.

Формування моральних потреб особистості молодшого школяра: Автореф. дис… канд. пед. наук / О.С. Романченко, Луган. держ. пед. ун-т ім. Т.Шевченка. —

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13

EOAAINUeEEE AeA?AEAAIEE IAAeAAIA?*IEE OI?AA?NEOAO ?IAI? OA?ANA
OAA*AIEA

OAeE 373.034

? 69

?IIAI*AIEI IEAIA NA?A??AIA

OI?IOAAIIss II?AEUeIEO IIO?AA INIAENOINO? IIEIAeOIAI OEIEss?A

13.00.01 – oai??y oa ?noi??y iaaeaaia?ee

AAOI?AOA?AO

aeena?oaoe?? ia caeiaoooy iaoeiaiai nooiaiy

eaiaeeaeaoa iaaeaaia?/ieo iaoe

Eoaainuee – 1999

Aeena?oaoe?y ? ?oeiien.

?iaioa aeeiiaia a Eoaainueeiio aea?aeaaiiio iaaeaaia?/iiio oi?aa?neoao?
?iai? Oa?ana Oaa/aiea.

Iaoeiaee ea??aiee: aeieoi? iaaeaaia?/ieo iaoe, i?ioani?

Oa?/aiei Na?a?e sseiae/,

i?i?aeoi? c iaoeiai? ?iaioe

Eoaainueeiai aea?aeaaiiai
iaaeaaia?/iiai oi?aa?neoaoo

?iai? Oa?ana Oaa/aiea

Io?oe?ei? iiiiaioe: – aeieoi? ineoieia?/ieo iaoe, i?ioani?

Nieiaeooiaa Ieueaa Aai?a??aia,

Neia’yinueeee aea?aeaaiee
iaaeaaia?/iee ?inoeooo

caa?aeoaa/ eaoaae?e ineoieia??

– eaiaeeaeao iaaeaaia?/ieo iaoe, aeioeaio

Ianoa?aiei E?ae?y Iao??aia

Eoaainueeee aea?aeaaiee
iaaeaaia?/iee

oi?aa?neoao ?iai? Oa?ana
Oaa/aiea

eaoaae?a iaaeaaia?ee oa iaoiaeeee ii/aoeiaiai

iaa/aiiy

I?ia?aeia onoaiiaa: AEeoiie?nueeee aea?aeaaiee iaaeaaia?/iee
?inoeooo

Caoeno a?aeaoaeaoueny “13” o?aaiy 1999?. i 15.00. aiaeei? ia

can?aeaii? niaoe?ae?ciaaii? a/aii? ?aaee E 29.053.01. o Eoaainueeiio
aea?aeaaiiio iaaeaaia?/iiio oi?aa?neoao? ?iai? Oa?ana Oaa/aiea ca
aae?anith:

348011, i.Eoaainuee, aoe.Iai?iiia,2.

C aeena?oaoe??th iiaeia iciaeiieoenue o a?ae?ioaoe? Eoaainueeiai
aea?aeaaiiai iaaeaaia?/iiai oi?aa?neoaoo ?iai? Oa?ana Oaa/aiea.

Aaoi?aoa?ao ?ic?neaiee “12” ea?oiy 1999?.

A/aiee nae?aoa?

niaoe?ae?ciaaii? a/aii? ?aaee
Aooaiei E.E.

CAAAEUeIA OA?AEOA?ENOEEA AeINE?AeAEAIIss

Aeooaeuei?noue aeine?aeaeaiiy. O no/anieo oiiaao ?icaeoeo
noni?euenoaa iniaeeai aaaeeeaei noa? oi?ioaaiiy nioe?aeueii aeoeaii?
iniaenoino? c? noaeith ???a?o??th oe?iiinoae, nenoaiith ii?aeueiiai
noaaeaiiy aei na?oo, aei naaa, aei ?ioeo ethaeae. Iaeiae, ?aae?caoe?y
oeueiai nioe?aeueiiai caieoo oneeaaeith?oueny ci?uaiiyi aeoeaio?a a
???a?o?? oe?iiinoae, aen?ieia?/iith iano?oeoo?iaai?noth no/aniiai
noni?euenoaa ?, ye iane?aeie, ineaaeaiiyi aeoiaii? ooieoe?? oeiee.
O?aaeeoe?eia nenoaia aeoiaaiiy, yeo caniiaaii ia ooieoe?iiaeueiiio
i?aeoiae? aei ii?aeueiiai ?icaeoeo, ia iiaea caaacia/eoe oi?ioaaiiy
iniaenoino? ye noa’?eoa ii?iioai?/ino?, ui aieiae?? ii?aeueiith
naiino?ei?noth, aeei?enoiao? na?e oai?/ee iioaioe?ae aeey ?ioeo ethaeae
oa a oe?eyo naii?icaeoeo e naii?aae?caoe??. Iaiao?aei?noue iaoeiaiai
ia??oiooaaiiy iiiaeaiiy nenoaie ii?aeueiiai aeoiaaiiy e ?ic?iaee
oaoiieia?? iaaeaaia?/iiai caaacia/aiiy i?ioeano ii?aeueiiai ?icaeoeo
iniaenoino? a oiiaao caaaeueiiina?oiuei? oeiee noaei i?e/eiith
aeine?aeaeaiiy iaie oeueiai iai?yieo.

Aiae?c oai?aoe/ieo aeine?aeaeaiue iieacaa, ui ?ioaa?aoeaiith
oa?aeoa?enoeeith iniaenoino? oa e?eoa???i ?? ii?aeueiiai ?icaeoeo a/ai?
aeae?eythoue ???a?o?th iio?aa, iaeiae ?aeeia oyaeaiiy i?i nooi?noue ?
no?oeoo?o iio?aa ia ae?iaeaia i? o?einio??th, i? ineoieia??th, i?
iaaeaaia?eith. I?e?iaeii, ui iaaeinoaoiy iaoeiaa ?ic?iaeai?noue i?iaeaie
ii?aeueieo iio?aa i?iaieo? a?aenooi?noue oe?eani?yiiaaiiai nenoaiiiai
oi?ioaaiiy ?o o iaaeaaia?/i?e i?aeoeoe?.

Ineoieiae (E.?.Aiaeiae/, O.?.Eiii?eiaa oa ?i.) naiceoeaiei aeey
ii?aeueiiai oi?ioaaiiy aaaaeathoue iieiaeoee oe?eueiee a?e. Ineoieia?/i?
iiainoai?aiiy oeueiai ia??iaeo noathoue iniiaith oi?ioaaiiy ii?aeueieo
iio?aa. Noi?iiaai? a iieiaeoiio oe?eueiiio a?oe? ii?aeuei? iio?aae
aeicaieythoue iii’yeoeoe e?eco noaaeaiiy aei naaa, ?iaaniee?a oa
aei?ineeo o ioaa?oaoiiio ia??iae? oa ni?eythoue aoaeoeaiiio oi?ioaaiith
ii?aeueieo a?aeiinei iniaenoino? a iiaeaeueoiio aeeoo?.

Aei oaiiiaio iio?aa ye niiioeaiue ii?aeueii? iiaaae?iee a/ai?
caa?oathoueny i?e aeine?aeaeaii? oe?eiai niaeo?o i?iaeai: noa’?eoeaiiai
oaeoi?o onoaiiaee (A.N.I?aia?oa?e?, ?.O.Aaeaeaaa oa ?i.), aeueo
nioe?iaaiieo iio?aa (O.I.*oa?o?oa?e?, I.A.?iaaaa oa ?i.), ?ioaa?aeueii?
oa?aeoa?enoeee ii?aeueiiai ?icaeoeo (A.I.Ionaaeyi, TH.A.Oa?ia),
oi?ioaaiiy ia?aeiiaiue (?.ss.Ea?ia?, I.A.Aiiaea?aanueea, ?.A.Neni?iei
oa ?i.), oi?ioaaiiy ii?aeueii? ni?yiiaaiino? iniaenoino?, nioe?aeueii?
aeoeaiino? (C.?.Aaneeue?aa, I.A.Eacae?ia, O.?.Eiii?eiaa,
O.?.Iaeueeianueea oa ?i.), i?e oai?aoe/iiio e iaoiaee/iiio ?icaeyaeaii?
ieoaiiy aoiai?noe/iiai aeoiaaiiy (?.Ae.Aao, ?.A.Ea??ia, N.I.??aan,
A.I.A?eioniaa, I.E.Ai?eoaanueeee, I.A.?aooo oa ?i.).

I?ioa i?iaeaia oi?ioaaiiy ii?aeueieo iio?aa iniaenoino? neeaaeia
oa aeeaiea ? ye?nii, ? no?oeoo?ii, oiio iaiiaeeeai iaa?oue oe?eei
eiiieaenii aeine?aeaeaiue ioiieoe an? ?? ??ciiiai?oi? aniaeoe. Ie
aaaaea?ii iaiao?aeiei i?aee?aneeoe, ui aecia/aiiy i?iaeaie oa ??
oai?aoe/ia ae??oaiiy i?aeaioiaeai? iaoeiaeie aeine?aeaeaiiyie,
iaaeaaia?/iith i?aeoeeith, aea iaaeinoaoiuei ?ic?iaeai? ieoaiiy nooiino?
oaiiiaio “ii?aeuei? iio?aae”, iniaeeainoae aca?iica’yceo eiiiiiaio?a,
no?oeoo?oth/eo ii?aeuei? iio?aae, oa ?o oi?ioaaiiy a iieiaeoiio
oe?eueiiio a?oe?.

Aeooaeuei?noue aeine?aeaeaiiy coiiaeaia caaino?aiiyi
noia?a/iinoae:

– i?ae nioe?aeueiei caieoii noni?euenoaa ia ii?aeueii naiino?eio
iniaeno?noue ? o?aaeeoe?eiith nenoaiith aeoiaaiiy;

– i?ae iaiao?aei?noth iaaeaaia?/ii? i?aeoeee a iaoeiaiio ia??oiooaaii?
iiiaeaiiy nenoaie ii?aeueiiai aeoiaaiiy ca?aeii c aeiiaaie no/aniino? oa
neeaaei?noth ???a?o?caoe?? caaaeueiiethaenueeeo, eiie?aoii-?noi?e/ieo
oa ?iaeea?aeoaeueieo oe?iiinoae;

– i?ae iaiao?aei?noth aoaeoeaiiai oe?eani?yiiaaiiai oi?ioaaiiy
ii?aeueieo iio?aa iniaenoino? oeiey?a oa iineaaeaiiyi aeoiaii? ooieoe??
oeiee.

Cacia/aia aeua coiiaeei aea?? i?iaeaie aeena?oaoe?eiiai aeine?aeaeaiiy ?
aecia/aiiy oaie “Oi?ioaaiiy ii?aeueieo iio?aa iniaenoino? iieiaeoiai
oeiey?a”.

Ia’?eo aeine?aeaeaiiy: i?ioean oi?ioaaiiy ii?aeueieo iio?aa.

I?aaeiao aeine?aeaeaiiy: iaaeaaia?/ia caaacia/aiiy oi?ioaaiiy
ii?aeueieo iio?aa iniaenoino? iieiaeoiai oeiey?a.

Iaoa aeine?aeaeaiiy: oai?aoe/ia ia??oiooaaiiy oa
aenia?eiaioaeueia ia?aa??ea aecia/aieo iioeiaeueieo
ineoieiai-iaaeaaia?/ieo oiia oi?ioaaiiy ii?aeueieo iio?aa iieiaeoeo
oeiey??a o iaa/aeueii-aeoiaiiio i?ioean? caaaeueiiina?oiuei? oeiee.

Ca?aeii c iaoith aeine?aeaeaiiy iaie aoee aecia/ai? oae?
caaaeaiiy:

1. Aeyaeoe no?oeoo?i? oa ci?noiai? eiiiiiaioe ii?aeueieo iio?aa
iieiaeoeo oeiey??a, ?o iniaeeaino?, aca?iica’ycie; aecia/eoe ??ai? ?o
noi?iiaaiino?.

2. Aecia/eoe ci?no, iniaeeaino? oa iaaeaaia?/i? oiiae iiaoaiiiai
oi?ioaaiiy ii?aeueieo iio?aa iniaenoino? a iieiaeoiio oe?eueiiio a?oe?.

3. ?ic?iaeoe oa aenia?eiaioaeueii ia?aa??eoe oaoiieia?th oi?ioaaiiy
ii?aeueieo iio?aa ae?oae iieiaeoiai oe?eueiiai a?eo a oiiaao
caaaeueiiina?oiuei? oeiee.

O oiae? aeine?aeaeaiiy ia?aa??yeanue oaea a?iioaca:

I?ioean oi?ioaaiiy ii?aeueieo iio?aa iieiaeoeo oeiey??a aoaea
aoaeoeaiei, yeui caaacia/eoe:

1) oe?e?niee iaaeaaia?/iee aieea ia eiai?oeaio, aoaeoeaio e eiiaoeaio
noa?e iniaenoino? c o?aooaaiiyi a?eiaeo oa ?iaeea?aeoaeueieo
iniaeeainoae;

2) iiaoaiio i?aai?caoe?th aeoiaiiai i?ioeano, ui ai?uo?:

a) anoaiiaeaiiy iiceoeaiiai noaaeaiiy aei aoe/ieo i?iaeai;

a) oi?ioaaiiy ii?aeueieo iioea?a;

a) oi?ioaaiiy aioiaiino? aei ae?yeuei?niiai i?iyao ii?aeueiiai
noaaeaiiy;

3) caeo/aiiy ae?oae aei nenoaie aeoeaieo nioe?aeueieo noinoie?a;

4) iiaeaethaaiiy aoe/ieo noinoie?a c iaoith iaaeaaiiy ae?oueie aeina?aeo
aoiaiii? aca?iiae?? oa a?eueiiai ii?aeueiiai aeai?o;

5) anoaiiaeaiiy aoiai?noe/ieo i?aeiniaeno?nieo noinoie?a ye aaciai?
oiiae oi?ioaaiiy ii?aeueii? naiino?eiino?.

Ia caoeno aeiinyoueny oae? iieiaeaiiy:

1. sse ci?noiai? eiiiiiaioe ii?aeueieo iio?aa aeeoeie
iieiaeoiai oe?eueiiai a?eo aenooiathoue: noaaeaiiy aei naaa, noaaeaiiy
aei ?iaaniee?a, noaaeaiiy aei aei?ineeo; o no?oeoo?? ii?aeueieo iio?aa
aeae?eythoueny oae? eiiiiiaioe: eiai?oeaiee (nenoaia aoe/ieo oyaeaiue ?
noaeaeaiue), aoaeoeaiee (aiioe?eia noaaeaiiy aei aoe/ieo oe?iiinoae,
ia?aaeeaaiiy caaeiaieaiiy a?ae ?aae?caoe?? ii?aeueii? iio?aae),
eiiaoeaiee (noaea i?aaiaiiy aei ?aae?caoe?? noa?aioei?a iiaaae?iee,
caniiaaieo ia ?ioa??i?eciaaieo aoe/ieo ii?iao).

2. Oe?eani?yiiaaia oi?ioaaiiy ii?aeueieo iio?aa yaey? niaith
iiaoaiiee i?ioean, i?aai?ciaaiee c o?aooaaiiyi ?iaeea?aeoaeueieo oa
a?eiaeo iniaeeainoae. O oi?ioaaii? ii?aeueieo iio?aa o iieiaeoiio
oe?eueiiio a?oe? aeae?ey?ii o?e aoaie:

a) aeooae?coth/ee (anoaiiaeaiiy iiceoeaiiai noaaeaiiy aei aoe/ieo
i?iaeai);

a) iioeaaoe?eiee (aeoiaaiiy ii?aeueieo iioea?a);

a) ae?yeuei?niee (oi?ioaaiiy aioiaiino? aei ae?yeuei?niiai i?iyao
ii?aeueiiai noaaeaiiy).

Eiaeai c aoai?a oeeth/a?:

– ni?eeoaaiiy ye i?ia?aeio ae?yeuei?noue, ni?yiiaaio ia canai?iiy
ae?oueie noinoie?a oa iniaeno?nieo iniaeeainoae ethaeae;

– ae?yeuei?noue, iia’ycaio c oi?ioaaiiyi yeinoae, oi?iue oa iaae/ie ?
?aae?caoe??th ?o o i?ioean? iiaeaethaaiiy a?aeiinei.

3. Aoaeoeai?noue oi?ioaaiiy ii?aeueieo iio?aa iniaenoino?
iieiaeoiai oeiey?a caeaaeeoue a?ae aeio?eiaiiy i?eioeei?a i?aai?caoe??
iaaeaaia?/iiai aieeao (niieo/aiiy o?aaeeoe?eieo ? iiaeo oi?i
ae?yeueiino?; oe?eani?yiiaai?noue ? iiaoaii?noue ?iaioe; ia?ao?ae a?ae
?ai?iaeoeoeaii? ae?yeueiino? aei oai?/i?; noeioethaaiiy i?iya?a
ii?aeueiiai noaaeaiiy aei naaa oa ?ioeo; caaacia/aiiy aeeoeie
aeinooiiith ?ioi?iaoe??th aeey iniaeno?niiai ?icaeoeo) oa noai?aiiy
oiia iioei?caoe?? oeueiai i?ioeano (i?aeo?eiaiiy e cae??ieaiiy
iiceoeaieo aiioe?eii caaa?aeaieo ia?aaeeaaiue ii?aeueiiai oa?aeoa?o;
caaeainiaaiee aieea ia eiai?oeaio, aoaeoeaio, eiiaoeaio noa?e c iaoith
aa?iii?caoe?? ?o ?icaeoeo; aeoeaia caeo/aiiy ae?oae aei aiioe?eieo
neooaoe?e i?iyao ii?aeueiiai noaaeaiiy; aacoiiaia ni?eeiyooy a/eoaeai
eiaeii? aeeoeie).

4.Ia oi?ioaaiiy ii?aeueieo iio?aa iniaenoino? iieiaeoiai oeiey?a
aieeaathoue a?eia? (aea??eiaa noaaeaiiy aei ?ioi?iaoe?? oa
ae?yeueiino?; aeoeaio ia ciai?oi? ianoaaeie ae?yeueiino? oa ni?eeoaaiiy;
iano?ee? ?ioa?ane;aacoiiaiee aaoi?eoao o/eoaey) oa ?iaeea?aeoaeuei?
(ioe?iia iiceoe?y; iniaeno?nii-ineoieia?/i? oa?aeoa?enoeee; nooi?iue
nioe?aeueii? aaeaioaoe??; ineoieia?/i? ii?ooaiiy) iniaeeaino?.

Iaoiaeieia?/iith aacith iaoiai aeine?aeaeaiiy ? iieiaeaiiy
aen?ieia?? i?i no?oeoo?o ii?aeueieo oe?iiinoae, nenoaiiee,
iniaeno?nii-ae?yeuei?niee, a?eiaee i?aeoiaee.

Oai?aoe/io aaco aeine?aeaeaiiy noaiiaeyoue eiioeaioe??
iniaenoino? ye noa’?eoo ae?yeueiino? (I.I.Aiaeaeueia,
E.I.Aaoeueoaiiaa-Neaanueea, A.A.Aiaiue?a, E.?.Aiaeiae/, N.E.?oa?iooaei
oa ?i.), aoeei-o?einionuee? eiioeaioe?? nioe?aeueii-ii?iaoeaii?
?aaoeyoe?? iiaaae?iee (I.E.Oe?aeia, I.?.Aiai?aa, I.?.E?ooia,
I.A.Ae?iaieoeueeee), oai??y noaaeaiue A.I.Iyn?uaaa, oai??y onoaiiaee
Ae.E.Ociaaeca, oai?aoe/i? iieiaeaiiy aoiai?noe/ii? ineoieia?? (A.Ianeio,
E.Atheea?, E.?iaeaea?n oa ?i.), iieiaeaiiy i?i iio?aaiao iniiao
oi?ioaaiiy iniaenoino? (A.N.I?aia?oa?e?, O.I.*oa?o?oa?e?, ?.O.Aaeaeaaa
oa ?i.), iieiaeaiiy i?i aoiaiio naii?aaoeyoe?th oa oeyoe oi?ioaaiiy
aoiaiii? iioeaaoe?? (A.N.Aieaa??ia, ?.Ae.Aao, I.E.Ai?eoaanueeee,
A.A.Nouaiei), eiioeaioe?? iaoe?iiaeueiiai aeoiaaiiy a Oe?a?i?.

Iaoiaee aeine?aeaeaiiy: aiae?c oa ocaaaeueiaiiy iaoiaeieia?/ieo
oa oai?aoe/ieo aeaea?ae; oai?aoe/iee aiae?c i?ioeano oi?ioaaiiy
ii?aeueieo iio?aa; aea/aiiy oa ocaaaeueiaiiy iaaeaaia?/iiai aeina?aeo;
iaoiae iiaeaethaaiiy; i?aai?caoe?y oi?ioth/iai iaaeaaia?/iiai
aenia?eiaioo eiia?othaeiiai oa?aeoa?o; aeeth/aia niinoa?aaeaiiy;
ii??aiyeueiee aiae?c i?iaeoeo?a ae?yeueiino?; noaiaea?oeciaai? e
i?iaeoeai? oaoiieia??; aeaiaioe ?a?iaiai o?ai?iao; ei?aeyoe?eiee aiae?c
? eiioaio-aiae?c, iaoiaee iaoaiaoe/ii? noaoenoeee.

Aoaie aeine?aeaeaiiy:

Ia?oee aoai (1993-1994):

1) aea/aiiy noaio ?ic?iaeaiino? i?iaeaie, iaa?oiooaaiiy oaie,
oi?ioethaaiiy a?iioace e caaaeaiue aeine?aeaeaiiy, aecia/aiiy
oai?aoe/iiai e i?aeoe/iiai cia/aiiy aeine?aeaeaiiy i?iaeaie;

2) ?ic?iaea oai?aoe/ii? iiaeae? iaaeaaia?/ii? nenoaie ii?aeueiiai
aeoiaaiiy iieiaeoeo oeiey??a;

3) ?ic?iaea oa ai?iaaoe?y ae?aaiinoe/iiai eiiieaeno.

Ae?oaee aoai (1994-1996):

1) ae?aaiinoeea ?acoeueoaoeaiino? ooieoe?iioaaiiy ?aaeueii ?nioth/i?
nenoaie aoe/iiai ?icaeoeo iniaenoino? iieiaeoiai oeiey?a; aecia/aiiy
iiaeeeainoae oi?ioaaiiy ii?aeueieo iio?aa o iieiaeoiio oe?eueiiio a?oe?
a oiiaao caaaeueiiina?oiuei? oeiee;

2) ae?aaiinoeea iayaiiai ??aiy noi?iiaaiino? eiiiiiaio?a ii?aeueieo
iio?aa o eiio?ieueieo oa aenia?eiaioaeueieo eeanao;

3) oi?ioth/ee aenia?eiaio – ai?iaaaeaeaiiy e ia?aa??ea aoaeoeaiino?
?ic?iaeaii? nenoaie oi?ioaaiiy ii?aeueieo iio?aa iniaenoino? iieiaeoiai
oeiey?a.

O?ao?e aoai (1996-1998):

1) ia?iaea oa ocaaaeueiaiiy ?acoeueoao?a aenia?eiaioaeueii? ?iaioe;

2) ?ic?iaea ?aeiiaiaeaoe?e c i?aeoe/ii? ?aae?caoe?? cai?iiiiiaaii?
oaoiieia?? iaaeaaia?/iiai caaacia/aiiy oi?ioaaiiy ii?aeueieo iio?aa
iniaenoino? iieiaeoiai oeiey?a.

Ia??oioiaai?noue ? a??ia?aei?noue ?acoeueoao?a aeine?aeaeaiiy
caaacia/aia caaaeueieie oai?aoe/ieie iieiaeaiiyie oa ?o ni?aa?aeianaiiyi
c iaaeaaia?/iith oaoiieia??th; aeei?enoaiiyi noeoiiino?
aca?iiaeiiiaithth/eo iaoiae?a, aaeaeaaoieo eia?oe? aeine?aeaeaiiy;
e?euee?niei ? ye?niei aiae?cii oai?aoe/iiai e aii??e/iiai iaoa??aeo.

Iaoeiaa iiaecia aeine?aeaeaiiy iieyaa? a oiio, ui ia??oioiaaia
aeae?eaiiy no?oeoo?ieo ? ci?noiaieo eiiiiiaio?a ii?aeueieo iio?aa
iniaenoino? iieiaeoiai oeiey?a; ?icaeyioo? oeie iniaenoino? c
ia?aaaaith iaeiiai ?c no?oeoo?ieo eiiiiiaio?a oa ?o oa?aeoa?i? ?ene;
ia??oioiaaia nenoaia e?eoa???a, iieaciee?a, ??ai?a noi?iiaaiino?
ii?aeueieo iio?aa iniaenoino? iieiaeoiai oeiey?a; noi?ioeueiaai?
i?eioeeie iaaeaaia?/iiai caaacia/aiiy i?ioeano oi?ioaaiiy ii?aeueieo
iio?aa iieiaeoeo oeiey??a oa oiiae ?o iioei?caoe??.

Oai?aoe/ia cia/aiiy iieyaa? o noai?aii? e ia??oiooaaii? iiaeae?
iiaoaiiiai oi?ioaaiiy ii?aeueieo iio?aa iieiaeoeo oeiey??a a oiiaao
caaaeueiiina?oiuei? oeiee.

I?aeoe/ia cia/aiiy aeine?aeaeaiiy iia’ycaia c oei, ui iaie
cai?iiiiiaaii oaoiieia?th oi?ioaaiiy ii?aeueieo iio?aa iieiaeoeo
oeiey??a oa oiiae ?? canoinoaaiiy a iaa/aeueii-aeoiaiiio i?ioean?.
?ic?iaeai? i?ia?aie eo?no ethaeeiiciaanoaa oa eo?no aeoeaiiai
nioe?aeueiiai iaa/aiiy ae?oae iieiaeoiai oe?eueiiai a?eo a oiiaao
caaaeueiiina?oiuei? oeiee. I?aeaioiaeai? iaoiaee/i? ?aeiiaiaeaoe?? aeey
a/eoae?a, aeoiaaoae?a, aaouee?a uiaei aeei?enoaiiy oaoiieia??
iaaeaaia?/iiai caaacia/aiiy ii?aeueiiai oi?ioaaiiy iniaenoino?
iieiaeoiai oeiey?a. Cai?iiiiiaaia iaaeaaia?/ia oaoiieia?y oa i???ioe?e o
noai?aii? aeanieo iiaeaeae oi?ioaaiiy ii?aeueieo iio?aa iiaeooue aooe
aeei?enoai? a i?aeoeoe? ii/aoeiai? oa na?aaeiuei? eaiee
caaaeueiiina?oiuei? oeiee, iaa/aeueieo caeeaae?a iiaiai oeio, aeeoy/eo
aeoiaieo oa ?aaa?e?oaoe?eieo caeeaae?a.

Iniaenoee aianie aaoi?a: aecia/aiiy no?oeoo?ieo oa ci?noiaieo
eiiiiiaio?a ii?aeueieo iio?aa iniaenoino? iieiaeoiai oeiey?a; ?ic?iaea
oaoiieia?? iaaeaaia?/iiai caaacia/aiiy oi?ioaaiiy ii?aeueieo iio?aa
iniaenoino? iieiaeoiai oeiey?a; ia??oiooaaiiy iiaeae? iiaoaiiiai
oi?ioaaiiy ii?aeueieo iio?aa iieiaeoeo oeiey??a; i?ia?aie eo?no
ethaeeiiciaanoaa oa eo?no aeoeaiiai nioe?aeueiiai iaa/aiiy ae?oae
iieiaeoiai oe?eueiiai a?eo.

Ai?iaaoe?y oa ai?iaaaeaeaiiy ?acoeueoao?a aeine?aeaeaiiy
i?iaiaeeeeny oeyoii ?o aeei?enoaiiy a i?aeoe/i?e ae?yeueiino?
niaoe?ae?ciaaii? ?enia?eiaioaeueii? iiiaii?io?eueii? NO ? 57, NO ? 44,
?10 i.Eoaainueea, NO ?1, ?10 i.E?aniiai Eo/a, o ?iaio? i?eooeeo aeey
ae?oae oa i?aee?oe?a i.Eoaainueea, o ?iaio? Eoaainueeiai i?nueeiai
oeaio?o nioe?aeueieo neoaea aeey iieiae?, o iaa/aeueiiio i?ioean? ia
oaeoeueoao? i?aeaioiaee a/eoae?a ii/aoeiaeo eean?a EAeIO ?iai? Oa?ana
Oaa/aiea, oeyoii ioae?eaoe?? noaoae c i?iaeaie aeine?aeaeaiiy, aenooi?a
ia?aae iaaeaaia?/ieie i?aoe?aieeaie oe?e oa aeioe?eueieo caeeaae?a.
?acoeueoaoe aeine?aeaeaiiy i?aaenoaaeai? o 5 ioae?eaoe?yo (c ieo 4 o
oaoiaeo aeaeaiiyo).

No?oeoo?a aeena?oaoe??: ?iaioa neeaaea?oueny ?c anooio, aeaio
?icae?e?a, caaaeueieo aeniiae?a, a?ae?ia?ao?? (290 iaeiaioaaiue), 5
aeiaeaoe?a. Iniiaiee oaeno ?iaioe neeaaea? 145 noi??iie, i?noeoue 8
oaaeeoeue.

INIIAIEE CI?NO AeENA?OAOe??

O anooi? ia??oioiaothoueny aeooaeuei?noue i?iaeaie, aea?? oaie
aeine?aeaeaiiy; oi?ioeththoueny a?iioaca, iaoa e caaaeaiiy
aeine?aeaeaiiy; aecia/athoueny iaoeiaa iiaecia, oai?aoe/ia e i?aeoe/ia
cia/aiiy; iaaaaeaii iniiai? iieiaeaiiy, ui aeiinyoueny ia caoeno.

Ia?oee ?icae?e “Oai?aoeei-iaoiaeieia?/i? canaaee oi?ioaaiiy
ii?aeueieo iio?aa iniaenoino? iieiaeoiai oeiey?a” i?enay/aii
oai?aoe/iiio aiae?co i?iaeaie: ?icaeyaeathoueny o?einionuee?,
ineoieia?/i?, iaaeaaia?/i? i?aeoiaee aei aecia/aiiy eaoaai??? “iio?aaa”,
c?iaeaii iaeyae ?nioth/eo eeaneo?eaoe?e iio?aa iniaenoino?,
?icaeyaea?oueny eaoaai??y “ii?aeueia iio?aaa” ye ae?aeaeoe/ia ?aei?noue
caaaeueiiai e iniaeeaiai.

?acoeueoaoe oai?aoe/iiai aiae?co (I.?.Aiai?aa, I.E.Oe?aeia,
I.A.Ae?iaieoeueeee) aeicaieeee iai ocaaaeueieoe aeae?eueea
iniaeeainoae ii?aeueieo iio?aa ye niaoeeo?/ieo nioe?iaaiieo
(I.A.?iaaaa):

a) ii?aeuei? iio?aae yaeythoue niaith iacaeaaeiee a?ae ?ioeo iio?aa
? iioea?a noeioe aeeoo?ai? aeoeaiino?;

a) ii?aeuei? iio?aae yaeythoue niaith ae?yeuei?nia a?aeia?aaeaiiy
nenoaie iniaeno?nieo ii?i ethaeeie;

a) caniae e oeyoe caaeiaieaiiy ii?aeueieo iio?aa ethaeeie caaaeaee
a?aeiia?aeathoue aoe/iei ii?iai ?? nioe?oio;

a) aoe/ia iiaaae?iea ? aeey iniaenoino? c ?icaeiaieie ii?aeueieie
iio?aaaie naiioe?eeth;

ae) ?icaeiai? ii?aeuei? iio?aae aecia/athoue iine?aeiai?noue ?
caniae caaeiaieaiiy an?o ?ioeo iio?aa ethaeeie.

Aiae?c aoeei-o?einionueei? ? ineoieiai-iaaeaaia?/ii? e?oa?aoo?e
aeicaieea aaaaeaoe aieiaieie ooieoe?yie ii?aeueieo iio?aa:

– iioeaaoe?th (ye nenoaiinoai?thth/ee eiiiiiaio iio?aaiai-iioeaaoe?eii?
noa?e iniaenoino? ii?aeuei? iio?aae aieeaathoue ia aoaeue-yeee iioea
ae?yeueiino? oeyoii ni?aa?aeiioaiiy eiai c aoe/ieie ii?iaie);

– ?aaoeyoe?th (ii?aeuei? iio?aae ?aaoeththoue iine?aeiai?noue ? caniae
caaeiaieaiiy ?ioeo iio?aa ethaeeie);

– noeioeyoe?th (ii?aeuei? iio?aae niiioeathoue iniaeno?noue aei
ii?aeueii? aeoeaiino?, aeieea? ia?ao?ae iniaeno?nieo noinoie?a o
ae?yeuei?niee noai).

Nie?ath/enue ia ineoieia?/io iiaeaeue iniaenoino?, cai?iiiiiaaio
A.I.Iyn?uaaei, aea iniiaiei aeaiaioii ? noaaeaiiy ye aea??eiaee,
ona?aeiieaiee ca’ycie ethaeeie ?c cia/oueie aeey ia? ia’?eoaie, ? ia
aeae?eaiiy A.?.Aeiaeiiiaei iio?aae “a iniaeeaiio noaaeaii? aei aeeooy”,
aaaaea?ii i?aaii??iei aecia/aiiy i?aaeiaoii ii?aeueii? iio?aae ii?aeueia
noaaeaiiy aei naaa oa ?ioeo.

?icaeyaeaiiy ii?aeueiiai aniaeoo eaoaai??? “iio?aaa” aeyaey?
aaaeeea?noue “caniao iniaeno?niiai cae?eniaiiy” (N.E.?oa?iooaei),
i?aee?aneth? noa’?eoeai? yeino? iniaenoino?, ?? aeoeai?noue,
naiino?ei?noue, aaoi?noai aeanii? aeeoo?ae?yeueiino?, oiaoi ??
noa’?eoi?noue.

Noa’?eoi?noue iniaenoino? a/aieie (I.A.Ae?iaieoeueeee,
N.E.?oa?iooaei, A.I.Ionaaeyi, I.N.Eaaai oa ?i.) ?icaeyaea?oueny a o?ueio
iai?yieao: ye iaeaeuee i?iya ii?aeueii? iio?aae; ye oiiaa ?? ?nioaaiiy;
ye can?a ?? ?aae?caoe??. C oaeei i?aeoiaeii ocaiaeaeo?oueny iaoa
?icoi?iiy i?ioeano ii?aeueiiai ?icaeoeo iniaenoino? ia ye ianeaieo ci?i
o ?? ineo?/i?e i?aai?caoe??, a ye aeoeaiiai i?ioeano naiiaaeineiiaeaiiy,
aea iniaeno?noue aenooia? oai?/ei ii/aoeii ci?i. Aeoiaey/e c oiai, ui
aeuei ??aiai ?icaeoeo iniaenoino? ? ia?aoai?aiiy ?? a noa’?eo, ui ea?o?
aeaniith iiaaae?ieith ia i?ae ?iia?aoeaiei aieeaii, a ?aae?coth/e aeanio
ii?aeueio iio?aao, iaaeaaia?/iei caaaeaiiyi iiaeaii aaaaeaoe
noaiiaeaiiy noa’?eoiino? iniaenoino? ye oiiae oi?ioaaiiy ii?aeueieo
iio?aa ? ye caniao ?aae?caoe?? ii?aeueiiai noaaeaiiy.

Ia’?eoeai? aeoiee oi?ioaaiiy ii?aeueieo iio?aa o nioe?aeuei?e
i?aeno?oeoo?? iniaenoino? aacothoueny ia aca?iica’yceo ?iaeea?aea e
nioe?oio. Noa’?eoeai? aeoiee oi?ioaaiiy ii?aeueieo iio?aa ia
o?einionueeiio e ineoieia?/iiio ??aiyo iaa?oioiaothoueny aca?iiae??th
?aoe?iiaeueii?, aiioe?eii? ? aieueiai? noa? ( A.I.Ionaaeyi, A.?.
Aeiaeiiia oa ?i.).

Nie?ath/enue ia aeine?aeaeaiiy a aaeoc? nioe?iaaiieo iio?aa
(O.I. *oa?o?oa?e?, I.A.?iaaaa oa ?i.) ? oai??th
noaaeaiue (A.I.Iyn?uaa), aaaaea?ii, ui ii?aeuei? iio?aae iathoue
caaaeueio no?oeoo?o. ?icoi?iiy nooiino? ii?aeueieo iio?aa aeicaiey?
aecia/eoe ye ci?noiai? eiiiiiaioe ii?aeueieo iio?aa iniaenoino?
iieiaeoiai oeiey?a – noaaeaiiy aei naaa, noaaeaiiy aei ?iaaniee?a,
noaaeaiiy aei aei?ineeo, a ye no?oeoo?i? eiiiiiaioe – eiai?oeaiee
(nenoaia aoe/ieo oyaeaiue ? noaeaeaiue), aoaeoeaiee (aiioe?eia noaaeaiiy
aei aoe/ieo oe?iiinoae, ia?aaeeaaiiy caaeiaieaiiy a?ae ?aae?caoe??
ii?aeueii? iio?aae), eiiaoeaiee (noaea i?aaiaiiy ?aae?caoe?? noa?aioei?a
iiaaae?iee, caniiaaieo ia ?ioa??i?eciaaieo aoe/ieo ii?iao). On? oe?
eiiiiiaioe o?nii aca?iiiia’ycai? e aca?iiae?thoue i?ae niaith,
caaacia/oth/e iaoai?ci ae?? ii?aeueieo iio?aa.

Ioaea, ii?aeuei? iio?aae iia’ycai? c ?icoi?iiyi, a?ae/oooyi ?
?aae?caoe??th ii?aeueiiai noaaeaiiy aei naaa oa ?ioeo ?
oa?aeoa?ecothoueny aa?iii?eiith ?aei?noth aeoiie, ii/ooo?a oa ae?e,
ocaiaeaeaieo c aoe/ieie ii?iaie.

Ia i?aenoaa? aeeeaaeaiiai aeua ii?aeuei? iio?aae iiaeooue aooe
aecia/ai? ye

oaea oi?ia naii?aae?caoe??, ui iaeneiaeueii a?aoiao? ?ioa?ane ?ioeo,
a?ae??ciy?oueny oe?e?ni?noth eiai?oeaiiai, aoaeoeaiiai e eiiaoeaiiai
eiiiiiaio?a oa aeyaey?oueny a ?aaeueieo aoe/ieo noinoieao..

Aaeeea ni?eeiyoeea?noue, caeaoi?noue eaaei canaithaaoe ciaiiy e
ii?ie (o oiio /ene? aoe/i?) ? a oie aea /an oi?iaeuei?noue ni?eeiyooy e
canai?iiy (I.N.Eaeoan) iaeeaaeathoue nai???aeiee a?aeaeoie ia oa?aeoa?
oi?ioaaiiy ii?aeueieo iio?aa o iieiaeoiio oe?eueiiio a?oe? e
iio?aaothoue ei?aeoe?? a i?ioean? aeoiaaiiy. Ei?aeoe?y, ia iao iiaeyae,
iieyaa? a oe?eani?yiiaaiiio oi?ioaaii? noa’?eoiino?, oiio ia ia?oee
ieai o nenoai? noaaeaiue iniaenoino? iieiaeoiai oeiey?a ie aenoaa?ii
oi?ioaaiiy noaaeaiiy aei naaa, iiceoeaii? ss-eiioeaioe??.

Nie?ath/enue ia aeyaeai? ineoieia?/i? iniaeeaino? ae?oae
iieiaeoiai oe?eueiiai a?eo, ie ?iaeii aeniiaee i?i naiceoeai?noue
oeueiai a?eiaiai ia??iaeo aei oi?ioaaiiy ii?aeueiiai noaaeaiiy aei naaa
oa ?ioeo ye i?aaeiaoo ii?aeueieo iio?aa.

O oiae? ?iaioe aoei aecia/aii o?e aoaie oi?ioaaiiy ii?aeueieo
iio?aa iniaenoino? iieiaeoiai oeiey?a: aeoooae?coth/ee (anoaiiaeaiiy
iiceoeaiiai noaaeaiiy aei aoe/ieo i?iaeai); iioeaaoe?eiee (aeoiaaiiy
aoe/ieo iioea?a);

ae?yeuei?niee (oi?ioaaiiy aioiaiino? aei ae?yeuei?niiai i?iyao
ii?aeueiiai noaaeaiiy). Aeey eiaeiiai aoaio ia iniia? oai?aoe/ieo ?
ae?aaiinoe/ieo aeaieo ?icaeyaea?oueny caaaeaiiy (aeinyaiaiiy
iiainoai?aiue aeey ianooiiiai aoaio), iniiaia i?ioe??//y, nai???aei?noue
?icaeoeo nenoaie noaaeaiue, iai?yiee ?icaeoeo eiai?oeaii?, aoaeoeaii?,
eiiaoeaii? noa?e, iniaeeaino? i?aai?caoe?? iaaeaaia?/ii aeioe?eueii?
aca?iiae??.

I?ioeanoaeueiee aniaeo iaaeaaia?/iiai caaacia/aiiy oi?ioaaiiy
ii?aeueieo iio?aa ia?aaeaa/a? o?aooaaiiy iniaeeainoae eiaeiiai aoaio, a
ci?noiaee aniaeo – ?aei?noue eiiiiiaio?a ii?aeueii? iio?aae, ?o
aca?iica‘ycie, ui caaacia/o? iayai?noue ??cieo ??ai?a noi?iiaaiino?
ii?aeueieo iio?aa.

??ai? noi?iiaaiino? ii?aeueieo iio?aa iieiaeoiai oeiey?a
aecia/athoueny ia iniia? noeoiiino? e?eoa???a ? iieaciee?a. Aiae?c
ineoieiai-iaaeaaia?/ii? e?oa?aoo?e aeicaieea iai aeae?eeoe ci?no
e?eoa???a.

O eiai?oeai?e noa?? e?eoa??? a?aeia?aaeathoue iayai?noue
nenoaie aoe/ieo oyaeaiue, aieiae?iiy aoe/ieie iiiyooyie, iayai?noue
ciaiue i?i naaa, i?i cia/ou?noue iiceoeaiiai noaaeaiiy aei naaa oa
?ioeo, naiino?ei?noue oa noae?noue noaeaeaiue i?i aoe/i? noinoiee.

Aoaeoeaia noa?a oa?aeoa?eco?oueny ni?yiiaai?noth aiioe?eieo
?aaeoe?e, aiioe?eiei noaaeaiiyi aei naaa, ?iaaniee?a, aei?ineeo, aei
ii?aeueii aaaiii? ae?yeueiino? e aei naaa a i?ioean? oe??? ae?yeueiino?,
oi?iiy eiio?iethaaoe na?e aiioe?eiee noai.

O eiiaoeai?e noa?? e?eoa??? a?aeia?aaeathoue ?acoeueoaoe
ae?yeueiino?, noae? oi?ie iiaaae?iee ia iniia? aoe/ieo ii?i,
naii?aaoeyoe?th.

O eiai?oeaiiio, aoaeoeaiiio e eiiaoeaiiio e?eoa??yo ie
aeae?ey?ii iieacieee ca nioe?aeueiith iniiaith (aaeaeaaoi?noue,
ona?aeiieai?noue, aeia??eia?noue), iieacieee ca ineoieia?/iith iniiaith
(aeeaeia, aio/e?noue, noae?noue). Ia iniia? ci?noo e?eoa???a ie
aeae?eeee o?e ??ai? noi?iiaaiino? ii?aeueieo iio?aa iniaenoino?
iieiaeoiai oeiey?a (iecueeee, na?aaei?e, aenieee) ? iieacieee, ui ?o
oa?aeoa?ecothoue.

Aeia?? e?eoa???a, iieaciee?a, aecia/aiiy ??ai?a noi?iiaaiino?
ii?aeueieo iio?aa iieiaeoiai oeiey?a noaa i?aenoieii oai?aoe/ii? /anoeie
aeine?aeaeaiiy.

O ae?oaiio ?icae?e? “I?iaeooaaiiy iaaeaaia?/ii? oaoiieia??
oi?ioaaiiy ii?aeueieo iio?aa iniaenoino? iieiaeoiai oeiey?a” ca
i?ia?aiith aii??e/iiai aeine?aeaeaiiy, ?ic?iaeaiith c o?aooaaiiyi
oai?aoe/ieo aniaeo?a i?iaeaie, cae?eniaii aiae?c ?nioth/i? i?aeoeee
ii?aeueiiai oi?ioaaiiy iieiaeoeo oeiey??a, iienaii oaoiieia?th ? iiaeaii
?ioa?i?aoaoe?th ?acoeueoao?a oi?ioth/iai e eiio?iethth/iai
aenia?eiaio?a.

O eiinoaooth/iio aenia?eiaio? cae?eniaii aiae?c i?aeoeee
aoe/iiai ?icaeoeo iniaenoino? iieiaeoiai oeiey?a, aecia/ai? eiai
iniaeeaino? e i?e/eie, ui oneeaaeiththoue oeae i?ioean. Aeey oeueiai ie
aeei?enoiaoaaee iaoiae naiiioe?ithaaiiy c iiaeaeueoith
eiioaio-aiae?oe/iith ia?iaeith, iiae?o?eiaaiee c o?aooaaiiyi caaaeaiue
aeine?aeaeaiiy oa a?eiaeo iniaeeainoae ae?oae; iaoiaeeeo “Iacae?i/ai?
?a/aiiy”; aieaooaaiiy.

?acoeueoaoe i?aeoaa?aeeee oai?aoe/i? aeniiaee i?i
aca?iica’ycie ? eia?eo ?icaeoeo eiiiiiaio?a iio?aa o ii?aeueieo
noinoieao o iieiaeoiio oe?eueiiio a?oe?; i?i naiceoeai?noue iieiaeoeo
oeiey??a aei oe?eani?yiiaaiiai ii?aeueiiai oi?ioaaiiy; i?i ci?no aoai?a
oi?ioaaiiy ii?aeueieo iio?aa. I?aeoaa?aeaeaii i?eiouaiiy i?i
??ciini?yiiaaiee oa?aeoa? i?iyao ?aeiino? aeoiie, ii/ooo?a, iiaaae?iee;
oiiaii aeae?eaii o?e oeie ae?oae (c ia?aaaaith eiai?oeaiiai eiiiiiaioo;
c ia?aaaaith aoaeoeaiiai eiiiiiaioo; c ia?aaaaith eiiaoeaiiai
eiiiiiaioo) ? aecia/aii ?o oa?aeoa?i? ?ene.

O i?ioean? aeine?aeaeaiiy ie canoiniaoaaee aenia?eiaioaeuei? oa
iicaaenia?eiaioaeuei? iaoiaee: eiiieaenia i?iaeoeaia ?ioa?a’th
A.I?oaea, aaeaioiaaia aei oe?eae iaoiai aeine?aeaeaiiy; aeeth/aia
nieaiiaaia niinoa?aaeaiiy, i?aaeiaoii yeiai aoee ?iaeea?aeoaeuei?
iniaeeaino? ae?yeueiino? oa ni?eeoaaiiy eiaeii? aeeoeie o cae/ieo oiiaao
oa o ooo/ii noai?aieo neooaoe?yo a?eueiiai ii?aeueiiai aeai?o.
?acoeueoaoe niinoa?aaeaiue oa ?ioa?a’th eiaeii? aeeoeie eiio?ieueiiai oa
aenia?eiaioaeueiiai eean?a i?aeeyaaee aiae?oe/i?e ia?iaoe?.

E??i oiai, ie io?eioaaee aeiaeaoeiao ?ioi?iaoe?th i?i
noi?iiaai?noue ci?noiaieo eiiiiiaio?a: noaaeaiiy aei naaa – ca
?acoeueoaoaie ii?aeueii? naiiioe?iee “sseee ss?”; noaaeaiiy aei
?iaaniee?a – ca ?acoeueoaoaie nioe?iiao???; noaaeaiiy aei aei?ineeo – ca
?acoeueoaoaie iacaeaaeiiai ioe?ithaaiiy aeeoeie aaoueeaie oa a/eoaeai.

Iai?yia i?aeoaa?aeaeaiiy iaoeo aeniiae?a uiaei ??aiy ?icaeoeo
no?oeoo?ieo eiiiiiaio?a ii?aeueii? iio?aae ie io?eioaaee, aiae?coth/e
??aaiue oai?/i? aeoeaiino? (eiai?oeaiee eiiiiiaio), ??aaiue o?eaiae oa
aa?an??

(aoaeoeaiee eiiiiiaio), ??aaiue naiieiio?ieth oa aeia?eueiino? o
iiaaae?ioe? (eiiaoeaiee eiiiiiaio).

Oi?ioth/ee aenia?eiaio i?iaiaeeany o?e ?iee (c 1-ai ii 3-e
eeane), ui iaoiiaeaii eiia?othaeiei oa?aeoa?ii aeine?aeaeaiiy. Ca?aeii
c eia?eith eiia?othaeiiai aeine?aeaeaiiy noi?iiaai?noue ii?aeueieo
iio?aa ae?aaiinooaaeany ia an?o eiai aoaiao, o?enoaaeenue ci?ie a
eiai?oeai?e, aoaeoeai?e ? eiiaoeai?e noa?ao ii?aeueiiai noaaeaiiy aei
naaa, ?iaaniee?a ? aei?ineeo ia ii/aoeo e iai?ee?ioe? iaa/aeueiiai ?ieo.
Oea aeicaieeei ioe?ieoe ?icaeoie ci?noiaeo eiiiiiaio?a, aeyaeoe
aeeiai?eo ?icaeoeo no?oeoo?ieo eiiiiiaio?a ii?aeueieo iio?aa, ?o
aca?iica’ycie ? i?inoaaeeoe ci?ie, aei yeeo i?ecaiaeea a iniaenoino?
iieiaeoeo oeiey??a i?aai?ciaaiee oe?eani?yiiaaiee iaaeaaia?/iee aieea.

O eiio?ieueieo a?oiao canoiniaoaaeany o?aaeeoe?eia nenoaia
ii?aeueiiai aeoiaaiiy, a a aenia?eiaioaeueieo – ?ic?iaeaia iaie
oaoiieia?y iaaeaaia?/iiai caaacia/aiiy i?ioeano oi?ioaaiiy ii?aeueieo
iio?aa iniaenoino?.

Aieiai? caaaeaiiy oi?ioth/iai aenia?eiaioo iieyaaee o ia?aa??oe?
iiaeae? iiaoaiiiai oi?ioaaiiy ii?aeueieo iio?aa iniaenoino? iieiaeoiai
oeiey?a ? aoaeoeaiino? ?ic?iaeaii? iaaeaaia?/ii? oaoiieia??.

Aeey noai?aiiy aoaeoeaii? iaaeaaia?/ii? nenoaie iaie a?ae?a?aii
oi?aa?naeuei? iiaeoe? e i?i?iiaeoe? iaaeaaia?/iiai caaacia/aiiy
ii?aeueiiai oi?ioaaiiy. ?o aea?? aoei coiiaeaii ocaaaeueiaieie
i?eioeeiaie i?aai?caoe?? iaaeaaia?/iiai aieeao e aeyaeaieie oiiaaie eiai
iioei?caoe??.

Iaie aoee ciiaeaeueiaai? e ai?iaiaai? o?e noeoii? oi?ie
iaaeaaia?/iiai aieeao: o?iioaeueia (eo?n ethaeeiiciaanoaa “ss ? Oe”),
a?oiiaa (?iaioa a i?e?ia?oiao ca i?ia?aiith aeoeaiiai nioe?aeueiiai
iaa/aiiy “Oeiea /a??aiee?a”), ?iaeea?aeoaeueia (ei?aeoe?eia
ineoieiai-iaaeaaia?/ia ?iaioa); aecia/ai? ?o iiceoeai? e iaaaoeai?
oa?aeoa?enoeee. Cai?iiiiiaai? aa??aioe iaaeaaia?/iiai caaacia/aiiy
oi?ioaaiiy ii?aeueieo iio?aa ia o?ieao oai?/iai iai?yieo (o?iee
?eoi?eee, ioceeaeueii? eoeueoo?e, ?eoi?ee e ieanoeee, ooaeiaeiy i?aoey).
Oe? iniiai? iiaeoe? neeaaeaeeny c ??cieo eiia?iaoe?e i?i?iiaeoe?a:
?a?iaiai iiaeaethaaiiy, neooaoe?e a?eueiiai ii?aeueiiai aeai?o,
aca?iiae?? a i?e?ia?oiao, eieaeoeaii? oai?/i? ae?yeueiino?, eyeueeiai?
oaao?ae?caoe??, aan?ae, ineoia?iianoeee, ooaeiaeiuei? oai?/ino?,
ienueiiaeo ?ia?o.

Aioo??oiy eia?ea caiyoue aenia?eiaioaeueiiai eo?no
ethaeeiiciaanoaa “ss ? Oe” ?ice?eaa?oueny /a?ac iine?aeiai? e?iee:
a?aee?eooy – ciaeiinoai c aoe/iith i?iaeaiith; inieneaiiy – aeaoaeueiee
?icaeyae ??cieo aniaeo?a i?iaeaie; oai?/a ?ioa?i?aoaoe?y – ae?iaeaiiy
aeaniiai ?icoi?iiy i?iaeaie, oai?/?noue (noai?aiiy ioce/iiai cao/aiiy,
i?eoia?ai, eieuei?iaiai cia?aaeaiiy, oaoi?/ieo eiino?oeoe?e, iiaia
oai?/?noue: eacee, a??o?, iinoaiiaea caieoaiue). Caaaeaiiy oeueiai
eo?no: iciaeiieaiiy ae?oae c caaaeueiiethaenueeeie oe?iiinoyie, aaciaeie
aoe/ieie ii?iaie, ?icaeoie aoiaiiiai noaaeaiiy aei naaa oa ?ioeo,
noaiiaeaiiy iio?aae o naiii?ciaii?, i???ioaoe?y ia iaianeeueieoeueeo
iaia?o iiaaae?iee, ?icaeoie oi?iue ioe?ii/ii? ae?yeueiino? oa ?i.
Iniiai? iaoiaee iaa/aiiy: aan?aee, a?eueia oa oaiaoe/ia iaethaaiiy,
?a?e-ae?aiaoecaoe??, i?i?-oai?e, eiieo?ne, niinoa?aaeaiiy ca niaith oa
?ioeie, eieaeoeai? iaaiai?aiiy, caiene o caienieeao ? o.?i. Iaea?eueoiai
aieeao cacia? eiaieoeaia oa aoaeoeaia noa?e.

Aeoeaia nioe?aeueia iaa/aiiy ie ?icoi??ii ye i?ia?aio ?ioaineaiiai
nioe?aeueiiai ?icaeoeo e naiiaaeineiiaeaiiy iniaenoino? ca aeiiiiiaith
o?ai?iaiaeo iaoiae?a. O nenoai? aeoiaaiiy iieiaeoeo oeiey??a ie
aeei?enoiaoaaee ?? ye ae?aaiinoeei-ei?aeoe?eiee iaoiae, ni?yiiaaiee ia
aeyaeaiiy ia?niaeoea ?icaeoeo iniaenoino?, ciyooy iaaaoeaieo onoaiiaie,
noaiiaeaiiy iiceoeaii? ss-eiioeaioe?? ? aoiaiiiai noaaeaiiy aei
?iaaniee?a ? aei?ineeo. Ine?eueee oiiaith aoaeoeaiino? i?ioeano
oi?ioaaiiy ii?aeueieo iio?aa ? ?icaeoie noa’?eoiino? iniaenoino?,
aaaeeeai uia eiaeia aeeoeia ciiaea naiino?eii c?icoi?oe aeani?
iiaeeeaino? e o?oaeiiu? a eiie?aoieo neooaoe?yo aca?iiae??. I?ia?aia
“Oeiea /a??aiee?a” aeicaiey? eiaeiiio o/ith aecia/eoe aeey naaa na?e oei
ni?eeiyooy, na?e noeeue ni?eeoaaiiy oiui, oiaoi noai?ththoueny oiiae
aeey a?eueo aoaeoeaiiai ?icaeoeo aoaeoeaiiai oa eiiaoeaiiai eiiiiiaio?a
ii?aeueieo iio?aa. ?iaioa i?iaiaeeeany a o?e aoaie (i???ioiaiee,
oi?ioth/ee, i?iaeoeaiee), eiaeai neeaaeaany c 4 aeie?a: aa?aaeuei? oa
iaaa?aaeuei? caniae a?aeia?aaeaiiy; noai?aiiy oyaeaiue i?i aeanio
oe?ii?noue oa aacoiiaio oe?ii?noue ?ioiai; ?aaoeyoe?y iiaaae?iee ia
iniia? aoe/ieo ii?i. Iniiai? iaoiaee: a?oiiaa iaaiai?aiiy,
ineoia?iianoeea, iaoiae “?aiaoeoe?? iiaaae?iee”, ?a?a, ooaeiaeiy oa
oaioethaaeueia ?ii?ia?caoe?y oa ?i.

?iaeea?aeoaeueia ei?aeoe?eia ?iaioa c iieiaeoeie oeiey?aie a
aenia?eiaioaeueiiio eean? i?iaiaeeeany ca oaeith noaiith:

– aecia/aiiy i?ia?aeiiai eiiiiiaioo ii?aeueii? iio?aae oa ??aiy eiai
noi?iiaaiino?;

– iaaeaiiy i?ia?aeiiio eiiiiiaioo ii?aeueiiai caaa?aeaiiy;

– eiino?othaaiiy iiaeae? iaaeaaia?/iiai aieeao c iii?ith ia i?ia?aeiee
eiiiiiaio oa i?aeneeaiei aieeaii ia ?io? c iaoith aa?iii?caoe??
ii?aeueiiai ?icaeoeo;

– ?aae?caoe?y iiaeae?.

?ic?iaeaia oaoiieia?y aeicaiey? noai?eoe iaiao?aei?
ineoieiai-iaaeaaia?/i? oiiae aeey oi?ioaaiiy ii?aeueieo iio?aa
iniaenoino? iieiaeoiai oeiey?a a oiiaao caaaeueiiina?oiuei? oeiee.

Cai?iiiiiaaia iiaeaeue iiaoaiiiai oi?ioaaiiy ii?aeueieo iio?aa
iieiaeoiai oeiey?a aeaeyaea? ye iine?aeiaiee ?icaeoie nenoaie
noaaeaiue iniaenoino? (ci?noiaieo eiiiiiaio?a), aeeiai?ea yeiai
coiiaeaia ae??oaiiyi i?ia?aeiiai i?ioe??//y eiaeiiai aoaio. Aeey
eiaeiiai aoaio iaie ?ic?iaeai? iaaeaaia?/i? caaaeaiiy, iai?yiee
?icaeoeo no?oeoo?ieo eiiiiiaio?a, aeiiae aei i?aai?caoe?? iaaeaaia?/iiai
caaacia/aiiy i?ioeano. ?acoeueoaoii eiaeiiai aoaio noa? aeieeiaiiy
iiainoai?aiiy, iaiao?aeiiai aeey ae??oaiiy i?ioe??//y. Aecia/aiei aoaiai
a?aeiia?aeathoue ??ai? noi?iiaaiiino? ii?aeueieo iio?aa iniaenoino?
iieiaeoiai oeiey?a. Oi?ioth/ee aenia?eiaio iieacaa, ui ?ic?iaeaia iaie
oaoiieia?y iaaeaaia?/iiai caaacia/aiiy ?icaeoeo ii?aeueieo iio?aa
iniaenoino? iieiaeoiai oeiey?a a?aeiia?aea? cai?iiiiiaai?e iiaeae?
iiaoaiiiai ?o oi?ioaaiiy. Aio/e?noue eiia?ioaaiiy iiaeoe?a oa
i?i?iiaeoe?a, noeoiia aeei?enoaiiy ??cieo oi?i iaaeaaia?/iiai aieeao
aeicaiey? caaacia/oaaoe eiaei?e iniaenoino? iaiao?aei? oiiae aeey
ii?aeueiiai ?icaeoeo.

O i?ioean? aeine?aeieoeueei? ?iaioe ie aeae?eeee e o?aoiaoaaee
a?eia? oaiaeaioe?? (aeineoue e?eoe/ia noaaeaiiy aei ?ioi?iaoe?? oa
aeae?a ae?yeueiino?; aeoeaio ia ciai?oi? ianoaaeie ae?yeueiino? oa
ni?eeoaaiiy; iano?ee? ?ioa?ane; aacoiiaiee aaoi?eoao o/eoaey) oa
?iaeea?aeoaeuei? iniaeeaino? (ioe?iia iiceoe?y, iniaeno?nii-ineoieia?/i?
oa?aeoa?enoeee, nooi?iue nioe?aeueii? aaeaioaoe??, iniaeno?ni?
ii?ooaiiy), ui aieeaathoue ia oi?ioaaiiy ii?aeueieo iio?aa; iniaeeaino?
iaaeaaia?/iiai caaacia/aiiy oeueiai i?ioeano a ii/aoeiaeo eeanao; aeaye?
iaiao?aei? iniaeno?nii-i?ioan?ei? yeino? iaaeaaiaa.

Ii??aiyeueiee aiae?c ?acoeueoao?a aenia?eiaioo aeyaea ci?ie a
??aiyo noi?iiaaiino? ii?aeueieo iio?aa a aenia?eiaioaeueieo e
eiio?ieueieo a?oiao, ui aeicaieeei aecia/eoe eiao?oe??ioe noi?iiaaiino?
ii?aeueieo iio?aa: Ea = 2,38; Ee = 1,82. Iii?oia ??cieoey na?ae/eoue
i?i aoaeoeai?noue ai?iaiaaii? iiaeae?.

Oaaeeoey 1

??ai? noi?iiaaiino? ii?aeueieo iio?aa % 1 ??e EA
AA 2 ??e

EA AA 3 ??e

EA AAAenieee0 3,43,6
31,010,7 44,8Na?aaei?e64,2 55,264,2
51,760,7 48,3Iecueeee35,8
41,432,2 17,328,6 6,2

Ine?eueee eiiiiiaioe iio?aae yaeythoue niaith naiino?ei? noa?e
e iai?yiee noaaeaiiy iniaenoino?, ie i?iaaee aiae?c ?acoeueoao?a
?icaeoeo eiaeiiai eiiiiiaioo, yeee i?aeoaa?aeea oai?aoe/i? aeniiaee i?i
aeeiai?/iee oa?aeoa? eiiiiiaio?a ii?aeueieo iio?aa ? aeicaieea
i?inoaaeeoe ye?ni? oa e?euee?ni? ci?ie a aenia?eiaioaeueieo e
eiio?ieueieo a?oiao.

Ca?eueoaiiy iieaciee?a aenia?eiaioaeueieo a?oiao neeaaea?
1,24-3,05 aae?a, eiio?ieueieo – 0,88-1,97 aae?a. A aenia?eiaioaeueieo
a?oiao iaea?eueoee ?icaeoie niinoa??aaany a eiaieoeai?e (3,05) ?
aoaeoeai?e (2,95) noa?ao. Ie iiynith?ii oea oe?eani?yiiaaiei
iaaeaaia?/iei aieeaii. A eiio?ieueieo a?oiao iieacieee ca?eueoeeeny ia
1,56 oa 1,48 aaea a?aeiia?aeii.

Eiiaoeaia noa?a iaea?eueo neeaaeii oi?io?oueny, oiio ca?eueoaiiy
iieaciee?a c oeueiai eiiiiiaioo ii?aeueii? iio?aae ii??aiyii iaaaeeeee ?
a aenia?eiaioaeueieo (1,75), ? a eiio?ieueieo (1,09) a?oiao. ??cieoey
i?ae iieacieeaie noaaeaiiy aei naaa ia 1-io ? 3-io ?ieao iaa/aiiy
neeaaeathoue o eiio?ieueieo a?oiao – 1,28; a aenia?eiaioaeueieo – 2,8
aaea. Uiaei noa?e ii?aeueiiai noaaeaiiy aei ?ioeo, oi iaeiaio ci?ieeiny
noaaeaiiy aei aei?ineeo: a eiio?ieueieo – 0,88, a aenia?eiaioaeueieo –
1,24 aaea. Oea iiynith?oueny a?eiaeie iniaeeainoyie iieiaeoeo oeiey??a
– aenieei aaoi?eoaoii cia/ouiai aei?ineiai e oiio noaa?euei?noth
noaaeaiiy aei iueiai.

Iii?oi? ci?ie o noaaeaii? aei naaa ae?oae aenia?eiaioaeueieo a?oi
aeyaeee ?acoeueoaoe aea/aiiy ii?aeueiiai naiiioe?ithaaiiy “sseee ss?”
sseui a eiio?ieueieo a?oiao naiioe?ithaaiiy ia? iii?oio oaiaeaioe?th aei
cieaeaiiy, oi a aenia?eiaioaeueieo – aei aaeaeaaoiiai c?inoaiiy.
Ia’?eoeaaoe?? naiiioe?iee ni?eyee aenia?eiaioaeuei? eo?ne, ui
caaacia/oaaee ae?oae ciaiiyie i?i naaa, aeaaaee iiaeeea?noue ?aae?caoe??
oai?/iai iioaioe?aeo, ni?eyee nioe?aeuei?e aaeaioaoe??.

?acoeueoaoe nioe?iiao??? aeiaaee aoaeoeai?noue oi?ioaaiiy
ii?aeueiiai noaaeaiiiy aei ?iaaniee?a – a aenia?eiaioaeueieo a?oiao a
aaaaoueio ae?oae ae??n nioe?aeueiee noaoon, e??i oiai, noinoiee e
ni?eeoaaiiy noaee a?eueo ci?noiaieie e ei?aeoieie.

Aea/ath/e noaaeaiiy aei aei?ineeo, e??i eiiieaenieo
ae?aaiinoe/ieo iaoiaeee, ie nei?enoaeeny ?acoeueoaoaie iacaeaaeieo
oa?aeoa?enoee aaoueeaie oa a/eoaeai. O eiio?ieueieo a?oiao iieacieee
iaeaea ia ci?ieeeny, a a aenia?eiaioaeueieo noaeeny iii?oi? ci?ie. O
eo?n? aeoeaiiai nioe?aeueiiai iaa/aiiy ie i?eae?eyee aaeeeo oaaao
iiaaae?ioe? a eiioe?eoieo neooaoe?yo, aeoiaeo c ieo, a niinoa?aaeaiiy
iieacaee, ui ae?oe canoiniaothoue io?eiai? oi?iiy a ?aaeueieo oiiaao,
a?aeaeath/e ia?aaaao ie?iiio ae??oaiith eiioe?eo?a.

I?aenoieia? aeai? iaoaiaoe/ii? ia?iaee ?acoeueoao?a
aeine?aeaeaiiy i?aeoaa?aeeee aoaeoeai?noue cai?iiiiiaaii? iiaeae?
iaaeaaia?/iiai caaacia/aiiy oi?ioaaiiy ii?aeueieo iio?aa iniaenoino?
iieiaeoiai oeiey?a.

?acoeueoaoe aeine?aeaeaiiy aeicaieeee c?iaeoe oae? aeniiaee:

1. Oe?eani?yiiaaia oi?ioaaiiy ii?aeueieo iio?aa iniaenoino?
iieiaeoiai oeiey?a yaey? niaith iiaoaiiee iaaeaaia?/iee i?ioean,
i?aai?ciaaiee c o?aooaaiiyi a?eiaeo oa ?iaeea?aeoaeueieo iniaeeainoae. O
iueiio oi?io?oueny nenoaia noaaeaiue aei naaa oa ?ioeo, aeieea? ?
?icaeaa?oueny noa’?eoi?noue iniaenoino?, oiaoi ii?aeueia
naiino?ei?noue, aioo??oiy iacaeaaei?noue. Oea aeoaea aaaeeeai a
ii/aoeiaeo eeanao, ai iieiaeo? oeiey?? noeeuei? aei oi?iaeueiiai
canai?iiy cai?iiiiiaaieo aoe/ieo ii?i, aei oiai ae aacoiiaiee aaoi?eoao
aei?ineiai ii?aeio?oueny c iaoaaaeiei noaaeaiiyi aei ?iaaniee?a oa /anoi
iaaaeeaaoiith naiiioe?ieith. Ioiae, i?eioeeiiaith oiiaith aoaeoeaiino?
oi?ioaaiiy ii?aeueieo iio?aa iieiaeoeo oeiey??a ? ?icaeoie
“noa’?eo-noa’?eoieo” a?aeiinei aeeoeie ?c ?iaanieeaie oa aei?ineeie.

2.No?oeoo?a ii?aeueieo iio?aa iieiaeoiai oeiey?a aeicaiey? iai
aaaaeaoe iieacieeii ?o noi?iiaaiino? aa?iii?eio ?aei?noue aoe/ieo
aeoiie, ii/ooo?a oa iiaaae?iee. O ae?oae iieiaeoiai oe?eueiiai a?eo
i?ia?aeiith ? ?ioi?iaoe?eii-iia?aoe?eia noa?a, ui a ii?aeiai? ?c
aaciina?aaei?noth oa yne?aa?noth aiioe?ieo ia?aaeeaaiue oa noeeuei?noth
aei oi/iiai aeio?eiaiiy cai?iiiiiaaieo ii?i ? i?aaee noai?th? iniiao
aeey aoaeoeaiiai oi?ioaaiiy ii?aeueieo iio?aa ca oiia caaeainiaaiiai
iaaeaaia?/iiai aieeao ia eiai?oeaio, aoaeoeaio oa eiiaoeaio noa?e.

3. O i?ioeanoaeueiiio aniaeo? iaaeaaia?/ia caaacia/aiiy
oi?ioaaiiy ii?aeueieo iio?aa ia?aaeaa/a? o?aooaaiiy iniaeeainoae
eiaeiiai c o?ueio aoai?a, ye? oa?aeoa?ecothoueny ae??oaiiyi i?ia?aeiiai
i?ioe??//y, ui aeieea? i?ae iaaeaaia?/ieie aeiiaaie aei nenoaie
noaaeaiue o/iy oa eiai iiaeeeainoyie a?aeiia?aeaoe oeei aeiiaai, a
oaeiae i?ae eiai?oeaiei, aoaeoeaiei, eiiaoeaiei eiiiiiaioaie ii?aeueii?
iio?aae /a?ac ??ciee nooi?iue ?o ?icaeoeo.

4. Ci?noiaiee aniaeo iaaeaaia?/iiai caaacia/aiiy neeaaea?
?aei?noue eiiiiiaio?a ii?aeueii? iio?aae, ?o aca?iica’ycie ?
aca?iiaieea, ocaiaeaeai?noue ci?noiaieo oa no?oeoo?ieo eiiiiiaio?a
ii?aeueieo iio?aa, ??ciiiai?oi?noue ?o oi?i oa ca’yce?a i?ae niaith, ui
coiiaeth? iayai?noue ??cieo ??ai?a noi?iiaaiino? ii?aeueieo iio?aa.

5.Aiae?c ?acoeueoao?a aenia?eiaioo i?aeoaa?aeea oai?aoe/ia
iieiaeaiiy i?i ??ciini?yiiaaiee oa?aeoa? i?iyao ii?aeueieo iio?aa,
coiiaeaiee a?eueo aenieei ??aiai ?icaeoeo iaeiiai ?c no?oeoo?ieo
eiiiiiaio?a. Aeoiaey/e c oeueiai, aeae?eythoueny o?e oeie ae?oae: c
ia?aaaaith eiai?oeaiiai eiiiiiaioo; c ia?aaaaith aoaeoeaiiai eiiiiiaioo;
c ia?aaaaith eiiaoeaiiai eiiiiiaioo.

6. Ia i?ioean oi?ioaaiiy ii?aeueieo iio?aa iieiaeoeo oeiey??a
aieeaathoue oae? oaeoi?e: nioe?aeuei?, iia’ycai? c iniaeeainoyie
nioe?aeueiiai noaio ioi/aiiy aeeoeie, oeiii ? no?oeoo?ith ?? ?iaeeie,
nioe?aeueiei noaoonii aeeoeie a eean?, aoi?/ieie iniaeeainoyie;
ineoieia?/i?, coiiaeai? iniaeno?nieie iniaeeainoyie
iio?aaiai-iioeaaoe?eii?, aieueiai? oa aoaeoeaii? noa? aeeoeie;
iaaeaaia?/i?, iia’ycai? ?c niaoeeo?eith cania?a, oi?i ? iaoiae?a
iaaeaaia?/iiai aieeao.

Ia iniia? ?acoeueoao?a, iaea?aeaieo o oiae? aeine?aeaeaiiy, iaie
noi?ioeueiaai? iaoiaee/i? ?aeiiaiaeaoe?? uiaei aeei?enoaiiy oaoiieia??
iaaeaaia?/iiai caaacia/aiiy oi?ioaaiiy ii?aeueieo iio?aa iniaenoino?
iieiaeoiai oeiey?a, ye? ni?yiiaothoue a/eoae?a oa aeoiaaoae?a ia:

a) o?ao?aaiiy iniaeeainoae, ui coiiaeai? a?eiaeie oaiaeaoe?yie:
iaia’yceiaa ci?ia aeae?a ae?yeueiino?, i?e oeueiio iniaeeao oaaao o?aaa
i?eae?eyoe yne?aaino? ciai?oi?o oi?i; noai?aiiy oiia noaiiaeaiiy
noa’?eoiino?, oiaoi i?aai?caoe?y neooaoe?e i?iyao ii?aeueii?
naiino?eiino?; caaeainiaai?noue aieeao ia eiai?oeaio, aoaeoeaio,
eiiaoeaio noa?e; aeia?ice/eeaee aiioe?eiee oa ii?aeueiee oii o eean?,
aacoiiaia ni?eeiyooy eiaeii? aeeoeie; ?icaeoie oi?iiy neooaoe, ni?eeiaoe
noaeaeaiiy oa ii/oooy ?iaaniee?a, iiaaaeaoe ?o i?aai ia naiino?ei? ae??;

a) o?aooaaiiy ?iaeea?aeoaeueieo iniaeeainoae iieiaeoeo
oeiey??a, ui aieeaathoue ia ?icaeoie nenoaie noaaeaiue: ioe?iia
iiceoe?y, iniaeno?nii-ineoieia?/i? oa?aeoa?enoeee; nooi?iue nioe?aeueii?
aaeaioaoe??; ineoieia?/i? ii?ooaiiy;

a) iaieiae?iiy iaiao?aeieie iniaeno?nii-i?ioan?eieie yeinoyie:
aenieee ??aaiue naiini?eeiyooy, aaeaeaaoia naiiioe?iea, /?oea nenoaia
ii?aeueieo noaaeaiue aei na?oo; ?icaeiooa aiiao?y, aacoiiaia iiceoeaia
noaaeaiiy aei eiaeii? aeeoeie; ue??noue oa i?e?iaei?noue ni?eeoaaiiy;
ue?a caoe?eaaeai?noue o ?iaio? c oi?ioaaiiy ii?aeueieo iio?aa; iaaiee
??aaiue ciaiue c ineoieia??, a?eiai? o?c?ieia??, nioe?ieia?? oa ai?iiy
iaaeaoe ?o ae?oyi o iineeuei?e oi?i?; iaai? ai?iiy i?aeoe/ii? o/ano? oa
ea??aieoeoaa i?aeiniaeno?nieie a?aeiineiaie, ?icaeioo? eiioi?eaoeai?
cae?aiino?, iaae/ee c eiioe?eoieia??;

ae) iiaoaeiao aa??aoeaieo iiaeaeae aoaeoeaiiai oi?ioaaiiy
ii?aeueieo iio?aa, aeei?enoiaoth/e cai?iiiiiaai? iiaeoe? e i?i?iiaeoe?
iaaeaaia?/iiai caaacia/aiiy ca oiiae iaiiaiaiiy ?o ii?aeueiei ci?noii
a?aeiia?aeii aei iaoe: oi?ioaaiiy ii?aeueieo iio?aa ye niaoeeo?/ieo
nioe?iaaiieo iio?aa o ii?aeueiiio noaaeaii? aei naaa oa ?ioeo, ui
i?iyaeythoueny ye ?icoi?iiy, ni?aia?aaeeaaiiy, ni?aae?? o ni?euei?e
ae?yeueiino? oa ni?eeoaaii?.

I?iaaaeaia aeine?aeaeaiiy ia ae/a?io? i?iaeaiaoeee ii?aeueieo
iio?aa. Iiaeaeueoi? ?ic?iaee iio?aao? i?iaeaia niaaeei?iiino? o
oi?ioaaii? ii?aeueieo iio?aa aeeoeie; noai?aiiy iaoai?cio oi?ioaaiiy
ii?aeueieo iio?aa eiaeii? a?eiai? a?oie; iiaeaeueoa aea/aiiy
aca?iiaieeao e iniaeeainoae i?iyao eiiiiiaio?a ii?aeueii? iio?aae.

Iniiai? iaoa??aee aeena?oaoe?? aeeeaaeai? a oaeeo ?iaioao
aaoi?a:

1. Oi?ioaaiiy iniaenoino? ye noa’?eoa ii?iioai?/ino?// I?eaei?i?ianueeee
iaoeiaee a?niee: Iaaeaaia?ea oa
o?eieia?y.-Aei?i?iiao?ianuee,1998.-?77(144).-N.1-4.

2. Oi?ioaaiiy ii?aeueieo iio?aa iniaenoino? iieiaeoiai oeiey?a ye
iaoeiaa i?iaeaia // Caniae iaa/aeueii? oa iaoeiai-aeine?aeii?
?iaioe.-Oa?e?a,1998.- ? 6.- N.271-273.

3. Oi?ioaaiiy ii?aeueieo iio?aa iniaenoino? ye iaoa ii?aeueiiai
?icaeoeo// I?eaei?i?ianueeee iaoeiaee a?niee: Iaaeaaia?ea oa o?eieia?y.-
Aei?i?iiao?ianuee,1998.-? 77.-N.92-96.

4. Iaaeaaia?/ia caaacia/aiiy iiaoaiiiai oi?ioaaiiy ii?aeueieo iio?aa
iniaenoino? iieiaeoiai oeiey?a// A?niee EAeIO ?iai? Oa?ana
Oaa/aiea.-Eoaainuee,1999.-? 1(11).-N.79-84.

5. Iaaeaaiae/aneia iaania/aiea i?ioeanna oi?ie?iaaiey nioeeiaaiiuo
iio?aaiinoae: Iaoiaee/aneea ?aeiiaiaeaoeee / Nino. A.N.
?iiai/aiei.-Eoaaine,1998.-19n.

?iiai/aiei I.N. Oi?ioaaiiy ii?aeueieo iio?aa iniaenoino? iieiaeoiai
oeiey?a. ?oeiien.

Aeena?oaoe?y ia caeiaoooy iaoeiaiai nooiaiy eaiaeeaeaoa
iaaeaaia?/ieo iaoe ca niaoe?aeuei?noth 13.00.01. – oai??y oa ?noi??y
iaaeaaia?ee. Eoaainueeee aea?aeaaiee iaaeaaia?/iee oi?aa?neoao ?iai?
Oa?ana Oaa/aiea, Eoaainuee, 1999.

Caoeua?oueny oaeno aeena?oaoe??, iniiaiee ci?no yeiai aeeeaaeaii a
iyoe ioae?eaoe?yo. Aeine?aeaeo?oueny i?ioean oi?ioaaiiy ii?aeueieo
iio?aa iniaenoino? iieiaeoiai oeiey?a. Aeyaeai? oa aenia?eiaioaeueii
ia?aa??ai? iniaeeaino? oa i?eioeeie i?aai?caoe?? iaaeaaia?/iiai aieeao,
oiiae eiai aoaeoeaiino?. ?ic?iaeaia oa ai?iaiaaia oaoiieia?y
iaaeaaia?/iiai caaacia/aiiy i?ioeano oi?ioaaiiy ii?aeueieo iio?aa
iniaenoino? iieiaeoiai oeiey?a.

Eeth/ia? neiaa: ii?aeueia iio?aaa, iaaeaaia?/ia caaacia/aiiy,
noa’?eoi?noue, aoe/i? noinoiee, nenoaia noaaeaiue iniaenoino?,

?iiai/aiei A.N. Oi?ie?iaaiea i?aanoaaiiuo iio?aaiinoae ee/iinoe

ieaaeoaai oeieueieea. ?oeiienue.

Aeenna?oaoeey ia nieneaiea o/aiie noaiaie eaiaeeaeaoa
iaaeaaiae/aneeo iaoe ii niaoeeaeueiinoe 13.00.01. – oai?ey e enoi?ey
iaaeaaiaeee: Eoaaineee ainoaea?noaaiiue iaaeaaiae/aneee oieaa?neoao
eiaie Oa?ana Oaa/aiei, Eoaaine,1999.

Caueuaaony oaeno aeenna?oaoeee, iniiaiia niaea?aeaiea eioi?iai
eceiaeaii a iyoe ioaeeeaoeeyo. Enneaaeoaony i?ioeann oi?ie?iaaiey
i?aanoaaiiuo iio?aaiinoae ee/iinoe ieaaeoaai oeieueieea. Aeooaeueiinoue
enneaaeiaaiey iaoneiaeaia aaaeiinoueth oi?ie?iaaiey nioeeaeueii aeoeaiie
ee/iinoe n onoie/eaie ea?a?oeae oeaiiinoae, nenoaiie i?aanoaaiiuo
ioiioaiee e ie?o, e naaa, e ae?oaei ethaeyi. Iaiaoiaeeiinoue iao/iiai
iainiiaaiey iaiiaeaiey nenoaiu yoe/aneiai ainieoaiey e ?ac?aaioee
oaoiieiaee iaaeaaiae/aneiai iaania/aiey i?ioeanna oi?ie?iaaiey
i?aanoaaiiie ee/iinoe a oneiaeyo iauaia?aciaaoaeueiie oeieu iio?aaiaaee
iao/iiai enneaaeiaaiey yoiai iai?aaeaiey.

Oeaeaiai?aaeaiiia oi?ie?iaaiea i?aanoaaiiuo iio?aaiinoae ee/iinoe
ieaaeoaai oeieueieea i?aaenoaaeyaony a ?aaioa eae iiyoaiiue
iaaeaaiae/aneee i?ioeann, i?aaieciaaiiue n o/aoii aic?anoiuo e
eiaeeaeaeoaeueiuo iniaaiiinoae. A iai oi?ie?oaony nenoaia ioiioaiee e
naaa e ae?oaei, aicieeaao e ?acaeaaaony noauaeoiinoue ee/iinoe, oi anoue
i?aanoaaiiay naiinoiyoaeueiinoue, aioo?aiiyy iacaaeneiinoue. Ia yoio
i?ioeann ieacuaatho aicaeaenoaea: nioeeaeueiua oaeoi?u, naycaiiua n
iniaaiiinoyie nioeeaeueiiai noaoona ie?oaeaiey ?aaaiea, oeiii e
no?oeoo?ie aai naiuee, noaoonii ?aaaiea a eeanna, yoie/aneeie
iniaaiiinoyie; ineoieiae/aneea oaeoi?u, iaoneiaeaiiua ee/iinoiuie
iniaaiiinoyie iio?aaiinoii-iioeaaoeeiiiie, aieaaie e aooaeoeaiie noa?
?aaaiea; iaaeaaiae/aneea oaeoi?u, naycaiiua ni niaoeeoeeie niiniaia,
oi?i e iaoiaeia iaaeaaiae/aneiai aicaeaenoaey.

A ?aaioa oai?aoe/anee iainiiaaii auaeaeaiea no?oeoo?iuo e
niaea?aeaoaeueiuo eiiiiiaioia i?aanoaaiiuo iio?aaiinoae ee/iinoe
ieaaeoaai oeieueieea. A ea/anoaa niaea?aeaoaeueiuo eiiiiiaioia
aunooiatho: ioiioaiea e naaa, ioiioaiea e naa?noieeai, ioiioaiey e
ac?ineui; a no?oeoo?a auaeaeythony oaeea eiiiiiaiou: eiaieoeaiue
(nenoaia yoe/aneeo i?aaenoaaeaiee e noaeaeaiee), aooaeoeaiue
(yiioeeiiaeueiia ioiioaiea e yoe/aneei oeaiiinoyi, ia?aaeeaaiea
oaeiaieuenoaey io ?aaeecaoeee i?aanoaaiiie iio?aaiinoe), eiiaoeaiue
(onoie/eaua oi?iu iiaaaeaiey, iniiaaiiua ia eioa?ei?ece?iaaiiuo
yoe/aneeo ii?iao). ?anniio?aiu oeiu ee/iinoe n i?aaaee?othuei ?acaeoeai
iaeiiai ec no?oeoo?iuo eiiiiiaioia e eo oa?aeoa?iua /a?ou. Iino?iaia
nenoaia e?eoa?eaa: eiaieoeaiiai, aooaeoeaiiai e eiiaoeaiiai, a eioi?uo
auaeaeythony iieacaoaee ii ineoieiae/aneiio iniiaaieth (aaeaeaaoiinoue,
iniciaiiinoue, ecae?aoaeueiinoue) e ii ineoieiae/aneiio iniiaaieth
(aeoaeia, aeaeinoue, onoie/eainoue). Auyaeaiu e yenia?eiaioaeueii
i?iaa?aiu iniaaiiinoe e i?eioeeiu i?aaiecaoeee iaaeaaiae/aneiai
aicaeaenoaey, oneiaey aai yooaeoeaiinoe.

Oai?aoe/anee iainiiaaia e yenia?eiaioaeueii i?iaa?aia
iiaeaeue iiyoaiiiai oi?ie?iaaiey i?aanoaaiiuo iio?aaiinoae aeaoae
ieaaeoaai oeieueiiai aic?anoa a oneiaeyo iauaia?aciaaoaeueiie oeieu.
Auaeaeythony o?e yoaia: aeooaeece?othuee (onoaiiaeaiea iiceoeaiiai
ioiioaiey e yoe/aneei i?iaeaiai), iioeae?othuee (oi?ie?iaaiea ii?aeueiuo
iioeaia), aeayoaeueiinoiue (oi?ie?iaaiea aioiaiinoe e aeaenoaaiiiio
i?iyaeaieth i?aanoaaiiuo ioiioaiee). Eaaeaeue ec yoaiia aeeth/aao:
iauaiea, eae aaaeouee aeae aeayoaeueiinoe, iai?aaeaiiia ia onaiaiea
aeaoueie ioiioaiee e ee/iinoiuo iniaaiiinoae ethaeae; aeayoaeueiinoue,
naycaiioth n oi?ie?iaaieai ea/anoa, oiaiee e iaaueia e ?aaeecaoeeae eo a
i?ioeanna iiaeaee?iaaiey ioiioaiee. I?aaeeiaeaiiay iiaeaeue auaeyaeeo
eae iineaaeiaaoaeueiia ?acaeoea nenoaiu ioiioaiee ee/iinoe
(niaea?aeaoaeueiuo eiiiiiaioia), aeeiaieea eioi?iai iaoneiaeaia
?ac?aoaieai i?ioeai?a/ey eaaeaeiai yoaia. Aeey eaaeaeiai yoaia
?ac?aaioaiu iaaeaaiae/aneea caaeaiey, iai?aaeaiey ?acaeoey no?oeoo?iuo
eiiiiiaioia, o?aaiaaiey e i?aaiecaoeee iaaeaaiae/aneiai iaania/aiey
i?ioeanna.

?ac?aaioaia e ai?iae?iaaia oaoiieiaey iaaeaaiae/aneiai
iaania/aiey i?ioeanna oi?ie?iaaiey i?aanoaaiiuo iio?aaiinoae ee/iinoe
ieaaeoaai oeieueieea. Niiaeaee?iaaiu o?e niaieoiiua aa?eaoeaiua oi?iu
iaaeaaiae/aneiai aicaeaenoaey: o?iioaeueiay (eo?n /aeiaaeiaaaeaiey),
a?oiiiaay (?aaioa a iee?ia?oiiao ii i?ia?aiia aeoeaiiai nioeeaeueiiai
iao/aiey), eiaeeaeaeoaeueiay (ei??aeoeeiiiay ineoieiai-iaaeaaiae/aneay
?aaioa). I?aaeeiaeaiu aa?eaiou iaaeaaiae/aneiai iaania/aiey oi?ie?iaaiey
i?aanoaaiiuo iio?aaiinoae ia o?ieao oai?/aneiai oeeeea (o?iee ?eoi?eee,
iocueaeueiie eoeueoo?u, ?eoieee e ieanoeee, ooaeiaeanoaaiiiai o?oaea).
Yoe iniiaiua iiaeoee ninoaaeythony ec ?acee/iuo eiiaeiaoeee
ieieiiaeoeae: ea?iaiai iiaeaee?iaaiey, neooaoeee naiaiaeiiai
i?aanoaaiiiai auai?a, acaeiiaeaenoaey a iee?ia?oiiao, eieeaeoeaiie
oai?/aneie aeayoaeueiinoe, eoeieueiie oaao?aeecaoeee, aanaae,
ineoiaeiianoeee, ooaeiaeanoaaiiiai oai?/anoaa, ienueiaiiuo ?aaio e
ae?.). Aeaeinoue eiiaeie?iaaiey iiaeoeae e ieieiiaeoeae, niaieoiiia
eniieueciaaiea ?acee/iuo oi?i iaaeaaiae/aneiai aicaeaenoaey a
caaeneiinoe io eiie?aoiuo oeaeae e iaaeaaiae/aneeo caaea/ iicaieyao
iaania/eoue eaaeaeie ee/iinoe iaiaoiaeeiua oneiaey aeey yoe/aneiai
?acaeoey.

Ia iniiaa ?acoeueoaoia, iieo/aiiuo a oiaea enneaaeiaaiey
noi?ioee?iaaiu iaoiaee/aneea ?aeiiaiaeaoeee ioiineoaeueii eniieueciaaiey
oaoiieiaee iaaeaaiae/aneiai iaania/aiey i?ioeanna oi?ie?iaaiey
i?aanoaaiiuo iio?aaiinoae ee/iinoe ieaaeoaai oeieueieea.

Eeth/aaua neiaa: i?aanoaaiiay iio?aaiinoue, iaaeaaiae/aneia
iaania/aiea, noauaeoiinoue, yoe/iua ioiioaiey, nenoaia ioiioaiee
ee/iinoe.

Romanchenko E.S. The Formation of Moral Values of Juniour
Pupils.

The thesis seeking for the degree of the bachelor of pedagogical
sciences on specialized field 13.00.01- theory and history of
Pedagogics:Luhansk, the Teacher’s Training University.

The ideas expressed in the presented thesis are published in 5
scientific works.The process of formation of moral demands of juniour
pupils is being investigated. Peculiarities and main principles of the
organization of pedagogical influence, conditions for its effective use
are singled out and experimentally proved.The technology of pedagogical
influence of the process of formation of moral demands of juniour
pupils is suggested and tested.

Key words : moral value, pedagogical influence, subjectivity,
moral relations, system of relations of person.

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