.

Стимулююча функція контролю знань, умінь і навичок студентів вищої школи: Автореф. дис… канд. пед. наук / В.М. Бочарнікова, Нац. пед. ун-т ім. М.П.Д

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IAOe?IIAEUeIEE IAAeAAIA?*IEE OI?AA?NEOAO

?iai? I.I. Ae?AAIIAIIAA

Ai/a?i?eiaa A??a Ieeiea?aia

OAeE 378.146/.147

NOEIOETHTH*A OOIEOe?ss

EIIO?IETH CIAIUe, OI?IUe ? IAAE*IE

NOOAeAIO?A AEUI? OEIEE

13.00.01 – oai??y oa ?noi??y iaaeaaia?ee

Aaoi?aoa?ao

aeena?oaoe?? ia caeiaoooy iaoeiaiai nooiaiy

eaiaeeaeaoa iaaeaaia?/ieo iaoe

Ee?a – 1999

Aeena?oaoe??th ? ?oeiien

?iaioa aeeiiaia a *a?eanueeiio aea?aeaaiiio oi?aa?neoao?

?iai? Aiaaeaia Oiaeueieoeueeiai, I?i?noa?noai ina?oe Oe?a?ie

Iaoeiaee ea??aiee – eaiaeeaeao iaaeaaia?/ieo iaoe, aeioeaio

EI?IEUe Aaeaioeia Ieeiea?aia,

*a?eanueeee aea?aeaaiee oi?aa?neoao

?iai? Aiaaeaia Oiaeueieoeueeiai, aeioeaio

Io?oe?ei? iiiiaioe – aeieoi? iaaeaaia?/ieo iaoe, aeioeaio,

ss?IOAIEI Ieueaa A?eai??aia,

Iaoe?iiaeueiee iaaeaaia?/iee oi?aa?neoao

?iai? I.I. Ae?aaiiaiiaa, i?ioani?

– eaiaeeaeao iaaeaaia?/ieo iaoe, noa?oee

iaoeiaee ni?a?ia?oiee,

NAAAeIAA Aaeaioeia Aanee?aia,

Aeaaeai?y iaaeaaia?/ieo iaoe Oe?a?ie,

a/aiee nae?aoa?

I?ia?aeia onoaiiaa – E??iaia?aaenueeee aea?aeaaiee iaaeaaia?/iee

oi?aa?neoao ?iai? Aieiaeeie?a Aeiie/aiea,

I?i?noa?noai ina?oe Oe?a?ie, eaoaae?a iaaeaaia?ee,

i. E??iaia?aae

Caoeno a?aeaoaeaoueny 18 aa?aciy 1999 ?ieo i 1630 aiae. ia can?aeaii?
niaoe?ae?ciaaii? a/aii? ?aaee E 26.053.02 o Iaoe?iiaeueiiio
iaaeaaia?/iiio oi?aa?neoao? ?iai? I.I. Ae?aaiiaiiaa ca aae?anith:
252601, i. Ee?a, aoe. Ie?iaiaa, 9.

C aeena?oaoe??th iiaeia iciaeiieoenue o a?ae?ioaoe? Iaoe?iiaeueiiai
iaaeaaia?/iiai oi?aa?neoaoo ?iai? I.I. Ae?aaiiaiiaa (252601, i. Ee?a,
aoe. Ie?iaiaa, 9)

Aaoi?aoa?ao ?ic?neaii 15 ethoiai 1999 ?ieo

A/aiee nae?aoa?

niaoe?ae?ciaaii? a/aii? ?aaee E.A. Aeieeinueea

CAAAEUeIA OA?AEOA?ENOEEA ?IAIOE

Aeooaeuei?noue ? nooi?iue aeine?aeaeaiiy i?iaeaie.

Nioe?aeueii-aeiiii?/i? ia?aoai?aiiy, ye? cae?eniththoueny a Oe?a?i?,
coiiaeee cia/i? ci?ie ?icaeoeo nenoaie ina?oe, ui a?aeaoeeny
a?aeiia?aeii aei aecia/aieo Aea?aeaaiith iaoe?iiaeueiith i?ia?aiith
“Ina?oa (Oe?a?ia OO? noie?ooy)”. Iath ia?aaeaa/aii a?oioiaia
?aoi?ioaaiiy ? oi?aa?neoaonueei? ina?oiuei? nenoaie, ni?yiiaaii? ia
i?aeaeuaiiy ??aiy i?aeaioiaee oao?aoe?a aeey ia?iaeiiai ainiiaea?noaa,
oi?ioaaiiy ? ?icaeoie oai?/i? iniaenoino? c aenieei ??aiai ciaiue,
oi?iue ? iaae/ie (COI) oa i?ioan?eii? eoeueoo?e.

O no/anieo oiiaao i?aaenoaaieee iaaeaaia?/ii? iaoee aaaeooue iiooe oaeeo
iiaeaeae iaa/aeueii-aeoiaiiai i?ioeano o aeu?e oeie?, ye? a ooaa?aeeee
ye?nii iia? aca?ieie i?ae eiai o/anieeaie. Aiie iiaeii? ni?yiiaoaaoeny
ia aoiai?caoe?th oa aeoea?caoe?th iaa/aeueii-i?ciaaaeueii? ae?yeueiino?
nooaeaio?a, caaacia/oaaoe ?ioaineaia iaieiae?iiy ieie iaiao?aeiiai
eiiieaeno ciaiue, oi?iue ? iaae/ie, a oaeiae aa?iii?eiee ?icaeoie
iniaenoino? iaeaooiueiai oao?aoey, ni?eyoe aaeaioaoe?? eiai aei iiaeo
oiia aeeooy.

I???iooaaiiy ina?oe ia ?icaeoie cae?aiinoae, oai?/eo iiaeeeainoae
?iaeea?aeoaeueiino? cae?enith?oueny eeoa ca oiia ocaiaeaeaiino? ae?e o
nenoai? “nooaeaioaeeeaaea/”. I?aea?oioyi no/anieo aeeaeaeoe/ieo
eiioeaioe?e (A.I. Aeaenthe, A.A. Aeaaeaeia, I.Ae. Eanueyiaiei,
I.?. Iaoiooia) ? i?eioeei ni?a?ia?oieoeoaa, ui ia?aaeaa/a? ?icoi?iiy
iaa/aiiy ye ?aeiino? i?aei?ioean?a o/?iiy (iaa/aeueii-i?ciaaaeueii?
ae?yeueiino? nooaeaio?a) oa aeeeaaeaiiy (iaa/aeueii? ae?yeueiino?
aeeeaaea/a). Oni?oia aca?iiae?y /eai?a iaa/aeueiiai i?ioeano
aeinyaa?oueny caaaeyee ?ioaineaiiio canoinoaaiith i?iaeaiieo,
aeine?aeieoeueeeo iaoiae?a iaa/aiiy, a oaeiae aeei?enoaiith oi?i
caaacia/aiiy naiino?eii? i?aai?caoe?? o/?iiy, a iniiao yeeo iieeaaeaii
?aea? iaaeaaia?/iiai noeioethaaiiy iaa/aeueii-i?ciaaaeueii? ae?yeueiino?
nooaeaio?a.

Iaeiei ?c oeyo?a iie?ioaiiy yeino? ina?oe, aoaeoeaiiai oi?aae?iiy
i?aeaioiaeith oao?aoe?a o aeu?e oeie? ? i?aeaeuaiiy ??aiy
cae?enithaaiiai eiio?ieth ca iaa/aeueii-iiciaaaeueiith ae?yeuei?noth
nooaeaio?a.

I?iaeaie, iia’ycai? c oeei iaia’yceiaei eiiiiiaioii iaa/aeueiiai
i?ioeano, ?icaeyiooi oa i?iaiae?ciaaii no/aniith iaaeaaia?eith ?
ineoieia??th ca ??cieie iai?yieaie: ?ic?iaeaiiy ?iiiaaoe?eieo oaoiieia?e
iaa/aiiy (A.I. Aeaenthe, A.I. Aiae?thuoe, ?.I. Aiaaeaiiaa,
I.A. A?eiueiaa, I.N. Caeoeaa, N.I. Caneaanueea, O.A. ?eue?ia,
A.A. Eicaeia, I.A. Eaa?aiei, A.A. Eocee, I.A. Iineaeaiei,
I.?. N?ei?nueeee, A.A. Oo?iai, I.A. *ioaiia, I.A. THoeyae/aia oa ?i.);
aeei?enoaiiy aaaaoiaaeueii? oeaee ioe?ithaaiiy COI (A.N. Aaaiania,
A.I. Aaniaeueei, I.I. Aaee/ei, I.?. ??aoeueeee, A.A. Ea?iia,
A.A. Eicaeia, A.I. Ioaeae?i oa ?i.); aecia/aiiy oai?aoe/ieo i?iaeai
eiio?ieth ye iaeiiai c iaoiae?a iaaeaaia?/iiai noeioethaaiiy
(?.?. Aoeao, I.I. Ao?einueea, I.Ae. Iaoiia, E.I. Iaea??e,
I.I. ?aeaoeueeee, A.E. ?enn, I.O. Oaeec?ia oa ?i.).

I?ae /an aeine?aeaeaiue aeyaeyeenue noeeueiino? oa iaa/aeuei? cae?aiino?
nooaeaio?a, ae?aaiinooaaany ?oi?e ii/aoeiaee ??aaiue, aaeenue iiooee,
iia’ycai? c ica?i?iiyi ?o iaoiaeeeith i?aai?caoe?? naiino?eii?
iaa/aeueii-i?ciaaaeueii? ae?yeueiino?, ai?iiyi cae?aoe ?ioi?iaoe?th,
aiae?coaaoe oa canoiniaoaaoe ?? a oiae? i?aeoe/ii? ae?yeueiino?. I?e
oeueiio cia/io oaaao aoei i?eae?eaii eiio?ieth ca
iaa/aeueii-iiciaaaeueiith ae?yeuei?noth nooaeaio?a.

A i?ioean? i?iaaaeaiiy eiio?ieth ca iaa/aeueii-i?ciaaaeueiith
ae?yeuei?noth nooaeaio?a aeui? oeiee i?iyaeeeny ?aaeuei? noia?a/iino?
i?ae: iiaeie aeiiaaie aei no/aniiai ??aiy ciaiue, oi?iue oa iaae/ie
iaeaooi?o oao?aoe?a ? ia aeineoue aenieei ??aiai iaoa??aeueii-oaoi?/ii?
aace iaa/aeueieo caeeaae?a; oai?/ei ??aiai aeeeaaeaiiy oa
?ai?iaeoeoeaiei oa?aeoa?ii o/?iiy; caaaeueiei i?aeoiaeii aei i?iaaaeaiiy
eaeoe?e, ni?yiiaaiei ia i?aeaioiaeo oao?aoey aeniei? eaae?o?eaoe??, e
?iaeea?aeoaeueiei ni?eeiyooyi ?oiueiai ci?noo nooaeaioaie. ?aaeuei?
noia?a/iino? na?ae/aoue i?i iayai?noue i?iaeaie, ui iio?aao?
?ica’ycaiiy.

*anoeiai iiaeieaoe noia?a/iino? no/aniiai iaa/aeueiiai i?ioeano, ia iaoo
aeoieo, iiaeia ai?iaaaeaeaiiyi ?iiiaaoe?eieo oaoiieia?e iaa/aiiy, a yeeo
/?eueia i?noea caeia? eiio?ieue ca ??aiai COI, ui ?noioii noeioeth?
nooaeaio?a aei iaa/aeueii-i?ciaaaeueii? ae?yeueiino?. O iaaeao oaeiai
eiio?ieth ia?aaeaa/a?oueny noaiaea?oecaoe?y c aeei?enoaiiyi oanooaaiiy
ca aeiiiiiaith eiii’thoa?a, canoinoaaiiy oaiaoe/ii-?aeoeiaiai? nenoaie c
ai?iaaaeaeaiiyi aaaaoiaaeueii? oeaee ioe?ithaaiiy. Ana oea ni?yiiaaii ia
noai?aiiy ?iaeea?aeoaeueii? iiaeae? i?aai?caoe?? naiino?eii?
iaa/aeueii-i?ciaaaeueii? ae?yeueiino? oa oi/i?oa aecia/aiiy ?aaeueiiai
??aiy caeiaooeo COI eiaeiiai nooaeaioa.

?nio? iaiao?aei?noue aea/eoe iaaeaaia?/i? oiiae canoinoaaiiy eiio?ieth
ye ae??aiai oeyoo noeioethaaiiy nooaeaio?a aei o/?iiy. Aeooaeuei?noue
iio?aae a iiaeaeueoiio ?ic?iaeaiith i?iaeaie canoinoaaiiy eiio?ieth c
iaoith iaaeaaia?/iiai noeioethaaiiy, aaeineiiaeaiiy oa i?aeoe/iiai
ai?iaaaeaeaiiy eiai a neeaae? ?iiiaaoe?eii? oaoiieia?? iaa/aiiy coiiaeee
aea?? oaie aeena?oaoe?eiiai aeine?aeaeaiiy “Coeioethth/a ooieoe?y
eiio?ieth ciaiue, oi?iue ? iaae/ie nooaeaio?a aeui? oeiee”.

Aeena?oaoe?eia aeine?aeaeaiiy aeeiiaii a?aeiia?aeii aei oaiaoe/iiai
ieaio iaoeiaeo aeine?aeaeaiue *a?eanueeiai aea?aeaaiiai oi?aa?neoaoo
?iai? Aiaaeaia Oiaeueieoeueeiai.

Ia’?eo aeine?aeaeaiiy: eiio?ieue iaa/aeueii-i?ciaaaeueii? ae?yeueiino?
nooaeaio?a ye eiiiiiaio iaa/aeueiiai i?ioeano aeuiai iaa/aeueiiai
caeeaaeo.

I?aaeiao aeine?aeaeaiiy: ?aae?caoe?y noeioethth/i? ooieoe?? eiio?ieth
COI nooaeaio?a aeui? oeiee a oiiaao oaiaoe/ii-?aeoeiaiai? oaoiieia??
iaa/aiiy.

Iaoa aeine?aeaeaiiy: aeyaeoe iioeiaeuei? iaaeaaia?/i? oiiae ?aae?caoe??
noeioethth/i? ooieoe?? eiio?ieth COI nooaeaio?a aeui? oeiee, oai?aoe/ii
?o iaa?oiooaaoe oa aenia?eiaioaeueii aecia/eoe aoaeoeai?noue
oaiaoe/ii-?aeoeiaiaiai ioe?ithaaiiy iaa/aeueieo aeinyaiaiue.

A?iioaca aeine?aeaeaiiy a?oioo?oueny ia oiio, ui aoaeoeai?noue
?aae?caoe?? noeioethth/i? ooieoe?? eiio?ieth cia/ii i?aeaeueoueny ca
oiiae ai?iaaaeaeaiiy oaiaoe/ii-?aeoeiaiai? oaoiieia?? iaa/aiiy c
aeei?enoaiiyi aaaaoiaaeueii? oeaee ioe?ithaaiiy iaa/aeueieo aeinyaiaiue
nooaeaio?a, caaacia/eoue iiceoeai? ci?ie a noinoieao i?ae aeeeaaea/aie
oa nooaeaioaie ? noai?eoue oiiae aeey iniaeno?niiai c?inoaiiy eiaeiiai
nooaeaioa, coiiaeoue oi?ioaaiiy aenieiai ??aiy eiai aioiaiino? aei
iaeaooiuei? i?ioan?eii? ae?yeueiino? ca ?aooiie iiceoeaieo ci?i
iioeaaoe?eii? noa?e, yeino? oa ??aiy ciaiue, oi?iue ? iaae/ie.

Caaaeaiiy aeine?aeaeaiiy:

1) i?iaiae?coaaoe ooieoe?? eiio?ieth COI nooaeaio?a, aecia/eoe i?noea ?
?ieue noeioethth/i? ooieoe??;

2) aeyaeoe oeyoe oa oiiae aoaeoeaiino? iaaeaaia?/iiai eiio?ieth COI
nooaeaio?a;

3) iaa?oiooaaoe nenoaio eiio?ieth iaa/aeueii-i?ciaaaeueii? ae?yeueiino?
nooaeaio?a, iaoiaeeeo ? oaoi?eo ?? canoinoaaiiy a oiiaao
oaiaoe/ii-?aeoeiaiai? oaoiieia?? iaa/aiiy;

4) aecia/eoe aoaeoeai?noue aeei?enoaiiy oaiaoe/ii-paeoeiaiai? nenoaie
ioe?ithaaiiy ii??aiyii c o?aaeeoe?eiith nenoaiith ioe?ithaaiiy COI
nooaeaio?a.

Iaoiaeieia?/iith oa oai?aoe/iith iniiaith aeine?aeaeaiiy ? nenoaiiee
i?aeo?ae aei aiae?co ineoieiai-iaaeaaia?/ieo i?iaeai eiio?ieth COI, ui
a?oioo?oueny ia ineoieiai-iaaeaaia?/ieo ? caaaeueiiiaaeaaia?/ieo
iaaeaaiiyo no/anieo a?o/eciyieo oa ca?oa?aeieo aeine?aeiee?a,
eiioeaiooaeueieo iieiaeaiyo Caeiio Oe?a?ie “I?i ina?oo”, i?eioeeie oa
iieiaeaiiy oai??? iiaoaiiiai oi?ioaaiiy ?icoiiaeo ae?e
(I.ss. Aaeueia??i, I.O. Oaeec?ia oa ?i.), iaaeaaia?/ieo aei?pthaaiue
(Aeae. Aeann, Aeae. Noaie?, A.A. Neaaeeaae/, A.I. Aaniaeueei,
E. ?iaaieaii oa ?i.), a oaeiae i?aeoiaee aei eiiopieth COI nooaeaio?a
aeueo iaa/aeueieo caeeaae?a (N.?. Apoaiaaeuenueeee, A.A. Iie?aia,
A.N. Aaaiania, A.A. Eicaeia oa ?i.).

Iaoiaee aeine?aeaeaiiy: caaaeueiiiaoeia? (aiae?c, neioac, iiaeaethaaiiy,
ocaaaeueiaiiy, ii??aiyiiy, oi?ioth/ee oa eiinoaooth/ee aenia?eiaioe);
aii??e/i? (iieooaaiiy, niinoa?aaeaiiy, ioe?ithaaiiy ca ?aeoeiaii, c??ce
ciaiue, eiio?ieue oni?oiino? iaa/aiiy nooaeaio?a, aea/aiiy iaaeaaiue
aeeeaaea/?a aoco oa a/eoae?a oe?e i?noa c i?iaeai i?aai?caoe??,
i?iaaaeaiiy eiio?ieth, aiae?co eiai ?acoeueoao?a, iaoiaee
iaoaiaoe/ii-noaoenoe/iiai ii?aoethaaiiy aeaieo.

I?aai?caoe?y aeine?aeaeaiiy. Aeine?aeii-aenia?eiaioaeueia ?iaioa
cae?enithaaeany o *a?eanueeiio aea?aeaaiiio oi?aa?neoao? oa *a?eanueeiio
?iaeaia?ii-oaoiieia?/iiio ?inoeooo?. Anueiai aeine?aeaeaiiyi aoei
ioiieaii 767 nooaeaio?a oa 152 aeeeaaea/a aoc?a ? a/eoae?a i?nueeeo
oe?e.

Aeine?aeaeaiiy cae?enithaaeiny a o?e aoaie ai?iaeiaae i’yoe ?ie?a.

Ia?oee aoai (1994-1995) aoei ni?yiiaaii ia ?ic?iaeaiiy eiioeaioe??
aeine?aeaeaiiy ia iniia? aea/aiiy i?iaeaie iaaeaaia?/iiai eiio?ieth
iaa/aeueii? ae?yeueiino? nooaeaio?a aeui? oeiee; ?ic?iaeo iaoiaeeee
noai?aiiy oa canoinoaaiiy oaiaoe/ii-paeoeiaiai? nenoaie ioe?iaiiy COI
nooaeaio?a c o?aooaaiiyi ?acoeueoao?a i?eioaaeiiai aeine?aeaeaiiy;
aeyaeaiiy iaaeie?e?a i?aai?caoe?? eiio?ieth COI nooaeaio?a ? iiooee
oeyo?a ?oiueiai onoiaiiy.

Ae?oaee aoai (1995-1996) ia?aaeaa/aa i?iaaaeaiiy iaaeaaia?/iiai
aenia?eiaioo. Eiai iaoith aoei aeyaeaiiy oiia aeinyaiaiiy ia’?eoeaiino?
ia?aa??ee e ioe?iee iaa/aeueieo aeinyaiaiue nooaeaio?a oa aoaeoeaiino?
oaoiieia?? iaa/aiiy i?e canoinoaaii? oaiaoe/ii-paeoeiaiai? nenoaie
ioe?ithaaiiy COI ii??aiyii c o?aaeeoe?eiith oi?iith eiio?ieth, a oaeiae
aea/aiiy iiaeeeainoae c?noaaeoe ?acoeueoaoe iaa/aiiy nooaeaio?a;
oai?aoe/ia ? noaoenoe/ia ii?aoethaaiiy aii??e/ieo aeaieo. Aenia?eiaio ia
ii?oooaaa i?e?iaeieo oiia iaa/aeueiiai i?ioeano.

Ia o?aoueiio, caaa?oaeueiiio, aoai? aeine?aeaeaiiy (1996-1998), aea/aiiy
aeenoeeie?i cae?enithaaeiny c aeei?enoaiiyi oaiaoe/ii-?aeoeiaiai?
nenoaie ioe?ithaaiiy, oiaoi aoei ia?aa??aii a??ia?aei?noue aenoiooi?
a?iioace, i?iaaaeaii niaoe?aeuei? ae?aaiinoe/i? c??ce. Ia?aeaeueii ie
ei?eaoaaee ci?no aenia?eiaioaeueiiai aeine?aeaeaiiy, cae?aee,
aiae?coaaee, ocaaaeueithaaee oa ii?aoeueiaoaaee ?acoeueoaoe
aenia?eiaioo, oi?ioethaaee aeniiaee, ioi?iethaaee ?acoeueoaoe iaoeiaiai
iiooeo oa ai?iaaaeaeoaaee ?o o i?aeoeeo iaa/aeueiiai i?ioeano aoco.

Iaoeiaa iiaecia aeena?oaoe?? iieyaa? a oiio, ui aoei aeyaeaii oa iaoeiai
iaa?oioiaaii ci?no, no?oeoo?o, oaoiieia?th oaiaoe/ii-?aeoeiaiaiai
ioe?ithaaiiy COI nooaeaio?a; ?ic?iaeaii iaoiaeeeo canoinoaaiiy
oaiaoe/ii-paeoeiaiai? nenoaie eiio?ieth COI nooaeaio?a; aea/aii
iiaeeeaino? iaaeaaia?/ii? ?ioa?i?aoaoe?? (ii??aiyiiy) ?acoeueoao?a
aei??thaaiiy COI ca oiia o?aaeeoe?eiiai oa ?iiiaaoe?eiiai eiio?ieth;
noi?ioeueiaaii iia? oai?aoe/i? aeniiaee i?i iniaeeaino? ai?iaaaeaeaiiy
oaiaoe/ii-?aeoeiaiai? nenoaie eiio?ieth o iaa/aeueiee i?ioean aoco.

Oai?aoe/ia cia/aiiy aeine?aeaeaiiy iieyaa? a ?icoe?aii? iaoeiaeo ciaiue
oai??? ioe?ithaaiiy iaa/aeueieo aeinyaiaiue, oai?aoe/iiio ocaaaeueiaii?
oa i?aeoe/i?e ?aae?caoe?? ?aea? ia’?eoea?caoe?? eiio?ieth iaaooeo COI. O
aeena?oaoe?? aoei ooi/iaii ie?ai? oai?aoe/i? iieiaeaiiy nooiino? oa
no?oeoo?e iaaeaaia?/iiai eiio?ieth, aecia/aii oiiae ia?aa??ee ?
ioe?ithaaiiy COI nooaeaio?a, iaa?oioiaaii iiaoaeiao nenoaie
iaaeaaia?/iiai eiio?ieth, yea a?oioo?oueny ia oaiaoe/ii-?aeoeiaiaiio
iaa/aii? oa a?aeiia?aeiiio ioe?ithaaii?.

I?aeoe/ia cia/ou?noue aeine?aeaeaiiy iieyaa? a oiio, ui ?ic?iaeaio a
aeena?oaoe?? iaaeaaia?/io oaoiieia?th noai?aiiy ? canoinoaaiiy
oaiaoe/ii-paeoeiaiai? nenoaie eiio?ieth, ?ic?iaeaiee eiiieaeo oano?a
aeey eiii’thoa?iiai oa aaciaoeiiiai eiio?ieth COI iiaeia aeei?enoiaoaaoe
a iaa/aeueieo caeeaaeao ??cieo ina?oi?o i?io?e?a e ??ai?a ae?aaeeoaoe??.
Ai?iaaaeaeaiiy oe??? iaoiaeeee o iaa/aeueiee i?ioean aea? iiaeeea?noue
io?eiaoe ia’?eoeaio, oi/io oa a??ia?aeio ?ioi?iaoe?th i?i nooi?iue
canai?iiy nooaeaioaie i?ia?aiiiai iaoa??aeo.

A??ia?aei?noue iaoeiaeo iieiaeaiue ? ?acoeueoao?a aeena?oaoe?eiiai
aeine?aeaeaiiy caaacia/o?oueny iaoiaeieia?/iith aiioeaiaai?noth eiai
oai?aoe/ieo iniia, canoinoaaiiyi aca?iiaeiiiaithth/eo iaoiae?a iaoeiaiai
iiooeo, aaeaeaaoieo eiai ia’?eoo, i?aaeiaoo, iao? e caaaeaiiyi;
?ai?acaioaoeai?noth aea??ee; ye?niei oa e?euee?niei aiae?caie
aenia?eiaioaeueieo aeaieo; ?acoeueoaoeai?noth iaa/aeueii-i?ciaaaeueii?
ae?yeueiino? nooaeaio?a ia iniia? aeei?enoaiiy cai?iiiiiaaii?
?iiiaaoe?eii? nenoaie eiio?ieth COI.

Aipiaaoe?y ? ai?iaaaeaeaiiy ?acoeueoao?a aeine?aeaeaiiy cae?enithaaeeny
aaciina?aaeiuei a i?ioean? iaaeaaia?/ii? ae?yeueiino? aaoi?a o aoc?,
i?ae /an i?iaaaeaiiy oi?ioth/iai aenia?eiaioo a nenoai? i?ioan?eii?
i?aeaioiaee iaeaooi?o oao?aoe?a. ?ic?iaeaia iaoiaeeea
oaiaoe/ii-?aeoeiaiai? nenoaie eiio?ieth COI ai?iaaaeaeaii o iaa/aeueiee
i?ioean o?i?/iiai oaeoeueoaoo *AeO.

Iniiai? iieiaeaiiy aeine?aeaeaiiy ai?iaiaaii ia iaoeiaeo eiioa?aioe?yo:
“?ioaa?aoe?y iaoee o nenoai? i?aeaioiaee o/eoaey” (*a?eane, 1995);
“Eiii’thoa?i? i?ia?aie iaa/aeueiiai i?ecia/aiiy c o?i??” (Aeiiaoeuee,
1996, 1997); “Nenoaia iaia?a?aii? ina?oe: caeiaooee, iiooee, i?iaeaie”
(*a?i?aoe?, 1996); “?ioi?iaoe?ei? oaoiieia?? a iaooe? oa ina?o?”
(*a?eane, 1997); “Oai??y ? i?aeoeea aea/aiiy i?e?iaeie/eo aeenoeeie?i o
aeu?e oa na?aaei?e oeie?” (Oiaiue, 1997); “Iia? oaoiieia?? iaa/aiiy:
i?iaeaie, iiooee, ciao?aeee” (Euea?a, 1997); “Iia? ?ioi?iaoe?ei?
oaoiieia?? iaa/aiiy a o/aiaeo caeeaaeao Oe?a?ie” (Iaeana, 1997, 1998);
“Iia? iaaeaaia?/i? oaoiieia?? a eiioaeno? no/anieo eiioeaioe?e ci?noo
ina?oe” (Eoaainuee, 1998); iaoiaee/iiio nai?ia?? aeaeai?a, caa?aeoth/eo
eaoaae?, aeeeaaea/?a *a?eanueeiai aea?aeaaiiai oi?aa?neoaoo (1997),
iaoiaee/iiio ia’?aeiaii? a/eoae?a *a?eanueeiai o?ceei-iaoaiaoe/iiai
e?oeath oa na?aaei?o oe?e i?noa *a?eane (1998).

?acoeueoaoe e iniiai? iieiaeaiiy i?iaaaeaiiai aeine?aeaeaiiy aeeeaaeai?
o 5 iioae?eiaaieo noaooyo.

Ia iniia? oai?aoe/ieo ocaaaeueiaiue ? aiane?aeie aenia?eiaioaeueii?
?iaioe aoei ?ic?iaeaii e ai?iaaaeaeaii a i?aeoeeo iaa/aiiy nooaeaio?a
*a?eanueeiai aea?aeaaiiai oi?aa?neoaoo oaiaoe/ii-?aeoeiaiao oaoiieia?th
iaa/aiiy c a?aeiia?aeiith nenoaiith ioe?ithaaiiy COI c o?i?/ieo
aeenoeeie?i, ui aea/athoueny ia iieiaeoeo eo?nao.

Iniaenoee aianie caeiaoaa/a a iaea?aeaii? iaoeiaeo ?acoeueoao?a iieyaa?
o: oai?aoe/iiio iaa?oiooaaii? iniiaieo ?aeae ? iieiaeaiue i?iaeaie
eiio?ieth COI nooaeaio?a ye ae?yeueiino? aeeeaaea/a; ?ic?iaeaii? oano?a
aeey eiii’thoa?iiai oa aaciaoeiiiai eiio?ieth COI; aaciina?aaeiueiio
ea??aieoeoa? aeine?aeii-aenia?eiaioaeueiith ?iaioith ai?iaaaeaeaiiy
?acoeueoao?a eiio?ieth o iaa/aeueii-i?ciaaaeueio ae?yeuei?noue;
?ic?iaeaii? cania?a iaa/aeueii-iaoiaee/iiai caaacia/aiiy oeueiai
i?ioeano; iaeiie/aii? oaeoe/iiai aenia?eiaioaeueiiai iaoa??aeo, eiai
?ioa?i?aoaoe??, ai?iaaaeaeaii? ?acoeueoao?a aeine?aeaeaiiy o i?aeoeeo.
Cai?iiiiiaaii oi?ioeo aeey aecia/aiiy IE inoaoi/iiai ?acoeueoaoo
eiii’thoa?iiai oanooaaiiy. Noai?aii ae?aaiinoe/iee oano aecia/aiiy
?iaeea?aeoaeueiiai eiai?oiiioi?iiai ?iaeaena.

No?oeoo?a aeena?oaoe??. Aeena?oaoe?y neeaaea?oueny c anooio, aeaio
?icae?e?a, aeniiae?a aei eiaeiiai ?icae?eo, caaaeueieo aeniiae?a, nieneo
aeei?enoaieo aeaea?ae (248 iaeiaioaaiue), 4 aeiaeaoe?a (21 noi??iea).
Caaaeueiee ianya aeena?oaoe?? 208 noi??iie (iniiaiee oaeno aeeeaaeaiee
ia 163 noi??ieao. ?iaioa i?noeoue 33 oaaeeoe? oa 12 ?enoie?a, ui
i?noyoueny ia 24 noi??ieao.

INIIAIEE CI?NO

O anooi? iaa?oioiaaii aeooaeuei?noue aeine?aeaeaiiy i?iaeaie
iaaeaaia?/iiai eiio?ieth ciaiue, oi?iue ? iaae/ie nooaeaio?a aeui?
oeiee, aecia/aii ia’?eo, i?aaeiao, iaoo, noi?ioeueiaaii a?iioaco oa
caaaeaiiy aeine?aeaeaiiy, a??ia?aei?noue, iaoeiao iiaecio, oai?aoe/ia e
i?aeoe/ia cia/aiiy, aeacai? oeyoe ai?iaaoe?? oa ai?iaaaeaeaiiy
?acoeueoao?a aeine?aeaeaiiy, aeeeaaeaii iniaenoee aianie caeiaoaa/a.

O ia?oiio ?icae?e? – “Eiio?ieue ciaiue, oi?iue ? iaae/ie nooaeaio?a
aeui? oeiee ye iaaeaaia?/ia i?iaeaia” – ia iniia? aiae?co ??cieo
i?aeoiae?a aei aeine?aeaeaiiy i?iaeaie iaaeaaia?/iiai eiio?ieth COI
nooaeaio?a aeui? oeiee aeiaaaeaii, ui a?i ? aaaeeeaei eiiiiiaioii
iaa/aeueiiai i?ioeano ? ?icaeyaea?oueny ye ae?yeuei?noue aeeeaaea/a,
ni?yiiaaia ia anoaiiaeaiiy aieeao eiio?ieth ia iioeaaoe?th o/?iiy.

Aiae?c ineoieiai-iaaeaaia?/ii? e?oa?aoo?e aeaa ciiao aecia/eoe, ui
oai?aoe/iei iaa?oiooaaiiyi iaaeaaia?/iiai eiio?ieth ? eiioeaioe?y
iaa/aiiy ye nenoaie (A.I. Aeaenthe, I.?. Iaoiooia, ?.ss. Ea?ia?). Aiia
aeeth/a? aeeeaaeaiiy (ae?yeuei?noue aeeeaaea/a) oa o/?iiy
(iaa/aeueii-i?ciaaaeueia ae?yeuei?noue nooaeaio?a), i?ae yeeie ?nio?
i?yiee ? cai?ioiee ca’ycie, ui a?oioo?oueny ia eiio?ie? COI.
Ineoieia?/iith nooi?noth noeioethaaiiy nooaeaio?a aei iaa/aiiy ?
aecia/aiiy eiio?ieth ye ?aeiino? oi?aae?iiy iioeaaoe??th noa’?eoa o/?iiy
oa naii?aaoeyoe?? iaa/aeueii-i?ciaaaeueii? ae?yeueiino?
(E.N. Aeaionueeee, I.I. Eaiioue?a, E.E. Ieaoiiia, N.E. ?oa?iooaei).
Iiceoeai? iioeae, cae?aiino? oa iaa/aeuei? iio?aae eaaeaoue a iniia?
i?iaeoeoeaiiai o/?iiy; aeoeaia iaa/aeueii-i?ciaaaeueia ae?yeuei?noue ?
oiiaith oi?ioaaiiy iniaenoino?, ui e i?eaiaeeoue aei noi?iiaaii?
iioeaaoe?eii? noa?e, yea ?aae?co?oueny ca aeiiiiiaith iaaeaaia?/iiai
noeioeo o aeaeyae? eiio?ieth.

Aeeaeaeoe/ia iie?ooieoe?iiaeuei?noue eiio?ieth i?aee?aneth? eiai
aaaaoicia/i?noue. Iaiaeiicia/i?noue, a?aenooi?noue ?aeiino? o noaaeaii?
nooaeaio?a oa aeeeaaea/?a aei ?aae?caoe?? ooieoe?e eiio?ieth iio?aao?
iiooeo oeyo?a cae?eniaiiy oeueiai i?ioeano. C o?aooaaiiyi ?nioaaiiy
ca’yceo i?ae ooieoe?yie eiio?ieth aenia?eiaioaeueii aecia/aii i?ia?aei?
na?aae ieo (iaa/ath/a, noeioethth/a, eiio?iethth/a), i?aeaeuaiiy ??aiy
?aae?caoe?? yeeo, ia iao iiaeyae, ? aaaeeeaei caniaii c?inoaiiy
aoaeoeaiino? iaa/aiiy nooaeaio?a. ?c oaaaeaiiyi o iaa/aeueiee i?ioean
iiaeo oaoiieia?e c’yaeythoueny iia? iao?aaeeoe?ei? oi?ie ? iaoiaee
eiio?ieth. O oeueiio ieai? caneoaiaothoue oaaae i?aoe? I.A. Aiiaea?aiea,
I.I. Ao?einueei?, ?.?. Aoeao, I.Ae. Iaoiiaa, A.I. Ioaeae?ia,
E.I. Iaea??y, A.E. ?enn, E.I. ?onaeiai?, O.A. Nieiaeei?.

*anoeiaa ae??oaiiy aeayeeo iaoiaee/ieo ieoaiue ia ?ica’yco? an?o i?iaeai
eiio?ieth ca iaa/aeueieie aeinyaiaiiyie nooaeaio?a o oe?eiio. Iiooee
oeyo?a aaeineiiaeaiiy eiio?ieth na?ae/aoue i?i oa, ui ai?iaaaeaeaiiy
eiai noaiaea?oecaoe??, iaaiith i??ith, ni?ey? i?aeaeuaiith eiai
aoaeoeaiino?. Ioe?ithaaiiy, yea cae?enith?oueny a oiae? eiio?ieth COI,
noeioeth? nooaeaio?a aei aeoeaii? iaa/aeueii-i?ciaaaeueii? ae?yeueiino?,
a ioaea, aenooia? iaa/ath/ei oaeoi?ii, ui coiiaeth? iiceoeai?
?acoeueoaoe iaa/aeueiiai i?ioeano.

Ae??aeie iieacieeaie aeeaeaeoe/ii? aoaeoeaiino? eiio?ieth COI ?
ia??iaee/i?noue, oiioeaiaai?noue iaa/aeueii-i?ciaaaeueii? ae?yeueiino?,
?iaeea?aeoae?caoe?y oa aeeoa?aioe?aoe?y.

Nooaeaioe-ia?oieo?nieee aaaaeathoue, ui oo?oaeiaiiy a
iaa/aeueii-i?ciaaaeuei?e ae?yeueiino? coiiaeththoueny ia’?eoeaieie
i?e/eiaie, iaaeiioe?ithth/e i?e oeueiio ?ieue noa’?eoeaieo, oi/a
aenia?eiaioaeuei? aeai? na?ae/aoue i?i ?oith ae??a?noue ? aeathoue
i?aenoaao aaaaeaoe ?o i?ia?aeieie.

Aiae?c ??cieo i?aeoiae?a aei eeaneo?eaoe?e aeae?a eiio?ieth COI aeaa
ciiao aecia/eoe 12 c ieo ca aoaiaie iaa/aiiy oa iaa?oiooaaoe ?oi?
i?ecia/aiiy.

Aenia?eiaioaeueii anoaiiaeaii i?iya i?ia?aeieo ooieoe?e eiio?ieth a
iniiaieo eiai aeaeao. Iaea?eueoo ?ioi?iaoe?th i?i ye?noue
iaa/aeueii-i?ciaaaeueii? ae?yeueiino? nooaeaio?a iana oie aeae
eiio?ieth, aeiiae aei yeiai caaeiaieueiythoueny a?eueoith i??ith.
Iniaeeaiai cia/aiiy iaaoaathoue 12 aeiia, ye? aecia/aii oa iaa?oioiaaii
a aeena?oaoe??.

On? aeaee eiio?ieth ca iaa/aeueii-iiciaaaeueiith ae?yeuei?noth
?aae?cothoueny a iaaieo oi?iao, iaoiaeao ? i?eeiiao. Iaee?aua
a?aeiia?aea? aeiiaai oa ia? ia?aaaae noaiaea?oeciaaiee iaoiae eiio?ieth
COI, yeee iiaeia canoinoaaoe a a?eueoino? ?nioth/eo aeae?a eiio?ieth.
Iaec?o/i?oei i?e oeueiio ? aeei?enoaiiy oano?a ?c aea??eiaeie
a?aeiia?aeyie, ye? iiceoeaii ci?ieee iieacieee
?ioaeaeooaeueii-i?ciaaaeueiiai i?ioeano: oaeaee?noue ieneeii?aeo
i?ioean?a ca?eueoeeany iiiaae 2,5 ?aca, iiceoeaia ??cieoey o i?iya?
?ea?aeiino? ieneaiiy noaiiaeoue 3 ae?? ca aecia/aiee /an, ia?aeeth/aiiy
? no?ee?noue oaaae 4, ?iciiae?e oaaae 9, eia?/i?e ? iaoai?/i?e iai’yo?
3. Aeu? iieacieee niinoa??aathoueny a o?e aenia?eiaioaeuei?e a?oi?, a
ye?e aeei?enoiaoaaee eiii’thoa?i? oanoe, aea oiia noaiaea?oecaoe??
i?iaaaeaiiy eiio?ieth a?eueoa.

Eiinoaooth/ee aenia?eiaio iieacaa, ui o?aaeeoe?eia nenoaia eiio?ieth ia
i?aeaeuo? ?ioa?ano aei iaa/aiiy, nooaeaioe caaeiaieueiythoueny
?ioi?iaoeaiei aeeeaaeii iaa/aeueiiai iaoa??aeo oa i?i?ioiii
a?aeiia?aeii? e?oa?aoo?e, ui na?ae/eoue i?i iecueeee ??aaiue aeoeaiino?
iaa/aeueii-i?ciaaaeueii? ae?yeueiino?. ?ica’ycaiiy i?iaeaie i?aeaeuaiiy
??aiy COI iieyaa? a canoinoaaii? ?iiiaaoe?eieo oaoiieia?e ?c
aeei?enoaiiyi oaeiai eiio?ieth, yeee noeioeth? iaa/aeueii-i?ciaaaeueio
ae?yeuei?noue nooaeaio?a, ni?ey? ?icaeoeo ?oiuei? naiino?eiino?,
i?eaiaeeoue aei i?aeaeuaiiy ??aiy yeino? caaaeueii? i?aeaioiaee, a
oaeiae aei aeyaeaiiy oa ?icaeoeo oai?/eo cae?aiinoae eiaeiiai nooaeaioa.

O ae?oaiio ?icae?e? – “Noeioethth/a ooieoe?y eiio?ieth a oiiaao
oaiaoe/ii-?aeoeiaiai? oaoiieia?? iaa/aiiy” – cae?eniaii
oai?aoe/ii-iaoiaee/ia iaa?oiooaaiiy iniia oaiaoe/ii-?aeoeiaiai?
oaoiieia?? iaa/aiiy c a?aeiia?aeiith nenoaiith ioe?ithaaiiy caeiaooeo
COI, yea noai?th? oiiae aeey ?aae?caoe?? iiaeeeainoae i?ia?aeieo
ooieoe?e eiio?ieth. E??i oiai, iaaiaeyoueny oa aiae?cothoueny
?acoeueoaoe aenia?eiaioaeueii? ia?aa??ee aieeao iaaeaaia?/iiai eiio?ieth
ia aoaeoeai?noue iaa/aeueii-i?ciaaaeueii? ae?yeueiino? nooaeaio?a.

Cai?iaaaeaeaia oaiaoe/ii-?aeoeiaiaa nenoaia ioe?ithaaiiy COI nooaeaio?a
noai?th? neooaoe?th cia/ouino? anueiai i?ioeano ia?aa??ee e
ioe?ithaaiiy. Iaa/aeuei? aeinyaiaiiy ioe?ithaaeeny ca aaaaoiaaeueiith
oeaeith, ui cai?ieea o?aaeeoe?eio /ioe?eaaeueio oeaeo. Aaaaeaiiy ?? aea?
ciiao aa/eoe ?aaeueii aeinyaioo? nooaeaioaie iaa/aeuei? oni?oe,
noeioethaaoe ?oith iaa/aeueii-i?ciaaaeueio ae?yeuei?noue, ni?eyoe
iaa/aeuei?e ciaaaeueiino? oiui. *ei oi/i?oa ioe?iaii COI nooaeaioa, oei
ye?ni?oith ? ?ioi?iaoe?y, yea iaiao?aeia aeey i?aai?caoe?? iiaeaeueoi?
ae?yeueiino? aeeeaaea/a, a oaeiae ae?yeueiino? nooaeaioa a o/?ii?.

Canai?iiy ciaiue yaey? niaith neeaaeio ineoieiai-iaaeaaia?/io
ae?yeuei?noue, a ye?e caae?yii aiioe?eii-aieueia? oa
?ioaeaeooaeueii-i?ciaaaeuei? i?ioeane. Cia/ia ?ieue a aoaeoeai?e
i?aai?caoe?? canai?iiy COI iaeaaeeoue ia?ai?e nenoai? ioe?ithaaiiy, yea
aeei?enoiao?oueny a oiae? eiio?ieth.

??aaiue ?aae?caoe?? ieai?a i?aai?caoe?? ae?yeueiino? coiiaeth?oueny
??aiai a?aeiia?aeii? iioeaaoe??, yea ia?aaeaa/a? c’ynoaaiiy ?
caaeiaieaiiy iio?aa nooaeaio?a o i?ioean? oni?oiiai aeei?enoaiiy ieie
aecia/aieo caaaeaiue. Ni?aa?aeiioaiiy i?e aeei?enoaii? aeeaeaeoe/ieo
aeaiaio?a o iaa/aii? caeaaeeoue a?ae iiaeeeainoae ? ai?iiy aeeeaaea/a
caae?yoe yeiiiaa a?eueoa eiiiiiaio?a iioeaaoe?eii? noa?e ia an?o aoaiao
canai?iiy ciaiue.

I?e aeei?enoaii? oaiaoe/ii-?aeoeiaiai? nenoaie ioe?ithaaiiy COI
nooaeaio?a oeae i?ioean aeeth/a?: aecia/aiiy ina?oi?o aeiia i?aaeiaoa,
ii?iaoeaii? iniiae iaa/aeueii? aeenoeeie?ie (ina?oi?o noaiaea?o?a) i
i?iaeoe?th ?o ia eiaeio /anoeio iaa/aeueiiai iaoa??aeo, aea/aiiy yei?
ia?aa??ythoueny i ioe?iththoueny; aeiianaiiy aei nooaeaio?a i
ona?aeiieaiiy ieie ci?noo COI, ye? aea?aaeaioi? o?e /e ?io?e ye?ni?e oa
e?euee?ni?e ioe?ioe?; aeei?enoaiiy ??cieo oi?i, iaoiae?a oa cania?a
ioe?ithaaiiy; aea?? nenoaie iii?ieo ioe?iie c aeaiiai iaa/aeueiiai
i?aaeiaoa, yea a?aeiia?aea? eiai niaoeeo?oe?, caaacia/o? oe?e?nia e
ia’?eoeaia ioe?ithaaiiy eiaeiiai nooaeaioa i ? iineeueiith aeey
?aae?caoe?? aeeeaaea/ai; anoaiiaeaiiy eiao?oe??ioa aaaiiino? eiaeii? c
e?euee?nii? ioe?iee e iaoaiaoe/iiai iaoai?cio i?aenoiiaoaaiiy ?o ca
iaaiee aeae aeeiiaieo iaa/aeueieo ?ia?o i aeenoeeie?io caaaeii;
anoaiiaeaiiy iaoaiaoe/ieo i?aeoiae?a aei aecia/aiiy ?aeoeiaiaiai
iieacieea nooaeaioa, ia iniia? yeiai aecia/athoue eiai ?aeoeia ia eo?n?;
a?aoiaiooaaiiy (c?noaaeaiiy ?aaeueieo ciaiue ?c aecia/aieie noaiaea?oaie
? ci?noii eiaeii? ye?nii? oa e?euee?nii? ioe?iee) ?acoeueoao?a
ioe?ithaaiiy ca aoaeue-yeee aeae ?iaioe, aeeiiaii? nooaeaioii.

O ?ac? iayaiino? ia?ae?/aieo aeaiaio?a ioe?ithaaiiy ye?nia oa e?euee?nia
ioe?iea aeeiiothoue a?aeiia?aeio noeioethth/o ooieoe?th, ni?eythoue
aeieeiaiith a nooaeaio?a a?aeiia?aeieo aioo??oi?o iioea?a, niiioeathoue
?o aei nenoaiaoe/ii? ?icoiiai? i?aoe?, coiiaeththoue naii?oo aei
naii?icaeoeo i naiicaaaa/aiiy, naiii?aai?caoe?? nooaeaioa a
iaa/aeueii-i?ciaaaeuei?e ae?yeueiino?. Iiceoeaiee i?e??no o oi?ioaaii?
iaa/aeueii-i?ciaaaeueieo iioea?a noaiiaeoue +1,44%,
nioe?aeueii-i?ioan?iiaeueieo +5,18%.

Aoaeoeai?noue cae?enithaaiiai eiio?ieth coiiaeth?oueny aioiai?noth
nooaeaioa aei iueiai. ??aaiue aioiaiino? caeaaeeoue a?ae ?yaeo
ia’?eoeaieo oa noa’?eoeaieo oaeoi??a. O?eaiaei?noue – iaeei ?c
noa’?eoeaieo oaeoi??a, yeee ?noioii aieeaa? ia aeeiai?eo oi?ioaaiiy
aioiaiino?, coiiaeth? e?ioeaa? ?acoeueoaoe eiio?ieth COI nooaeaio?a.
Aiane?aeie aieeao oaiaoe/ii-?aeoeiaiai? nenoaie ioe?ithaaiiy COI
o?eaiaei?noue iaaoaa? oaiaeaioe?? aei ciaioaiiy. A aenia?eiaioaeuei?e
a?oi? o?eaiaei?noue nooaeaio?a ciaioeeany ia 11,81 aae, oiae? ye a
eiio?ieueieo a?oiao – i?eaeecii ia 5 aae?a. Oea ni?ey? iie?ioaiith
aiioe?eiiai noaio nooaeaio?a o oiae? iaa/aeueiiai i?ioeano. I?e oeueiio
ci?ith?oueny iai?yiie ae?yeueiino? nooaeaioa – ?c “ni?yiiaaiino? ia
naaa” ia “ni?yiiaai?noue ia ni?aao”. Oae ii caaa?oaiith oi?ioth/iai
aenia?eiaioo na?aaei? a?eoiaoe/ia a aenia?eiaioaeuei?e a?oi? o iai?yieo
ae?yeueiino? nooaeaio?a “ia naaa” noaiiaeoue 20,96 aae?a, a a
eiio?ieuei?e – 21,93 aae; a iai?yieo ae?yeueiino? nooaeaio?a “ia ni?aao”
na?aaei? a?eoiaoe/ia a aenia?eiaioaeuei?e a?oi? noaiiaeoue 31,48 aae?a,
a a eiio?ieuei?e – 30,63 aaee.

Caaaeath/e ia oe?ie? iiaeeeaino? ?aae?caoe?? noeioethth/i? ooieoe??
eiio?ieth, ui aeinyaa?oueny ca aeiiiiiaith oaiaoe/ii-?aeoeiaiai? nenoaie
ioe?ithaaiiy, iniaeeaiai cia/aiiy iaaoaa? aecia/aiiy iaoiaeeee oa
oaoi?ee ?? canoinoaaiiy a iaa/aeueiiio i?ioean?. Ai?iaaaeaeaiiy
oaiaoe/ii-?aeoeiaiai? nenoaie ioe?ithaaiiy iine?aeiaii i?ioiaeeoue o?e
aoaie: i?aeaioia/ee, ae?yeuei?niee oa caeeth/iee. Aieiaiei ?
i?aeaioia/ee aoai, a?ae a??ii? ?aae?caoe?? yeiai caeaaeeoue ia?aa?a 2-ai
oa 3-ai aoai?a.

Ia?aaaae oaiaoe/ii-paeoeiaiai? nenoaie ioe?ithaaiiy ii??aiyii c
o?aaeeoe?eiith iieyaathoue o oiio, ui: oaiaoe/ii-paeoeiaiaa nenoaia
ioe?ithaaiiy i?eaiaeeoue aei aca?iiiia’ycaiino? an?o iiiyoue, i?aaee,
oai??e, caeii?a, a oea, a naith /a?ao, ni?ey? eia?/iiio ni?eeiaiith oaie
oa iaa/aeueii? aeenoeeie?ie; caaacia/o? aaaaoi?aciaa iiaoi?aiiy
iaa/aeueiiai iaoa??aeo i eiai na?aeiia canai?iiy; oe?oa
aeei?enoiaothoueny i?aei?aaeiaoi? ca’ycee. Nenoaiaoe/ii cae?enithaaia
ioe?ithaaiiy aaaea aei e?aui? ?aae?caoe?? i?ia?aeieo ooieoe?e eiio?ieth.
E??i oiai, oaiaoe/ii-?aeoeiaiaa nenoaia ioe?ithaaiiy ?noioii aieeaa? ia
??ci? aeaee, oi?ie i iaoiaee iaa/aiiy.

I?ae /an ?iaioe ca oaiaoe/ii-paeoeiaiaei aa??aioii i?ia?aie aeieeea
iaiao?aei?noue o aeei?enoaii? ioe?iii? aaaaoiaaeueii? oeaee, yea
aeeeth/a? iiieeeia?noue o aecia/aii? ??aiy i?aeaioiaeaiino? nooaeaio?a.
Aeei?enoaiiy oaei? oeaee noai?th? oiiae aeey caoe?eaaeaiino? nooaeaio?a
a iaea?aeaii? ciaiue oa noi?iiaaiino? ai?iue ? iaae/ie. Oea coiiaeei
aaaaeaiiy ?aeoeiaiaiai iae?eo caeiaooeo COI, ui aeaei iiaeeea?noue
a?aoiaoaaoe an? aeaee ae?yeueiino? nooaeaio?a.

O aecia/aii? ?aeoeiao nooaeaioa ae?yeuei?noue aeeeaaea/a i?ioiaeeoue
aeaa aoaie: 1) ioe?ithaaiiy an?o aeae?a iaa/aeueieo ?ia?o ia caiyooyo
(iioi/iee ?aeoeia); 2) noio aae?a ca iiia?aaei?e aoai i?aenoiiaothoueny
c aaeaie, iaea?aeaieie ia ?nieo? (i?aenoieiaee ?aeoeia).

Ao?aeiee ?aeoeia aecia/aany ca ioeueiaei eiio?ieai (ii/aoeiaa
eiio?ieueia ?iaioa); eiai ?acoeueoaoe na?ae/eee i?i noa?oia? iiaeeeaino?
nooaeaioa. Ine?eueee oe? ?acoeueoaoe ? iane?aeeii ?iaioe ia
iiia?aaeiueiio aoai? iaa/aiiy, yeee a?aeaoaaany ca ??cieo oiia iica
no?iaie aoco, ao?aeiee ?aeoeia o naiano?iaiio ?aeoeiao ia a?aoiaoaaany.
Oa eiai aecia/aiiy iaia’yceiaa, ine?eueee ca ?acoeueoaoaie
anoaiiaeth?oueny ii/aoeiaee ?aeoeia COI nooaeaioa-ia?oieo?nieea ca?aeii
c oe?eueiith i?ia?aiith oa cae?enith?oueny ?iciiae?e nooaeaio?a ii
a?oiao ca ??aiyie canai?iiy ciaiue. Oea, a iiaeaeueoiio ni?ey?
iiaeeaeaiith aeeoa?aioe?aoe?? oa ?iaeea?aeoae?caoe?? iaa/aiiy i
eiio?ieth, aea? aeeeaaea/aa? ?ioi?iaoe?th i?i ??aaiue aioiaiino?
nooaeaioa aei o/?iiy. Iioi/iee eiio?ieue ioiieth? iaea?eueoee a?ae??cie
iaa/aeueiiai i?ioeano.

Cai?iaaaeaeaiiy oaiaoe/ii-?aeoeiaiai? nenoaie ioe?ithaaiiy, ui aoiaeeoue
aei nenoaie eiio?ieth, ni?ey? aaeineiiaeaiith iaoiaeeee i?iaaaeaiiy
eaeoe?eieo, eaai?aoi?ieo ? nai?ia?nueeeo caiyoue, aecia/aiith aaaeeeo
aeey canai?iiy o?aaiaio?a oaie, i?aeaeuaiith ??aiy i?ioan?eii?
i?aeaioiaee. E?euee?noue nooaeaio?a aenia?eiaioaeueii? a?oie, ye?
ioe?iththoue c?icoi?e?noue iaoa??aeo eaeoe?e, ui eiai aiie ni?eeiathoue
c ?ioa?anii, a oaeiae nooi?iue iiaecie a iueiio oa oaii /eoaiiy eaeoe??,
ia 20-30% a?eueoa, i?ae a eiio?ieueieo a?oiao.

Oaiaoe/ii-?aeoeiaiaa nenoaia ioe?ithaaiiy COI nooaeaio?a canoiniao?oueny
aei oaeiai aeaeo iii?ieo ?ia?o, ye oanooaaiiy (eiii’thoa?ia ?
aaciaoeiia). Ia’?eoeai?noue eiio?ieth oa ?aei?noue aeiia i?e
eiii’thoa?iiio oanooaaii? caaacia/o?oueny caaaeyee a?eueo?e
a?aeie?aieaiino? i?ioeaaeo?e ioe?ithaaiiy a?ae iaaeaaiaa. O ?aieao
oanoiaeo caaaeaiue ?aae?co?oueny ae?yeuei?noue ?ici?ciaaaiiy oa
ae?yeuei?noue a?aeoai?aiiy ciaiue ? aeeiiaiiy ae?e ca aeai?eoiii (o
noaiaea?oieo oa ianoaiaea?oieo oiiaao). Oi?ioaaiiy aace aeey aeyaeaiiy
oai?/iai iioaioe?aeo nooaeaioa aac oanoiaeo caaaeaiue cia/ii
oiia?eueith?oueny. A?aenioie ?ica’ycaieo neeaaeieo caaaeaiue a
aenia?eiaioaeuei?e a?oi? noaiiaeoue 31,03%, i?ioe 21,35% o eiio?ieueieo
a?oiao.

Inoaoi/iee ?acoeueoao eiii’thoa?iiai oanooaaiiy aecia/aee a?aeiia?aeii
aei i?ia?aie ?iaioe ia?niiaeueiiai eiii’thoa?a (IE) ca oi?ioeith,
cai?iiiiiaaiith iaie:

wmetafile8? ??e???????????
???????????yyy????.????1?????????????`
???&??yyyy?????AyyyFyyya ???????&??MathType???
???u?????????”????-?????e??????u?th??????aea B – e?euee?noue aae?a ca 1000-aaeueiith oeaeith, ui ?o io?eio? nooaeaio ca aeeiiaiiy oanoo; bi – e?euee?noue aae?a, aecia/aia aeey ?-oiai caieoaiiy oanoo ca 10-aaeueiith oeaeith; Ri – ooieoe?y 3-o a?aoiaio?a : Ri=f(t,b,l)i 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t(oaeo.) > t(ii?i.)

0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . li = 0

bi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t(oaeo.)
10; li=1

wmetafile8? ??U???????????
???????????yyy????.????1?????????????
a???&??yyyy?????Ayyy¶yyy ??Oe?????&??MathType????
???u?????????”????-?????ue(???ue“???u?th??????

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