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Формування геометричних умінь старшокласників шкіл (класів) гуманітарного профілю: Автореф. дис… канд. пед. наук / С.В. Іванова, Нац. пед. ун-т ім.

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Iaoe?iiaeueiee iaaeaaia?/iee oi?aa?neoao

?iai? I.I.Ae?aaiiaiiaa

?AAIIAA Na?oeaia Aieiaeeie??aia

OAeE 371.3:513

OI?IOAAIIss AAIIAO?E*IEO OI?IUe

NOA?OIEEANIEE?A OE?E (EEAN?A)

AOIAI?OA?IIAI I?IO?ETH

13.00.02 — oai??y oa iaoiaeeea iaa/aiiy iaoaiaoeee

Aaoi?aoa?ao

aeena?oaoe?? ia caeiaoooy iaoeiaiai nooiaiy

eaiaeeaeaoa iaaeaaia?/ieo iaoe

Ee?a — 1999

Aeena?oaoe??th ? ?oeiien.

?iaioa aeeiiaia a I?aaeaiiioe?a?inueeiio aea?aeaaiiio

iaaeaaia?/iiio oi?aa?neoao? ?i. E.Ae. Ooeinueeiai.

Iaoeiaee ea??aiee: aeieoi? iaaeaaia?/ieo iaoe, i?ioani?

AO?AeA IEOAEEI ?AAIIAE*,

?inoeooo iaaeaaia?ee AII Oe?a?ie,

canooiiee aee?aeoi?a.

Io?oe?ei? iiiiaioe: aeieoi? oaoi?/ieo iaoe,

OE?I*EI AAEA??E IAAEIAE*,

Iaoe?iiaeueiee oaoi?/iee
oi?aa?neoao Oe?a?ie

“Ee?anueeee iie?oaoi?/iee
?inoeooo”, i?ioani?

eaoaae?e ia/enethaaeueii?
oaoi?ee;

eaiaeeaeao iaaeaaia?/ieo iaoe,

OA?AINAIEIAA I?IA AIAOIE??AIA,

*a?eanueeee aea?aeaaiee
oi?aa?neoao

?i. A.Oiaeueieoeueeiai, aeioeaio
eaoaae?e aeaaa?e,

aaiiao??? ? iaoiaeeee
aeeeaaeaiiy iaoaiaoeee.

I?ia?aeia onoaiiaa: A?iieoeueeee aea?aeaaiee iaaeaaia?/iee

oi?aa?neoao ?i.
I.Eioethaeinueeiai,

eaoaae?a aeaaa?e ? iaoiaeeee
iaoaiaoeee,

I?i?noa?noai ina?oe Oe?a?ie, i.
A?iieoey.

Caoeno a?aeaoaeaoueny “10” eenoiiaaea 1999 ?. i 13.45 aiae. ia

can?aeaii? niaoe?ae?ciaaii? a/aii? ?aaee Ae.26.053.03 a Iaoe?iiaeueiiio

iaaeaaia?/iiio oi?aa?neoao? ?iai? I.I.Ae?aaiiaiiaa

(252601, i. Ee?a, aoe.Ie?iaiaa, 9).

C aeena?oaoe??th iiaeia iciaeiieoeny o a?ae?ioaoe? Iaoe?iiaeueiiai

iaaeaaia?/iiai oi?aa?neoaoo ?iai? I.I.Ae?aaiiaiiaa

(252601, i. Ee?a, aoe.Ie?iaiaa, 9).

Aaoi?aoa?ao ?ic?neaiee “7” aeiaoiy 1999 ?ieo.

A/aiee nae?aoa?

niaoe?ae?ciaaii? a/aii? ?aaee
?.A.EI?OAE

CAAAEUeIA OA?AEOA?ENOEEA ?IAIOE

Aeooaeuei?noue aeine?aeaeaiiy. Anaa?/iee ?icaeoie iniaenoino? c
o?aooaaiiyi ?? cae?aiinoae, iaoee?a oa iio?aa – aieiaia iaoa ?icaoaeiae
aea?aeaaii? nenoaie ina?oe a oiiaao a?aeoai?aiiy ? ci?oeiaiiy
?ioaeaeooaeueiiai iioaioe?aeo Oe?a?ie, ?ioaa?aoe?? o na?oiao nenoaio
ina?oe, ia?aoiaeo noni?euenoaa aei ?eieiaeo a?aeiinei o noa??
ae?iaieoeoaa oa ?ioaeaeooaeueii? i?aoe?.

Oiiae caaacia/aiiy aeueoa?iaoeaieo iiaeeeainoae iaea?aeaiiy ina?oe
a?aeiia?aeii aei iio?aa oa cae?aiinoae iniaenoino? ?aae?cothoueny ia
i?aeoeoe? ??ciiiai?oi?noth caaaeueiiina?oi?o caeeaae?a ??cieo i?io?e?a
iaa/aiiy.

Cia/ia e?euee?noue o/i?a iaa/a?oueny o oeieao (eeanao) aoiai?oa?iiai
ni?yioaaiiy, aea iiaeeaeaii aea/athoue o?eieia?th, anoaoeeo, ?noi??th,
th?eni?oaeaioe?th oa ?io? aoiai?oa?i? aeenoeeie?ie.

Aaiiao??y aeey o/i?a-aoiai?oa???a — ia i?io?ethth/a aeenoeeie?ia, aea
o? cia/i? iiaeeeaino?, yeeie aiia aieiae?? aeey oi?ioaaiiy iaoeiaiai
noeeth ieneaiiy oa oai?/eo cae?aiinoae o/i?a, iiaeii? iiaiith i??ith
aeei?enoiaoaaoeny ? a oeieao (eeanao) aoiai?oa?iiai i?io?eth.

Noaiiaeaiiy iaoeiaiai na?oiaeyaeo o/i?a iaiiaeeeaa aac iciaeiieaiiy c
niaoeeo?eith aaiiao?e/ieo iaoiae?a i?ciaiiy, ?icoi?iiy cayceo aaiiao???
c ae?eni?noth, aeei?enoaiiy o iaa/aii? oaeo?a c ?noi??? aaiiao??? oa
oi?ioaaiiy oyaeaiue i?i iaoaiaoe/ia iiaeaethaaiiy.

Aaiiao??y ii?aeio? a nia? aea? i?ioeeaaeiino? — no?iao eia?/i?noue, ui
iaa?ae?iia a?ae iaoeiaiai i?ciaiiy, oa iai/i?noue, oyao, eiino?oeoea?ci,
ye? a?eueoa iaeaaeaoue ia?acioai?/iio ienoaoeoao, a?o?oaeoo??.

Ioaea, aea/aiiy aaiiao??? ni?ey? ?icaeoeo a o/i?a ?aoe?iiaeueiiai
noeeth ieneaiiy c oa?aeoa?ieie aeey iueiai ?enaie, oaeeie ye:
iaa?oioiaai?noue, aano?aeoi?noue, e?eoe/i?noue, aeiiii?/i?noue oa
aeai?eoi?/i?noue. ?, ?acii c oei, aaiiao?e/ia ina?oa ia? aaeeea
cia/aiiy aeey ?icaeoeo oyae, ?ioo?oe??, i?inoi?iaeo oyaeaiue oa ?ioeo
yeinoae, ye? ? iniiaith oai?/i? ae?yeueiino? iniaenoino?.

Aaiiao??y – iaeei c iiaooi?o cania?a oi?ioaaiiy ooaeiaeiuei-a?ao?/ii?
eoeueoo?e o/i?a, aiia ia? oe?ie? iiaeeeaino? aeey aiioe?eiiai,
anoaoe/iiai oa aeooiaiiai ?icaeoeo iniaenoino?.

Oaeei /eiii, iie?auaiiy aaiiao?e/ii? i?aeaioiaee o/i?a-aoiai?oa???a ?
aeooaeueiith iaoeiaith i?iaeaiith.

O iaa/aii? aaiiao??? iaeia c iaeaaaeeea?oeo – ieoaiiy oi?ioaaiiy a
o/i?a oi?iue, ye? ? eiiiiiaioii ? ?acoeueoaoii ?o oe?eani?yiiaaii?
aaiiao?e/ii? ae?yeueiino?.

Iniaeeaiai cia/aiiy iaaoaa? ?icaycaiiy oeueiai ieoaiiy c o?aooaaiiyi
iniaeeainoae i?io?eth iaa/aiiy o noa?o?e oeie?.

I?iaeai? oi?ioaaiiy iaa/aeueieo ai?iue i?eae?eyeanue iaeaaeia oaaaa
ineoieiaaie, iaaeaaiaaie-iaoaiaoeeaie, iaoiaeenoaie ? a/eoaeyie. O
aeine?aeaeaiiyo, i?enay/aieo ?ica’ycaiith oe??? i?iaeaie, ? iaiaei
oai?aoe/ieo ocaaaeueiaiue oa oe?iieo i?aeoe/ieo ?aeiiaiaeaoe?e.

Ineoieia?/iee aniaeo i?iaeaie (caeiiii??iino? ?icoiiai? ae?yeueiino?,
iaoai?cie i?ioean?a ni?eeiaiiy oa ia?a?iaee ?ioi?iaoe??, ci?no iiiyoue
oi?iiy, cae?aiino? oa ?i.) ?icaeyiooi o ?iaioao A.A.Aiaiue?aa,
Aeae.A?oia?a, E.N.Aeaionueeiai, A.N.Einothea, I.I.Eaiioue?aa,
A.O.Eiiiaa, AE.I?aaea, TH.I.Naia??ia, N.E.?oa?iooaeia, A.I.Oaieiaa,
I.A.Oaaa?ueiaa oa ?i.

Aeine?aeaeaiiy iniaeeainoae iaa/aeueii? ae?yeueiino? oa
ineoieiai-aeeaeaeoe/ieo caeiiii??iinoae ae?iaeaiiy ai?iue i?iaiaeeee
A.I.Aeaenthe, TH.E.Aaaainueeee, I.ss.Aaeueia??i, A.A.Aeaaeaeia,
E.A.Caieia, I.?.Iaoiooia, A.A.E?ooaoeueeee, I.I.Iai/einueea,
A.O.Iaeaia?/oe, I.O.Oaeec?ia, ?.N.sseeiainueea oa ?i.

Cia/ia ?ieue o ?ic?iaoe? oe??? i?iaeaie a iaoiaee/iiio ieai? iaeaaeeoue
?iaioai c oi?ioaaiiy iaoaiaoe/ieo oi?iue (I.E.A?oaiia, A.I.Aaac,
ss.?.A?oaeueiiia, I.N.Aeoaei/oe, I.I.A?aei??a, I.?.AEaeaeae,
TH.I.Eieya?i, C.?.Ne?ieaiue, A.A.Noiey?, ?.O.Oaneaiei, I.?.Oe?eue oa
?i.).

Iaoiaeeei-aaiiao?e/iee aniaeo, yeee aeeth/a? ci?no aaiiao?e/ieo oi?iue
oa caniae ?o oi?ioaaiiy a o/i?a aeine?aeaeoaaee I.Ae.Aeaenaiae?ia,
I.I.Ano?ya, E.N.Aoaianyi, I.?.Ao?aea, I.ss.?aiaoaiei, E.I.Eiiiaie,
?.I.Iae?i, I.A.Iiai?aeia, C.A.Neiiaoeue, C.?.Ne?ieaiue,
I.A.No?ao?eaoia, ?.O.Oa?ea?i, oa ?i. Ci?no oa niaoeeo?eo eo?no aaiiao???
o oeieao (eeanao) aoiai?oa?iiai i?io?eth iaa/aiiy ?icaeyiooi o ?iaioao
I.?.Ao?aee, A.A.Aieoyinueeiai, A.Ae.Aeaeca?a, TH.I.Eieya?ia,
TH.?.Iaeueiaaiiai, ?.A.Iiciyea, TH.I.Iiiiaa, ?.I.Ni??iiai?,
I.A.Oea/iai?, I.?.Oaaei?iai?, E.A.Oanoaeiai? oa ?i.

? ana ae i?iaeaia oi?ioaaiiy aaiiao?e/ieo oi?iue a o/i?a oe?e (eean?a)
aoiai?oa?iiai i?io?eth caeeoa?oueny iaaeinoaoiuei ?ic?iaeaiith. ??aaiue
noi?iiaaiino? a?aeiia?aeieo oi?iue o/i?a iecueeee. Ca ?acoeueoaoaie
eiinoaooth/iai aenia?eiaioo anoaiiaeaii: 28% o/i?a ia aieiae?thoue
no?aoaa?yie iiooeo iiai? aaiiao?e/ii? ?ioi?iaoe??, 36% oeiey??a ia
ai?thoue canoiniaoaaoe aaiiao?e/i? oaeoe o aa??aoeaieo neooaoe?yo, 47% —
iathoue i?iaaeeie a ciaiiyo, oi?iiyo oa iaae/eao ca eo?n aaiiao???
iniiaii? oeiee, 32% o/i?a ia ai?thoue ?ica’ycoaaoe caaea/? iaia’yceiaiai
??aiy neeaaeiino?, 45% — i?aeaeuaiiai.

A o/i?a a?aenooi? ciaiiy i?i no?oeoo?o, aoaie, iaoiaee ? i?eeiie
?ica’ycaiiy aaiiao?e/ieo caaea/.

O cia/ii? e?eueeino? oeiey??a aeeeeea? oo?oaeiaiiy ia?ao?ae ?c
cae/aeii? ia iaoaiaoe/io iiao (21%), iiaoaeiaa cia?aaeaiiue
i?inoi?iaeo o?ao? (37%), anoaiiaeaiiy aca?iiiai ?ici?uaiiy
aaiiao?e/ieo o?ao? o i?inoi?? (31%) oa ?i.

Iaa/aiiy ia??aeei ni?yiiaaia ia oi?ioaaiiy a o/i?a eeoa ie?aieo oi?iue.
Caaaeuei? ai?iiy, ye? eaaeaoue a iniia? aaiiao?e/ii? ae?yeueiino?,
ae?iaeythoueny noeo?eii. Oi?iiy, ye i?aaeei, ia ?ic/eaiiaothoueny ia
iia?aoe??, ye? noaiiaeyoue ?o ci?no, ia nenoaiaoecothoueny, a ?o
oi?ioaaiiy cae?enith?oueny aac iaeaaeiiai o?aooaaiiy iniaeeainoae
aaiiao?e/ii? ae?yeueiino? o/i?a ??cieo i?io?e?a iaa/aiiy.

I?e iaa/aii? aaiiao??? iaaeinoaoiy oaaaa i?eae?ey?oueny
?iaeoeoeaii—i?aeoe/i?e iniia? ae?iaeaiiy ai?iue (a?ae eiie?aoieo
neooaoe?e aei oai?aoe/iiai ocaaaeueiaiiy, a a?ae iueiai aei
canoinoaaiiy); eiino?oeoeaiiio i?aeoiaeo aei oi?ioaaiiy iiiyoue;
aeei?enoaiith aeeoo?aiai aeina?aeo o/i?a, iai/iino?, ia?acieo oi?i
aeeeaaeaiiy.

Iaei??th c i?e/ei iecueeiai ??aiy noi?iiaaiino? aaiiao?e/ieo oi?iue
o/i?a ? o?aaeeoe?eia nenoaia i?aai?caoe?? iaa/aiiy aaiiao??? a oeieao
aoiai?oa?iiai i?io?eth, yea ia?aaeaa/a? iaoai?/ia ia?aianaiiy iaoiae?a,
i?eeii?a ? cania?a ae?iaeaiiy ai?iue o/i?a caaaeueiiina?oiueiai eo?no
aaiiao???.

Oaeei /eiii, aaaeeea?noue oai?aoe/iiai ? i?aeoe/iiai ?ica’ycaiiy
i?iaeaie oi?ioaaiiy aaiiao?e/ieo ai?iue a o/i?a oe?e (eean?a)
aoiai?oa?iiai i?io?eth, ?? iaaeinoaoiy aea/ai?noue, aaeeea cia/aiiy aeey
iie?auaiiy aaiiao?e/ii? i?aeaioiaee o/i?a noa?oi? oeiee, aecia/eee aea??
oaie aeine?aeaeaiiy ? iaoiiaeee ?? aeooaeuei?noue.

Ia?eo aeine?aeaeaiiy – i?ioean iaa/aiiy aaiiao??? noa?oieeaniee?a oe?e
(eean?a) aoiai?oa?iiai i?io?eth.

I?aaeiao aeine?aeaeaiiy – oi?ioaaiiy aaiiao?e/ieo oi?iue a o/i?a
noa?oi? oeiee aoiai?oa?iiai i?io?eth iaa/aiiy.

Iaoa aeine?aeaeaiiy – ?ic?iaeoe, oai?aoe/ii iaa?oiooaaoe ?
aenia?eiaioaeueii ia?aa??eoe iaoiaeeeo oi?ioaaiiy aaiiao?e/ieo oi?iue
o/i?a-aoiai?oa???a noa?oi? oeiee.

O aeine?aeaeai? ie aeoiaeeee c oaei? a?iioace:

sseui iaoiaeeea oi?ioaaiiy aaiiao?e/ieo ai?iue noa?oieeaniee?a oe?e
(eean?a) aoiai?oa?iiai i?io?eth a?aoiaoaaoeia:

1) iniaeeaino? aaiiao?e/ii? ae?yeueiino? o/i?a;

2) ci?no ? iia?aoe?eiee neeaae aaiiao?e/ieo oi?iue, ??ai? i?ia?aiieo
aeiia aei ?o oi?ioaaiiy;

3) ineoieiai-iaoiaee/i? caeiiii??iino? ae?iaeaiiy aaiiao?e/ieo ai?iue,
oi oea i?aeaeueoue aoaeoeai?noue oi?ioaaiiy ai?iue o/i?a c aaiiao???, a
ioaea, ? ?o iaoaiaoe/io i?aeaioiaeo.

A?aeiia?aeii aei iaoe aeine?aeaeaiiy iinoaaeai? oae? caaaeaiiy:

1. I?iaiae?coaaoe noai aeine?aeaeoaaii? i?iaeaie o
ineoieiai-iaaeaaia?/i?e oai??? oa i?aeoeoe? oe?eueiiai iaa/aiiy
aaiiao??? o/i?a-aoiai?oa???a.

2. C’ynoaaoe ??ai? oa niaoeeo?/i? iniaeeaino? aaiiao?e/ii? ae?yeueiino?
noa?oieeaniee?a oe?e (eean?a) aoiai?oa?iiai i?io?eth.

3. ?ice?eoe ci?no ? iia?aoe?eiee neeaae aaiiao?e/ieo
oi?iue o/i?a; c’ynoaaoe caaaeuei? ineoieiai-iaoiaee/i? canaaee
?o oi?ioaaiiy.

4. ?ic?iaeoe iaoiaeeeo (iaoa, iaoiaee, i?aai?caoe?ei? oi?ie, i?eeiie ?
caniae) ae?iaeaiiy aaiiao?e/ieo ai?iue o/i?a-aoiai?oa???a.

5. Aenia?eiaioaeueii ia?aa??eoe aoaeoeai?noue cai?iiiiiaaii? iaoiaeeee
oi?ioaaiiy aaiiao?e/ieo ai?iue. ?ic?iaeoe oai?aoe/i? ? i?aeoe/i?
?aeiiaiaeaoe?? aeey a/eoae?a ? iaoiaeeno?a c aeaii? i?iaeaie.

Aeey ?icaycaiiy iinoaaeaieo caaaeaiue aeei?enoaii oae? iaoiaee
aeine?aeaeaiiy:

oai?aoe/i? – nenoaiiee aiae?c ineoieiai-iaaeaaia?/ii? ?
iaa/aeueii-iaoiaee/ii? e?oa?aoo?e c i?iaeaie aeine?aeaeaiiy,
iiaeaethaaiiy iaaeaaia?/ieo i?ioean?a, aiae?c oa ia?iaea ?acoeueoao?a
iaaeaaia?/iiai aenia?eiaioo iaoiaeaie iaoaiaoe/ii? noaoenoeee;

aii??e/i? – niinoa?aaeaiiy, aieaooaaiiy, oanooaaiiy, aan?aee c o/iyie ?
a/eoaeyi, aea/aiiy oa ocaaaeueiaiiy ia?aaeiaiai aeina?aeo aeeeaaea/?a ?
iaoiaeeno?a, eiinoaooth/ee, iiooeiaee ? oi?ioth/ee aenia?eiaioe,
nenoaiaoecaoe?y oa ocaaaeueiaiiy aeaniiai aeina?aeo aeeeaaeaiiy
iaoaiaoeee o na?aaei?e oeie?.

Iaoiaeieia?/iith iniiaith aeine?aeaeaiiy ? ineoieia?/ia oai??y
ae?yeuei?niiai i?aeoiaeo aei iaa/aiiy; caaaeueiiaeeaeaeoe/i? oa
iaoiaee/i? iieiaeaiiy, ui noinothoueny ?icaeaaeueiiai iaa/aiiy;
nenoaiii-no?oeoo?iee i?aeo?ae aei aiae?co iaa/aeueii? ae?yeueiino?;
?acoeueoaoe aeine?aeaeaiue a?aeiieo a?o/eciyieo ? ca?oa?aeieo
ineoieia?a, aeeaeaeo?a ? iaoiaeeno?a i?i caeiiii??iino?
iaa/aeueii-aeoiaiiai i?ioeano. Aeine?aeaeaiiy a?oiooaaeiny ia iniiaieo
iieiaeaiiyo Caeiio Oe?a?ie “I?i ina?oo”, Aea?aeaaii? iaoe?iiaeueii?
i?ia?aie “Ina?oa” (Oe?a?ia OO? noie?ooy) i?i ci?no ? caaaeaiiy
caaaeueiiina?oiuei? i?aeaioiaee o/i?a oa Eiioeaioe?? aaciai?
iaoaiaoe/ii? ina?oe a Oe?a?i?.

Iaoeiaa iiaecia aeine?aeaeaiiy iieyaa? a oiio, ui aecia/ai? ??ai? ?
iniaeeaino? aaiiao?e/ii? ae?yeueiino? noa?oieeaniee?a oe?e (eean?a)
aoiai?oa?iiai i?io?eth; ?ice?eoi ci?no oa iia?aoe?eiee neeaae
aaiiao?e/ieo oi?iue o/i?a-aoiai?oa???a.

Oai?aoe/ia cia/aiiy aeine?aeaeaiiy iieyaa? a iaa?oiooaaii? iaoeiaeo
i?eioeei?a a?aeai?o caaaeueieo ? ie?aieo aaiiao?e/ieo oi?iue oa aeiia
aei ?o eeaneo?eaoe??; a ?ic?iaoe? iaoiaeeee oi?ioaaiiy ai?iue (iaoa,
ci?no, iaoiaee, i?aai?caoe?ei? oi?ie, i?eeiie ? caniae), yea a?aoiao?
iniaeeaino? iaa/aeueii? ae?yeueiino? o/i?a, iia?aoe?eiee neeaae oi?iue
oa ineoieiai-iaoiaee/i? caeiiii??iino? ?o ae?iaeaiiy.

I?aeoe/ia cia/aiiy ?iaioe aecia/a?oueny oei, ui: ?ic?iaeaia iaoiaee/ia
nenoaia iaa/aiiy caaacia/o? aoaeoeaia ae?iaeaiiy aaiiao?e/ieo ai?iue o
noa?oieeaniee?a oe?e (eean?a) aoiai?oa?iiai i?io?eth; iaea?aeai?
oai?aoe/i? ? i?aeoe/i? ?acoeueoaoe ?iciianthaeaeothoueny ia
aeueoa?iaoeai? i?ae?o/ieee ? i?ia?aie c aaiiao???; iaoa??aee
aeine?aeaeaiiy iiaeooue aooe aeei?enoai? a/eoaeyie iaoaiaoeee
caaaeueiiina?oi?o iaa/aeueieo caeeaae?a, aaoi?aie i?ae?o/iee?a i?e
i?aeaioiaoe? iiaeo oa aaeineiiaeaii? ?nioth/eo oe?eueieo i?ae?o/iee?a
aeey aoiai?oa?iiai i?io?eth iaa/aiiy.

A??ia?aei?noue iaoeiaeo ?acoeueoao?a ? aeniiae?a aeena?oaoe?eiiai
aeine?aeaeaiiy caaacia/aia iaoiaeieia?/iith iaa?oioiaai?noth eiai
aeo?aeieo oai?aoe/ieo iieiaeaiue; a?aeiia?aei?noth iaoiae?a
aeine?aeaeaiiy eiai iao? ? caaaeaiiyi; ?ai?acaioaoeai?noth aea??ie
ia’?eo?a iaaeaaia?/iiai aenia?eiaioo; ?acoeueoaoaie ia?iaee ye?nieo ?
e?euee?nieo aeaieo aenia?eiaioaeueiiai aeine?aeaeaiiy.

Ai?iaaoe?y ? ai?iaaaeaeaiiy ?acoeueoao?a aeine?aeaeaiiy cae?enithaaeeny
o i?ioean? aenia?eiaioaeueiiai iaa/aiiy o/i?a a?iiac?e ?4,?8
aoiai?oa?iiai i?io?eth oa ie?aieo eean?a aoiai?oa?iiai i?io?eth iaa/aiiy
caaaeueiiina?oi?o oe?e ?38, ?106 i?noa Iaeane. Iniiai? i?aenoiee
aeine?aeaeaiiy aeiiia?aeaeeny ? iaaiai?thaaeeny ia i?aeaoc?anuee?e
iaoeiai-i?aeoe/i?e eiioa?aioe?? “Oi?ioaaiiy ?ioaeaeooaeueieo oi?iue
o/i?a a i?ioean? aea/aiiy iaoaiaoeee oa ?ioi?iaoeee” (i.Noie, 1995?.),
ia Anaoe?a?inuee?e iaoeiai-i?aeoe/i?e eiioa?aioe?? “Ae?yeuei?niee
i?aeo?ae o iaa/aeueii-iiooeiaiio i?ioean? c o?ceee ? iaoaiaoeee”
(i.??aia, 1996?.), ia iaoeiai-i?aeoe/ieo (na?iiaaeo) eiioa?aioe?yo
a/eoae?a (i.Iaeana, 1990-98?.), a oaeiae ia can?aeaiiyo eaoaae?e
iaoiaeeee aeeeaaeaiiy iaoaiaoeee I?aaeaiiioe?a?inueeiai aea?aeaaiiai
iaaeaaia?/iiai oi?aa?neoaoo ?i.E.Ae.Ooeinueeiai (i.Iaeana, 1990-98?.).

?acoeueoaoe aeine?aeaeaiiy aeei?enoiaoaaeeny aaoi?ii i?e i?iaaaeaii?
niaoeeo?n?a “Iaoiaeeea oi?ioaaiiy iaoaiaoe/ieo oi?iue a o/i?a iniiaii?
oa noa?oi? oeiee” oa “Niaoeeo?/i? iniaeeaino? i?io?eueiiai iaa/aiiy
aaiiao???” a I?aaeaiiioe?a?inueeiio aea?aeaaiiio iaaeaaia?/iiio
oi?aa?neoao? ?i.E.Ae.Ooeinueeiai, o aenooiao ia ?aeiiieo oa i?nueeeo
iaoiaee/ieo ia?aeiaiiyo a/eoae?a, ia eo?nao ia?ai?aeaioiaee a/eoae?a,
i?e ea??aieoeoa? eo?niaeie oa aeeieiiieie ?iaioaie nooaeaio?a.

C oaie aeena?oaoe?? iioae?eiaaii 6 ?ia?o, c ieo 3 — o oaoiaeo
aeaeaiiyo.

Ia caoeno aeiinyoueny:

1. Ci?no ? iia?aoe?eiee neeaae aaiiao?e/ieo oi?iue noa?oieeaniee?a
oe?e (eean?a) aoiai?oa?iiai i?io?eth iaa/aiiy.

2. Iaoiaeeea oi?ioaaiiy aaiiao?e/ieo oi?iue o/i?a-aoiai?oa???a (iaoa,
iaoiaee, i?aai?caoe?ei? oi?ie, i?eeiie ? caniae).

No?oeoo?a oa ianya ?iaioe. Aeena?oaoe?eia ?iaioa neeaaea?oueny ?c
anooio, aeaio ?icae?e?a, aeniiae?a, nieneo aeei?enoaieo aeaea?ae (253
iaeiaioaaiiy ianyaii 23 noi??iee), aeiaeaoe?a (4 aeiaeaoee ianyaii 13
noi??iie). Iniiaiee ci?no aeena?oaoe?? aeeeaaeaii ia 167 noi??ieao
iaoeiiieniiai oaenoo ? i?noeoue 13 oaaeeoeue, 41 ?enoiie. Iiaiee ianya
aeena?oaoe?? noaiiaeoue 203 noi??iee.

INIIAIEE CI?NO AeENA?OAOe??

O anooi? iaa?oioiaaii aeooaeuei?noue ia?aii? oaie; aecia/aii ia?eo,
i?aaeiao, iaoo, caaaeaiiy oa a?iioaco aeine?aeaeaiiy, iaoiaee
aeine?aeaeaiiy; ?ice?eoi iaoeiao iiaecio, oai?aoe/io ? i?aeoe/io
cia/ou?noue io?eiaieo ?acoeueoao?a; noi?ioeueiaaii iieiaeaiiy, ye?
aeiinyoueny ia caoeno.

O ia?oiio ?icae?e? “I?aaeiao ? oai?aoe/i? iniiae aeine?aeaeaiiy”
i?iaiae?ciaaia aaiiao?e/ia ae?yeuei?noue noa?oieeaniee?a oe?e (eean?a)
aoiai?oa?iiai i?io?eth iaa/aiiy; aecia/aii ?? ci?no, oa?aeoa?i?
iniaeeaino? oa ??ai?; ?ice?eoi ci?no ? iia?aoe?eiee neeaae aaiiao?e/ieo
oi?iue o/i?a-aoiai?oa???a; aeae?eaii ineoieiai-iaoiaee/i? canaaee ?o
oi?ioaaiiy.

Nenoaiiee i?aeo?ae aei aiae?co aaiiao?e/ii? ae?yeueiino? aeaa ciiao
aeae?eeoe neeaaeia? oeueiai iiiyooy (iioeae, oe?e?, ieaioaaiiy
ae?yeueiino?, ia?a?iaea iioi/ii? ?ioi?iaoe??, iia?aoeaiee ia?ac,
i?eeiyooy ??oaiiy, ae??, ia?aa??ea ?acoeueoao?a ? ei?aeoe?y ae?e).
Aeine?aeaeaiiy iniaeeainoae aaiiao?e/ii? ae?yeueiino? ia?aaeaa/a?
a?aeoai?aiiy ?? i?e?ino?oeoo?e oa a?aooaaiiy aca?iicayceo ci?noiaiai,
iioeaaoe?eiiai ? i?ioeanoaeueiiai eiiiiiaio?a.

Oi?ioaaiiy ai?iue caeaaeeoue ianaiia?aae a?ae iioea?a ae?yeueiino?. O
aeena?oaoe?? aeae?eaii o?e iniiai? a?oie iioea?a ae?iaeaiiy ai?iue. Aei
ia?oi? a?oie aoiaeyoue iioeae iiaycai? c ona?aeiieaiiyi, ui iaoaiaoeea
— iaiao?aeiee aeaiaio eoeueoo?e no/anii? ethaeeie. Ae?oao a?oio
neeaaeathoue iioeae iiaycai? ?c cia/ieie iiaeeeainoyie iaoaiaoeee aeey
?icaeoeo eia?/iiai ieneaiiy oa i?inoi?iaeo oyaeaiue ? oyae o/i?a. O?aoy
a?oia i?noeoue iioeae, ye? noinothoueny iaoaiaoecaoe?? ciaiue, o oiio
/ene? ? a aoiai?oa?ieo iaoeao.

Anoaiiaeaii, ui aaiiao?e/ia ae?yeuei?noue noa?oieeaniee?a oe?e (eean?a)
aoiai?oa?iiai i?io?eth oa?aeoa?eco?oueny:

a) aeii?ioaaiiyi o ae?yeueiino? iai/ii-ia?aciiai eiiiiiaioa ?, iniaeeai,
oaeiai eiai ??ciiaeaeo, ye i?inoi?iaee;

a) iniiaieie ooieoe?yie ae?yeueiino? ? i?ciaaaeueiith ? ?icaeaath/ith;

a) ni?yiiaai?noth ia oi?ioaaiiy ?aoe?iiaeueiiai noeeth ieneaiiy;

a) i?eoaiaii?noth ae?yeueiino? iia?aoe?eii-i???ioiaiiai ci?noo i?eeii?a,
ye? iiaeia iiaeaoe o aeaeyae? iie?ieiaeo i?ia?ai ae?e (ieaie
?ica’ycaiiy, aeai?eoi?/i? i?eiene, aa?enoeee, noaie ?ici?ciaaaiiy
iiiyoue oiui);

ae) i?eeeaaeiith ? i?aeoe/iith ni?yiiaai?noth.

Oai?aoe/ii iaa?oioiaaii, ui aaiiao?e/ia ae?yeuei?noue
o/i?a-aoiai?oa???a ia? ia?aaaaeii aii??e/iee ??aaiue. Aeae?eaii aeaa ??
i?ae??ai?: a) aaiiao?e/ia ae?yeuei?noue, a ye?e aeii?iothoue
aeine?aeii-?iaeoeoeai? ocaaaeueiaiiy (i?i?iaeueii aaciaee); a)
aaiiao?e/ia ae?yeuei?noue, a ye?e aeii?iothoue aeaaeoeoeai?
ocaaaeueiaiiy (aaciaee).

Iaa/aeueia aeiyeueiinoue caeienith?oueny oeyoii oe?eani?yiiaaieo
?icoiiaeo i i?aeoe/ieo aeie. Eiaeia aeiy neeaaea?oueny c noeoiiinoi
iia?aoeie. Iia?aoe??, ?iciiuai? a iaaiie iineiaeiaiinoi ooai?ththoue
niinia aeiyeueiinoi. Aaiiao?e/i? aiiiiy o?aeoothoueny ye iaieiaeiiiy
o/iyie niiniaaie aeiyeueiinoi iaae aaiiao?e/ieie ia’?eoaie
(aaiiao?e/ieie oiao?aie i ?o aeanoeainoyie, aaiiao?e/ieie aiaeiioaiiyie,
eiai/ieie iia?aoeiyie oa ii.).

Aeine?aeaeaiiy iieacaei, ui i?e eeaneo?eaoe?? ai?iue aeioe?eueii
a?aoiaoaaoe ci?no oa iniaeeaino? aaiiao?e/ii? ae?yeueiino? o/i?a.
Cyniaaii ci?no caaaeueieo ai?iue noa?oieeaniee?a aoiai?oa?iiai i?io?eth
iaa/aiiy (oi?iiy iaa?oioiaoaaoe aaiiao?e/i? oaa?aeaeaiiy, eiino?oeoeai?
oi?iiy, oi?iiy aei??thaaoe ? ia/enethaaoe aaiiao?e/i? aaee/eie).

Aei ai?iue iaa?oioiaoaaoe aaiiao?e/i? oaa?aeaeaiiy a?aeianai? ai?iiy:

1) aiae?coaaoe no?oeoo?o oaa?aeaeaiiy ? aoaeoaaoe eiai iiaeaeue;

2) iia?oaaoe caaaeueieie iieiaeaiiyie eo?no aaiiao??? (icia/aiiyie
iiiyoue, aeanoeainoyie aaiiao?e/ieo o?ao?, oi?ioeaie);

3) ia?aoi?ioeueiaoaaoe oiiae ? aeiiae oaa?aeaeaiiy;

4) i??eoaaoe nie?ath/enue ia ?iaeoeoeai? oa aeaaeoeoeai? oiiaeaiaee.

Eiino?oeoeai? ai?iiy:

1) aoaeoaaoe cia?aaeaiiy i?inoi?iaeo aaiiao?e/ieo o?ao? oa ?o aeaiaio?a;

2) aeeiioaaoe oyai? iiaoaeiae;

3) iiaeaethaaoe iiiaia?aiieee ? o?ea iaa?oaiiy oa ?o ?icai?oee;

4) aoaeoaaoe ia?a??ce iiiaia?aiiee?a.

Aei ai?iue aei??thaaoe oa ia/enethaaoe aaiiao?e/i? aaee/eie iaeaaeaoue
ai?iiy:

1) ciaoiaeeoe a?aenoaiue a?ae oi/ee aei ieiueie;

2) ciaoiaeeoe eooe i?ae i?yiith ? ieiueiith oa aeaia?aii?, ia/enethaaoe
?o aaee/eie;

3) ia/enethaaoe ieiu? iiaa?oiiue oa ia?ie iiiaia?aiiee?a ? o?e
iaa?oaiiy.

No?oeoo?a ai?iiy aecia/a?oueny eiai iia?aoe?eiei neeaaeii — noeoii?noth
ae?e ? iia?aoe?e, ye? a iueiai aoiaeyoue, oa iniaeeaino? cayce?a i?ae
ieie. Iia?aoe?eiee neeaae oi?iue ia eiaeiiio ??ai? aaiiao?e/ii?
ae?yeueiino? ia? nai? a?aei?iiino?. O aeena?oaoe?eiiio aeine?aeaeaii?
?ic?iaeaii iia?aoe?eiee neeaae aaiiao?e/ieo ai?iue noa?oieeaniee?a
aoiai?oa?iiai i?io?eth iaa/aiiy c o?aooaaiiyi iniaeeainoae ??ai?a ?o
aaiiao?e/ii? ae?yeueiino?.

Aiae?c ineoieiai-iaoiaee/ieo aeine?aeaeaiue c i?iaeaie oi?ioaaiiy
ai?iue o/i?a aeicaieea aeae?eeoe caeiiii??iino? ae?iaeaiiy aaiiao?e/ieo
ai?iue o/i?a.

Oi?iiy ae?iaeythoueny aoaeoeaii, yeui caaacia/o?oueny:

1) aca?iiia?aoiaee a?ae eia?/ieo a?aeiioaiue i?ae aaiiao?e/ieie
aano?aeoe?yie aei iai/ieo i?inoi?iaeo eiino?oeoe?e, ? iaaiaee;

2) ?ioa??i?ecaoe?y — iinooiiaee ia?ao?ae a?ae ciai?oi?o ae?e aei
aioo??oi?o;

3) i???ioiaii-iia?aoe?eia iniiaa ae?yeueiino? o/i?a;

4) i?eioeei aa??aoe??;

5) aeei?enoaiiy noeioethth/i? eaiee (i?ii?aeii? ?icoiiai? ae??, yea
aeiiiiaaa? anoaiiaeoe caycie i?ae aeaieie ae?yie;

6) aiioe?eia aeoeai?noue o/iy;

7) aeoeaia aeei?enoaiiy ieioeiai aeina?aeo, iaaooeo ciaiue ? niinia?a
ae?yeueiino?.

I?ioean oi?ioaaiiy aaiiao?e/ieo ai?iue aeeth/a? oae? aoaie: a)
ae?aaiinoeea noi?iiaaiino? ie?aieo oi?iue; a) iioeaaoe?y aaaaeaiiy
iiaiai niiniao ae?yeueiino?; a) iciaeiieaiiy c iia?aoe?eiei neeaaeii
oi?iiy; a) a?aei?aoethaaiiy ie?aieo iia?aoe?e oa canoinoaaiiy niiniao
ae?yeueiino? o noaiaea?oieo neooaoe?yo; ae) canoinoaaiiy niiniao
ae?yeueiino? aei ?icaycaiiy ianoaiaea?oieo caaea/.

I?e iaa/aii? aaiiao??? o/i?a-aoiai?oa???a ?aeiiaiaeothoueny
iiynithaaeueii-?ethno?aoeai? iaoiaee (aan?aea, ?iciia?aeue, eaeoe?y) c
oe?ieei aeei?enoaiiyi iai/iino?, o oiio /ene? aeaiiino?aoe?eieo oa
?i?oaoe?eii-iiaeaethth/eo i?ia?aiieo cania?a.

Aeyaeeeny aoaeoeaieie ?ai?iaeoeoeai? iaoiaee oi?ioaaiiy aaiiao?e/ieo
ai?iue o/i?a.

Uiaei oi?i i?aai?caoe?? iaa/aeueii? ae?yeueiino? ii oi?ioaaiith ai?iue
anoaiiaeaii iaea?eueoo ei?eni?noue aeey o/i?a aoiai?oa?iiai i?io?eth
o?iioaeueii? oa ?iaeea?aeoaeueii? oi?i ?iaioe ia o?ioe?.

Oi?ioaaiiy aaiiao?e/ieo ai?iue o/i?a iie?auo?oueny, yeui i?iaiaeeoueny
oe?eani?yiiaaia ?iaioa c ?icaeoeo ?o i?inoi?iaiai ieneaiiy. C oe??th
iaoith i?iiiiothoueny ai?aae, ?icaycaiiy yeeo ia?aaeaa/a?:

1) ia?aoiaee a?ae iaeeie/ieo, i?aaeiaoii-eiie?aoieo ia?ac?a aei
aano?aeoieo, oiiaii-noaiaoe/ieo oa iaaiaee;

2) o?enaoe?th a ia?ac? aaiiao?e/ii? o?ao?e oai?aoe/ieo cayce?a oa
caeaaeiinoae (i?inoi?iaeo, iao?e/ieo oa no?oeoo?ieo);

3) ooai?aiiy aeeiai?/ieo aaiiao?e/ieo ia?ac?a;

4) aa??thaaiiy niinia?a iia?oaaiiy aaiiao?e/ieie ia?acaie.

O ae?oaiio ?icae?e? “Iaoiaeeea oi?ioaaiiy aaiiao?e/ieo oi?iue o/i?a”
?icaeyaea?oueny oaoiieia?y ae?iaeaiiy aaiiao?e/ieo oi?iue a
noa?oieeaniee?a oe?e (eean?a) aoiai?oa?iiai i?io?eth iaa/aiiy.

O aeena?oaoe?eiiio aeine?aeaeaii? iaa?oioiaaii, ui aea/aiiy o/iyie
aaiiao?e/iiai iaoa??aeo ia? cae?enithaaoeny ia?aaaaeii ia
?iaeoeoeaii-i?aeoe/i?e iniia?: a?ae eiie?aoieo neooaoe?e aei
oai?aoe/iiai ocaaaeueiaiiy, a a?ae iueiai aei i?aeoeee.

Anoaiiaeaii, ui i?e oi?ioaaii? aaiiao?e/ieo iiiyoue a o/i?a oe?e
(eean?a) aoiai?oa?iiai i?io?eth aeioe?eueii aeei?enoiaoaaoe
eiino?oeoeaiee i?aeo?ae. Nooue yeiai iieyaa? o i?iaaaeaii? aiae?co
iiaeae? aeaiiai iiiyooy, cynoaaii? iiaeeeaino? ?? iiaoaeiae oa aaaaeaii?
oi?iaeueii-eia?/iiai aai iieniaiai icia/aiiy iiiyooy c o?aooaaiiyi
niiniao iiaoaeiae iiaeae?.

O aeena?oaoe?eiiio aeine?aeaeaii? ?ic?iaeaia nenoaie ai?aa aeey
oi?ioaaiiy ai?iue aiae?coaaoe no?oeoo?o aaiiao?e/iiai oaa?aeaeaiiy (ia
cai?io oi?ie oaa?aeaeaiiy c oiiaii? ia eaoaai?e/io oa iaaiaee; ia
iiaoaeiao oaa?aeaeaiiy iaa?iaiiai aeaiiio; ia cai?io eia?/ieo cayce?a a
oiia? oaa?aeaeaiiy. Oe? ai?aae iathoue iniaeeaa cia/aiiy aeey
o/i?a-aoiai?oa???a, ai aiie i?ea/athoue ?o noenei, eia?/ii ?
a?aoiaioiaaii aeneiaethaaoe nai? aeoiee oa i?aaeeueii ei?enooaaoeny
oa?i?iieia??th.

Aaiiao?e/i? oaa?aeaeaiiy iiae?eythoueny ia i?aaeiaoi?
(oi?iaeueii-eiae/i?), ye? ae?aaeathoue aeanoeaino? ? iciaee aaiiao?e/ieo
o?ao?, oa iia?aoeai?, ui aeacothoue ia iaa/aeueio iaoo ? caniae ??
aeinyaiaiiy (aeac?aee, aeai?eoi?/i? i?eiene, oeiia? eiio?ao?aoe??
?enoie?a). Aeiaaaeaiiy aaiiao?e/ieo oaa?aeaeaiue iieaaoo?oueny, yeui a
i?ioean? aea/aiiy aaiiao??? i?aaeiaoi? iieiaeaiiy ia?aoi?ioeueiaoaaoe a
iia?aoeai? ? ?o nenoaiaoecoaaoe. Oae, ?acoeueoaoii aea/aiiy
ia?aeaeueiino? i?yieo a i?inoi?? ia? aooe oaea aeac?aea: Uia anoaiiaeoe
ia?aeaeuei?noue aeaio i?yieo o i?inoi??, o?aaa ia?aa??eoe: a) /e
ciaeaeaoueny i?yia, ia?aeaeueia eiaei?e c aeaieo i?yieo; a) /e aoaeooue
aeai? i?yi? e?i?yie ia?aoeio aeaio ia?aeaeueieo ieiuei o?aoueith
ieiueiith; a) /e ciaeaeaoueny ieiueia, ia?iaiaeeeoey?ia aei eiaeii? c
aeaieo i?yieo.

O aeena?oaoe?eiiio aeine?aeaeaii? ?ic?iaeai? oaaeeoe? “Ia?aeaeuei?noue o
i?inoi??” oa “Ia?iaiaeeeoey?i?noue o i?inoi??”, ye? i?noyoue iia?aoeai?
iieiaeaiiy o a?ao?/iiio aeaeyae?.

Iaa/aiiy aeiaaaeaiith oai?ai iie?auo?oueny, yeui o/i? nii/aoeo
iciaeiieththoueny c ?aea?th aeiaaaeaiiy oa ?ioa?i?aoothoue ?? ia
a?aeiia?aei?e i?inoi?ia?e iiaeae?, c iii?ith ia yeo aiii aeaoaeueii
iaaiai?th?oueny oa noenei caieno?oueny. Iio?i aeae?eythoueny aoaie
aeiaaaeaiiy oa c ?o o?aooaaiiyi neeaaea?oueny noaia aeiaaaeaiiy.

O eo?n? aaiiao??? aeey o/i?a-aoiai?oa???a iai/i?, a?ao?/i? ?ethno?aoe??
ia??aeei cai?iththoue oai?aoe/i? iaa?oiooaaiiy. Iineeth?oueny
?ioi?iaoe?eia ?ieue ?enoie?a. O caceo c /ei ?aeiiaiaeo?oueny
aeei?enoiaoaaoe eiiithoa?i? aeaiiino?aoe?ei? oa iiaeaethth/? i?ia?aii?
caniae aeey iiaeaiiy iai/ii-ia?acii? ?ioi?iaoe?? a ii?aeiaii? ?c
ciaeiai-neiaieueiith, aeeiai?caoe?? cia?aaeaiue aaiiao?e/ieo
caeaaeiinoae. I?e oeueiio ei?eni? ci?ia? aoaeoe: ci?ia eieuei?o,
aeieeiaiiy ? cieeiaiiy ie?aieo aeaiaio?a aaiiao?e/ii? o?ao?e,
ia?aoai?aiiy iaeieo aeaiaio?a a ?io?, noai?aiiy iiaeeeainoae aeey
ni?eeiaiiy aaiiao?e/ieo o?ao? aai ?o eiia?iaoe?e c ??cieo oi/ie ci?o oa
?i.

Aoaeoeaiei caniaii oi?ioaaiiy eiino?oeoeaieo oi?iue a o/i?a ? caaea/? ia
iiaoaeiao ia?a??c?a iiiaia?aiiee?a oa ia iiaeaethaaiiy. Oiio
i?eae?ey?oueny iniaeeaa oaaaa iaoiaeeoe? iaa/aiiy o/i?a ?icaycoaaoe oe?
caaea/?.

Aeia?? caaea/ ia iiaoaeiao a i?inoi?? ia?aaeaa/a? ae?iaeaiiy ai?iue
o/i?a aoaeoaaoe oi/eo ia?aoeio i?yii? c ieiueiith, i?yio ia?aoeio aeaio
ieiuei oa ia?a??ce iiiaia?aiee?a.

?ic?iaeaia nenoaia caaea/ ia iiaeaethaaiiy i?inoi?iaeo aaiiao?e/ieo
o?ao? aeey o/i?a oe?e (eean?a) aoiai?oa?iiai i?io?eth aeeth/a? oae? ?o
aeaee: a) ia iiaoaeiao iiiaia?aiiee?a ? o?e iaa?oaiiy aai ?o cia?aaeaiue
ca aeaieie ?icai?oeaie; a) ia iiaoaeiao ?icai?oie aeaieo aaiiao?e/ieo
o?ao?; a) ia neeaaeaiiy o/iyie caaea/ ca ?icai?oeaie. I?e oeueiio
ei?eniei aeyaeeiny ?icaycaiiy caaea/ ia ?ici?ciaaaiiy aaiiao?e/ieo o?ao?
ia aeaieo ?aaeueieo i?aaeiaoao aai iiaeaeyo, e?aneaiiyo oa ia ia/eneaiiy
?o iiaa?oiiue ? ia?i?a.

Iniaeeaa i?noea o iaa/aii? noa?oieeaniee?a caeia? eaeoe?y.
?aeiiaiaeo?oueny aeei?enoiaoaaoe oae? aeaee eaeoe?e: eaeoe?y-aan?aea,
eaeoe?y-eiinoeueoaoe?y oa eaeoe?y-ae?aeia. Iai?eeeaae, eaeoe?y ia oaio:
“Ia?aeaeueia, oeaio?aeueia oa i?yiieooia i?iaeoe??” iiaea aooe
i?iaaaeaia o aeaeyae? ae?aeiao i?ae a/eoaeyie iaoaiaoeee ? iaethaaiiy
(iaoaiaoeee ? e?aneaiiy).

Aeine?aeaeaiiy iieacaei, ui aaiiao?e/i? ai?iiy oi?iothoueny aoaeoeaii
i?e i?iaaaeaii? o?ie?a-nai?ia??a (nai?ia??a-eiioa?aioe?e,
nai?ia??a-caoeno?a) ? iaa/aeueieo ae?eiaeo ?ai? (“Aaiiao?e/iee oieae”,
“EOC?IA — eiio?ieue ciaiue, oi?iue ? iaaee?a”, “Aaiiao?e/ia a?eoi?eia”).
Aoaeoeai?noue iaa/aiiy o/i?a-aoiai?oa???a aaiiao??? i?aeaeuo?oueny,
yeui aeei?enoiaoaaoe iaaeaaia?/i? i?ia?aii? caniae (IIC). Oae, i?e
oi?ioaaii? oi?iue ia/enethaaoe ieiu? iiaa?oiiue oa ia?ie o?e iaa?oaiiy
aeioe?eueii aeei?enoiaoaaoe IIC GRAN1, a i?e ae?iaeaii? eiino?oeoeaieo
ai?iue — IIC “A?aee?eoa iaoaiaoeea. Noa?aiiao??y.”

Aeei?enoaiiy iiaeo ?ioi?iaoe?eieo oaoiieia?e ni?ey? aeoea?caoe??
iaa/aeueii-i?ciaaaeueii? ae?yeueiino?, aeeoa?aioe?aoe?? oa
?iaeea?aeoae?caoe?? iaa/aiiy, ?icoe?aiith ci?noiaiai iaiiaiaiiy eo?no
aaiiao???, aeiiii?? iaa/aeueiiai /ano.

Iniaeea?noth ?ic?iaeaii? iaoiaeeee ? iineeaiiy ?ie? iioeaaoe?? i?e
oi?ioaaii? aaiiao?e/ieo oi?iue. Oea ia?aaeaa/a? caaacia/aiiy ye
“aeiaai?” (o?eaaei? ca /anii), oae ? iaaiaee “ei?ioei?” iioeaaoe??. O
aeena?oaoe?eiiio aeine?aeaeaii? ?ic?iaeai? a?aeiia?aei? iaoiaee/i?
i?eeiie ? caniae.

Iaei??th c oiia aeoea?caoe?? iaa/aeueii-i?ciaaaeueii? aaiiao?e/ii?
ae?yeueiino? ? iiceoeaia, aiioe?eia noaaeaiiy o/i?a aei iaa/aiiy, eiee
o/i? a?ae/oaathoue aiioe?eia caaeiaieaiiy a?ae aeeiiaii? ?iaioe,
i?ciaiiy iiaiai.

Iaoiaeeea ia?aaeaa/a? i???ioaoe?th ia ae?aeia?/i?, iniaeno?ni?,
aiioe?eii caaa?aeai? noinoiee a/eoaey c o/iyie.

Iniiai? iieiaeaiiy aeena?oaoe?eiiai aeine?aeaeaiiy ia?aa??yeenue
aenia?eiaioaeueii i?ioyaii oanoe ?ie?a (1992-1998??.). Aenia?eiaioaeueia
?iaioa cae?enithaaeanue o o?e aoaie.

Ia ia?oiio aoai? (1992-1994 ??.) i?iaiaeeany eiinoaooth/ee aenia?eiaio,
iaoa yeiai — anoaiiaeoe ??aaiue noi?iiaaiino? aaiiao?e/ieo oi?iue a
noa?oieeaniee?a oe?e (eean?a) aoiai?oa?iiai i?io?eth, cynoaaoe iaaeie?ee
o?aaeeoe?eiiai iaa/aiiy oa ?o i?e/eie.

Iaoith ae?oaiai, iaa/aeueiiai aoaio aenia?eiaioo (1994-1997 ??.) aoei
iaa?oiooaaiiy aoaeoeaiino? ?ic?iaeaii? iaoiaeeee ae?iaeaiiy aaiiao?e/ieo
ai?iue o/i?a-aoiai?oa???a. O i?ioean? aenia?eiaioo aecia/aii iniaeeaino?
oi?ioaaiiy ai?iue ia ??cieo ??aiyo iaa/aiiy, ?ic?iaeaii ci?no iniiaieo
aoai?a ae?iaeaiiy ai?iue ? ae?a?aii a?aeiia?aei? iaoiaee, i?eeiie oa
caniae.

Ia o?aoueiio aoai? (1998 ?.) ?acoeueoaoe aenia?eiaioaeueiiai iaa/aiiy
ooi/ithaaeeny, nenoaiaoecoaaeeny oa ocaaaeueithaaeeny. Ia oeueiio aoai?
aenia?eiaioo ?ic?iaeyeeny oai?aoe/i? ? i?aeoe/i? aeniiaee oa
?aeiiaiaeaoe?? c aeaii? i?iaeaie aeey a/eoae?a ? iaoiaeeno?a.

Iaea?aeai? a ?acoeueoao? aenia?eiaioo aeai? na?ae/aoue i?i a?eueo
aenieee ??aaiue noi?iiaaiino? aaiiao?e/ieo ai?iue o/i?a
aenia?eiaioaeueieo eean?a ii??aiyii c eiio?ieueieie.

Iiaeaiaioiee aiae?c ienueiiaeo ?ia?o iieacaa, ui iaeaea a 1,8 ?ace
ciaioeeany e?euee?noue o/i?a c iecueeei ??aiai noi?iiaaiino? ai?iue, a
e?euee?noue o/i?a c na?aaei?i ? aenieei ??aiai noi?iiaaiino? —
ca?eueoeeany a?aeiia?aeii a 1,3 ? 1,2 ?ace.

Aoaeoeai?noue ?ic?iaeaii? iaoiaeeee i?aeoaa?aeeee ?acoeueoaoe ia?iaee
ienueiiaeo ?ia?o iaoiaeaie iaoaiaoe/ii? noaoenoeee.

Ii??aiyiiy ciaeaeaieo eiao?oe??io?a c e?eoe/iei cia/aiiyi (i?e
iyoea?aenioeiaiio ??ai? cia/ouino?) aeicaiey? a?aeoeeeoe ioeueiao
a?iioaco H0 ia ei?enoue a?iioace H1, oiaoi ?nio? noaoenoe/ii aaaiia
ia?aaaaa o/aiaeo ?acoeueoao?a o/i?a, ye? iaa/athoueny ca ?ic?iaeaii
iaoiaeeeith ii??aiyii c ?acoeueoaoaie o/i?a, ye? iaa/athoueny
o?aaeeoe?eii (Oaae.1).

Oaaeeoey 1.

Aea??eaCia/aiiy noaoenoeee e?eoa??thE?eoe/ia cia/aiiy noaoenoeee
e?eoa??th1243.5051.96

Oaeei /eiii, iaaeaaia?/iee aenia?eiaio i?aeoaa?aeea a?iioaco iaoiai
aeine?aeaeaiiy. Aiae?c eiai ?acoeueoao?a na?ae/eoue i?i aoaeoeai?noue
?ic?iaeaii? iaoiaeeee ae?iaeaiiy aaiiao?e/ieo ai?iue noa?oieeaniee?a
oe?e(eean?a) aoiai?oa?iiai i?io?eth.

CAAAEUeI? AENIIAEE

1. Aaiiao??y aeey o/i?a-aoiai?oa???a ia i?io?ethth/a aeenoeeie?ia, aea
aiia aieiae?? oe?ieeie iiaeeeainoyie aeey ?icaeoeo ?ioaeaeoo, ye?
iiaeii? iiaiith i??ith aeei?enoiaoaaoeny ? i?e iaa/aii? o/i?a oe?e
(eean?a) aoiai?oa?iiai i?io?eth.

2. Aaiiao?e/ia ae?yeuei?noue noa?oieeaniee?a oe?e (eean?a)
aoiai?oa?iiai ni?yioaaiiy iaoiiaeaia iniaeeainoyie ci?noo ?? neeaaeiaeo
eiiiiiaio?a (iioea?a, oe?eae, ieaioaaiiyi ae?yeueiino?, ia?a?iaee
iioi/ii? ?ioi?iaoe??, iia?aoeaiiai ia?aco, i?eeiyooy ??oaiiy, ae?e,
ia?aa??ee ?acoeueoao?a ? ei?aeoe?? ae?e). Aiia ia? aeaa ??ai?: a)
aaiiao?e/ia ae?yeuei?noue, a ye?e aeii?iothoue aeine?aeii-?iaeoeoeai?
ocaaaeueiaiiy (i?i?iaeueii-aaciaee); a) aaiiao?e/ia ae?yeuei?noue, a
ye?e aeii?iothoue aeaaeoeoeai? ocaaaeueiaiiy (aaciaee).

3. Ia iniia? aiae?co neeaaeiaeo eiiiiiaio?a oa ??ai?a aaiiao?e/ii?
ae?yeueiino? noa?oieeaniee?a aoiai?oa?iiai i?io?eth iaa/aiiy cyniaaii
ci?no caaaeueieo ai?iue (iaa?oioiaoaaoe aaiiao?e/i? oaa?aeaeaiiy,
eiino?oeoeai?, aei??thaaoe ? ia/enethaaoe aaiiao?e/i? aaee/eie), ie?aieo
ai?iue oa ?o iia?aoe?eiee neeaae.

4. Iaoiaeeea oi?ioaaiiy aaiiao?e/ieo ai?iue o/i?a ia? a?aoiaoaaoe
iia?aoe?eiee neeaae oi?iue, ??ai? i?ia?aiieo aeiia aei ?o oi?ioaaiiy,
ineoieiai-iaoiaee/i? caeiiii??iino? oi?ioaaiiy ai?iue oa niaoeeo?eo
i?inoi?iaiai ieneaiiy o/i?a.

5. Iaa/aiiy o/i?a-aoiai?oa???a aaiiao??? aeioe?eueii cae?enithaaoe
ia?aaaaeii ia ?iaeoeoeaii-i?aeoe/i?e iniia?: a?ae eiie?aoieo neooaoe?e
aei oai?aoe/iiai ocaaaeueiaiiy, a a?ae iueiai — aei canoinoaaiiy ia
i?aeoeoe?; aeey oi?ioaaiiy aaiiao?e/ieo iiiyoue ?aeiiaiaeo?oueny
aeei?enoiaoaaoe eiino?oeoeaiee i?aeo?ae.

6. Oi?ioaaiiy aaiiao?e/ieo oi?iue o/i?a oe?e (eean?a) aoiai?oa?iiai
i?io?eth ia?aaeaa/a? aeei?enoaiiy iiynithaaeueii-?ethno?aoeaieo iaoiae?a
c oe?ieei canoinoaaiiyi iai/iino? (?iciia?aeue, aan?aea,
eaeoe?y-aan?aea, eaeoe?y-ae?aeia, eaeoe?y-eiinoeueoaoe?y oa ?i.),
a?oiiai? (nai?ia?e-caoenoe, nai?ia?e-eiioa?aioe??, iaa/aeuei? ae?eia?
?a?e) ? ?iaeea?aeoaeueii? oi?ie i?aai?caoe?? iaa/aeueii-i?ciaaaeueii?
ae?yeueiino?. Iaoiaeeea ia? aooe i???ioiaaia ia ae?aeia?/i?,
iniaeno?ni?, aiioe?eii caaa?aeai? noinoiee a/eoaey c o/iyie, ye?
a?oioothoueny ia ni?a?ia?oieoeoa?.

7. Aoaeoeai?noue iaoiae?a, i?eeii?a ? cania?a ae?iaeaiiy ai?iue c?inoa?,
yeui aeei?enoiaoaaoe I?OI. Iaa?oioiaia aeioe?euei?noue canoinoaaiiy
aeaiiino?aoe?eieo ? ?i?oaoe?eii-iiaeaethth/eo i?ia?aiieo cania?a i?e
oi?ioaaii? eiino?oeoeaieo oi?iue oa oi?iue aei??thaaoe ? ia/enethaaoe
aaiiao?e/i? aaee/eie.

8. Iniaeea?noth aenia?eiaioaeueii? iaoiaeeee ? iineeaiiy ?ie?
iioeaaoe??. Cyniaaii, ui aeii?ioth/e iioeae iaa/aiiy o/i?a-aoiai?oa???a
aaiiao???, iiaycai? ?c cia/ieie iiaeeeainoyie, aaiiao??y aeey ?icaeoeo
eia?/iiai ieneaiiy ? i?inoi?iaeo oyaeaiue o/i?a oa c no/anieie
oaiaeaioe?yie iaoaiaoecaoe?? iaoeiaeo ciaiue, o oiio /ene? ? a
aoiai?oa?ieo iaoeao.

9. Ai?iaaoe?y ?ic?iaeaii? iaoiaeeee aea? i?aenoaae noaa?aeaeoaaoe, ui
iinoaaeai? caaaeaiiy aeine?aeaeaiiy ?icaycai?, aenoiooa a?iioaca
i?aeoaa?aeaeaia.

NIENIE IOAE?EAOe?E AAOI?A C OAIE AeINE?AeAEAIIss

1. ?aaiiaa N.A. sse iie?aueoe ciaiiy c iaoaiaoeee o/i?a oe?e
aoiai?oa?iiai ni?yioaaiiy? //Iaoa oeiea. – 1996. – ?5-6 – N.63-65.

2. ?aaiiaa N.A. Iniaeeaino? oi?ioaaiiy aaiiao?e/ieo oi?iue a o/i?a
a?iiac?e oa eean?a aoiai?oa?ieo i?io?eae iaa/aiiy //Iaoeiaee a?niee
IAeIO ?i. E.Ae.Ooeinueeiai (Ca??iee iaoeiaeo i?aoeue). Aei-?4-5. – 1998.
– N.133-136.

3. ?aaiiaa N.A. Oi?ioaaiiy aaiiao?e/ieo eiino?oeoeaieo oi?iue a o/i?a
oe?e (eean?a) aoiai?oa?iiai ni?yioaaiiy //Iaoa oeiea. – 1998. -?3 –
N.77-80.

4. ?aaiiaa N.A. Oi?ioaaiiy aaiiao?e/ieo oi?iue a o/i?a oe?e (eean?a)
aoiai?oa?ieo i?io?eae iaa/aiiy. / Iaoiaee/i? ?aeiiaiaeaoe??. – Iaeana:
IAeIO, 1998. – 63 n.

5. Ao?aea I.?., ?aaiiaa N.A. Oi?ioaaiiy iaoaiaoe/ieo oi?iue a oeieao c
aoiai?oa?iei i?io?eai iaa/aiiy // I?aeaoc?anueea iaoeiai-i?aeoe/ia
eiioa?aioe?y. Oi?ioaaiiy ?ioaeaeooaeueieo oi?iue o/i?a a i?ioean?
aea/aiiy iaoaiaoeee oa ?ioi?iaoeee. – Noie. – 1995. – N.46-47.

6. ?aaiiaa N.A. Iniaeeaino? oi?ioaaiiy iaoaiaoe/ieo oi?iue o/i?a oe?e
(eean?a) aoiai?oa?iiai ni?yioaaiiy // Anaoe?a?inueea iaoeiai-i?aeoe/ia
eiioa?aioe?y. Ae?yeuei?niee i?aeo?ae o iaa/aeueii-iiooeiaiio i?ioean? c
o?ceee ? iaoaiaoeee. – ??aia. – 1996. – N.54.

AIIOAOe??

?aaiiaa N.A. Oi?ioaaiiy aaiiao?e/ieo oi?iue noa?oieeaniee?a oe?e
(eean?a) aoiai?oa?iiai i?io?eth. – ?oeiien.

Aeena?oaoe?y ia caeiaoooy iaoeiaiai nooiaiy eaiaeeaeaoa iaaeaaia?/ieo
iaoe ca niaoe?aeuei?noth 13.00.02 – oai??y oa iaoiaeeea iaa/aiiy
iaoaiaoeee. – Iaoe?iiaeueiee iaaeaaia?/iee oi?aa?neoao
?i.I.I.Ae?aaiiaiiaa, Ee?a, 1999.

O aeena?oaoe?? aecia/aii ??ai? ? niaoeeo?ea aaiiao?e/ii? ae?yeueiino?,
?ice?eoi ci?no oa iia?aoe?eiee neeaae aaiiao?e/ieo oi?iue o/i?a
aoiai?oa?iiai i?io?eth iaa/aiiy; iaa?oioiaai? iaoeia? i?eioeeie a?aeai?o
caaaeueieo ? ie?aieo aaiiao?e/ieo oi?iue oa aeiia aei ?o eeaneo?eaoe??.

Aeiaaaeaii, ui iaoiaeeea oi?ioaaiiy aaiiao?e/ieo ai?iue o/i?a noa?oi?
oeiee aoiai?oa?iiai i?io?eth iaa/aiiy ia? aooe
iia?aoe?eii-i???ioiaaiith, a?aoiaoaaoe iniaeeaino? iaa/aeueii?
ae?yeueiino? o/i?a oeueiai i?io?eth, ??ai? aeiia aei ae?iaeaiiy ai?iue
oa ineoieiai-iaoiaee/i? caeiiii??iino? oi?ioaaiiy aaiiao?e/ieo ai?iue
o/i?a.

Oai?aoe/ii ? aenia?eiaioaeueii iaa?oioiaaia iaoiaeeea (iaoa, ci?no,
iaoiaee, i?aai?caoe?ei? oi?ie i?eeiie ? caniae) caaacia/othoue aoaeoeaia
oi?ioaaiiy aaiiao?e/ieo ai?iue o/i?a-aoiai?oa??a ? iiaea aooe
aeei?enoaia a/eoaeyie caaaeueiiina?oi?o iaa/aeueieo caeeaae?a.

Eeth/ia? neiaa: noa?oa oeiea, aaiiao??y, aoiai?oa?iee i?io?eue
iaa/aiiy, ai?iiy, oi?ioaaiiy.

Eaaiiaa N.A. Oi?ie?iaaiea aaiiao?e/aneeo oiaiee noa?oaeeannieeia oeie
(eeannia) aoiaieoa?iiai i?ioeey.— ?oeiienue.

Aeenna?oaoeey ia nieneaiea o/aiie noaiaie eaiaeeaeaoa iaaeaaiae/aneeo
iaoe ii niaoeeaeueiinoe 13.00.02 – oai?ey e iaoiaeeea iao/aiey
iaoaiaoeea. — Iaoeeiiaeueiue iaaeaaiae/aneee oieaa?neoao ei.
I.I.Ae?aaiiaiiaa, Eeaa, 1999.

A aeenna?oaoeee ii?aaeaeaiu oeaee, niaea?aeaiea e niaoeeoe/aneea
iniaaiiinoe aeayoaeueiinoe o/aueony oeie (eeannia) aoiaieoa?iiai i?ioeey
i?e iao/aiee aaiiao?ee. Yoa aeayoaeueiinoue oa?aeoa?ecoaony:
aeiieie?iaaieai iaaeyaeii-ia?aciiai eiiiiiaioa; iai?aaeaiiinoueth ia
?acaeoea eiae/aneiai iuoeaiey e i?ino?ainoaaiiiai aiia?aaeaiey;
iia?aoeeiiiie i?eaioe?iaaiiinoueth; i?eeeaaeiie iai?aaeaiiinoueth;
aeaoiy o?iaiyie ?aaeecaoeee: ieieiaeueii aaciaue (i?aiaeaaeatho
iiuoii-eiaeoeoeaiua iaiauaiey) e aaciaue (i?aiaeaaeatho aeaaeoeoeaiua
iaiauaiey).

Ia iniiaa aiaeeca niaea?aeaiey e iniaaiiinoae aeayoaeueiinoe
noa?oaeeannieeia aoiaieoa?iiai i?ioeey i?e iao/aiee aaiiao?ee
?ac?aaioaii niaea?aeaiea iaueo aaiiao?e/aneeo oiaiee (iainiiauaaoue
aaiiao?e/aneea ooaa?aeaeaiey, eiino?oeoeaiua, ecia?youe e au/eneyoue
aaiiao?e/aneea aaee/eiu), /anoiuo aaiiao?e/aneeo oiaiee e eo
iia?aoeeiiiue ninoaa.

I?iaiaeece?iaaiu iniaaiiinoe iuneeoaeueiie aeayoaeueiinoe
o/aueony-aoiaieoa?eaa i?e oi?ie?iaaiee aaiiao?e/aneeo oiaiee, auaeaeaiu
ineoieiai-iaoiaee/aneea caeiiiia?iinoe yoiai i?ioeanna. Aaiiao?e/aneea
oiaiey o/aueony oi?ie?othony yooaeoeaii, anee iaania/eaaaony: iioeaaoeey
aeayoaeueiinoe o/aueony; ia?aoiaeu io eiae/aneeo ioiioaiee iaaeaeo
aaiiao?e/aneeie aano?aeoeeyie e iaaeyaeiui i?ino?ainoaaiiui
eiino?oeoeeyi, e iaiai?io; i?eioeeia aa?eaoeee; eniieueciaaiea
“noeioee?othuaai caaia” (ii E.N.Auaioneiio) — i?iiaaeooi/iiai
oinoaaiiiai aeaenoaey, eioi?ia iiiiaaao onoaiiaeoue naycue iaaeaeo
aeaiiuie aeaenoaeyie; eniieueciaaiea i?ioeiai iiuoa, iieo/aiiuo ciaiee e
niiniaia aeayoaeueiinoe; yiioeeiiaeueiay aeoeaiinoue o/auaainy.

Iainiiaaii, /oi iaoiaeeea oi?ie?iaaiey aaiiao?e/aneeo oiaiee o/aueony
oeie (eeannia) aoiaieoa?iiai i?ioeey aeieaeia auoue
iia?aoeeiiii-i?eaioe?iaaiiie, o.a. o/eouaaoue iia?aoeeiiiue ninoaa
oiaiee, o?iaie i?ia?aiiiuo o?aaiaaiee e ineoieiai-iaoiaee/aneea
caeiiiia?iinoe oi?ie?iaaiey oiaiee.

Iciaeiieaiea noa?oaeeannieeia aoiaieoa?iiai i?ioeey n ii?aaeaeaieyie
aaiiao?e/aneeo iiiyoee, eo naienoaaie e i?eciaeaie aeieaeii
inouanoaeyoueny i?aeiouanoaaiii ia eiaeoeoeaii-i?aeoe/aneie iniiaa (io
eiie?aoiuo neooaoeee e oai?aoe/aneiio iaiauaieth, a io iaai — e
i?eiaiaieth ia i?aeoeea). I?e oi?ie?iaaiee aaiiao?e/aneeo iiiyoee
yooaeoeaai eiino?oeoeaiue iiaeoiae.

A eo?na aaiiao?ee aeey o/aueony aoiaieoa?iiai i?ioeey iaaeyaeiua,
a?aoe/aneea eeethno?aoeee ia?aaeei caiaiytho aeieacaoaeuenoaa.
Oneeeaaaony eioi?iaoeeiiiay ?ieue ?enoiea. Yoi aeaao aiciiaeiinoe aeey
oe?ieiai i?eiaiaiey eiiiuethoa?iuo aeaiiino?aoeeiiiuo e iiaeaee?othueo
i?ia?aii.

A aeenna?oaoeee ?ac?aaioaia nenoaia oi?aaeiaiee aeey aiaeeca no?oeoo?u
aaiiao?e/aneeo ooaa?aeaeaiee, eioi?ay i?aaeiacia/aia aeey oi?ie?iaaiey o
o/aueony oiaiee eniieueciaaoue oa?ieiieiaeth; eaeiie/ii e
a?aoiaioe?iaaii au?aaeaoue naie iunee, /oi iniaaiii aaaeii aeey
noa?oaeeannieeia aoiaieoa?iiai i?ioeey iao/aiey.

Yooaeoeaiinoue i?ioeanna oi?ie?iaaiey aaiiao?e/aneeo oiaiee o/aueony
iiauoaaony, anee i?aaeoniio?aia oeaeaiai?aaeaiiay ?aaioa ii ?acaeoeth eo
i?ino?ainoaaiiiai aiia?aaeaiey. N o/aoii auaeaeaiiuo oneiaee ?acaeoey
i?ino?ainoaaiiiai aiia?aaeaiey (ia?aoiaeu io i?aaeiaoii-eiie?aoiuo
ia?acia e aano?aeoiui, oneiaii-noaiaoe/aneei e, iaiai?io; eniieueciaaiea
?aciuo niiniaia ia?aciaaiey e iia?e?iaaiey ia?acaie; oeenaoeey a ia?aca
oai?aoe/aneeo naycae e caaeneiinoae) ?ac?aaioaia nenoaia caaea/ ia
iiaeaee?iaaiea e iino?iaiea na/aiee i?ino?ainoaaiiuo aaiiao?e/aneeo
oeao?.

Enneaaeiaaiea iieacaei, /oi i?e oi?ie?iaaiee aaiiao?e/aneeo oiaiee
o/aueony oeie (eeannia) aoiaieoa?iiai i?ioeey ?aeiiaiaeoaony
eniieueciaaoue iauynieoaeueii-eeethno?aoeaiua iaoiaeu, a oii /enea:
eaeoeee-aanaaeu, eaeoeee-eiinoeueoaoeee, eaeoeee-aeeaeiae. Iiauoaaony
aeooaeueiinoue eieeaeoeaiie (naieia?u-eiioa?aioeee, naieia?u-caueou,
iao/athuea aeaeiaua ea?u) e eiaeeaeaeoaeueiie oi?i i?aaiecaoeee
o/aaii-ainieoaoaeueiie aeayoaeueiinoe.

Caueuaaony oai?aoe/anee e yenia?eiaioaeueii iainiiaaiiay iaoiaeeea
(oeaee, niaea?aeaiea, iaoiaeu, i?aaiecaoeeiiiua oi?iu, i?eaiu e
n?aaenoaa) oi?ie?iaaiey aaiiao?e/aneeo oiaiee noa?oaeeannieeia oeie
(eeannia) aoiaieoa?iiai i?ioeey. Iieo/aiiua oai?aoe/aneea e i?aeoe/aneea
?acoeueoaou iiaoo auoue eniieueciaaiu aaoi?aie aeueoa?iaoeaiuo o/aaieeia
e i?ia?aii ii aaiiao?ee, o/eoaeyie iauaia?aciaaoaeueiuo o/aaiuo
caaaaeaiee.

Eeth/aaua neiaa: noa?oay oeiea, aaiiao?ey, aoiaieoa?iue i?ioeeue
iao/aiey, oiaiey, oi?ie?iaaiea.

S.V.Ivanova. The formation of students geometrical skills while teaching
mathematics in the high schools (classes) with humanitarian type. —
Manuscript.

Dissertation is presented for obtaining scientific degree of the
candidate of pedagogic sciences, speciality 13.00.02 – theory and
methods of teaching Mathematics. — The National Pedagogic University
named after M.P.Dragomanov, Kyiv, 1999.

The dissertahion shows level and specific features of geometry
activity, reveals substance and operating set of geometric skills for
students in the high school with humanitarian type. The scientific
principles of selection for common and special geometric skills are
developed in the dissertation.

It proves that methodic forming geometric skills of students in the high
school with humanitarian type education have to be operating-oriented to
conceder special features of such type of education, demanded level of
psychological methodical lows informing students skills.

The methods of geometric skills formation, which are grounded both
theoretically and by experiments are defended in the dissertation
(objective, contents, methods, organisational forms, techniques and
tools). These methods ensure effective formation of students geometrical
skills and can be used by the teachers of humanitarian type high schools
(classes).

Key words: high school, geometry, humanitarian type education, skills,
formation.

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