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Топографоанатомічні, структурно-функціональні особливості та математичне моделювання оперованого шлунка: Автореф. дис.. д-ра мед. наук / В.І. Півторак

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I?I?NOA?NOAI IOI?IIE CAeI?IA’ss OE?A?IE

IAOe?IIAEUeIEE IAAeE*IEE OI?AA?NEOAO

?iai? I.I.Aiaiiieueoey

I?BTOPAK Aieiaeeie? ?cyneaaiae/

OAeE 616-003.96 (083.3):616.33-089.001.6

OIIIA?AOIAIAOII?*I?, CTPOEOO?II-OOIEOe?OHAEUeI?

OCOAEEAINO? OA IAOAIAOE*IA IIAeAETHAAIIss OIA?IAAIIAI OEOIEA

14.03.01 – ii?iaeueia aiaoii?y

Aaoi?aoa?ao

aeena?oaoe?? ia caeiaoooy iaoeiaiai nooiaiy

aeieoi?a iaaee/ieo iaoe

Ee?a – 1999

Aeena?oaoe??th ? ?oeiien

?iaioa aeeiiaia ia eaoaae?? oiiia?ao?/ii? aiaoii?? oa iia?aoeaii?
o??o?a?? A?iieoeueeiai aea?aeaaiiai iaaee/iiai oi?aa?neoaoo ?i. I.?.
Ie?iaiaa, IIC Oe?a?ie

Iaoeiaee eiinoeueoaio: aeieoi? iaaee/ieo iaoe, i?ioani? Einothe A?eai??e
sseiae/, A?iieoeueeee aea?aeaaiee iaaee/iee oi?aa?neoao, eaoaae?a
iia?aoeaii? o??o?a?? oa oiiia?ao?/ii? aiaoii??, caa?aeoaa/ eaoaae?e;

Io?oe?ei? iiiiaioe:

aeieoi? iaaee/ieo iaoe, i?ioani? Eiaaeuenueeee Ieoaeei Iaaeiae/,
Iaoe?iiaeueiee iaaee/iee oi?aa?neoao ?i. I.I.Aiaiiieueoey, eaoaae?a
oiiia?ao?/ii? aiaoii?? oa iia?aoeaii? o??o?a??, caa?aeoaa/ eaoaae?e;

aeieoi? iaaee/ieo iaoe, i?ioani? Ao?eo Ieoaeei I?ieiiiae/, Oa?e?anueeee
iaaee/iee oi?aa?neoao, eaoaae?a oiiia?ao?/ii? aiaoii?? oa iia?aoeaii?
o??o?a??, caa?aeoaa/ eaoaae?e;

aeieoi? iaaee/ieo iaoe, i?ioani?, caneoaeaiee ae?y/ iaoee ? oaoi?ee
Oe?a?ie Oooea Aiaaeai Aaneeueiae/, ?aaii-O?aie?anueea aea?aeaaia
iaaee/ia aeaaeai?y, eaoaae?a aiaoii?? ethaeeie, caa?aeoaa/ eaoaae?e.

I?ia?aeia onoaiiaa: Eoaainueeee aea?aeaaiee iaaee/iee oi?aa?neoao,
eaoaae?a oiiia?ao?/ii? aiaoii?? oa iia?aoeaii? o??o?a??, IIC Oe?a?ie, i.
Eoaainuee.

Caoeno aeena?oaoe?? a?aeaoaeaoueny “_16_”_aa?aniy_1999 ?ieo i _1330_
aiaeei? ia can?aeaii? niaoe?ae?ciaaii? a/aii? ?aaee Ae 26.003.04 i?e
Iaoe?iiaeueiiio iaaee/iiio oi?aa?neoao? ?i. I.I.Aiaiiieueoey (252057,
Oe?a?ia, i.Ee?a-57, i?iniaeo Ia?aiiae 34, ii?oieia?/iee ei?ion,
aoaeeoi??y ? 3).

C aeena?oaoe??th iiaeia iciaeiieoeny o a?ae?ioaoe? Iaoe?iiaeueiiai
iaaee/iiai oi?aa?neoaoo (252057, i. Ee?a-57, aoe. Ciieia?/ia, 3).

Aaoi?aoa?ao ?ic?neaiee “_22_”_/a?aiy__1999 ?.

A/aiee nae?aoa?

niaoe?ae?ciaaii? a/aii? ?aaee,

aeieoi? iaaee/ieo iaoe, i?ioani? A.A. *a?eania

CAAAEUeIA OA?AEOA?ENOEEA ?IAIOE

Aeooaeuei?coue i?iaeaie. I?iaeaia ooieoe?iiaeueieo ?iceaae?a a i?aai?ci?
oai?iai, yeee ia?ai?n iia?aoeaia ao?o/aiiy ia oeoieo, i?eaa?oa? oaaao ia
o?eueee o??o?a?a oa oa?aiaao?a-aano?iaioa?ieia?a, aea e i?aaenoaaiee?a
oai?aoe/ii? iaaeeoeeie.

A o??o?a?? oeoiea, a iniiaiiio, aeiaiaeeoueny cono??/aoeny c
oneeaaeiaiiyie, ui aeieeathoue a i?ceyiia?aoe?eiiio ia??iae? a 12,8- 27%
aeiaaee?a (?.A.Ceaaiueoei ? ni?aaao., 1995; Pezzole F., 1993). Tae,
i?ney o??o?a?/iiai e?eoaaiiy ae?aceiai? oai?iae o 10-40% iaoe??io?a
aeieeathoue ?iceaaee nae?aoipii? oa iioi?ii? ooieoe?? oeoiea
(E.I.Oi?iineee oa ni?aaao., 1988, 1990, 1996; A.N.Ieeiiaiei oa ni?aaao.,
1997; Nguyen B. et al., 1990; Fekete F. et al., 1997), ye? iio?aaothoue
nioe?aeueiiai caoenoo (Bragelmann R. et al., 1999). I?e oeueiio
caa??aa?oueny aeniea (3,5 – 7,7%) i?neyiia?aoe?eia nia?oi?noue (Jarczyk
G., 1996; Tenderenda M., 1997). O a?aeaeaeai? oa?i?ie (5-31 ??e)
iinoaano?i?acaeoe?ei? oai?iae ?icaeaathoueny a 78,3% iia?iaaieo: o
eaae?e oi?i? – 32,9%, na?aaeiuei? aaaeeino? – o 27,4%, aaaee?e – 16,9%,
? a aeoaea aaaee?e – a 1,1% oai?eo (I.I.Aa?aaaiiae/ ? ni?aaao., 1995).
Anoaiiaeaii, ui i?e/eiith ?iaae?aeiino? oa nia?oiino? o o?aoeie
iia?iaaieo a ca’yceo c iooeeiaie oeoiea ? i?ney?acaeoe?ei? ?iceaaee,
iaoiiaeai? ia ?icaeoeii iniiaiiai caoai?thaaiiy, a iaaeineiiae?noth
iia?aoeaiiai ao?o/aiiy (I.I.Eocei ? ni?aaao., 1996). Oiio i?iaeaia
iiia?aaeaeaiiy iineyiia?aoeieieo oneeaaeiaiue aenooia? ia ia?oee ieai ?
? ia nueiaiaei? aeineoue aeooaeueiith (A.E. Iaiiianueeee, 1994;
A.N.Iiiaeia, A.A.Niaaei, 1999).

I?iaaaeaiee aiae?c aeaieo Oeaio?o iaaee/ii? noaoenoeee IIC Oe?a?ie
(C.I.Aaeaiei oa ni?aaao., 1989; TH.I.O?e?iia, C.I.Aaeaiei, 1995)
iieacaa, ui ca inoaii?e /an ca?eueoeeanue iioe?ai?noue oai?ia i?aai?a
o?aaeaiiy a Oe?a?i? (aanue eean oai?ia noaiiaeoue 8,7%). C?inea ia 23,7%
e?euee?noue iia?aoe?e c i?eaiaeo ae?aceiai? oai?iae. I?iaeiaaeo?
c?inoaoe ??aaiue ia?aeiii? ?iaae?aeiino? oa nia?oiino? a?ae
caoai?thaaiue i?aai?a o?aaeaiiy (O.A.Aieo/ae oa ni?aaao., 1995). I?ney
iiaoi?ieo iia?aoe?e ia oeoieo, i?iaaaeaieo a ca’yceo c
i?ney?acaeoe?eieie neiae?iiaie, /enei oneeaaeiaiue aeinyaa? 6,1%
(A.E.Aiiaea?aa oa ni?aaao., 1994).

Aeooaeuei?noue i?iaeaie aeieeiaiiy caoai?thaaiue oeoiea iino?eii
c?inoa?, iniaeeai a ca’yceo c ?icoe?aiiyi iaoeiaeo oyaeaiue i?i
ii?oiooieoe?iiaeuei? iniaeeaino? aeaiiai i?aaio ? aca?iicaeaaei?noue
eiai c ?ioeie i?aaiaie ? nenoaiaie. A oie aea /an iiyaa ?yaeo i?aoeue,
i?enay/aieo aiaoii?? ? o?c?ieia?? ??cieo a?aeae?e?a oeoiea,
ao?iiaoiaaiaco ?aoethen-acioaa?oo, ?aoethen-aano?eoo; ii?aeiaiith
aano?i-acioaaaaeueiiai ?aoethena, aeoiaeaii-aano?aeueiiai ?aoetheno c
ae?aceith oeoiea; ii?aeiaiith ?o c caoai?thaaiiyie aeia/iiai i?oo?a,
aeaaiaaeoeyoeiaei? eeoee, i?aeoeoieiai? caeice; ii?oiooieoe?iiaeueiiio
noaio oeoiea i?ney aaaioii??; iiaoi?iei iia?aoe?yi i?ney ia?aeiieo ?
?aeiino?oeoeaieo iia?aoeaieo ao?o/aiue ia oeoieo na?ae/aoue, ui ooieoe?y
eiai ??cieo a?aeae?e?a ci?ith?oueny i?aeoe/ii i?e an?o
aano?iaioa?ieia?/ieo caoai?thaaiiyo: acioaa?oao, aano?eoao, ae?aceia?e
oai?ia? oeoiea oa aeaaiaaeoeyoeiaei? eeoee, iaie?aaoeoao, oieaoeenoeoao,
aano?iaeoiaeai?oao (Avger?nos A.et al., 1990; Ch?a-S?n Wang et al.,
1990; G?ner M. et al., 1990; Harju E., 1990)

A e?oa?aoo?? ie ia ciaeoee ?ioi?iaoe?? i?i caeaaei?noue ooieoe?? oeoiea
a?ae ci?i eiai oi?ie aiane?aeie iaoieia?/iiai i?ioeano aai i?ney eiai
?acaeoe??. ?acii c oei oe?iei aaeeaai? niiniae ?aeiino?oeoeaieo
iia?aoe?e ia oeoieo ia noai?ththoue oiia aeey caiia?aaiiy
aano?i-acioaaaaeueiiio oa aeoiaeaii-aano?aeueiiio ?aoetheno, i?aai?/iei
oa ooieoe?iiaeueiei oneeaaeiaiiyi. Oea na?ae/eoue i?i iaiao?aei?noue
a?eueo aeaoaeueiiai aea/aiiy aeaii? i?iaeaie oa ?ic?iaee iia?aoeaieo
ao?o/aiue, ye? a?aoiaothoue oi?io oeoiea, a oaeiae iiaeo niinia?a
a?aeiiaeaiiy eeaiaiii? aioe?aoethenii? ooieoe?? oeoiea.

Ca’ycie ?iaioe c iaoeiaeie i?ia?aiaie, ieaiaie, oaiaie. ?iaioa
a?aeiia?aea? iniiaiiio iaoeiaiio iai?yieo oa ieaiai IAe? A?iieoeueeiai
aea?aeaaiiai iaaee/iiai oi?aa?neoaoo ?i. I.?.Ie?iaiaa uiaei
ooiaeaiaioaeueieo aeine?aeaeaiue oa ? o?aaiaioii eiiieaenii? oaie
eaoaae?e iia?aoeaii? o??o?a?? oa oiiia?ao?/ii? aiaoii??
“Ii?oiooieoe?iiaeueia iaa?oiooaaiiy iiaeo niinia?a o??o?a?/iiai
e?eoaaiiy caoai?thaaiue i?aai?a /a?aaii? ii?iaeieie a aenia?eiaio?“.
Iiia? aea?aeaaii? ?a?no?aoe?? 0196 V 004913.

Iaoa oa caaea/? aeine?aeaeaiiy.

Iaoa aeine?aeaeaiiy. Ia iniia? ii?oieia?/iiai oa iaoaiaoe/iiai aiae?co
anoaiiaeoe caeiiii??iino? no?oeoo?ii-ooieoe?iiaeueieo ci?i iia?iaaiiai
oeoiea, ?ic?iaeoe oa ii?oiooieoe?iiaeueii iaa?oiooaaoe iiaee niin?a
?acaeoe?? oeoiea.

Aeey ?aae?caoe?? iinoaaeaii? iaoe iaiao?aeii ae??oeoe ianooii? iniiai?
caaaeaiiy:

1) anoaiiaeoe ia?aiao?e oi?ie oa ?ici???a oeoiea, ?o caeaaei?noue a?ae
oeio aoaeiae o?ea, oi?ie aeeaioa ia o?oiao ethaeae (i?aaiiiao?e/ii) ?
aeeaeo ethaeyo (c aeiiiiiaith eiii’thoa?ii? oiiia?ao??), ye? ia iaee
iaoieia?/ieo ci?i oeoieiai-eeoeiaiai o?aeoo oa ye? iaee oae? ci?ie i?cey
iia?aoeaieo ao?o/aiue ia oeoieo;

aeine?aeeoe aeeiai?eo no?oeoo?ieo ? ooieoe?iiaeueieo ci?i oeoiea i?cey
??cieo niinia?a ?acaeoe??, aeaoe ioe?ieo oeei ci?iai;

3) aea/eoe iniaeeaino? oa’?iii? oi?ie oeoiea a ii?i? oa i?ney
iia?aoeaieo ao?o/aiue ? iaoiaeaie iaoaiaoe/iiai iiaeaethaaiiy aecia/eoe
iioeiaeuei? ia?aiao?e oa a?iiaoai?eo eiai neeaaeiaeo /anoei;

4) i?iaiae?coaaoe aca?iicaeaaei?coue ci?i ia’?iii? oi?ie, no?oeoo?e oa
ooieoe??, i?ioean?a ia?ai?uaiiy ai?noo, ye?niiai oa e?euee?niiai neeaaeo
i?e?ioei?e iia?iaaiiai oeoiea; c’ynoaaoe ?ioi?iaoeai?noue aecia/aieo
iieaciee?a;

5) ia iniia? ?acoeueoao?a iaoaiaoe/iiai iiaeaethaaiiy ?ic?iaeoe iiaee
iioeiaeueiee aa??aio ?acaeoe?? oeoiea oa ai?iaoaaoe eiai a aenia?eiaio?
ia oaa?eiao c iiaeaeeth aeoiaeaii-aano?aeueiiai ?aoethena.

Iaoeiaa iiaecia iaea?aeaieo ?acoeueoao?a. Aia?oa i?eaaaeai?
oiiia?aoiaiaoii?/i? ia?aiao?e ?ici?uaiiy oeoiea na?aae i?aai?a /a?aaii?
ii?iaeieie a ii?i? oa i?cey iia?aoeaieo ao?o/aiue ia iniia? aiae?co a
nenoai? oiiia?ao?/ieo eii?aeeiao (eiaa?aioii? nenoaie ioe?iee iieiaeaiiy
aiaoii?/ieo no?oeoo? a i?inoi??), ui ? iniiaith i?inoi?iai? oiiia?ao??
o?ea ethaeeie.

Aia?oa ii??aiyi? aeai? oi?ie, ?ici???a, ?ici?uaiiy oeoiea na?aae i?aai?a
/a?aaii? ii?iaeieie ia o?oiao oa c aeiiiiiaith eiii’thoa?ii? oiiia?ao??
o aeeaeo ethaeae iieacaee iaeiaeiao iai?aaeai?noue ci?i ?acoeueoao?a a
caeaaeiino? a?ae aoaeiae o?ea. Aeine?aeaeaiiy aeyaeei aeinoia??io
caeaaei?noue e?i?eieo, ieiueiieo oa ia’?iieo iieaciee?a oeoiea a?ae
niiaoioeio ethaeeie, oi?ie aeeaioa. Aecia/ai? ia?aiao?e a?aeoeeaiiy in?
i?ei?e/iiai a?aeae?eo oeoiea oa aa?oiuei? /anoeie aeaaiaaeoeyoeiaei?
eeoee a?ae aeiaaeieea o?ea oeoiea oa aeinoia??ia ?o caeaaei?noue a?ae
eiinoeoooe?? ethaeeie.

Ciaeaeai? ?iaeaene i?ae aaee/eiith ia’?io oa iaea?eueoith ieiuath
ia?a??co oeoiea (ia ??ai? ea?ae?aeueiiai a?aeae?eo), ui eaaei
aecia/a?oueny c aeiiiiiaith eiii’thoa?ii? oiiia?ao??, aeathoue
iiaeeea?noue aecia/eoe a??ia?aeiee ia’?i oeoiea.

Aea/ai? iniaeeaino? iia?iaaiiai oeoiea (iaeee ia’?i, i?yiiaenia
iai?aaeai?noue iiacaeiaaeiuei? in?, caeaaei?noue ?ici???a, oi?ie,
iai?aaeaiino? i?ea?aeii? oa a?aea?aeii? eeoie a?ae niiniao ?acaeoe??
oeoiea), ui ia caeaaeaee a?ae niiaoioeio.

Ca aeiiiiiaith e?euee?nieo a?noieia?/ieo iaoiae?a iieacaii, ui i?ioean
?aaaia?aoe??, yeee i?ioiaeeoue o eoen? oeoiea, ia cae?i/o?oueny iiyaith
iiaiioe?iieo caeic. Ci?ith?oueny ye?niee neeaae caeicenoeo ee?oei,
iia’ycaiee c ii?ooaiiyi ae?oai? oace ?aaaia?aoe?? – aeeoa?aioe?thaaiiy.

Aiae?oe/ii aeiaaaeaii iiaeeea?noue ciaeaeaiiy oi?ie o?enaoe?? oiiei?
eeoee aei oeoiea, yea aoaea caaeiaieueiyoe aeaaee?noth coeoeo iiaa?oiiue
? oa?aeoa?ecoaaoe a iiaeaeueoiio iioeiaeuei?noue caaaioaaeaiiy oeoiea,
a?aenooi?noue cano?eieo cii oa aeno?aiaeueieo oi/ie a cii?
aano?iaioa?iaianoiiico.

Aia?oa ?ic?iaeaiee i?ea?iaeueiee niin?a ?acaeoe?? oeoiea, c o?aooaaiiyi
iioeiaeueieo ia?aiao??a i?inoi?iai? oi?ie oeoiea, caaacia/o? ieaaia
ia?aiiuaiiy oeoieiaiai aiinoo i?e eiai aaaeoaoei?, aeeeth/a?
aiae?iaeeiaii/ii oaea?e.

Aia?oa ?ic?iaeaiee i?ea?iaeueiee niin?a oi?ioaaiiy
aano?iaioa?iaianoiiico i?ae eoenith oeoiea oa oiieith eeoeith niiniaii
e?iaoeue a e?iaoeue-a?e, ui aeeiio?oueny oeyoii iioa?iaiai c’?aeiaiiy
no?iie oeoiea oa eeoee, noai?th? iaoai?ci ii?oe?eiiai ia?ai?uaiiy ai?noo
oeoiea /a?ac aano?iaioa?iaianoiiic, caaacia/o? a?aenooi?noue
i?neyiia?aoe?eieo oneeaaeiaiue (ii?ooaiiy aaaeoaoe?? oeoieiaiai ai?noo,
neiae?iio i?ea?aeii? iaoe? oa ?i.).

Anoaiiaeai? caeiiii??iino? ci?i e?euee?niiai oa ye?niiai neeaaeo
i?e?ioei?e acepeaeei? iia?iaaieo i?aai?a i?e ?acaeoe?? oeoiea oa ?o
caeaaei?noue a?ae ciiaonoai?aii? oi?ie i?aaia.

I?aeoe/ia cia/aiiy iaea?aeaieo ?acoeueoao?a aecia/a?oueny ?ic?iaeith
eiie?aoieo oeyo?a oi?ioaaiiy aano?iaioa?iaianoiiic?a c noai?aiiyi
iioeiaeueii? i?neyiia?aoe?eii? oi?ie oeoiea. ?acoeueoaoe iaoaiaoe/ieo oa
ii?oiooieoe?iiaeueieo aeine?aeaeaiue aeathoue ciiao ae??ooaaoe i?iaeaio
i?io?eaeoeee oa o??o?a?/ii? ei?aeoe?? iane?aee?a i?ney?acaeoe?eieo
oneeaaeiaiue.

?ic?iaeai? ?yae i?ea?iaeueieo iia?aoeaieo niinia?a, i?eno?i?a oa
?ino?oiaio?a, ui caoeuai? 4 iaoaioaie ia aeiaoiaee, 2 iiceoeaieie
??oaiiyie ia aeaea/o iaoaio?a, 4 iina?ae/aiiyie ia ?aoe?iiae?caoi?nuee?
i?iiiceoe??, caaacia/othoue iaoiaee/i? iiaeeeaino? iiaeo iia?aoeaieo
ao?o/aiue. Iioae?eiaai? 2 ?ioi?iaoe?ei? eenoee. Iaea?aeai? aiaoii?/i?
aeai? i?i ia’?iio no?oeoo?o oeoiea oa eiai ooieoe?oioaaiiy i?e ??cieo
iaoieia?/ieo i?ioeanao, ui noi?iaiaeaeothoue iia?aoeai? ao?o/aiiy
ai?iaaaeaeaii a iaa/aeueiee i?ioean eaoaae? iia?aoeaii? o??o?a?? oa
oiiia?ao?/ii? aiaoii??, iaoieia?/ii? o?c?ieia?? A?iieoeueeiai
aea?aeaaiiai iaaee/iiai oi?aa?neoaoo ?i. I.?.Ie?iaiaa, eaoaae?
iia?aoeaii? o??o?a?? oa oiiia?ao?/ii? aiaoii?? Aeiiaoeueeiai
aea?aeaaiiai iaaee/iiai oi?aa?neoaoo, Eoaainueeiai aea?aeaaiiai
iaaee/iiai oi?aa?neoaoo, Iaeanueeiai aea?aeaaiiai iaaee/iiai
oi?aa?neoaoo ?i. I.?. Ie?iaiaa, Oa?e?anueeiai aea?aeaaiiai iaaee/iiai
oi?aa?neoaoo, Aei?i?iiao?ianueei? aea?aeaaii? iaaee/ii? aeaaeai??,
?aaii-O?aie?anueei? aea?aeaaii? iaaee/ii? aeaaeai??.

?ic?iaeaiee iiaee niin?a ?acaeoe?? oeoiea oa oeoieiai-eeoeiaee
aeanoe/iee caoenea/ ai?iaaaeaeaiee a i?aeoeeo o??o?a?/ii? ee?i?ee
A?iieoeueei? iaeanii? e?ea?i? ?i. I.?.Ie?iaiaa oa 1 i?nueei? e?ea?i?
i.A?iieoe?.

Iniaenoee aianie caeiaoaa/a. Aeena?oaioii naiino?eii aecia/aia iaoa oa
caaaeaiiy aeaiiai aeine?aeaeaiiy, i?iaiae?ciaaia iaoeiaa e?oa?aoo?a c
aea/aii? i?iaeaie. Aaoi? naiino?eii i?iaiaeea aio?iiiiao?e/i? aei??e,
ii?oiiao?e/i? aeine?aeaeaiiy i?aai?a /a?aaii? ii?iaeieie o?oi?a,
iaoaiaoe/iee aiae?c oiiia?ai, ?aioaaiia?ai, ia?aeiio ia?iaeo
?acoeueoao?a ii?oieia?/ieo, a?io?i?/ieo oa o?c?ieia?/ieo aeine?aeaeaiue.

C o/anoth anenoaio?a oa eaai?aio?a eaoaae?e, i?ae ea??aieoeoaii aaoi?a,
i?iaaaeaii aenia?eiaioaeueia oa iaoaiaoe/ia iiaeaethaaiiy iia?aoeaieo
ao?o/aiue. ?acii c? ni?aaaoi?aie ?ic?iaeaii aea? iaoiaeeee
aeine?aeaeaiiy, i?eno??e, ?ino?oiaio, iiaeaeue oai?iae, o?e niiniae
iia?aoeaieo ao?o/aiue ia oeoieo.

Iniaenoi aeena?oaioii i?iaaaeaiee noaoenoe/iee aiae?c ?acoeueoao?a
aeine?aeaeaiiy, iaienai? an? ?icae?ee aeena?oaoe??, noi?ioeueiaai?
aeniiaee oa cai?iiiiiaai? i?aeoe/i? ?aeiiaiaeaoe??.

Ai?iaaoe?y ?acoeueoao?a aeena?oaoe??. Iniiai? iieiaeaiiy aeena?oaoe??
iaaiai?ai? ia ?anioae?eainuee?e iaoeiai-i?aeoe/i?e eiioa?aioe??
aano?iaioa?ieia?a (Aeiiaoeuee, 1992); O, O?? ia’?aeiaieo iaoeiaeo
iaaeeei-oaoi?/ieo eiioa?aioe?yo (c i?aeia?iaeiith o/anoth) (A?iieoey –
Ee?a, 1992; 1994); ia?o?e Iiae?euenuee?e iaoeiai-i?aeoe/i?e eiioa?aioe??
aano?iaioa?ieia?a (A?iieoey, 1993); ? Oe?a?inuee?e iaoeia?e eiioa?aioe??
ca o/anoth e?a?i NIAe “Aeooaeuei? i?iaeaie ee?i?/ii? oa?iaeieia??”
(A?iieoey, 1993); i?aeia?iaei?e iaoeia?e eiioa?aioe?? “?iaeea?aeoaeueia
aiaoii?/ia i?ieea?noue i?aai?a, nenoai, oeaiei ethaeeie ? ?? cia/aiiy
aeey i?aeoeee” (Iieoaaa, 1994); ??? oa V ?ecioae?eainueeeo
iaa/aeueii-iaoiaee/ieo oa iaoeiaeo eiioa?aioe?yo caa. eaoaae?aie
caaaeueii? o??o?a?? iaaeaoc?a Oe?a?ie (A?iieoey, 1994; Oa?iii?eue,
1996); ? Iaoe?oiaeueiiio eiia?an? aiaoii?a, a?noieia?a, aia??oeia?a ?
oiiia?aoiaiaoii?a Oe?a?ie (?aaii-O?aie?anuee, 1994); iaoeiai-i?aeoe/i?e
eiioa?aioe?? “Iiaia a aeeaaiinoeea e ea/aiee caaieaaaiee i?aaiia
ieuaaa?aiey” (Oa?e?a, 1994); iaoeiaeo eiioa?aioe?yo “Aeooaeuei? ieoaiiy
ii?oiaaiaco” (*a?i?aoe?, 1994; 1996); ? i?aeia?iaeiiio eiia?an? c
?ioaa?aoeaii? aio?iiieia?? (Oa?iii?eue, 1995); Ie?iaianueeeo /eoaiiyo
(A?iieoey, 1995); i?aeia?iaeiiio neiiic?oi? “Aeooaeuei? ieoaiiy
?aaa?e?oaoe?? aano?iaioa?ieia?/ieo oai?eo” (*a?i?aoe?, 1996);
i?aeia?iaei?e eiioa?aioe?? “Aeooaeuei? ieoaiiy ii?oieia??” (Oa?iii?eue,
1996); iaoeia?e eiioa?aioe?? “Aeooaeuei? ieoaiiy oai?aoe/ii? oa
ee?i?/ii? iaaeeoeeie ia no/aniiio ??ai?” (Iieoaaa, 1996); 2 iaoeiaiio
i?aeia?iaeiiio eiia?an? “O?aaeeoeeiiiay iaaeeoeeia: oai?aoe/aneea e
i?aeoe/aneea aniaeou:” (*aaiena?u, 1996); i?aeia?iaeiiio neiiic?oi?
“I?eioeeie i?iii?oe??, neiao???, no?oeoo?ii? aa?iii?? oa iaoaiaoe/iiai
iiaeaethaaiiy a ii?oieia??” (A?iieoey, 1997); ?? Iaoe?oiaeueiiio
eiia?an? aiaoii?a, a?noieia?a, aia??oeia?a ? oiiia?aoiaiaoii?a Oe?a?ie
(Eoaainuee, 1998).

Iaoa??aee aeena?oaoe?? ai?iaiaai? ia ni?eueiiio can?aeaii? eaoaae?
iia?aoeaii? o??o?a?? oa oiiia?ao?/ii? aiaoii??, ii?iaeueii? aiaoii??,
a?coieia?? oa aia??ieia??, iaoieia?/ii? aiaoii??, caaaeueii? o??o?a??,
iaoeiai-aeine?aeiiai oeaio?o A?iieoeueeiai aea?aeaaiiai iaaee/iiai
oi?aa?neoaoo ?i. I.?.Ie?iaiaa, can?aeaii? A?iieoeueeiai iaeaniiai
a?aeae?eaiiy Oe?a?inueeiai oiaa?enoaa aiaoii?a, a?noieia?a, aia??oeia?a
? oiiia?aoiaiaoii?a (ea?oaiue, 1999) oa can?aeaii? ai?iaaoe?eii? ?aaee
i?e Iaoe?iiaeueiiio iaaee/iiio oi?aa?neoao? ?i. aeaae. I.I. Aiaiiieueoey
(ea?oaiue, 1999).

Ioae?eaoe??. Ca iaoa??aeaie aeena?oaoe?eiiai aeine?aeaeaiiy iioae?eiaaii
51 ae?oeiaaia i?aoey, a oiio /ene?: o i?io?eueieo aeo?iaeao oa ca??ieeao
Oe?a?ie – 19, iiene aei iaoaio?a ia aeiaoiaee Oe?a?ie (Aea?aeaaia
iaoaioia a?aeiinoai Oe?a?ie) – 4, aeo?iaeao ?ioeo e?a?i – 4, iaoa??aeao
i?aeia?iaeieo c’?cae?a -7, iaoa??aeao iaoeiai-i?aeoe/ieo eiioa?aioe?e –
17. Aeaaaeoeyoue ?ia?o iaienaii iniaenoi (c ieo 7 – o oaoiaeo aeaeaiiyo
Oe?a?ie), 31 – o ni?aaaoi?noa?.

E??i oiai, iaea?aeaii 4 iaoaioe ia aeiao?ae, 2 iiceoeaieo ??oaiiy ia
aeaea/o iaoaioo, 2 i??i?eoaoieo aeia?aeee ia aeiao?ae, 5 iina?ae/aiue ia
?aoe?iiae?caoi?nuee? i?iiiceoe??. Iioae?eiaaii 2 ?ioi?iaoe?ei? eenoee.

A ioae?eaoe?yo, i?aaenoaaeaieo o ni?aaaoi?noa? c iaoeiaeie
eiinoeueoaioaie, eieaaaie oa o/iyie aianie aaoi?a aoa iniiaiei a oeo
ieoaiiyo, ye? noinoaaeeny no?oeoo?ii-ooieoe?iiaeueieo ci?i iia?iaaiiai
oeoiea oa iieaciee?a aiiainoaco i?aai?cio a i?neyiia?aoe?eiiio ia??iae?
(io?eiaiiy oa aeeeaae ?acoeueoao?a aeine?aeaeaiiy, ?o iaaiai?aiiy,
e?oa?aoo?ia ii?aoethaaiiy iaoa??aeo).

No?oeoo?a oa ianya aeena?oaoe??. Aeena?oaoe?y aeeeaaeaia ia 376
noi??ieao iaoeiiieniiai oaenoo. ?oaioa neeaaea?oueny ?c anooio, iaeyaeo
e?oa?aoo?e, oieno iaoa??ae?a ? iaoiae?a aeine?aeaeaiue, o?ueio pocae?e?a
?acoeueoao?a aeanieo niinoa?aaeaiue ? aeine?aeaeaiue, iaaiai?aiiy,
i?aenoie?a aeine?aeaeaiiy, aeniiae?a, i?aeoe/ieo ?aeiiaiaeaoe?e oa
nieneo aeei?enoaieo aeaea?ae e?oa?aoo?e.

Aeena?oaoe?y ?ethno?iaaia 40 oaaeeoeyie oa 78 ?enoieaie, ye? caeiathoue
38 noi??iie iaoeiiieno. Nienie aeei?enoaieo aeaea?ae e?oa?aoo?e iae?/o?
535 iaca ?ia?o, c yeeo 311 ?in?enueei- oa oe?a?iiiiaieo aaoi??a ? 224
iaienaii ?ioeie iiaaie, caeia? 69 noi??iie iaoeiiieno.

Iniiaiee ci?no ?iaioe

Iaoa??ae ? iaoiaee aeine?aeaeaiiy.

?iaioa aeeiiaia c aeei?enoaiiyi aenia?eiaioaeueiiai, iaoaiaoe/iiai
iiaeaethaaiiy, ii?oieia?/ieo (aio?iiiiao?e/ieo, i?aaiiiao?e/ieo,
caaaeueiia?noieia?/ieo, ii?oiiao?e/ieo, a?noio?i?/ieo,
aeaeo?iiiii?e?ineii?/iiai), ?aioaaiieia?/ieo (?aioaaiia?ao?/iiai,
eiii’thoa?ii? oiiia?ao??), i?e?ia?ieia?/ieo, o?ce/iiai (iiaaiii?an??),
a?io?i?/ieo, o?c?ieia?/ieo, ee?i?/ieo (aioo??oiueioeoieiai?
oiiia?ao?/ii? ?I-iao???, iiaoaiii? iaiiiao??? aa?oi?o a?aeae?e?a
o?aaiiai o?aeoo) iaoiae?a aeine?aeaeaiiy oa noaoenoe/ieo iaoiae?a
ia?iaee iaea?aeaieo aeaieo.

Iaoa??ae aeine?aeaeaiiy neeaaeaany c aio?iiiiao?e/iiai oa
i?aaiiiao?e/iiai ianoaaeaiiy 197 o?oi?a ethaeae, ye? ia iaee
iaoieia?/ieo ci?i oeoieiai-eeoeiaiai o?aeoo oa 47 o?oi?a, ye? iaee ci?ie
i?ney o??o?a?/ieo ao?o/aiue ia oeoieo. I?iaaaeaii ieai?iao?e/ia
aeine?aeaeaiiy eiii’thoa?ieo oiiia?ai /a?aaii? ii?iaeieie 137 iaoe??io?a
aac iaoieia?? oeoieiai-eeoeiaiai o?aeoo oa 51 iaoe??ioa i?ney ?acaeoe??
oeoiea, a oaeiae 38 ?aioaaiia?ai iaiia?iaaieo ? 35 ?aioaaiia?ai
iia?iaaieo oeoie?a. Ii?oiooieoe?iiaeuei? iniaeeaino? ?acaeoiaaiiai
oeoiea aea/ai? ia iaoa??ae? aano?ia?iin?e, acyoeo o 54 oai?eo i?e
o?a?iaano?ineii?/iiio aeine?aeaeaii?, oa iia?aoe?eiiio iaoa??ae? 12
oai?eo i?ney ?aeiino?oeoeaieo iia?aoe?e ia oeoieo.

Aeine?aeaeaiiy o?oi?a i?iaiaeeeiny /a?ac 12 – 24 aiaeeie i?ney
a?ieia?/ii? nia?o?. Oeoiie ? aa?oiy /anoeia aeaaiaaeoeyoeiaei? eeoee
aeey i?iaaaeaiiy ii?oiiao?e/ieo aeine?aeaeaiue aeeiaeeny ?aeeiei
eiiieaenii. I?e oeueiio niaoe?aeueiei i?ea?iaeueiei aei??thaaeueiei
i?eno?i?i i?iaiaeeee aei??e ?ici???a oeoiea oa ioi/oth/eo eiai i?aai?a
ca ?ic?iaeaiith i?ia?aiith. Iaoiaeeea aeine?aeaeaiiy i’yciai? iaieiiee
aeeth/aea iae?i- oa i?e?ineii?/ia i?aia?oaaiiy, a?noioiiia?ao?/ia
aeine?aeaeaiiy oa oioiiao??th i?aia?ao?a oeoiea c /anoeiith no?aaioiaeo,
ae?ao?aaie, aeaaiaaeoeyoeiaei? eeoee.

Ia?aae eiii’thoa?ii-oiiia?ao?/iei aeine?aeaeaiiyi i?iaiaeeee aecia/aiiy
eiinoeoooe?eieo oei?a c o?aooaaiiyi noao? oa aoaeiae o?ea ethaeeie.

Ia’?eoaie a aenia?eiaioaeueieo aeine?aeaeaiiyo neoaeeee 45 aacii??aeieo
niaae-naioe?a ianith a?ae 10 aei 20 ea. Oaa?eie io?eioaaee cae/aeiee
oa?/iaee ?aoe?ii, oo?eioaaeenue a iaeiaeiaeo oiiaao. Naiie ia a?aee a
aeine?ae c iaoith aeeeth/aiiy ii?oiooieoe?iiaeueieo c?ooaiue a o?aai?e
nenoai? i?e aeno?aeueiiio oeeee?.

Oaa?ei iiae?eeee ia eiio?ieueio (6 niaae) oa aeine?aeio (39 niaae)
a?oie.

Iia?aoe?? i?iaiaeeee i?ae o?iiaioaeiaei ia?eicii:
aioo??oiuei-ieaa?aeueii a iaeano? caaeiueiai eooa i?aai? eiiaoee
aaiaeeee na?aei-i?eaioiaeaiee 2% ?ic/ei o?iiaioaeo iao??th c ?ic?aooieo
1,5 ie ia 1 ea iane oaa?eie (30-40 ia/ea) (A.A.Ea?iaiei, 1985).

A aeine?aei?e a?oi? aacii?iaeiei niaaeai na??e ?,??,?V, ui oo?eioaaeany
a oiiaao a?aa??th, ia ia?oiio aoai? noai?thaaeany iiaeaeue
aeoiaeaiiaano?aeueiiai ?aoethena oeyoii aeainoi?iiiuei? i?ei?ii?ioii??.
( Aenia?eiaioaeueia iiaeaeue aeoiaeaiiaano?aeueiiai ?aoethena. Iaoaio ia
aeiao?ae N 20815 A aiae 07.10.97).

Niaaeai ia?oi? na??? aeeiioaaee ?acaeoe?th oeoiea ca iaea?eueo
?iciianthaeaeaiith iiaeeo?eaoe??th niiniao A?eue?io-?? ca
Aioiaenoa?ii-O?inoa?a?ii. I?e iiya? ai?eii-caiaeueieo i?ioean?a oe??e
oaa?ei aeei?enoiaoaaee i?ea?iaeueiee niin?a e?eoaaiiy ai?eieo ?ai
eiia?iaoe??th aenieiaeenia?niiai e?aiiacaio c i?ioaie?oe/ieie
oa?iaioaie. (Niinia eieoaaiiy aiieii-caiaeueieo i?ioeania. Iaoaio ia
aeiao?ae N 20765 A aiae 07.10.97).

Oaa?eiai ae?oai? na??? aeeiioaaee ?acaeoe?th oeoiea, a?aoiaoth/e aeai?
iaoaiaoe/iiai iiaeaethaaiiy iaoiaeii aeaeo?ia?ae?iaeeiai?/ieo aiaeia?e,
c canoinoaaiiyi ?ic?iaeaiiai iiaiai niiniao oi?ioaaiiy
aano?iaioa?aeueiiai aianoiiico, eiee a?ae??cie ii?iaeiuei? eeoee
?ici?uoaaee a?ae aaeeei? e?eaeie i?ae aino?ei eooii aei iaei?. (Niin?a
?acaeoe?? oeoiea. Aeia?aeea i?i i??i?eoao N 97115669 a?ae 26.11.1997;
Iiceoeaia ??oaiiy ia aeaea/o iaoaioo ia aeiao?ae a?ae 25 eenoiiaaea
1998).

Iaoiaeeea aeei?enoaiiy iiaiai niiniao ?acaeoe?? oeoiea ia?aaeaa/a?
aeei?enoaiiy aia?aoo aeey iaeeaaeaiiy oeoieiai-eeoeiaeo aianoiiic?a
(IAEEA-60) oa niaoe?aeueiiai cai?iiiiiaaiiai iaie oeoieiai-eeoeiaiai
aeanoe/iiai caoenea/a c o?ueiia aeanoe/ieie aoaeaie. (Oeoieiai-eeoeiaee
aeanoe/iee caoenea/. Aeia?aeea i?i i??i?eoao N 97104980 aiae 10.10.1997;
Iiceoeaia ??oaiiy ia aeaea/o iaoaioo ia aeiao?ae a?ae 20 eenoiiaaea
1998).

Oaa?eiai o?aouei? na??? (12 niaae) aeeiioaaee ?acaeoe?th oeoiea,
oi?ioth/e i?ea?iaeueiee aano?iaioa?iaianoiiic c ii?oe?eiei iaoai?ciii
ia?ai?uaiiy ai?noo oeoiea i?ae eoenith oeoiea oa oiieith eeoeith
niiniaii e?iaoeue a e?iaoeue-a?e, ui aeeiio?oueny oeyoii iioa?iaiai
c’?aeiaiiy no?iie oeoiea oa eeoee. I?ae /an ?icn?/aiiy oeoiea
?icoa?iaoaaee eiai no?ieo i?ae i’yciaith iaieiieith oa i?aeneeciaei
oa?ii, c’?aeioaaee i?ioea?eaeiaee e?ae eeoee ? i?aeneeciaee oa? oeoiea
ia iaiao?aeiiio i?ii?aeeo, a i’ycia? iaieiiee oeoiea ? eeoee c
aeana?iciaaieie aieiaeie iiaa?oiyie inoaiiuei?, ia aeioiaey/e aei
a?eaeiaiai e?ath. (Niin?a oi?ioaaiiy aano?iaioa?iaianoiiico i?e
?acaeoe?? oeoiea. Aeia?aeea i?i i??i?eoao ia aeiao?ae N 99031620 a?ae
23.03.1999).

Oaa?eiai /aoaa?oi? na??? aeeiioaaee i?ea?iaeueio eeaiaiio
?aeiino?oeoeaio iiapaoe?th a cii? aano?iaeoiaeaiaeueiiai ia?aoiaeo, yea
noai?thaaea aeecuee? aei ii?iaeueieo no?oeoo?ii-i?inoi?ia?
ni?aa?aeiineie a i?noe? ia?aoiaeo oeoiie – aeaaiaaeoeyoeiaea eeoea oa
i?eaiaeeea aei cieaeaiiy /anoioe oa ae?aaeaiiino? oneeaaeiaiue, ui
iaoiiaeai? caeeaeii ai?noo aeaaiaaeoeyoeiaei? eeoee a oeoiie. (Niinia
eeaiaiii? ?aeiino?oeoeaii? iia?aoei? a ciii aano?iaeoiaeaiaeueiiai
ia?aoiaeo. Iaoaio ia aeiao?ae N 21993 A aiae 30.04.98).

A eiio?ieuei?e a?oi? oaa?ei o?ueii aacii?iaeiei niaaeai (eiio?ieue 1)
i?yeeo ao?o/aiue ia i?iaiaeeee; o?ueii oaa?eiai (eiio?ieue 2)
noai?thaaee iiaeaeue aeoiaeaiiaano?aeueiiai ?aoethena.

Oaa?ei aeaiaeeee c aenia?eiaioo oeyoii aioo??oiueiieaa?aeueiiai
aaaaeaiiy eaoaeueii? aeice o?iiaioaeo iao??th.

Oiaoi/ee ??cieo a?aeae?e?a oeoiea, aeaaiaaeoeyoeiaei? eeoee, ii?iaeiuei?
eeoee, ?ici??aie 6o4o2 ii, oa?i?iiai caio?thaaee a o?enoth/? ?ic/eie:
10% ?ic/ei iaeo?aeueiiai oi?iae?io, ?ic/ei Ea?ioa, 70% ?ic/ei nie?oo.

Iaoa??ae i?eoe?eueieo aano?iaeoiaeaiia?oin?e o?enoaaany a iaeo?aeueiiio
10% oi?iae?i? c iiaeaeueoei i?iieaaiiyi, iaacaiaeiaiiyi, caeeaeith a
ia?ao?i, i?eaiooaaiiyi c??c?a ? ?o oa?aoaaiiyi aaiaoieneeei-aiceiii oa
ca Aai-A?cii. C oe?eeth e?euee?nii? ioe?iee caeiciaiai aia?aoa neeciai?
iaieiiee i?iaaaeaii ii?oiiao?e/ia aea/aiiy aano?ia?iioao?a ca
A.A.Nainiiiaei (1973). I?iaiaeeeenue ii?oiiao?e/i? aeine?aeaeaiiy
a?noieia?/ieo i?aia?ao?a. Aei??thaaeany aenioa ai?oae?th, aeeaeia
oeoieiaeo yiie ? oiaueia neeciai? iaieiiee oeoiea.

A?coio?i?/i? aeine?aeaeaiiy cae?enithaaeenue oeyoii oa?aoaaiiy c??c?a
eiei?aeiei ae?ae?ciaaiei cae?cii (Oaee-?aaeoe?y) oa ?aaeoeaii Oeooa
(OEE-?aaeoe?y a iiaeeo?eaoe?? Iio??) c iiaeeea?coth iaeii/anii?
?aeaioeo?eaoe?? a iaeiiio c??c? eeneeo oa iaeo?aeueieo
ae?eiciai?iiae?eai?a.

Aeey aeaeo?iiii-i?e?ineii?/ieo aeine?aeaeaiue oiaoi/ee oeoiea ?ici??ii
0,4o0,2o0,1ii caeeaaee na?aeii?eaioiaaiei 2,5% ?ic/eiii
aethoa?aeueaeaa?aeo a 0,1 N oinoaoiiio aooa?? 1-2 aiaeeie, i?iieaaee a
oinoaoiiio aooa?? 2-4 aiaeeie ? aeiaeaoeiai o?enoaaee 2% ?ic/eiii
oao?aieeno ini?th ia i?ioyc? 1,5-2 aiaeei ia oinoaoiiio aooa?? (?I-7,3).
I?ney iaacaiaeiaiiy iaoa??ae caeeaaee a aiieneaei? niiee. Iai?aoiie? oa
oeueo?aoiie? c??ce aiooaaee ia oeueo?aoii? LKB-8800. Iai?aoiie? c??ce
oa?aoaaee 1% ?ic/eiii iaoeeaiiaiai neiueiai. Oeueo?aoiie? c??ce
eiio?anooaaee a 2% o?ai?eaoeaoao? (I.G.Stempak, R.T. Wand, 1964) ?
oeeo?ao? naeioeth (E.S.Reynolds, 1963).

Nooi?iue ?io?eoaaiiy neeciai? iaieiiee oeoiea i?ei?e/iei oae?eiaaeoa?ii
aea/aany a iaceao-a?aeaeoeao a?oioaoo ia i?aaeiaoiiio nee? (oa?aoaaiiy
ca niiniaii A?ica) ca iai?ae?euee?ciith iaoiaeeeith (E.E.A?oei ?
ni?aaao., 1988).

Aeey aiae?co eiii’thoa?ieo oiiia?ai canoiniaaia nenoaia
oiiia?aoiaiaoii?/ieo eii?aeeiao o?ea ethaeeie (I.I.Ao?eo, 1991, 1995;
Bourych M.P. 1996), a iniia? yei? eaaeeoue iiaeaeue caiii? iiaa?oi? a
nenoai? i?yiieooieo eii?aeeiao.

Aeey aecia/aiiy oa?aeoa?enoee ioe?iee niinia?a iia?aoeaiiai ao?o/aiiy
aac iinoaiiaee aenia?eiaioaeueieo aeine?aeaeaiue e ?ic?iaee iioeiaeueieo
ia?aiao??a a iiooeao iiaiai aa??aioo ?acaeoe?? oeoiea ie aeei?enoaee
iaoiaee iaoaiaoe/iiai iiaeaethaaiiy. Canoinoaaee iaoiae
aeaeo?ia?ae?iaeeiai?/ieo aiaeia?e (AAAeA), ?oc?oaeaiee a ?inoeooo?
iaoaiaoeee AI Oe?a?ie (A.I.Oeeue/aeia, A.E.Iai/eoei, 1961).

Ioe?iea aeaieo aioo??oiueioeoieiai? ?I-iao??? i?iaiaeeeanue a
a?aeiia?aeiino? c e?eoa??yie ii?ie (A.TH.Eeia?, 1968; TH.ss.Eay,
E.TH.Eeia?, Y.E.Ae?aaea, 1985; TH.ss.Eay, 1987; B.H.*a?iia?iaee, 1991),
eiee aaee/eie ?I ii i?ioyao oeoiea ?iciiae?eyeenue a a?aeiia?aeiino? c
o?noth ooieoe?iiaeueieie ?ioa?aaeaie ?I.

Iioi?ii-aaaeoaoi?i? ii?ooaiiy aano?iaeoiaeaiaeueii? ciie aea/aeenue ca
aeiiiiiaith iiaoaiii? iaiiiao??? aa?oi?o a?aeae?e?a o?aaiiai o?aeoo,
aeei?enoiaoth/e a?aee?eoee eaoaoa? ca iaoiaeeeith ss.Ae.A?oaanueeiai oa
A.I.Noao?ia (1985).

Ioe?iea a?aoethenii? iaae?eiino? aano?iaeoiaeaiaeueiiai ia?aoiaeo oa
cai?iiiiiaaieo o??o?a?/ieo eiino?oeoe?e i?iaiaeeeany ca aeiiiiiaith
iaoiaeo ?io?aiia?aoe?eii? iiaaiii?an?? oeoieiai-eeoeiaiai o?aeoo ca
i?ea?iaeueiith iaoiaeeeith, ui aeicaiey? aea/aoe a?aoethenio
iaae?ei?noue inoaii?o a oiiaao o?ii?/iiai aenia?eiaioo. (Niinia
iiaaiii?anieiiai aeineiaeaeaiiy eeaiaiieo aia?aoia oeoieiai-eeoeiaiai
o?aeoo. Iaoaio ia aeiao?ae N 21992 A aiae 30.04.98).

I?i nooi?iue iaeiie/aiiy oiene/ieo i?iaeoeo?a a i?aai?ci? noaeeee ii
“oiene/iino?” ne?iaaoee e?ia? iia?iaaieo ethaeae oa aenia?eiaioaeueieo
oaa?ei, aecia/ath/e ?? aeni?an-iaoiaeii ca aeiiiiiaith Paramec?um
caudatum (A.A.Iaoiiia ? ni?aaao., 1980).

I?e?ia?ieia?/i? aeine?aeaeaiiy i?iaiaeeee c oe?eeth aecia/aiiy
eiioeaio?aoe?? i?e?ii?aai?ci?a a i?ina?o? iia?iaaiiai i?aaio, nooiaith
?io?eoaaiiy i/a?aaeie oa a?iioaoa ?aie, ?aeaioeo?eaoe?? i?e?ia?a.

Noaoenoe/io ia?iaeo oa ianooiiee ei?aeyoe?eiee aiae?c oeeo?iaeo aeaieo,
io?eiaieo o i?ioean? aeine?aeaeaiiy aeeiioaaee ca aeiiiiiaith
noaiaea?oieo iaeao?a “Statistica 5,0” ? “Statgraphics” aeey Windows 95
oa i?ia?aie “Microsoft Excel” ia ia?niiaeueiiio eiii’thoa?? Pentium-166
(TH.I.Oth?ei, A.A.Iaea?ia, 1998). Iaoiaeaie aa??aoe?eiiai aiae?co
i?iaaee ia?iaeo oeeo?iaeo iaoa??ae?a, io?eiaieo o i?ioean?
aeine?aeaeaiiy. Aeey aecia/aiiy neee aieeao e?eoaaeueieo oaeoi??a ia
ii?oiooieoe?iiaeuei? iieacieee aeei?enoiaoaaee aeenia?n?eiee aiae?c.
Iaoiae ?ioi?iaoe?eiiai aiae?co aeei?enoiaoaaany aeey aecia/aiiy
?ioi?iaoeaiino? ??cieoe? na?aaei?o iieaciee?a (E.A. Eaeoo?nueeee, A.A.
Na?uea, 1982).

?acoeueoaoe aeanieo aeine?aeaeaiue oa ?o aiae?c.

I?iaaaeaia ii?oiiao?e/ia aeine?aeaeaiiy aeyaeei: 1) aeinoia??io
caeaaei?noue e?i?eieo, ieiueiieo oa ia’?iieo iieaciee?a oeoiea a?ae
niiaoioeio ethaeeie, oi?ie aeeaioa; 2) iaea?eueoo cia/ei?noue iieacieea
aenioe oeoiea aeey ii??aiyiiy c oi?iith aeeaioa oa oeiii aoaeiae o?ea;
3) aenieo ?ioi?iaoeai?noue iieaciee?a ia’?io oeoiea. Ciaeaeai? ?iaeaene
i?ae aaee/eiith ia’?io oa iaea?eueoith ieiuath ia?a??co oeoiea (ia ??ai?
ea?ae?aeueiiai a?aeae?eo), ui eaaei aecia/a?oueny c aeiiiiiaith
eiiithoa?iith oiiia?ao??, aeathoue iiaeeea?noue aecia/eoe a??ia?aeiee
ia’?i.

Iaaeinoaoiy aea/ai?noue aioo??oi?o ca’yce?a i?ae eiinoeoooe?eieie
iciaeaie oa no?oeoo?ii-ooieoe?iiaeueiei noaiii i?aai?cio (A.A. Ieeeothe,
A.I.Ii?ic, Ae.A.Ieeeothe, 1998) niiioea? aei ?o aeine?aeaeaiiy.

Aeei?enoaiiy eiii’thoa?ii? oiiia?ao?? aeicaieeei iaea?aeaoe
ii?oiiao?e/i? oa?aeoa?enoeee oiiia?ao?? oeoiea aeeaeo ethaeae.
Neaeaoioii?/ii oeoiie ?icoaoiaoaaany ia ??ai? O9 – L3, i?e/iio o in?a c
a?ao?ii?oiei oeiii noaoo?e oeoiie ?ici?uaiee ia ??ai? O9 – L?, c
aeie?oiii?oiei oeiii eiinoeoooe?? eiai ciaoiaeeee ia ??ai? O10 – L3.
Eiii’thoa?ii-oiiia?ao?/i? eii?aeeiaoe oeoiea oa?aeoa?ecoaaeenue
?ici?uaiiyi oeoiea i?ae e?aei ia?aaei?i eaoa?aeueiei ia?eae?aiii (I2) oa
i?aaei ia?aaei?i iaae?aeueiei ia?eae?aiii (I11), nineiaith oa ioieiaith
ia?aeaeyie ca?aeii nenoaie oiiia?aoiaiaoii?/ieo eii?aeeiao o?ea ethaeeie
ca I.I.Ao?eo (1991). Ia eiii’thoa?ieo oiiia?aiao /a?aaii? ii?iaeieie,
ii/eiath/e c O9, aecia/athoueny /?oe? eiioo?e aeia oeoiea, ui ia?
iaaeueio oi?io. Ia oiiia?aiao /?oei aeae?eyeenue eiioo?e neion?a ieaa?e,
ia/?iee, no?aaioiaeo, ieco?aeiiai a?aeae?eo ai?oe, i?aeie ae?ao?aaie,
aa?oiueiai e?ath naeac?iee. Oi?ia ia?a??co oeoiea caeaaeaea a?ae
aaee/eie, oi?ie oa ?ici?uaiiy ia/?iee, naeac?iee, ae?ao?aaie, ui
i?eeyaaee aei iueiai.

sse iieacaee ?acoeueoaoe aei??thaaiiy ieiu? oa ae?aiao?o ia?a??co
oeoiea, ?ici??e oeoiea c? cieaeaiiyi ??aiy eiii’thoa?iiai c??co
ca?eueoothoueny, iaaoaathoue a?eueo aeaeiaaeaiiai oa?aeoa?o. Ii/eiath/e
c ??aiy L? o ethaeae a?ao?ii?oiiai oeio noaoo?e oa L2 – L3 – c
aeie?oiii?oiei oeiii aoaeiae o?ea, aaee/eia ia?a??co oeoiea
ciaiooaaeanue.

Ia eiii’thoa?ieo oiiia?aiao ia oeeo ??aiyo ii/aee aecia/aoeny eiioo?e
i?aeoeoieiai? caeice, aeia/iiai i?oo?a, iaaeie?iee?a oa ie?ie. Oi?ia oa
?ici??e oeoiea cia/ii caeaaeaee a?ae aaee/eie oa ?ici?uaiiy i?aai?a
/a?aaii? ii?iaeieie, i?eeaaeeo aei iueiai: ia/?iee, naeac?iee,
i?aeoeoieiai? caeice, aeia/iiai i?oo?a, oianoi? oa oiiei? eeoie.

?ici?uaiiy oa oi?ia oeoiea caeaaeaee a?ae oi?ie aeeaioa. Oae, i?e
a?ooiiiae?aiiio /ieia?/iio oei? oi?ie aeeaioa, yea ?icoe?th?oueny
aeiaa?oo (I?AE – iiia?a/iee ?iaeaen aeeaioa > 100+(), niinoa??aaeinue
a?eueo aeniea iieiaeaiiy oeoiea, iiia?a/iee ia?a??c ii?iaeieie aeia
oeoiea aoa a?eueoee, i?ae i?e ?ioeo oi?iao aeeaioa (P (100 + () aaee/eia iieacieea noaiiaeea 2,84 ( 0,14,
a a iaoe??io?a c I?AE 100+(), niinoa??aaeinue
a?eueo aeniea iieiaeaiiy oeoiea, iiia?a/iee ia?a??c ii?iaeieie aeia
oeoiea aoa a?eueoee (P

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