IAOe?IIAEUeIEE OI?AA?NEOAO O?CE*IIAI AEOIAAIIss ? NII?OO OE?A?IE
AEUe-EOAeAO IIOAIIAAe EO.A.
OAeE 616.127-005.8-08
O?CE*I? AI?AAE OA INEOIEIA?*IA EI?AEOe?ss IA ?AIIUeIIO AOAI?
?AAA?E?OAOe?? OAI?EO IA ?IOA?EO I?IEA?AeA
24.00.02 – O?ce/ia eoeueoo?a, o?ce/ia aeoiaaiiy ??cieo a?oi ianaeaiiy
AAOI?AOA?AO
aeena?oaoe?? ia caeiaoooy iaoeiaiai nooiaiy eaiaeeaeaoa iaoe c o?ce/iiai
aeoiaaiiy ? nii?oo
Ee?a – 1999
Aeena?oaoe??th ? ?oeiien.
?iaioa aeeiiaia a Iaoe?iiaeueiiio oi?aa?neoao? o?ce/iiai aeoiaaiiy ?
nii?oo Oe?a?ie, Aea?aeaaiee eii?oao Oe?a?ie c o?ce/ii? eoeueoo?e ?
nii?oo.
Iaoeiaee ea??aiee:
eaiaeeaeao iaaee/ieo iaoe, aeioeaio AAII?EIAA ?eiia Ieaen??aia, aeioeaio
eaoaae?e o?ce/ii? ?aaa?e?oaoe?? Iaoe?iiaeueiiai oi?aa?neoaoo o?ce/iiai
aeoiaaiiy ? nii?oo Oe?a?ie.
Io?oe?ei? iiiiaioe:
– ssuaiei A.A., aeieoi? iaaee/ieo iaoe, i?ioani?, aieiaiee iaoeiaee
ni?a?ia?oiee eaai?aoi??? ae?aaiinoeee ooieoe?iiaeueieo ?aca?a?a
aenieieaae?o?eiaaieo nii?oniai?a Aea?aeaaiiai iaoeiai-aeine?aeiiai
?inoeoooo o?ce/ii? eoeueoo?e ? nii?oo;
– Oaeyaei ?.A., aeieoi? iaaee/ieo iaoe, i?ia?aeiee iaoeiaee ni?a?ia?oiee
?inoeoooo ee?i?/ii? ?aae?ieia?? Iaoeiaiai oeaio?o ?aae?aoe?eii?
iaaeeoeeie Oe?a?ie.
I?ia?aeia onoaiiaa:
A?iieoeueeee aea?aeaaiee iaaeaaia?/iee oi?aa?neoao, I?i?noa?noai ina?oe
Oe?a?ie, i. A?iieoey.
Caoeno a?aeaoaeaoueny “ 28 ” o?aaiy 1999 ?. i 14 aiae. 30 oa. ia
can?aeaii? niaoe?ae?ciaaii? a/aii? ?aaee Ae 26.829.01 Iaoe?iiaeueiiai
oi?aa?neoaoo o?ce/iiai aeoiaaiiy ? nii?oo Oe?a?ie (252650, Ee?a-150,
aoe. O?ceoeueoo?e, 1).
C aeena?oaoe??th iiaeia iciaeiieoenue a a?ae?ioaoe? Iaoe?iiaeueiiai
oi?aa?neoaoo o?ce/iiai aeoiaaiiy ? nii?oo Oe?a?ie (252650, Ee?a-150,
aoe. O?ceoeueoo?e, 1).
Aaoi?aoa?ao ?ic?neaiee “ 27 ” ea?oiy 1999 a.
A/aiee nae?aoa?
niaoe?ae?ciaaii? a/aii? ?aaee,
aeieoi? iaaeaaia?/ieo iaoe, i?ioani? ?aauaiei E.ss.
1
CAAAEUeIA OA?AEOA?ENOEEA ?IAIOE
Aeooaeuei?noue. Ca noaoenoe/ieie aeaieie Anana?oiuei? i?aai?caoe??
ioi?iie caei?ia’y (1988) oa aeaieie ie?aieo e?a?i na?oo ?ioa?eo
i?iea?aea iin?aea? iaeia c ia?oeo i?noeue na?aae caoai?thaaiue
na?oeaai-noaeeiii? nenoaie (Aia?ia A.A., 1994; *acia ?.?., 1994; Aiiniaa
I.I., 1998). O ca’yceo c oeei i?iaeaia ?aaa?e?oaoe?? oai?eo, ye?
ia?aianee ?ioa?eo i?iea?aea, i?iaeiaaeo? caeeoaoeny iaei??th c
iaeaaaeeea?oeo i?iaeai no/aniino? (I?eiea?aa E.O., A?iiia Ae.I., 1988).
?acii c oei, ye caaaeueiii?eeiyo? (AIIC, 1969), oae ? nei?i/ai?
(i?enei?ai?) i?ia?aie o?ce/ii? ?aaa?e?oaoe?? aeey noaoe?iia?iiai aoaio
(Aeoaean ?.I., 1981; Aaiaeoeueeee ?.A., 1984; Neaaec?anueea ?.E.,
E?aaoeiaa E.A., 1989; Aiiniaa I.I., 1995 oa ?i.) ia caaacia/othoue
iiaiiai aeei?enoaiiy on?o iiaeeeainoae o?ce/iiai oaeoi?a a?aeiinii
i?aeaeuaiiy aoaeoeaiino? a?aeiiaethaaeueiiai e?eoaaiiy oaeeo oai?eo. ?
ine?eueee oni?o ?aaa?e?oaoe?? caeaaeeoue ia eeoa a?ae i?aaeeueiiai
aeai?o i?ia?aie, oe?eani?yiiaaiino? o ?? i?iaaaeaii?, ia’?eoeaiino?
eiio?ieth, oe?ei? iecee ?ioeo oaeoi??a, aea ? cia/iith i??ith a?ae
aeoeaiino? naiiai oai?iai, iniaeeainoae iniaenoino?, a oaeiae ci?i
ineo?ee, ye? aeieeee o iueiai a i?ioean? caoai?thaaiiy oa
ia?aoeiaeaeathoue iiaa?iaiith aei ?iaioe a?ae 33 aei 80% oai?eo
(Ooaaoeaaay ?.E., 1969; Caeoeaa A.I., 1975, 1990), aaeeeiai cia/aiiy
iaaoaa? ineoieia?/ia ?aaa?e?oaoe?y.
Ne?ae a?aecia/eoe, ui o?ce/i? o?aioaaiiy, caaaeyee ineoioa?aiaaoe/iiio
aieeao caiyoue, i?ecaiaeyoue aei cia/iiai iie?auaiiy ineo?/iiai noaio
oai?eo, ye? ia?aianee ?ioa?eo i?iea?aea (Caeoeaa A.I., 1982; Eoaeoe?i
A.O., 1990, Noaeaea?aa N.A., 1990). I?i cai?ioiee aieea ineoieia?/ii?
?aaa?e?oaoe?? ia aoaeoeai?noue caiyoue e?eoaaeueiith a?iianoeeith, oaiie
aeoea?caoe?? oai?eo, c?inoaiiy ?o o?ce/ii? i?aoeacaeaoiino? oa,
a?aoo?-?aoo, oa?i?ie ?o ia?aaoaaiiy a noaoe?iia?? a?aeiiinoae iaia?. Ia
aecia/aia caeaaei?noue o?ce/ii? i?aoeacaeaoiino? a?ae iniaeeainoae
iniaenoino? oai?iai, nooiaiy i?iyao o iueiai ineoiiaoieia?/ieo ?aaeoe?e.
Aeoiaey/e c aeuaaeeeaaeaiiai, iai oyaey?oueny aeineoue aeooaeueiei
aea/aiiy oeeo ieoaiue, ui aoaea iaoe ia eeoa oai?aoe/io cia/ei?noue ?
i?aeoe/io oe?ii?noue, aea ? nooo?aee aeiiii?/iee aoaeo.
Ca’ycie ?iaioe c iaoeiaeie i?ia?aiaie IAe?. Aeena?oaoe?eia ?iaioa
aeeiiaia a?aeiia?aeii aei caaaeaiiai ieaio IAe? c o?ce/iiai aeoiaaiiy oa
nii?oo ia 1996-2000 ??., o?aoueiai iai?yieo: “Aaeaieia?y oa o?ce/ia
?aaa?e?oaoe?y” c oaie 3.1.2. “No?oeoo?a oa ci?no iaaeeei-a?ieia?/ieo
aeenoeeie?i ia oaeoeueoao? caei?ia’y oa o?ce/ii? ?aaa?e?oaoe??” (iiia?
aea?aeaaii? ?a?no?aoe?? 0196E010545).
Iaoa oa caaea/? aeine?aeaeaiiy. Iaoa ?iaioe iieyaa? o i?aeaeuaii?
aoaeoeaiino? ?aiiueiai a?aeiiaeaiiy oai?eo ia aaeeeiaiaieuaaee ?ioa?eo
i?iea?aea aaeineiiaeaiiyi i?ia?aie o?ce/ii? ?aaa?e?oaoe?? ca aeiiiiiaith
iaoiae?a ineoieia?/ii? ei?aeoe??.
Caaea/? aeine?aeaeaiiy:
1. Iiaeeo?eoaaoe aeey oai?eo ia ?ioa?eo i?iea?aea i?ioeaaeo?e
ineoioa?ai??, ye? ni?eythoue i?aeaeuaiith aoaeoeaiino? caiyoue
e?eoaaeueiith a?iianoeeith.
2. ?ic?iaeoe i?ia?aio ineoieia?/ii? ?aaa?e?oaoe?? oai?eo ?ioa?eoii
i?iea?aea aeey noaoe?iia?iiai aoaio e?eoaaiiy.
3. ?ic?iaeoe i?ia?aio o?ce/ii? ?aaa?e?oaoe?? a caeaaeiino? a?ae
ineoieia?/iiai noaio oai?eo ia ?ioa?eo i?iea?aea aeey noaoe?iia?iiai
aoaio e?eoaaiiy.
4. Aecia/eoe aoaeoeai?noue ?acoeueoao?a canoinoaaiiy ca oiia noaoe?iia?o
aaeineiiaeaii? ineoioa?aiaaoe/ieie caoiaeaie i?ia?aie ?aiiuei?
aeoea?caoe?? oai?eo c iaoneeaaeiaiei i?io?eaiiyi ?ioa?eoo i?iea?aea.
Iaoeiaa iiaecia ?iaioe iieyaa? o oiio, ui:
O aaeineiiaeaia i?ia?aia o?ce/ii? ?aaa?e?oaoe?? eiiieaenii ineoioa?ai??
aeey iioei?caoe?? a?aeiiaethaaeueiiai e?eoaaiiy oai?eo ia
aaeeeiaiaieuaaee ?ioa?eo i?iea?aea, ui aeicaieeei nei?ioeoe oa?i?i
ia?aaoaaiiy o noaoe?iia?? aei 20-23 ae?a;
O aeieacaia aoaeoeai?noue ?aiiueiai aeei?enoaiiy ineoieia?/ii? ei?aeoe??
aeey i?enei?aiiy i?ioeano ii?iaeueii? ineoieia?/ii? ?aaaeaioaoe??;
iiceoeaiee aoaeo a?aecia/aiee o 98,3% aeiaaee?a;
O ?icoe?ai? oyaeaiiy i?i iaoai?cie aaiiaeeiai?/iiai caaacia/aiiy
o?ce/iiai iaaaioaaeaiiy – aeyaeaia iiceoeaia aeeiai?ea iieaciee?a
oeaio?aeueiiai e?iaiia?ao oa ?iaeaen?a nei?i/oaaiino? a oac? aeaiaiiy ?c
c?inoaiiyi o?ce/ii? i?aoeacaeaoiino? oa cieeiaiiyi ineoiiaoieia?/ii?
neiioiiaoeee.
Oai?aoe/ia cia/ei?noue ?iaioe iieyaa? o oiio, ui ii?aoeueiaaia iaoeiai
iaa?oioiaaia iaoiaeieia?y aaeineiiaeaiiy i?ia?aie o?ce/ii? ?aaa?e?oaoe??
ca aeiiiiiaith eiiieaeno ineoioa?aiaaoe/ieo caoiae?a. ?acoeueoaoe
i?iaaaeaieo aeine?aeaeaiue eiie?aoecothoue iieiaeaiiy i?i i?enei?aiiy
?icaeoeo eiiiainaoi?ii-a?aeiiaethaaeueieo i?ioean?a na?oeaai-noaeeiii?
nenoaie oai?eo ia ?ioa?eo i?iea?aea i?ae aieeaii ii?aeiaiiai
canoinoaaiiy e?eoaaeueii? a?iianoeee c ineoieia?/iith ei?aeoe??th.
I?aeoe/ia cia/ei?noue oa ??aaiue ai?iaaaeaeaiiy ?acoeueoao?a
aeine?aeaeaiiy iieyaa? a ?ic?iaoe? ia iaoeiaiio i?aea?oio? i?ia?aie
o?ce/ii? ?aaa?e?oaoe?? oa aaeineiiaeaii? ?? eiiieaenii iaoiae?a
ineoieia?/ii? ei?aeoe?? (?aeaenaoe?eiith a?iianoeeith, aooiaaiiei
o?aioaaiiyi). Aeei?enoaiiy o ee?i?oe? ?aeiiaiaeaoe?e, ye? ?ic?iaeai? ia
i?aea?oio? ?acoeueoao?a aeine?aeaeaiiy, aeicaiey? i?aeaeueoe
aoaeoeai?noue ?aaa?e?oaoe??, i?enei?eoe i?ioean ii?iaeueii?
ineoieia?/ii? ?aaaeaioaoe?? i?ney ?ioa?eoo i?iea?aea, iiia?aaeeoe
aeieeiaiiy ineoiiaoieia?/ieo ci?i, ye? ?icaeaathoueny o ca’yceo ?c
caoai?thaaiiyi; i?aeaiooaaoe oai?iai aei iiaeo oiia i?aoe? oa iiaooo,
nei?ioeoe oa?i?i ia?aaoaaiiy o noaoe?iia??.
?acoeueoaoe i?iaaaeaii? ?iaioe ai?iaaaeaeai? o a?aeae?eaii?
ea?ae?i?aaa?e?oaoe?? Oeaio?aeueii? i?nueei? ee?i?/ii? e?ea?i? i. Ee?aa,
a oaeiae aeei?enoai? o iaa/aeueiiio i?ioean? eaoaae?e o?ce/ii?
?aaa?e?oaoe?? Iaoe?iiaeueiiai oi?aa?neoaoo o?ce/iiai aeoiaaiiy ? nii?oo
Oe?a?ie, ui i?aeoaa?aeaeo?oueny aeoaie ai?iaaaeaeaiiy.
Iniaenoee aianie aaoi?a iieyaa? a i?aai?caoe?? aeine?aeaeaiue, ?ic?iaoe?
i?ia?aie o?ce/ii? ?aaa?e?oaoe??, a?aeai?? iaoiae?a ineoioa?ai?? oa
iiaeeo?eaoe?? ?o aeey oai?eo ia ?ioa?eo i?iea?aea, aecia/aii? iieaciee?a
o?ce/ii? i?aoeacaeaoiino? oa ioe?ioe? ineoieia?/ieo ci?i, o/ano? o
eoiaea?ae?ia?ao?/iiio aeine?aeaeaii?, iaoeiaiio aiae?c? io?eiaieo aeaieo
oa iaienaii? aeena?oaoe??.
O i?iaaaeaii? aenia?eiaioaeueiiai eiiieaeniiai a?aeiiaethaaeueiiai
e?eoaaiiy in?a c iaoneeaaeiaiei i?io?eaiiyi aaeeeiaiaieuaaiai ?ioa?eoo
i?iea?aea a?aee o/anoue: iaoeiaee ea??aiee – eaiae. iaae. iaoe, aeioeaio
eaoaae?e o?c?aaa?e?oaoe?? IOOANO Aaii?eiaa ?.I. oa eaiae. iaae. iaoe,
e?ea? a?aeae?eaiiy ea?ae?i?aaa?e?oaoe?? OeIEE i.Ee?aa Na?iei A.E.
?acoeueoaoe ciaeoee a?aeia?aaeaiiy a 3-o iaoeiaeo ?iaioao, 1-io
iaoiaee/iiio iin?aieeo oa 1-e a?ioo??, ye? iioae?eiaai? a ni?aaaoi?noa?.
Aeena?oaioo iaeaaeeoue oaeoe/iee iaoa??ae oa aeniiaee.
Ai?iaaoe?y ?acoeueoao?a aeine?aeaeaiiy. Iaoa??aee aeena?oaoe??
aeeeaaeai? o ca??eao iaoeiaeo i?aoeue, i?aaenoaaeai? ia I?aeia?iaeiiio
iaoeiaiio eiia?an? “No/aniee ie?ii?enueeee nii?o” (Ee?a, 1997) oa
eiioa?aioe?? ani??aio?a “Iieiaea nii?oeaia iaoea Oe?a?ie” (Euea?a,
1998); aeiiia?aeaeeny ia o?ueio iaoeiai-iaoiaee/ieo i?aeeaoaae?aeueieo
eiioa?aioe?yo Oe?a?inueeiai aea?aeaaiiai oi?aa?neoaoo o?ce/iiai
aeoiaaiiy ? nii?oo (Ee?a, 1996, 1997, 1998).
Ioae?eaoe?? ?acoeueoao?a aeine?aeaeaiiy. Ca iaoa??aeaie aeena?oaoe?eii?
?iaioe iioae?eiaaii 6 iaoeiaeo ?ia?o o ca??eao iaoeiaeo i?aoeue, 1
iaoiaee/iee iin?aiee oa 2 a?ioo?e.
No?oeoo?a oa ianya aeena?oaoe??. Aeena?oaoe?eia ?iaioa aeeeaaeaia ia 192
noi??ieao oa neeaaea?oueny c anooio, iaeyaeo e?oa?aoo?e, 4 ?icae?e?a
aeanieo aeine?aeaeaiue, caeeth/ii? /anoeie, aeniiae?a oa i?aeoe/ieo
?aeiiaiaeaoe?e. Aeena?oaoe?y ?ethno?iaaia 22 oaaeeoeyie, 15 ?enoieaie.
Aeac?aiee e?oa?aoo?e ai?uo? 264 aeaea?aea, c ieo 92 ?iicaiieo aaoi??a.
INIIAIEE CI?NO
No/ani? oyaeaiiy i?i ?aaa?e?oaoe?th oai?eo ia ?ioa?eo i?iea?aea ia
noaoe?iia?iiio aoai? e?eoaaiiy.
Aiae?c aeaieo e?oa?aoo?e aeicaiey? c?iaeoe aeniiaie, ui iaoith
?aaa?e?oaoe?? oai?eo, ye? ia?aianee ?ioa?eo i?iea?aea, ? ia eeoa
a?aeiiaeaiiy caei?ia’y, caeaoiino? ia?aiineoe o?ce/i? iaaaioaaeaiiy oa
i?aoeacaeaoiino? oai?iai aei ??aiy, yeee ia?aaeoaaa caoai?thaaiith, aea
? aeinyaiaiiy iioeiaeueieo o?ce/ieo ? ineoieia?/ieo iiaeeeainoae
?iaeea?aeooia c o?aooaaiiyi ci?iaiiai o ca’yceo c ia?aianaiei
caoai?thaaiiyi noaio eiai na?oeaai-noaeeiii? nenoaie. Aeineoue
ia?aeiieea? na?ae/aiiy i?i iiceoeaiee aieea o?ce/ieo o?aioaaiue ia
ineoieia?/iee noaoon oai?eo i?ney ?ioa?eoo i?iea?aea. Ieoaiiy ae, ye?
a?aeia?aaeathoue aieea ineoieia?/ii? ei?aeoe?? ia aoaeoeai?noue
?aaa?e?oaoe?eieo caoiae?a, o?ce/io i?aoeacaeaoi?noue oai?eo oa oa?i?i
noaoe?iia?iiai aoaio e?eoaaiiy, caeeoathoueny iaaeinoaoiuei aea/aieie. A
oie aea /an, aaaaoiieaiia?noue caaea/ ?aaa?e?oaoe?? iaoiiaeth? aenieee
??aaiue aeiiii?/ieo aeo?ao ia ?? i?aai?caoe?th oa i?iaaaeaiiy. Oiio,
oe?eeii i?e?iaeia iaiaaaiiy iioei?coaaoe nenoaio ?aaa?e?oaoe?eieo
caoiae?a aeey oai?eo c iaoneeaaeiaiei i?io?eaiiyi ?ioa?eoo i?iea?aea
oeyoii ii?aeiaiiai canoinoaaiiy e?eoaaeueii? a?iianoeee c ineoieia?/iith
ei?aeoe??th oaea ia noaoe?iia?iiio aoai? a?aeiiaethaaeueiiai e?eoaaiiy.
Iaoiaee oa i?aai?caoe?y aeine?aeaeaiiy.
Iaoiaeieia?y aeine?aeaeaiiy aacoaaeany ia iaoeiaiio iaa?oiooaaii?
aea/aiiy caeiiii??iinoae ii?aeiaiiai aeei?enoaiiy o?ce/ii? ?aaa?e?oaoe??
oa iaoiae?a ineoieia?/ii? ei?aeoe?? i?ney aaeeeiaiaieuaaiai ?ioa?eoo
i?iea?aea, iaoiae?a ?o ioe?iee, i???ioaoe?? a?aeiiaethaaeueii? oa?ai??
ia i?aeaeuaiiy o?ce/ii? i?aoeacaeaoiino? oa ii?iae?caoe?th ineo?/iiai
noaio oai?iai.
C iaoith ?ica’ycaiiy iinoaaeaieo o ?iaio? caaea/ aeei?enoiaoaaeenue oae?
iaoiaee aeine?aeaeaiiy: aiae?oe/iee iaeyae e?oa?aoo?e; aiae?c ?noi??e
oai?iae; iaaaioaaeoaaeuei? oanoe (noai-oano, i?iaa c aeiciaaiei
oiae?iiyi, aaeia?aiiao??y), ee?i?/ia oeaea aeey ioe?iee ineo?/iiai noaio
oai?eo, eoiaea?ae?ia?ao?y, iaoaiaoe/ia noaoenoeea.
?iaioa aeeiioaaeanue ia aac? a?aeae?eaiiy ea?ae?i?aaa?e?oaoe??
Oeaio?aeueii? i?nueei? ee?i?/ii? e?ea?i? i. Ee?aa. I?ioyaii
noaoe?iia?iiai aoaio e?eoaaiiy i?ae iaaeyaeii ciaoiaeeeenue 214 oai?eo
/ieia?e?a c aaeeeiaiaieuaaei ?ioa?eoii i?iea?aea (II ooieoe?iiaeueiee
eean) a?eii a?ae 37 aei 60 ?ie?a ? noa?o?, ye? iaee ??ciee nooi?iue
ae?aaeaiino? ineoiiaoieia?/ieo ?aaeoe?e. Iniiaia /anoeia oai?eo (67,7%)
aoea a?eii a?ae 51 aei 60 ?ie?a.
I?ioyaii ia?oeo 6 – 8 aei?a a?ae ii/aoeo caoai?thaaiiy (I-II nooi?iue
aeoeaiino?) ?aaa?e?oaoe?y an?o oai?eo cae?enithaaeanue ca iaeiaeiaith
noaiith: EOE iethn “iaea” ineoioa?ai?y. O a?aeae?eaii?
ea?ae?i?aaa?e?oaoe?? II a?oia (99 oai?eo) i?iaeiaaeoaaea caeiaoeny
e?eoaaeueiith a?iianoeeith ia oii? “iaei?” ineoioa?ai??, a I a?oia (115
oai?eo) – caeiaeany e?eoaaeueiith a?iianoeeith ia oii? eiiieaeno
i?eeii?a ineoioa?ai??, yeee aeeth/aa ie??i “iaei?” ineoioa?ai??
?aeaenaoe?eio a?iianoeeo, aooio?ai?ia, a?iiinoaano?th. Ni?aa?aeiioaiiy
oai?eo c eaaei oa iii??ii ae?aaeaiei nooiaiai ineoiiaoieia?/ieo
?aaeoe?e, ye? c’ynoaaeeny i?ae /an ia?oiai ianoaaeaiiy, aoei i?eaeecii a
iaio a?oiao iaeiaeiaei: o I a?oi? – 42,6 % (49) oa 57,4 % (66), a a II
a?oi? – 43,4 % (43) oa 56,6 % (56).
Iiaoaeiaa i?ia?aie ineoieia?/ii? ?aaa?e?oaoe?? oai?eo ia ?ioa?eo
i?iea?aea ia noaoe?iia?iiio aoai?.
Na?aae iaoiae?a ineoieia?/ii? ?aaa?e?oaoe?? oai?eo ?ioa?eoii i?iea?aea
ineoioa?ai?? iaeaaeeoue i?ia?aeia ?ieue.
I?e ?ic?iaoe? eiie?aoieo oi?i ineoioa?aiaaoe/iiai aieeao a?aoiaoaaee oie
oaeo, ui ci?no oa ni?yiiaai?noue ineoioa?ai?? a aoaeue-ye?e c ??
??ciiaeae?a aecia/a?oueny ineoieia?/iei noaiii oai?iai, yeee caeaaeeoue
a?ae eiai a?eo a iiiaio caoai?thaaiiy, iniaeeainoae iniaenoino? oai?iai,
eoeueoo?ii? oi?ie, a ye?e ciaoiaeyoue na?e aeya aiioe??, iiia?aaeiueiai
o?ce/iiai noaio, ooieoe?iiaeueiiai eeano neeaaeiino? ee?i?/iiai
i?io?eaiiy caoai?thaaiiy, ia??iaeo caoai?thaaiiy, o?eaaeino? oai?iae,
neooaoe??, yea neeaaea?oueny o ?acoeueoao? oai?iae.
I?ia?aia ineoieia?/ii? ?aaa?e?oaoe?? aeey noaoe?iia?iiai aoaio
a?aeiiaethaaeueiiai e?eoaaiiy ?ic?iaeaia ia i?aenoaa? ?acoeueoao?a
ee?i?/ieo oa ooieoe?iiaeueieo aeine?aeaeaiue. Eiiieaen iaoiae?a
ineoieia?/ii? naii?aaoeyoe?? – ?aeaenaoe?eia a?iianoeea, aooiaaiia
o?aioaaiiy ia oii? ?aoaeueii i?ae?a?aieo ioce/ieo i?ia?ai c o?aooaaiiyi
?o aieeao ia i?aai?ci, iaecaaea-, anoaoioa?ai?y, aooio?ai?ia ia
i?ioeaaeo?? e?eoaaeueii? a?iianoeee, ?aoeaioe caei?ia’y aeey ei?aeoe??
iniiaieo oaeoi??a ?eceeo ?oai?/ii? oai?iae na?oey (?ON) aoaeoaaany iaie
ia i?aea?oio? iaoiaee/ieo ?aeiiaiaeaoe?e A.E. Na?iei c ni?aaaoi?aie
(1996). Oaeoeea ?aaa?e?oaoe?eieo caoiae?a ci?ithaaeany caeaaeii a?ae
ia??iaeo oai?iae, iniaeeainoae oa nooiaiy ae?aaeaiino? ineo?/ieo
?aaeoe?e.
O ca’yceo c oei, ui aino?ee ia??iae caoai?thaaiiy iaiaaeo? ye aea??, oae
? o?eaae?noue ineoioa?aiaaoe/ieo aieea?a, a oaeiae oaii iiaeaiiy
?ioi?iaoe??, ?? ci?no, iaie a iniiaiiio canoiniaoaaeany i?aeo?eioth/a
ineoioa?ai?y – ?iaeea?aeoaeueia ?aoe?iiaeueia ineoioa?ai?y naaeaoeaiiai
oa?aeoa?o, oae caaia “iaea” ineoioa?ai?y. O?eaae?noue iiaiiai caa?oaiiy
ia ia?aaeuoaaea 5-10-15 oa.
A i?aeaino?iio ia??iae? ii?yae c ?iaeea?aeoaeueiith ineoioa?ai??th
canoiniaoaaee iaoiae eieaeoeaii-a?oiiai? ineoioa?ai?? (o?eaae?noue 30
oa.), naaine a?iiico-a?aeii/eieo (o?eaae?noue 45-60 oa.). Ia e?iaoeue
i?aeaino?iai ia??iaeo i?aeeeth/aee oae? iaoiaeeee ye i?aeaioia/a
?aeaenaoe?eia a?iianoeea, aooiaaiia o?aioaaiiy oa naiiiaa?thaaiiy.
Aaeineiiaeaiiy i?ia?aie o?ce/ii? ?aaa?e?oaoe?? aeey oai?eo c
iaoneeaaeiaiei ia?aa?aii ?ioa?eoo i?iea?aea ia noaoe?iia?iiio aoai?.
Iiaoaeiaa i?ia?aie o?ce/ii? ?aaa?e?oaoe?? aacoaaeany ia eiiieaen?
caoiae?a, ye? caaacia/oaaee aaeaeaaoia ?icoe?aiiy ?ooiaiai ?aaeeio ca
oiiae c?inoaiiy oiea?aioiino? aei o?ce/ieo iaaaioaaeaiue. Oeae eiiieaen
aeeth/aa: ?aieiao a?a??i?/io a?iianoeeo, e?eoaaeueio a?iianoeeo,
e?eoaaeueio aeiciaaio oiaeueao, o?aioth/o oiaeueao ii no?aeoeyo.
I?aea?oioyi i?ae /an ?ic?iaee i?ioeaaeo? e?eoaaeueii? a?iianoeee noaee
eiiieaene e?eoaaeueii? o?ceoeueoo?e, ye? io?eiaee noaaeaiiy o oe?ie?e
ee?i?/i?e i?aeoeoe? (Neaaec?anueea ?.E., 1978; A?eoethe A.?., 1979;
Aia?ia A.A., Neaaec?anueea ?.E., 1997) oa aeiiiaiai? ai?aaaie, ye?
ni?eythoue i?aeaeuaiith aaeaioaoe?? aeno?aea?ae?aeueieo oaeoi??a
e?iaiia?ao oa aeicaieythoue noai?eoe ioi?iiiee ?aaeei aeey ?iaioe
na?oeaaiai i’yca.
Iinooiia?noue c?inoaiiy o?ce/iiai iaaaioaaeaiiy a ?ic?iaeaieo eiiieaenao
e?eoaaeueii? a?iianoeee ocaiaeaeo?oueny c i?eioeeiaie iiaoaeiae
ooieoe?iiaeueii? eeaneo?eaoe?? neeaaeiino? noaio (I?eiea?aa E.O., A?iiia
Ae.I., 1988) oa ii?iaie aia?aaoe/ieo aeo?ao. Aeey a?eueo aeaoaeueiiai
(uiaeaiiiai) i?ecia/aiiy iaeaaeiiai ianyao oa ?ioaineaiino?
iaaaioaaeaiue aanue ia??iae noaoe?iia?iiai aoaio ?aaa?e?oaoe?? aoa
oiiaii ?icae?eaiee ia 4 uaae? aeoeaiino? c iiae?eii eiaeiiai c ieo ia
i?aeuaae? (anueiai ?o 9) ca?aeii c ?aeiiaiaeaoe?yie E.O. I?eiea?ai? c
ni?aaaoi?aie (1987, 1988). Oaiie ?icoe?aiiy ?ooiaiai ?aaeeio oa
ca?eueoaiiy ?ioaineaiino? i?ecia/oaaieo o?ce/ieo ai?aa canoiniaoaaeenue
?iaeea?aeoaeueii. A?aoiaoaaee a?e, noaoue, iioe?ai?noue oa aeeaeio
?ioa?eoo i?iea?aea, aeeiai?eo caoai?thaaiiy, ooieoe?iiaeueiee noai
na?oeaai-noaeeiii? nenoaie, ae?aaeai?noue ineoiiaoieia?/ieo ?aaeoe?e,
?ooiao i?aeaioiaeai?noue oai?iai a ieioeiio. Ca iayaiino? iani?eyoeeaeo
?aaeoe?e ia ?icoe?aiiy ?ooiaiai ?aaeeio iiaioaaiiy iaaaioaaeaiue
i?iaiaeeeinue a a?eueo oiia?eueiaiiio oaii? aai oei/aniai i?eieiyeinue.
Ei?aeoe?y ineoiiaoieia?/ieo neiae?ii?a cae?enithaaeanue ca aeiiiiiaith
“iaei?” oa eieaeoeaii-a?oiiai? ineoioa?ai??, ?aeaenaoe?eii? a?iianoeee,
aooio?ai?iaa, a?iiinoaano??, ioce/ii-, anoaoi- oa iaecaaeaoa?ai??.
Ni?yiiaai?noue i?ia?aie iieyaa? o aeinyaiaii? oai?ei, yeee ia?ai?n
?ioa?eo i?iea?aea, o a?eueo ei?ioe? oa?i?ie, o ii??aiyii? c
caaaeueiiaaeeaaieie i?ia?aiaie, oaeiai ??aiy o?ce/ii? aeoeaiino?, ca
yeiai a?i i?a ae ianeoaiaoaaoe naaa naiino?eii, i?aei?iaoeny ia iaeei
iiaa?o no?aeoeyie oa cae?enithaaoe i?iaoeyiee ia a?aenoaiue 500 – 1000 i
o 2 – 3 i?eeiie i?ioyaii aeiy aac nooo?aeo iaaaoeaieo ?aaeoe?e.
I?aaiaiiy aei iiaeeeai a?eueo i?enei?aii? aeoea?caoe?? oai?iai
ii?aeioaaeiny c ioe?ieith eiai ?iaeea?aeoaeueieo yeinoae oa a?aooaaiiyi
iniaeeainoae ee?i?/iiai ia?aa?ao caoai?thaaiiy.
Aoaeoeai?noue eiiieaeniiai a?aeiiaethaaeueiiai e?eoaaiiy oai?eo c
aaeeeiaiaieuaaei ?ioa?eoii i?iea?aea.
?aii? ?icoe?aiiy ?ooiaiai ?aaeeio c iinooiiai c?inoath/ith o?ce/iith
aeoeai?noth, ca?aeii c io?eiaieie iaie aeaieie, aeaei iiceoeai?
?acoeueoaoe – ii?iae?caoe?y aai nooo?aa iie?auaiiy iieaciee?a
ineoieia?/ii? aaeaioaoe?? a?aei?/ai? o 98,3 % oai?eo I a?oie oa o 69,7 %
II ia 20-23 aeiao a?ae ii/aoeo caoai?thaaiiy. Iaeiae, o I a?oi?, aea EOE
iica “iaeith” ineoioa?ai??th ii?aeioaaeanue c ?aeaenaoe?eiith
a?iianoeeith, aooio?ai?iaii oa ca iaiao?aei?noth c a?iiinoaano??th,
ineoieia?/ia aaeaioaoe?y oai?eo, ye? ia?aianee ?ioa?eo i?iea?aea,
i?ioiaeeea a?eueo oni?oii (oaae.1).
Oaaeeoey 1
Nooi?iue ae?aaeaiino? ineoiiaoieia?/ieo ?aaeoe?e o oai?eo ca ia?aeiiiai
oa iiaoi?iiai ianoaaeaiiy
Nooi?iue ae?aaeaiino? ineoiiaoieia?/ieo ?aaeoe?eIoe?iea a aaeaoI a?oia
n = 115II a?oia
n =
99ia?aeiiaiiaoi?iaIa?aeiiaiiaoi?iaaan.%aan.%aan.%aan.%A?aenooiy0––1714,8
*––77,1Eaaea14942,66556,5*4343,41313,1Iii??ia26657,43127,0*5656,64949,5A
e?aaeaia3––21,7*––3030,3I?ei?oea: * – aeinoia??i?noue a?aei?iiino? i?ae
a?oiaie p
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