoe/i?e ?aae?caoe?? aenieioi/ieo
aei??thaaiue oaiia?aoo?e ca aeiiiiiaith i’?cieaa?oeiaeo oa?iiiao??a, i?e
noai?aii? yeeo aoei aeei?enoaii ?acoeueoaoe i?iaaaeaieo aeine?aeaeaiue.
Iioeaeo a?aaeothaaiiy aoei cieaeaii caaaeyee canoinoaaiith ieaoeiiaiai
oa?iiia?aoai?thaa/a iii?o – aoi?eiiiai aoaeiia. Iioeaeo, ui iaoiiaeaia
aeiaai/aniith ianoaa?euei?noth /anoioe oa?iiia?aoai?thaa/a, cieaeaii
oeyoii aeiaeaoeiaiai ooo/iiai noa??iiy oa oeyoii ciaioaiiy
i?aeiia??i/iiai ?ioa?aaeo. Iioeaeo, yea iia’ycaia c a?noa?acenii
/anoioe, cieaeaii oeyoii iiia?aaeiueiai i?eeeaaeaiiy aei aeaeo?iae?a
aioiaeo oa?iiia?aoai?thaa/?a iino?eii? iai?oae 500 A ia i?ioyc? 8 aiaeei
i?e oaiia?aoo?? 170 (N oa oeyoii a?aeai?o ia?aoai?thaa/?a, iaee?aueo ca
oeei ia?aiao?ii.
Noai?aiee i’?cieaa?oeiaee oa?iiiao? yaey? niaith i’?cieaa?oeiaee
?aciiaoi? c i’?ciaeaiaioii oa?iicaeaaeiiai c??co, ui ? ia?aeiiei
aei??thaaeueiei ia?aoai?thaa/ai, eaa?oeiaee aaia?aoi?, iaeiieaneaaeiee
i?aeneethaa/, yeee ocaiaeaeo? aeo?ae aaia?aoi?a c aoiaeii
/anoioiaei??thaa/a, oa /anoioiaei??thaa/ *3-34. Eaa?oeiaee aaia?aoi?
c?a?aii ca noaiith Aaoea?a ia aiaeiaiaeo i?e?inoaiao. Aeey aeeeth/aiiy
oaeaeei? ci?ie oaiia?aoo?e eaa?oeiaiai aaia?aoi?a a?i aoa ai?uaiee o
ianeaiee oa?iinoao.
A yeino? ia?aeiieo oa?ii/anoioieo ia?aoai?thaa/?a aoei aea?aii
i’?cieaa?oeia? ?aciiaoi?e Iss oa Y-c??co, ye? i?aoeththoue ia 5 IAoe
iniiaii? /anoioe. I’?cieaa?oeia? aeaiaioe yaeythoue niaith ieineiiioeeo
e?ico ae?aiao?ii 8 ii, c iaieeaieie n??aieie aeaeo?iaeaie ae?aiao?ii 6
ii, i?oaeii cae??ieaio a caoenea/ao c oinoi?enoi? a?iice oa aiiioiaaio a
ei?ion o?aicenoi?a, yeee caaa?iaoeciaaii iaoiaeii oieiaeii? caa?ee. Aeey
iie?auaiiy oaieiiai?io c iaaeieeoi?i na?aaeiaeuai aioo??oiy ii?iaeia/a
ei?iono o?aicenoi?a caiiaith?oueny aae??i i?ae oeneii a?ey 0,1 aoi, oae,
uia ia ciaioeoe aeia?ioiino? ?aciiaoi?a. I’?cieaa?oeia? ia?aoai?thaa/?
aeaioiaeaii ca oaoiieia??th, yea i?eeiyoa i?e aeaioiaeaii? i?aoeec?eieo
eaa?oeiaeo ?aciiaoi??a.
Aeey iao?ieia?/ieo aeine?aeaeaiue oa aeey iao?ieia?/ii? aoanoaoe??
i’?cieaa?oeiaeo oa?iiiao??a aoei aeei?enoaii ieaoeiia?
oa?iiia?aoai?thaa/? iii?o – aoi?eii? aoaeiie. A ae?aiacii? oaiia?aoo?
a?ae 0 aei 90 (N aeei?enoiaoaaany oa?iiia?aoai?thaa/ iii?o ION-10, a o
ae?aiacii? a?ae i?ion 196 aei 0 (N – ONII-5. Aei??thaaiiy iii?o
cae?enithaaeiny ca aeiiiiiaith iioaioe?iiao?a ?-348 oa
iioaioe?iiao?e/ii? onoaiiaee O-309. Aeey aeeaeaiiy aoaeiiiiai oa?iiiao?a
aeei?enoiaoaaany aeie aeeaeaiiy noaa?e?ciaaiee A01-89. O yeino?
aeo?aeiiai i?eeaaeo i’?cieaa?oeiaiai oa?iiiao?a aeei?enoiaoaaany
aeaeo?iiii-e?/eeueiee /anoioiaei??thaa/ *3-34, yeee aeei?enoiaoaaa aeey
neio?ii?caoe?? aenieinoaa?eueio iii?io /anoioo (a?aeiinia
ianoaa?euei?noue 10 – 12 – 10 – 13 ca aeiao) a?ae aoaeiia /ano oa
/anoioe, aai a?ae noaiaea?oo /anoioe *1-40.
Ia?aaea/a iaeeieoe? oaiia?aoo?e a?ae aoaeiiieo ieaoeiiaeo
ia?aoai?thaa/?a aei eaa?oeiaiai oa?iiiao?a cae?enithaaeanue o aiaeyiiio
i?aoeec?eiiio oa?iinoao? OAI-6 oa a eaai?aoi?iiio, niaoe?aeueii
ceiino?oeiaaiiio , acioiiio e??inoao?.
Aeey aeine?aeaeaiue ??ciiai ?iaeo ianoaa?eueiino? /anoioe eaa?oeiaeo
oa?iiiao??a aeei?enoiaoaaeanue aiioea iio??eii? oi/ee aiaee, o ye?e,
i?e iio?aa?, i?aeo?eioaaeany oaiia?aoo?a ( 0,01(2(10 – 4 ) (N ia
i?ioyc? aaaaoueio ae?a.
Aeey i?aeaeuaiiy oi/iino? a?aaeothaaiiy i’?cieaa?oeia? oa?iiiao?e
ca??yeeny c ieaoeiiaeie oa?iiia?aoai?thaa/aie iii?o – aoi?eiieie
aoaeiiaie.
Aeey ciaioaiiy aeiaai/anii? ianoaa?eueiino? oa aaee/eie a?noa?aceno,
e??i aeiaeaoeiaiai ooo/iiai noa??iiy oa oa?ii- ? aeaeo?iia?iaie
ia?aoai?thaa/?a, aoei cae?eniaii ?aoaeueiee a?aeai? e?aueo aecaiiey??a.
sse i’?cieaa?oeia? aeaiaioe ia?aoai?thaa/?a aeey aa?oiueiai ae?aiaciio
aoee aeei?enoai? aeaiaioe Iss-c??co, a aeey ieaeiueiai – ye aeaiaioe
Iss-c??co, oae ? iiaa?iooiai Y-c??co c eooii iiai?ioo ( = 5(. Oea aoei
c?iaeaii c iaoith ca?eueoaiiy e?ooino? oa?ii/anoioii? oa?aeoa?enoeee i?e
iecueeeo oaiia?aoo?ao caaaeyee a?eueo aenie?e e?ooino? inoaiiueiai.
Caeaaei?noue /anoioe a?ae oaiia?aoo?e iienoaaeany iie?iiiii
o?aoueiainoaiaiy
f = A(0) + A(1)(T + A(2)(T 2 +
A(3)(T 3
e ia AII ca aeiiiiiaith iaoiaea iaeiaioeo eaaae?ao?a aecia/aeeny
eiao?oe??ioe A(0), A(1), A(2), A(3). E??i oiai, aecia/aii ?icn?thaaiiy
aenia?eiaioaeueieo oi/ie iaae?oae ?ic?aoiaaii? e?eai? e ciaeaeaii
na?aaei? eaaae?aoe/ia a?aeoeeaiiy ?acoeueoao?a niinoa?aaeaiiy
yea aeey iaeiiai c e?aueo oa?iiiao??a noaiiaeoue 0,17 Aoe, ui i?e
e?ooino? ia?aoai?aiiy 186 Aoe ( E – 1 neeaaea? 9,1 ( 10 – 4 E, a aeey
ae?oaiai 0,19 Aoe, aai
1 ( 10 – 3 E.
Na?aaei? eaaae?aoe/ia a?aeoeeaiiy ?acoeueoao?a aei??thaaiiy neeaaea?
2,5 ( 10 – 4 E aeey ia?oiai oa?iiiao?a oa 2,7 ( 10 – 4 E aeey
ae?oaiai.
Nenoaiaoe/ia iioeaea a?aaeothaaiiy aecia/a?oueny ye noia?ia iioeaea
iaaeeo/aieo caeeoe?a nenoaiaoe/ieo iioeaie ieaoeiiaiai
oa?iiia?aoai?thaa/a – aoi?eiiiai aoaeiia oa aeo?aeiiai i?eeaaeo
eaa?oeiaiai oa?iiiao?a – aeaeo?iiii-e?/eeueiiai /anoioiaei??thaa/a, yeee
aeei?enoiao? aoaeiiio iii?io /anoioo. Aei??thaaiiy i?e a?aaeothaaii?
i?iaiaeeeeny c oi/i?noth aei 0,1 Aoe, ui neeaaea? 5 ( 10 – 4 E aeey
oa?iiiao??a c ia?aoai?thaa/aie Iss-c??co, ye? i?aoeththoue ia /anoio? 5
IAoe. Iioeaea ieaoeiiaiai oa?iiia?aoai?thaa/a – aoi?eiiiai aoaeiia
neeaaea? 1 ( 10 – 3 E, a caeeoee iaaeeo/aii? nenoaiaoe/ii? iioeaee
neaaeathoue 1,2 ( 10 – 3 E. Ni?aa?aeiioaiiy i?ae aeiaaeeiaith iiieeeith
oa iaaeeo/aieie caeeoeaie nenoaiaoe/ii? iiieeee neeaaea? ( / S = 4,8 o
ia?oiio aeiaaeeo oa 4,4 – o ae?oaiio. Noia?io iioeaeo ( aecia/aii ca
AINO 8.207-76 ca oi?ioeith:
( = K ( S ( .
Aiia noaiiaeoue 1,4 ( 10 – 3 E aeey iaio oa?iiiao??a. ?io? neeaaeia?
iioeaee aecia/aeenue ye ? aeey ?iai/eo oa?iiiao??a.
Aaee/eie neeaaeiaeo iioeaie a ae?aiacii? a?ae 0 aei 90 (N i?eaaaeaii a
oaae.3.
Oaaeeoey 3
? oa?iiiao?a 1600 1494
Iioeaea a?aaeothaaiiy 1,4 ( 10 – 3 E 1,4 ( 10 – 3 E
Iioeaea, iia’ycaia c ei?ioei/aniith ianoaa?euei?noth 2,5 ( 10 – 5 E 1,2
( 10 – 4 E
Iioeaea, iia’ycaia c aeiaai/aniith ianoaa?euei?noth (ca aeiao) 5 ( 10 –
5 E 2 ( 10 – 4 E
Iioeaea, iia’ycaia c iaa?aeoai?thaaiiyi 2 ( 10 – 3 E 2 ( 10 – 3 E
Iioeaea, iia’ycaia c naii?ic?a??aii ( 5 ( 10 – 4 E ( 5 ( 10 – 4 E
Iioeaea, iia’ycaia c ianoaa?euei?noth aeeaeaiiy aaia?aoi?a ( 5 ( 10 – 5
E ( 5 ( 10 – 5 E
Iioeaea aeo?aeiiai i?eeaaeo 5 ( 10 – 4 E 5 ( 10 – 4 E
Nenoaiaoe/ia iioeaea ( i?e aeia??/?e eiia??iino? ? = 0,95, neeaaea?
2,75 ( 10 – 3 E aeey iaio oa?iiiao??a, a a ca’yceo c oei, ui ( / S ( 8,
noia?ia iioeaea aecia/a?oueny iaaeeo/aieie caeeoeaie nenoaiaoe/ii?
iioeaee, oiaoi
( = ( e aeey iaio oa?iiiao??a ( = 2,75 ( 10 – 3 E.
Ae?aiacii aei??thaaieo oaiia?aoo? a?ae 77 E aei 273 E ?icaeoi ia o?e
i?aeae?aiaciie, e oa?ii/anoioi? oa?aeoa?enoeee ai?ieneiiaaii o?ueiia
iie?iiiaie o?aoueiai noaiaiy, eiaeiei aeey naiai i?aeae?aiaciio. Iioeaee
aecia/aeenue ye ? o aeiaaeeo iiceoeaieo oaiia?aoo?.
Iioeaee a?aaeothaaiiy i?e iecueeeo oaiia?aoo?ao neeaaeathoue:
? oa?iiiao?a 1 i?aeae?aiacii a?ae 273 E aei 216 E 2 i?aeae?aiacii a?ae
216 E aei 141 E 3 i?aeae?aiacii a?ae 141 E aei 77 E
1 6,8(10 – 3 E 7,0(10 – 3 E 2,0(10 – 2 E
2 5,0(10 – 3 E 8,2(10 – 3 E 1,2(10 – 2 E
Iioeaee, iia’ycai? c aeiaai/aniith ianoaa?euei?noth:
? oa?iiiao?a 1 i?aeae?aiacii 2 i?aeae?aiacii 3 i?aeae?aiacii
1 6 ( 10 – 5 E 6 ( 10 – 5 E 7 ( 10 – 5 E
2 5 ( 10 – 5 E 6 ( 10 – 5 E 8 ( 10 – 5 E
Iioeaee aeo?aeiiai i?eeaaeo:
? oa?iiiao?a 1 i?aeae?aiacii 2 i?aeae?aiacii 3 i?aeae?aiacii
1 5,0 ( 10 – 3 E 5,5 ( 10 – 3 E 6,2 ( 10 – 3 E
2 2,6 ( 10 – 3 E 3,0 ( 10 – 3 E 4,1 ( 10 – 3 E
Noia?ia iioeaea aeaieo oa?iiiao??a a iecueeioaiia?aoo?iiio ae?aiacii?
a?ae 77 aei 273 E ia ia?aaeuo? ( 0,05 E.
Noai?ai? oa?iiiao?e aaaaeaii aei aenieoaoaoe?? ye iiaee eean ?iai/eo
aoaeii?a – /anoioieo i’?cieaa?oeiaeo oa?iiiao??a – ca aeiiiiiaith yeeo
iiaeeeai cae?enithaaoe iia??eo ia o?eueee eaa?oeiaeo, aea e ?oooieo
neeyieo, ??aeeiieo, oeeo?iaeo oa ?ioeo oa?iiiao??a ieae/iai ?ic?yaeo.
AENIIAEE
I’?cieaa?oeia? oa?iiiao?e c?o/i? o aeei?enoaii?. Aiie iathoue aenieo
?icae?ethaaeueio caeaoi?noue oa /anoioiee aeo?ae, ui ?iaeoue ?o
ia?niaeoeaieie a ieai? io?eiaiiy ca ?o aeiiiiiaith aenieeo oi/iinoae
aei??thaaiiy oaiia?aoo?e.
Oeyoii aeaoaeueieo iao?ieia?/ieo aeine?aeaeaiue aecia/ai? iniiai?
iioeaee i’?cieaa?oeiaeo oa?iiiao??a e oiiae, eiee oi/i?noue oa?iiiao??a
aecia/a?ouey oeeie iioeaeaie.
Iniiai? ?acoeueoaoe aeine?aeaeaiue iao?ieia?/ieo oa?aeoa?enoee
i’?cieaa?oeiaeo oa?iiiao??a iieyaathoue o ianooiiiio.
1. Aecia/ai? aeaea?aea iioeaie i’?cieaa?oeiaeo oa?iiiao??a.
2. I?iaaaeaii ioe?iee aaee/ei ie?aieo neeaaeiaeo e ciaeaeaii noia?io
iioeaeo aei??thaaiiy oaiia?aoo?e ca aeiiiiiaith i’?cieaa?oeiaeo
oa?iiiao??a.
3. Aeiaaeeiaa iioeaea a?aaeothaaiiy i’?cieaa?oeiaeo oa?iiiao??a i?e
aeei?enoaii? aenieinoaa?eueieo cania?a aei??thaaiiy iiaea aeinyaaoe
aaee/ei ia ii?yaeie ieae/a iioeaee aoaeiiiiai ieaoeiiaiai
oa?iiia?aoai?thaa/a iii?o, aeei?enoaiiai i?e a?aaeothaaii?.
4. Ai?ieneiaoe?y iie?iiiii 3-ai noaiaiy caeaaeiino? /anoioe a?ae
oaiia?aoo?e aeyaeeany aeinoaoiueith, uia caaacia/eoe oi/i?noue
aei??thaaiiy oaiia?aoo?e aei oeny/ieo aeieae a?aaeona a ae?aiacii? a?ae
0 aei 90 (N.
Ai?ieneioaaoe oa?ii/anoioio oa?aeoa?enoeeo iaeiei iie?iiiii 3-ai noaiaiy
a iecueeioaiia?aoo?i?e iaeano? a?ae 77 aei 300 E aeey io?eiaiiy oi/iino?
a?aaeothaaiiy aei aeae?eueeio nioeo a?aaeona aeyaeeiny iaaeinoaoi?i, aea
aeinoaoiuei ai?ieneiaoe?? o?ueiia iie?iiiaie 3-ai noaiaiy, yeui aeaiee
ae?aiacii ?icaeoe ia o?e oaiia?aoo?i? i?aeae?aiaciie, ye? ia?ae?eaathoue
iaeei iaeiee.
Caaaeyee ?ic?iaeaiiio iaoiaeo i?aeaeuaiiy e?ooino? oa?ii/anoioii?
oa?aeoa?enoeee aaeaeiny io?eiaoe e?oo?noue ia?aoai?aiiy i?eaeecii 50 Aoe
( E – 1 ia ia?aoai?thaa/ao, ye? i?aoeththoue ia /anoio? 10 Iaoe i?e
oaiia?aoo?? a?ae 16 aei
26 E, ui cia/ii ia?aaeuo? e?oo?noue, yeo iathoue ia?aoai?thaa/?
Iss-c??co ia /anoio? 10 Iaoe i?e oeeo oaiia?aoo?ao.
I?e aeine?aeaeaiiyo aoaeoo a?noa?aceno io?eiai? oae? ?acoeueoaoe.
1. Aeyaeaia caeaaei?noue aaee/eie a?noa?aceno a?ae aeaoaeo?a
e?enoae?/ii? no?oeoo?e iiiie?enoae?/iiai eaa?oeo. I/euaiiy iiiie?enoaeo
a?ae aeii?oie oeyoii aeaeo?iaeeooc?? aeicaieeei ciaioeoe aaee/eio
a?noa?aceno iaeaea a 2 ?ace.
2. Aeyaeaia caeaaei?noue a?noa?aceno a?ae iino?eii? aeaeo?e/ii? iai?oae,
yea i?eeeaaeaeanue aei aeaeo?iae?a oa?iiia?aoai?thaa/a aei eiai
aeei?enoaiiy.
3. ?ic?iaeaii iaoiae oa?iiia?iaee oa?iiia?aoai?thaa/?a, yeee aeicaieea
cieceoe aaee/eio a?noa?aceno i?e iecueeeo oaiia?aoo?ao a?ae 8 aei 25
?ac?a.
4. Cai?iiiiiaaii iiaeaeue i?ioean?a, ye? /anoeiai a?aeiia?aeathoue ca
iaa?aeoai?thaaiiy /anoioe i’?cieaa?oeaaeo ?aciiaoi??a.
Caaaeyee i?iaaaeaiei aeine?aeaeaiiyi aoei ?icoe?aii ae?aiacii
aei??thaaieo oaiia?aoo? a iecueeioaiia?aoo?io iaeanoue aei 16 E.
Aecia/ai? oeyoe i?aeaeuaiiy oi/iino? i’?cieaa?oeiaeo oa?iiiao??a.
Noai?aii e aaaaeaii aei aenieoaoaoe?? i’?cieaa?oeiaee oa?iiiao? –
?iai/ee aoaeii – c iioeaeith aei??thaaiiy oaiia?aoo?e 0,003 E a
ae?aiacii? a?ae 0 aei 90 (N oa c iioeaeith aei??thaaiiy 0,05 E a
ae?aiacii? a?ae 77 aei 273 E yeee aaaaeaii aei iiai? iia??i/ii? noaie,
ui noai?aia o ca’yceo c aaaaeaiiyi iiaiai aea?aeaaiiai aoaeiia iaeeieoe?
oaiia?aoo?e eaeuea?ia (AeNOO 3742-98).
?acoeueoaoe aeena?oaoe?eii? ?iaioe aena?oeai? a i?aoeyo:
1. Iaca?aiei E.A., A?aaa? TH.E., Aaaca TH.A. Oa?iiiao? i’ycieaa?oeiaee –
?iai/ee aoaeii iaeeieoe? oaiia?aoo?e eaeuea?ia. // Oe?a?inueeee
iao?ieia?/iee aeo?iae. – 1999. – Aei. 1. – N. 41 – 45.
Aeena?oaioo iaeaaeaoue ?aea? oa ?o ?aae?caoe?y ii ciaioaiith iioeaie
i’?cieaa?oeiaiai oa?iiiao?a, ea??aieoeoai i?e noai?aii? oa?iiiao?a c
i?aeaeuaiith oi/i?noth oa c ?icoe?aiei ae?aiaciiii aei??thaaiiy,
iao?ieia?/i? aeine?aeaeaiiy oa iao?ieia?/ia aoanoaoe?y oa?iiiao?a.
2. Aaaca TH.A., A?aaa?ue TH. E., I?eeiae A.A., Eaaiia TH.E., Aieeiaa
AE.A. Aeaooeaiaeueiue oeeo?iaie i?yiiiieacuaathuee iiaeeueiue oa?iiiao?
n i?aoeeceiiiui aeao/eeii oaiia?aoo?u. // I?eai?u e oaoieea
yenia?eiaioa. – 1989. – ?1. – N. 247.
Aeena?oaio i?eeiaa o/anoue o noai?aii? i?aoeec?eiiai aeao/eea, aeeiiaa
iao?ieia?/i? aeine?aeaeaiiy aeao/eea oa oa?iiiao?a a oe?eiio.
3. A?aaa?ue TH.E., I?eeiae A.A. Eino?oiaioaeueiay iia?aoiinoue ecia?aiey
oaiia?aoo?u i?e iiiiue iueacieaa?oeaauo oa?ii/anoioiuo
i?aia?aciaaoaeae. // Ecia?eoaeueiay oaoieea. – 1980. – ? 10. – N. 43 –
44.
Aeena?oaioii aeine?aeaeaii iao?ieia?/i? ia?aiao?e e aeeiiaii ioe?ieo
oi/iinoae i’?cieaa?oeiaeo oa?ii/anoioieo ia?aoai?thaa/?a.
4. A?aaa?ue TH.E., Eaa?aioueaa O.O. Oiaiueoaiea eino?oiaioaeueiie
iia?aoiinoe ecia?aiey oaiia?aoo?u n iiiiuueth iueacieaa?oeaaiai
oa?iiiao?a. // Iao?ieiaey. – 1983. – ?5. – N. 44 – 48.
Aeena?oaioo iaeaaeeoue ?aeay i/enoee i’?cieaa?oeiaeo caaioiaie c iaoith
cieaeaiiy aaee/eie a?noa?aceno. I?iaaaeaia i/enoea e aeine?aeaeaii
ii??aiyeuei? oa?aeoa?enoeee ia?aoai?thaa/?a, aeaioiaeaieo c i/euaieo e c
iai/euaieo caaioiaie.
5. Iaca?aiei E.A., A?aaa? TH.E., Aaaca TH.A., I?eeiae A.A. Canoinoaaiiy
i’?cieaa?oeiaeo oa?iiiao??a aeey aei??thaaiiy iecueeeo oaiia?aoo?. //
Oe?a?inueeee iao?ieia?/iee aeo?iae. – 1999 – Aei. 1. – N.45 – 46.
Aeena?oaioii i?iaiae?ciaaii i?iaaaeai? iei aeine?aeaeaiiy
i’?cieaa?oeiaeo oa?iiiao??a, i?ecia/aieo aeey iecueeioaiia?aoo?ieo
aei??thaaiue oa aecia/aia iiaeeea?noue canoinoaaiiy oeeo oa?iiiao??a
aei oaiia?aoo?e ??aeeiai aae?th.
6. A?aaa?ue TH. E., Aaaca TH.A., Iaca?aiei E.A. Niinia noaaeeecaoeee
/anoiou iueacieaa?oeaauo ?aciiaoi?ia. – 1996. – Cayaea ia ecia?aoaiea ?
96041282 / 686. I?ei?eoao io 2.04.96.
Aeena?oaioo iaeaaeeoue ?aeay oaoiieia?? oa?iiia?iaee i’?cieaa?oeiaeo
ia?aoai?thaa/?a c iaoith cieaeaiiy aaee/eie a?noa?aceno /anoioe,
i?iaaaeaiiy oa?iiia?iaee oa aei??thaaiiy ii??aiyeueieo oa?aeoa?enoee aei
oa i?ney oa?iiia?iaee.
7. Aaaca TH.A., A?aaa?ue TH.E., I?eeiae A.A., *aoaa?ieia A.A.
Ieceioaiia?aoo?iue iueacieaa?oeaaue oa?iiiao?. // Oac. aeiee. 4
Ananithci. iao/i.-oaoie/. eiio. «Oaiia?aoo?a-90». Oa?ueeia. – 1990. – N.
333.
Aeena?oaioii i?iaaaeaii a?aaeothaaiiy i’?cieaa?oeiaeo oa?iiiao??a a
ae?aiacii? a?ae 77 aei 280 E e cai?iiiiiaaii i?iaiaeeoe ia?iaeo
?acoeueoao?a a?aaeothaaiiy oeyoii ai?ieneiaoe?? a?aaeothaaeueieo
oa?aeoa?enoee /ioe?ia iie?iiiaie o?aoueiai noaiaiy, ?icaeaoe oe?ieee
iecueeioaiia?aoo?iee ae?aiacii ia /ioe?e i?aeae?aiaciie.
8. A?aaa?ue TH.E., Aaaca TH.A., Naieiueei E.A. Ia?acoeiaia n?aaenoai
ecia?aiey oaiia?aoo?u a aeeaiaciia – 50…+ 50 (N. // Oac. aeii. 5
iaoeiai-oaoi. eiioa?aioe?? (Iao?ieia?/ia caaacia/aiiy oaiia?aoo?ieo oa
oaieio?ce/ieo aei??thaaiue(. Oa?e?a: AeIAI (Iao?ieia?y(.-1994.-N.131.
Aeena?oaioii i?iaaaeaii aeine?aeaeaiiy aieeao ci?ie oaiia?aoo?e
aeaeo?iiii? noaie eaa?oeiaiai aaia?aoi?a ia oi/i?noue i’?cieaa?oeiaiai
oa?iiiao?a. I?ae eiai ea??aieoeoaii noai?aii c?aceiaee oa?iiiao?.
9. Aaaca TH.A., A?aaa?ue TH.E., Eenaeaa N.N., I?eeiae A.
Iueacieaa?oeaaue /anoioiue oa?iiiao? aeey e?eiaaiiie iaeanoe oaiia?aoo?.
// Oac. aeii. 5 iaoeiai-oaoi. eiioa?aioe?? (Iao?ieia?/ia caaacia/aiiy
oaiia?aoo?ieo oa oaieio?ce/ieo aei??thaaiue(. Oa?e?a: AeIAI
(Iao?ieia?y(.-1994.-N.131.
Aeena?oaioo iaeaaeeoue ?aeay i?aeaeuaiiy e?ooino? ia?aoai?aiiy /anoioa
-oaiia?aoo?a a ae?aiacii? a?ae 16 aei 26 E, i?iaaaeaii iiia?aaei?
iao?ieia?/i? aeine?aeaeaiiy oa?iiiao??a a oeueiio ae?aiacii? oaiia?aoo?.
AIIOAOe??
A?aaa? TH.E. ?aae?caoe?y aenieioi/ieo aei??thaaiue oaiia?aoo?e ca
aeiiiiiaith i’?cieaa?oeiaeo oa?iiiao??a. – ?oeiien.
Aeena?oaoe?y ia caeiaoooy iaoeiaiai nooiaiy eaiaeeaeaoa oaoi?/ieo iaoe
ca niaoe?aeuei?noth 05.11.15 – iao?ieia?y oa iao?ieia?/ia caaacia/aiiy.
– Oa?e?anueeee aea?aeaaiee iie?oaoi?/iee oi?aa?neoao, Oa?e?a, 1999.
Aeena?oaoe?th i?enay/aii iao?ieia?/iei aeine?aeaeaiiyi i’?cieaa?oeiaeo
oa?iiiao??a. I?iaiae?ciaaii aeaea?aea iioeaie, ye? i?eoaiaii?
i’?cieaa?oeiaei /anoioiei oa?iiiao?aie e iienaii oeyoe aei cieaeaiiy
iniiaieo ?c ieo.
Cai?iiiiiaaii aeae?eueea iaoiae?a cieaeaiiy iioeaee, yea iia’ycaia c
a?noa?acenii /anoioe i’?cieaa?oeiaeo oa?iiiao??a.
Noai?aii aoaeiiiee i’?cieaa?oeiaee oa?iiiao?, i?ecia/aiee aeey
aei??thaaiiy e ia?aaea/? iaeeieoe? oaiia?aoo?e E a ae?aiacii? a?ae
i?ion 196 aei 90(N c iioeaeith aei??thaaiiy oaiia?aoo?e ia a?eueoa, i?ae
3(10 – 3 E a ae?aiacii? a?ae 0 aei 90 (N e ia a?eueoa, i?ae 5(10 – 2 E a
ae?aiacii? a?ae i?ion 196 aei 0(N, yeee iiaea aeei?enoiaoaaoenue aeey
iao?ieia?/ieo aeine?aeaeaiue oa iao?ieia?/ii? aoanoaoe?? ye /anoioieo
oa?iiiao??a, oae e ?oooieo ??aeeiieo oa ?ioeo oa?iiiao??a a?eueo
iecueeiai ?ic?yaeo.
Eeth/ia? neiaa: oaiia?aoo?a, iioeaea, aei??thaaiiy, i’?cieaa?oeiaee
oa?iiiao?, iao?ieia?/i? aeine?aeaeaiiy, a?noa?acen /anoioe.
Grabar J.I. Realization of high accuracy measurements of temperature
by piezoquartz thermometers.- Manuscript.
Thesis for Candidate of Sciense Degree in Speciality 05.11.15 –
Metrology and Metrological Assurance. The Kharkiv State Polytechnic
University, Kharkiv, 1999.
The thesis is devoted to the metrological researches of the piezoquartz
thermometers. The sources of errors inherent in piezoquartz frequency
thermometers are analysed and the ways of reduction basic of them are
described.
Several methods for reduction of hysteresis of the frequency in
piezoquartz thermometers are found.
The exemplary piezoquartz thermometer intended for measurement and
transfer of unit temperature K in a range from – 196 up to 90 C with an
error of measurement of temperature no more than 3 ( 10 – 3 K in a range
from 0 up to 90 (C and no more, than
5 ( 10 – 2 K in a range from – 196 up to 0 (C is created, and it can be
used as exemplary for metrological researches and metrological
certification of both frequency thermometers, and mercury liquid and
other thermometers of the lower category also.
Key words: temperature, error, measurement, piezoquartz thermometers,
metrological researches, hysteresis of the frequency.
A?aaa?ue TH.E. ?aaeecaoeey aunieioi/iuo ecia?aiee oaiia?aoo?u n
iiiiuueth iueacieaa?oeaauo oa?iiiao?ia. – ?oeiienue.
Aeenna?oaoeey ia nieneaiea o/aiie noaiaie eaiaeeaeaoa oaoie/aneeo iaoe
ii niaoeeaeueiinoe 05.11.15 – iao?ieiaey e iao?ieiae/aneia iaania/aiea.
Oa?ueeianeee ainoaea?noaaiiue iieeoaoie/aneee oieaa?neoao, Oa?ueeia,
1999.
Aeenna?oaoeey iinayuaia iao?ieiae/aneei enneaaeiaaieyi iueacieaa?oeaauo
oa?iiiao?ia. I?iaiaeece?iaaiu enoi/ieee iia?aoiinoae, i?enouea
iueacieaa?oeaaui /anoioiui oa?iiiao?ai e iienaiu iooe nieaeaiey iniiaiuo
ec ieo. Enneaaeiaaii ianeieueei oeiia ?ac?aaioaiiuo ?aai/eo oa?iiiao?ia,
iaeiei ec eioi?uo yaeythony oeeo?iaua i?yiiiieacuaathuea oa?iiiao?u,
eioi?ua auee nicaeaiu aeey ecia?aiey oaiia?aoo?u aicaeooa aoiinoa?u, e
i?aaeiacia/aiu aeey ecia?aiee a aeeaiaciia io 0 aei 40 (N. A ea/anoaa
ia?ae/iuo i?aia?aciaaoaeae eniieueciaaiu iueacieaa?oeaaua ?aciiaoi?u
Iss-n?aca, ?aaioathuea ia 5 IAoe iniiaiie /anoiou. A auoiaeiii i?eai?a
eniieuecoaony eeiaeiay aii?ieneiaoeey caaeneiinoe /anoiou io
oaiia?aoo?u. Noiia?iay iia?aoiinoue oaeeo oa?iiiao?ia i?e iaaeiiaa?i/iii
eioa?aaea 1 aiae ninoaaeyao ( 3-4 ) ( 10 – 2 E.
Aeey oa?iiiao?ia, eioi?ua ?aaioatho a aeeaiaciia io ieion 21 aei 100 (N
oaeaea eniieueciaaeenue oa?iii?aia?aciaaoaee Iss-n?aca, ?aaioathuea ia
/anoioa
5 IAoe. Auoiaeiui i?eai?ii yaeyaony yeaeo?iiii-n/aoiue /anoioiia?, a
caaeneiinoue /anoiou io oaiia?aoo?u aii?ieneie?oaoy iieeiiiii o?aoueae
noaiaie, eiyooeoeeaiou eioi?iai ?ann/eoaiu eiaeeaeaeoaeueii aeey
eaaeaeiai oa?iiiao?a.Noiia?iay iia?aoiinoue oaeeo oa?iiiao?ia ninoaaeyao
2,87( 10 – 2 E i?e n?aaeieo cia/aieyo aenoa?acena e iiaeao aeinoeaaoue
4,5 ( 10 – 2 E i?e aai iaeneiaeueiuo cia/aieyo.
Oa?iiiao?u, eioi?ua ?aaioatho a aeeaiaciia io 0 aei ieion 196 (N n
i?aia?aciaaoaeyie oiai aea oeia, a auoiaeiui i?eai?ii oaeaea yaeyaony
yeaeo?iiii-n/aoiue /anoioiia?, ioee/athony eeoue aieueoei cia/aieai
iaeeiaeiinoe oa?ii/anoioiie oa?aeoa?enoeee e aieueoei cia/aieai
aenoa?acena. Iia?aoiinoue, naycaiiay n aenoa?acenii, a n?aaeiai
ninoaaeyao 5 ( 10 – 2 E. Caaeneiinoue /anoiou io oaiia?aoo?u a
aeaiiii aeeaiaciia aii?ieneie?oaony o?aiy iieeiiiaie o?aoueae noaiaie a
o?ao oaiia?aoo?iuo iiaeaeeaiaciiao, ia eioi?ua ?acaeaaaony aeaiiue
oe?ieee aeeaiacii. Noiia?iay iia?aoiinoue oa?iiiao?ia ninoaaeyao 6,5 (
10 – 2 E.
A oa?iiiao?ao, i?aaeiacia/aiiuo aeey ecia?aiey oaiia?aoo?u a aeeaiaciia
io 16 aei 26 E, aaea e?ooecia i?aia?aciaaiey ?acei iaaeaao, i?aaeeiaeai
niinia iiauoaiey e?ooeciu i?aia?aciaaiey iooai eniieueciaaiey ?aciinoiie
/anoiou aeaoo i?aia?aciaaoaeae, eiathueo i?ioeaiiieiaeiua iaeeiiu
oa?ii/anoioiuo oa?aeoa?enoee. Yoi iicaieeei oaaee/eoue e?ooecio
i?aia?aciaaiey aac iiauoaiey /anoiou oa?iiiao?a.
Oa?ii/anoioiua oa?aeoa?enoeee anao ?anniio?aiuo oeiia iueacieaa?oeaauo
oa?iiiao?ia aeinoaoi/ii oi?ioi iienuaathony iieeiiiaie o?aoueae noaiaie.
I?e eniieueciaaiee iienaiiuo i?eai?ia e iaoiaeia a?aaeoe?iaee
iia?aoiinoue ia?aaea/e oa?aeoa?ecoaony iaeie aaee/eiie
neo/aeiie iia?aoiinoe, e iia?aoiinoue a?aaeoe?iaee, a iniiaiii,
ii?aaeaeyaony inoaoeaie iaeneeth/aiiie nenoaiaoe/aneie iia?aoiinoe,
eioi?ay caaeneo io oi/iinoe yoaeiiiiai oa?iiiao?a e /anoioiia?a, eioi?ue
?aaeno?e?oao /anoioo a?aaeoe?oaiiai iueacieaa?oeaaiai oa?iiiao?a.
Iniiaiie aeeaae a noiia?ioth iia?aoiinoue oa?iiiao?ia aiineo
iia?aoiinoue a?aaeoe?iaee, iia?aoiinoue, naycaiiay n aeieaia?aiaiiie
ianoaaeeueiinoueth ia?ae/iuo i?aia?aciaaoaeae e iia?aoiinoue,
iaoneiaeaiiay aenoa?acenii /anoiou iueacieaa?oeaauo i?aia?aciaaoaeae.
Aiaeec aiciiaeiuo i?e/ei aenoa?acena iieacae, /oi iaeaieaa aa?iyoiie
i?e/eiie yaeythony aeaoaeou e?enoaeee/aneie no?oeoo?u iiiie?enoaeea
eaa?oea. I?aaeeiaeaia iiaeaeue iaoaiecia aenoa?acena, eioi?ue aicieeaao
aeaaiaea?y aeaeaeaieth eiiia i?eianae ii no?oeoo?iui eaiaeai (- eaa?oea
iiae aeaenoaeai oa?iioi?oaeo iai?yaeaiee, aicieeathueo i?e eciaiaiee
oaiia?aoo?u i?aia?aciaaoaey.
I?aaeeiaeaii ianeieueei iaoiaeia nieaeaiey iia?aoiinoe, eioi?ay naycaia
n aenoa?acenii /anoiou iueacieaa?oeaauo oa?iiiao?ia, a eiaiii: i/enoea
iiiiaeiea eaa?oea iooai aeaeo?iaeeooocee i?e oaiia?aoo?a 500 (N n
i?eeiaeaieai iinoiyiiiai iai?yaeaiey 5 EA ia i?ioyaeaiee 8 /ania e
yeaeo?iaeai, ?aniieiaeaiiui ia?iaiaeeeoey?ii ine Z; i?aaeaa?eoaeueiia
i?eeiaeaiea iinoiyiiiai iai?yaeaiey 500A i?e oaiia?aoo?a 170 (N ia
i?ioyaeaiee 8 /ania e yeaeo?iaeai aioiauo i?aia?aciaaoaeae; 3 – 4
i?aaeaa?eoaeueiuo oa?iioeeeee?iaaiey ii noaia 300 E ( 77 E ( 300 E n
auaea?aeeie ia iineaaeiai oeeeea i?e oaiia?aoo?a 77 E ia i?ioyaeaiee 8 –
12 /ania; 3 – 4 i?aaeaa?eoaeueiuo oa?iioeeeee?iaaiey ii noaia 300 E (
4,2 E (
300 E n auaea?aeeie ia iineaaeiai oeeeea i?e oaiia?aoo?a 4,2 E ia
i?ioyaeaiee 8 – 12 /ania.
Eniieueciaaiea i?iaaaeaiiuo enneaaeiaaiee iicaieeei ?anoe?eoue aeeaiacii
ecia?yaiuo oaiia?aoo? e iiauneoue oi/iinoue iueacieaa?oeaauo
oa?iiiao?ia. Nicaeai yoaeiiiue iueacieaa?oeaaue oa?iiiao?,
i?aaeiacia/aiiue aeey ecia?aiey e ia?aaea/e aaeeieoeu oaiia?aoo?u E a
aeeaiaciia io ieion 196 aei
90 (N n iia?aoiinoueth ecia?aiey oaiia?aoo?u ia aieaa, /ai 3(10 – 3 E a
aeeaiaciia io 0 aei 90 (N e ia aieaa, /ai 5(10 – 2 E a aeeaiaciia io
ieion 196 aei
0 (N.
A ninoaa oa?iiiao?a aoiaeeo iueacieaa?oeaaue oa?ii/anoioiue
i?aia?aciaaoaeue, eaa?oeaaue aaia?aoi? e yeaeo?iiiin/aoiue /anoioiia?.
?aai/ay /anoioa oa?iiiao?a 5 IAoe.
Oa?iiiao? iiaeao auoue eniieueciaai aeey iao?ieiae/aneeo enneaaeiaaiee e
iao?ieiae/aneie aooanoaoeee eae /anoioiuo oa?iiiao?ia, oae e ?oooiuo
aeeaeeinoiuo e ae?oaeo oa?iiiao?ia aieaa ieceiai ?ac?yaea.
Eeth/aaua neiaa: oaiia?aoo?a, ecia?aiea, iia?aoiinoue, iueacieaa?oeaaue
oa?iiiao?, iao?ieiae/aneea enneaaeiaaiey, aenoa?acen /anoiou,
oa?ii/anoioiue i?aia?aciaaoaeue.
I?aeienaii aei ae?oeo 15. 07. 99 Oi?iao 60 ( 90
Ianya 1 ae?oe. eeno. Caiiaeaiiy ? 172
Oe?aae 100 i?ei??iee?a. Aaceiooiaii.
Iaae?oeiaaii a AeIAI (Iao?ieia?y(
Oe?a?ia, 310 002, Oa?e?a, aoe. Ie?iiineoeueea, 42.
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