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Французький постструктуралізм: критичний аналіз репрезентації: Автореф. дис… канд. філос. наук / О.М. Йосипенко, Київ. ун-т ім. Т.Шевченка. — К., 19

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EE?ANUeEEE OI?AA?NEOAO ?iai? OA?ANA OAA*AIEA

EINEIAIEI Ienaia Ieeiea?aia

OAeE 1(091).3.(44)

O?AIOeOCUeEEE IINONO?OEOO?AE?CI:

E?EOE*IEE AIAE?C ?AI??ACAIOAOe??

Niaoe?aeuei?noue: 09.00.05 – ?noi??y o?einio??

Aaoi?aoa?ao

aeena?oaoe?? ia caeiaoooy iaoeiaiai nooiaiy

eaiaeeaeaoa o?einionueeeo iaoe

Ee?a – 1999

Aeena?oaoe??th ? ?oeiien.

?iaioa aeeiiaia ia eaoaae?? ?noi??? o?einio?? o?einionueeiai
oaeoeueoaoo Ee?anueeiai iaoe?iiaeueiiai oi?aa?neoaoo ?iai? Oa?ana
Oaa/aiea.

Iaoeiaee ea??aiee — eaiaeeaeao o?einionueeeo iaoe, aeioeaio

O?OAAIEI Aiaoie?e ?aaiiae/, Ee?anue-

eee iaoe?iiaeueiee oi?aa?neoao ?iai? Oa?ana Oaa/aiea,

aeioeaio eaoaae?e ?noi??? o?einio??

Io?oe?ei? iiiiaioe — aeieoi? o?einionueeeo iaoe

EssO A?oae?e Aaneeueiae/,

?inoeooo o?einio?? ?iai? A.N.Neiai?iaee

IAI Oe?a?ie, i?ia?aeiee iaoeiaee

ni?a?ia?oiee,

eaiaeeaeao o?einionueeeo iaoe

EOOAEIA Ay/aneaa TH??eiae/,

I?aeia?iaeiee oiiae
“A?ae?iaeaeaiiy”,

eii?aeeiaoi? i?ia?ai.

I?ia?aeia onoaiiaa — Iaoe?iiaeueiee oi?aa?neoao “Ee?ai-Iiaeeyinueea
aeaaeai?y”, aoiai?oa?iee oaeoeueoao.

Caoeno a?aeaoaeaoueny “21” /a?aiy 1999 ?. i 14.00 ia can?aeaii?
niaoe?ae?ciaaii? a/aii? ?aaee Ae 26.001.27 ii caoenoo aeena?oaoe?? ia
caeiaoooy iaoeiaiai nooiaiy aeieoi?a (eaiaeeaeaoa) o?einionueeeo iaoe o
Ee?anueeiio iaoe?iiaeueiiio oi?aa?neoao? ?iai? Oa?ana Oaa/aiea

(252017, i.Ee?a, aoe. Aieiaeeie?nueea, 60, aoae. 330).

C aeena?oaoe??th iiaeia iciaeiieoenue o iaoeia?e a?ae?ioaoe?
Ee?anueeiai iaoe?iiaeueiiai oi?aa?neoaoo ?iai? Oa?ana Oaa/aiea (aoe.

Aieiaeeie?nueea, 58).

Aaoi?aoa?ao ?ic?neaiee “20” o?aaiy 1999 ?ieo.

A/aiee nae?aoa?

niaoe?ae?ciaaii? a/aii? ?aaee,

eaiaeeaeao o?einionueeeo

iaoe, aeioeaio
Ae?aeaiei A.O.

CAAAEUeIA OA?AEOA?ENOEEA ?IAIOE

Aeooaeuei?noue aeine?aeaeaiiy. Ca inoaii? aeanyoee?ooy oe?a?inueea
o?einionueea aeoiea ia?aaeeaa? aaci?aoeaaeaioiee a nai?e ?noi??? i?ioean
ia?ainieneaiiy oa o?ainoi?iaoe??. O?eaaeee /an, ii/eiath/e c 30-o ?ie?a
XX no., ?aei?noue o?einionueei? o?aaeeoe?? i?aeo?eioaaeanue iacaeaaeieie
a?ae o?einio?? oa o?einio?a iaoiaeaie, oeyoii i?eiono c aieo iie?oe/ii?
aeaaee. Oiio c a?aeiiaith inoaiiuei? a?ae eiio?ieth iaae o?einionueeei
aeeneo?nii, a iino?aaeyinuee?e o?einio?? ooai?eany iaaiee aaeooi,
coiiaeaiee a?aenooi?noth iie?oe/ii iacaaiaaaeiaaii? iio?aae a
o?einiooaaii?, yea o?eueee ? iiaea i?aeo?eioaaoe o?einionueeo
o?aaeeoe?th. Oeth ionoeo iaiaaathoueny caiiaithaaoe ia?aaaaeii
ia?aeeaaeaie oa iae?eoe/iei iane?aeoaaiiyi na?oiaeo o?einionueeeo
aeaea?ae. I?ioa, i?inoa ia?aeiaiiy /oaei??aeieo o?aaeeoe?e ia caeaoia
i?aeo?eiaoe a?o/eciyia o?einiooaaiiy. Aeey oeueiai iio??aia e?eoe/ia
inieneaiiy na?oiaiai o?einionueeiai aeina?aeo ia iniia? a?o/eciyii?
o?aaeeoe??.

Iaaaaeai? i??eoaaiiy ? noaee iioeaii oiai, ui aeena?oaio,
caoe?-eaaeaoenue o?einio??th o?aioeocueeiai iinono?oeoo?ae?cio ia?aa
aeai? ?noi?eei-o?einionueeiai aeine?aeaeaiiy, yea aeicaieeei e?eoe/ii
i?iaiae?coaaoe eiiieaen iinono?oeoo?ae?nonueeeo ?aeae a iaaeao
a?o/eciyii? aeaaeai?/ii? o?einionueei? o?aaeeoe??, iineoaeeaoe, oeei
naiei, aeoai?aiith a inoaii?e niinia?a i?aeoiaeo aei no/anii?
ca?oa?aeii? o?einio??.

O?aioeocueeee iinono?oeoo?ae?ci, ye /?eueiee iinoiiaea?i?nonueeee
iai?yiie, ? nueiaiaei? iaei??th ?c iaeiiioey?i?oeo oa iae?aciiainieo
o?einionueeee oa/?e. Iica oei aiaoaaeiei oa iicaei?iaiio i?iaieaoe?eiei
iioaioe?aeii, ye?e caaaeaee i?iaoaeaeo? a eoeueoo?? niae aei
o?einiooaaiiy, aiia i?eaa?oa? oaaao nai?i aeina?aeii ae??oaiiy
aeooaeueieo aeey oe?a?inueei? o?einio?? ieoaiue. O?aioeocueeee
o?einionueeee aeeneo?n o?aaeeoe?eii ?icaeaa?oueny a iaaeao nioe?aeueieo
oa iie?oe/ieo i?iaeai, aeoeaii /a?ia? ?iioeuene aeey naiai ?icaeoeo c
aeooiaiiai aeeooy noni?euenoaa. O?aioeocueeee o?einionueeee aeeneo?n
aeeth/a? aeina?ae ienoaoeueeiai oa e?oa?aoo?iiai aaaiaa?aeo, iie?oe/ii?
ai?ioueae oa iaoeiaeo aeinyaiaiue. Oeae aeina?ae ? aaaeeeaei aeey ian c
oi/ee ci?o aeaniiai ?icoi?iiy i?aaeiaoo o?einio??, ?? caaaeaiue oa ?ie?
a aeeoo? ethaeeie oa noni?euenoaa. Oaei? ?ie?, yea a ia aeoaethaaea
iaoeo /e ?io? oi?ie naiiona?aeiieaiiy noni?euenoaa, aea aeaaaea ciiao
?ice?eoe iiaeeeaino?, caeeaaeai? a i?e?iae? naii? aeoiee. I?eeeaae
o?einio?? o?aioeocueeiai iinono?oeoo?ae?cio a oe?e ni?aa? ? iieaciaei.
O?einionuee? aeine?aeaeaiiy ooo caaaeaee iinyoue oa?aeoa?
i?aeaeenoeeie?ia?ieo, aie?oathoueny oa aeei?enoiaothoue aeina?ae
noi?aeieo aeenoeeie?i, ui ? aeicaiey? ?i aeeiiaoe iaeaieiai?oo ooieoe?th
o?einio??, yea iieyaa? a i?iaeaiaoecaoe?? noeeth oa naieo oi?i ieneaiiy,
a e?eoe/i?e ?iaio? aeoiee ii iiaeieaiith noaeinoae oa i/aaeaeiinoae, aea
ia oe?iith a?aeeeaeaiiy aai ?oeioaaiiy aoaeue-yeeo ?aeae aai oyaeaiue, a
caaaeyee o?ainoi?iaoe?yi ei?aeii?a, ye? iieeaaeai? aeoieith a nai?e aea
aeoioe? ? iiaeooue aooe ci?iaieie o?eueee iath naiith. Iane?aeeii oeeo
cnoa?a ? iiaa ?ici?oea naiiai i?aaeiaoiiai iiey ieneaiiy o?aioeocueeei
iinono?oeoo?ae?ciii, iiaa, iao?aaeeoe?eia oa?i?iieia?y oa iaoiaeieia?y
aeine?aeaeaiiy.

Oeae aeina?ae ? iniaeeai oe?iiei aeey oe?a?inueei? o?einio??, ii-ia?oa,
ine?eueee aiia, a neeo aeua aeacaieo i?e/ei, ao?aoeea ?aeaieia?/ii
aecia/aia i?noea caaaeueiiiaia’yceiai? iaoiaeieia?/ii? iniiae aeey
?ioeo, iniaeeai, aoiai?oa?ieo, iaoe ? ciooaia ciiao ooeaoe oa
a?aeaieiaoaaoe nai? i?noea ye a nenoai? ooieoe?iioaaiiy iaoeiaiai
ciaiiy, oae ? aeui? ina?oe; ii-ae?oaa, oei, ui no/ania oe?a?inueea
o?einionueea o?aaeeoe?y iiaiith i??ith ? niaaeei?ioeai ?aoe?iiae?noe/ii?
o?einio?? ? i?iaeaia inieneaiiy inoaiiuei? ?, ii noo?, i?iaeaiith
aeaeeaaiiy a?o/eciyiiai o?einiooaaiiy acaaae? ii-o?ao?, oei, ui
e?eoe/iee aaaaae o?aioeocueeiai iinono?oeoo?ae?cio iiaea aooe
canoiniaaiee aei aiae?co i?iya?a oioae?oa?ecio ia eeoa o o?einio??, a,
oaeiae, o iie?oeoe?, iaooe?, ?aeaieia?? ? o.?i.

Nooi?iue ?ic?iaeaiino? i?iaeaie. Niaoeeo?ea o?aioeocueeiai
o?einiooaaiiy ? oaeith, ui aieiaieie aeine?aeieeaie oa e?eoeeaie
o?einionueeeo oai??e ? nai? aaoi?e oa ?oi? iiiiaioe-no/anieee,
in-e?eueee eiaeia o?einionueea i?aoey, eieaa, aeiiia?aeue, noaooy ?
aea-iaioii iino?eii ae?th/i? aeeneon??. Oiio ia?oa ?ic?iaea oa e?eoeea
?icaeyaeoaaieo a aeena?oaoe?? i?iaeai cae?eniaia oeie ae o?einioaie, ui
?o noaaeyoue oa ?icaeaathoue. Oae, oai?/?noue Ooei oe?iei aiae?-co?oueny
a i?aoeyo eiai no/aniee?a AE.Aea???aea, AE.Aeaeueica, ?.Aa?oa,
AE.-O.E?ioa?a, oai?/?noue Aea???aea — a ?iaioao I.Ooei, ?.Aa?oa,
TH.E??no?ai?, O.Eaeo-Eaaa?oa, oai?/?noue Aeaeueica — a ?iaioao
I.Eeinniane?, I.Ooei, AE.Aiae??ea?a oa ?i. Iacaaaeath/e ia e?eoe/iee
iaoin, ui ? iaiao?aeiei aeaiaioii oeeo aeeneon?e, aiie caeeoathoueny
aeeneon?yie aioo??oi?ie. E?eoeea cae?enith?oueny aee-eth/ii c iiceoe?e
o??? o?einio??, yeo o/anieee aeeneon?? iaiaaathoueny noai?eoe ? yea aeey
noi?iiiueiai aeine?aeieea ? /eiinue iayaiei, iia-/acii i?enooi?i,
aenie?eaoe?y /iai iiaeiia aooe iaiao?aeiei aeaiaioii aiae?co cciai?, c
iiceoe?e ?ioi? o?einionueei? eoeueoo?e oa o?aaeeoe??.

O a?o/eciyi?e e?oa?aoo?? (i?ae yeith ie aoaeaii ?icoi?oe ia o?eueee
oe?a?inueeeo aaoi??a, a oo o?einionueeo o?aaeeoe?th, yea
eiinoe-oothaaeanue o ae?oa?e iieiaei? XX no. a iaaeao N?N? ia iniia?
?aaeyinueeiai ia?enecio) iiaeii aeae?eeoe aeaa ia??iaee.

Ia?oee — oea 70-80 ?iee, ia??iae ciaeiinoaa, ia?oeo ia?a-eeaae?a oa
ia?oeo aeine?aeaeaiue, ye? iaiaaaeenue aeoai?eoe ni?eueio iiao aeey
ii?icoi?iiy i?ae aeaiia iane?eueee ??cieie o?einionueeeie o?aaeeoe?yie.
Naia a oeae ia??iae aeiee ?ioa?an oa aoea noai?aia aaca aeey aea/aiiy
oai?/ino? no/anieo o?aioeocueeeo o?einio?a. Aaoi?e oiai ia??iaeo
iaiaaaeenue, ia?aaaaeii, ae?iaeoe iaoiaeieia?th aeey ioe?iee
iinono?oeoo?ae?cio oa iinoiiaea?i?cio aoe?eiio c aeanieo iiceoe?e.
Nthaee iiaeia a?aeianoe ?iaioe I.Aaoiiiiiai?, E.O?e?iiaa, I.?eee?ia,
A.Iaeaoiaa, O.Ee?iaieiai? oa ?i.

Ae?oaee ia??iae — oea 90-o? ?iee, eiee aoee a?aeeeioo? io?oe?ei?
o?einionuee? eaiiie oa noaa iiaeeeaei aaciina?aaei?e eiioaeo i?ae
o?einio?yie oa o?einioaie (iai?eeeaae, i?e?cae AE.Aea???aea a Iine-ao a
1990 ?.), ui ni?e/eieei aeaoo ?ioa?ano aei no/anii? o?ai-oeocueei?
o?einio??. Ia nueiaiaei?oi?e aeaiue ia?aeeaaeai? ia ?in?enueeo iiao
iaeaea an? cia/i? oai?e I.Ooei, iaioith i??ith — AE.Aeaeueica oa
AE.Aea???aea. ?iaioe, i?enay/ai? oeei aaoi?ai, aiae?cothoue ia?a-aaaeii
iiaio oa e?oa?aoo?iciaa/o i?iaeaiaoeeo (?.?eue?i, A.Ein?eia, I.Aaiooaei,
Ae.?oaeaiei, N.Iaaaioania), iie?oieia?/io oa iia’ycaio c i?iaeaiaie
aeaaee (I.Oaa/aiei, I.Niaieue), ai?noaiieia?/io i?iaea-iaoeeo
(A.Iaeaoia, I.Iayoee?e) — ? oea i?aaii??ii, ine?eueee oe? i?iaeaie
neeaaeathoue iiceoeaiee iioaioe?ae oai?/ino? o?aioeocueeeo
iinono?oeoo?ae?no?a.

Aiae?c no/anii? oaiiiaiieia?/ii?, ineoiaiae?oe/ii?, ai?noaii-eia?/ii?
i?iaeaiaoeee, yea ? aaaeeeaith neeaaeiaith iinono?oeoo?ae?nonueeeo
no?aoaa?e, i?aaenoaaeaiee a i?aoeyo a?aeiieo oe?a?inueeeo o?einio?a —
?.Aeno?eoeueeiai, ?.Ae/ea, A.Aieiaea, N.E?einueeiai, A.Eiy, N.Eoe’yioey,
A.Eyoa, I.Iiiiae/a, ?.I?e/ai?y, I.Niaieue, A.Oaaa/eianueeiai oa ?i.

I?ioa no?eaeiaaei, iai?aaeyth/ei ia/aeii i?ea?iaeueieo
iinono?oeoo?ae?nonueeeo iiaoaeia ? o?einionueei-e?eoe/ia i?iaeaiaoeea,
ine?eueee ni?iaa iiaoaeoaaoe iiaee niin?a i?aai?caoe?? oaenoo, ienueia,
ooieoe?iioaaiiy e?oa?aoo?e, iiaeo ai?noaiieia?/ieo noai ? iaiaaaiiyi
iiaoaeoaaoe ?o ia iiaeo o?einionueeeo canaaeao. Naia oeueiio aniaeoo
o?aioeocueeiai iinono?oeoo?ae?cio i?eae?ey?oueny, ia iao iiaeyae,
iaaeinoaoiy oaaaa, ca aeiyoeii o?aa ui eiioeaioe?? aeaeiino?oeoe??
AE.Aea???aea, yea noaea nueiaiaei? caaaeueiia?aeiiei neiaieii
o?einionueei? e?eoeee, a oie /an ye o?einionueei-e?eoe/iee iioaioe?ae
I.Ooei oa AE.Aeaeueica, ui ia eiinoeooeiaaiee a yeiionue iaaiiio
eiioeaio?, caeeoa?oueny iiaaii ?ic?iaeaiei.

Aeooaeuei?noue oa iaaeinoaoiy ?ic?iaeai?noue a oe?a?inuee?e o?aaeeoe??
aecia/eee aea?? oaie aeena?oaoe?eiiai aeine?aeaeaiiy. Iae?ath/e oaiith
aeine?aeaeaiiy i?iaeaio ?ai?acaioaoe?? aeena?oaio iaiaaaany ia i?inoi
caa?iooenue aei no?eaeiaai? i?iaeaie, aea ciaeoe o o?einio??
iinono?oeoo?ae?cio oo oi/eo, a ye?e iinono?oeoo?ae?noe i?aaiooue ia
o?eueee iicaooeny iaaeie?e?a ieioeiai, aea e i?oe aeae? nai?o
iiia?aaeiee?a.

Iaoith aeine?aeaeaiiy ? aecia/aiiy iiiyooy ?ai?acaioaoe??,
o?a-aeeoe?eii? iaoao?ceee oa o?ainoeaiaeaioaeueii? o?einio??, aeyaeaiiy
o?einionueeeo iiaeeeainoae oa iaiaaeaiino? ?ai?acaioaoeaii? iiaea-e?, a,
oaeiae, iiaeo ai?eciio?a ieneaiiy, ui a?aee?eaathoueny /a?ac iiaeieaiiy
iaoao?ceee oa ?ai?acaioaoe??.

A?aeiia?aeii aei iaoe aeine?aeaeaiiy aoee iinoaaeai? ianooii?
caaaeaiiy:

— i?iaiae?coaaoe iiiyooy ?ai?acaioaoe?? oa iieacaoe ?ai?acaioaoeaiee
oa?aeoa? eeane/ii? iaoao?ceee oa o?ainoeaiaeaioaeueii? o?einio??;

— i?iaiae?coaaoe i?iyae ?ai?acaioaoe?? a ??cieo aeaeao ethaenueei?
ae?yeueiino?: iaooe?, nioe?aeuei?e i?aeoeoe?, ii?aeueieo noinoieao oa
?i.;

— ?ice?eoe ciaeiao niaoeeo?eo ?ai?acaioaoe?? ye iiaeai?iiai
i?aaenoaaeaiiy;

— i?iaiae?coaaoe canaaeie/? eiioeaioe ?ai?acaioaoeaii? iiaeae?, ui
aenooiathoue caniaaie iaiaaeaiiy oiai, ui iiaea oa?eoe a i?ino??
ieneaiiy /a?ac i?aaenoaaeaiiy;

— ?icaeyiooe eiioeaioe a?aei?iiino?, neiaoey?iino?, iiae??, ui
noai?ththoue aaco aeey iiaeieaiiy ?ai?acaioaoeaiiai niiniao ien-eaiiy;

— aecia/eoe niiniae e?eoeee ?ai?acaioaoeaiiai ieneaiiy, aei yeeo
aaeathoueny I.Ooei, AE.Aea???aea oa AE.Aeaeueic, c’ynoaaoe canaaee oe???
e?eoeee oa iia? iiaeeeaino?, ye? aiia a?aee?eaa? aeey ?icaeoeo
o?einionueei? aeoiee.

Oai?aoe/ia cia/aiiy — a aeena?oaoe?? cae?eniaii oe?e?niee aiae?c
iniiaiiieiaeieo eiioeaio?a o?einio?? o?aioeocueeiai iinono?oeoo-?ae?cio:
oaenoo, ienueia, aeaeiino?oeoe??, ?icianaiiy, ne?aeo, a?oaieia?? oa
aaiaaeia??, ai?noaie, aeeneo?no, aeeniiceoeao, aeaaee-ciaiiy,
a?aei?i-iino?, iiaoi?aiiy, o?ainoeaiaeaioaeueiino?, neiaoey?iino?,
aaaeaiiy, oeciaiae?co oa ?i. Aiae?cothoueny oeie o?einionueei? e?eoeee
oa ?o aa?enoe/i? iiaeeeaino?, ye? aeei?enoiaothoueny aeey iiaeieaiiy
iaoa-o?ce/iiai, ?ai?acaioaoeaiiai niiniao ieneaiiy. Ia iniia?
oe?e?n-iiai aiae?co oaiiiaio o?aioeocueeiai iinono?oeoo?ae?cio,
ioe?ith?oueny eiai ?ieue a no/ani?e o?einionuee?e aeoioe?, cia/aiiy aeey
?a?iiaenueei? o?einionueei? o?aaeeoe?? acaaae? oa iiaeeea?noue
aeei?enoaiiy eiai aeina?aeo o a?o/eciyiiio o?einiooaaii?.

I?aeoe/ia cia/aiiy — iniiai? iieiaeaiiy aeine?aeaeaiiy iiaeooue aooe
aeei?enoai? aeey i?aeaioiaee eaeoe?eieo oa nai?ia?nueeeo caiyoue i?e
aea/aii? eo?no ca?oa?aeii? o?einio??, a iiaeaeueoeo iaoeiaeo
aeine?aeaeaiiyo, i?enay/aieo no?oeoo?ae?nonuee?e
(iinono?oeoo?ae?nonuee?e) i?iaeaiaoeoe? oa ?? i?aaenoaaieeai, iaoa?’yee
aeena?oaoe?? — aeey neeaaeaiiy neiaieea ?noi?e/ii? o?einionueei?
oa?i?iieia??.

Iaoeiaa iiaecia aeena?oaoe?eiiai aeine?aeaeaiiy iieyaa? o aeya-eaii?
e?eoe/ii? i?iaeaiaoeee o?aioeocueeiai iinono?oeoo?ae?cio, ui aea? ciiao
aaeaeaaoii c?icoi?oe iiceoeaiee iioaioe?ae oeueiai iai-?yieo oa ioe?ieoe
eiai ye oe?e?nio o?einionueeo aeieo?eio.

Iniiai? aeaiaioe iaoeiai? iiaecie aeine?aeaeaiiy eiie?aoecothoueny a
iieiaeaiiyo, ui aeiinyoueny ia caoeno:

— c’yniaaii, ui niaoeeo?ea e?eoeee o?aioeocueeei iinono?oe-oo?ae?ciii
eeane/ii? o?einio?? (ui ?icoi??oueny Aea???aea, Aeaeueicii oa Ooei ye
aeaaiy oi?aa?neoaonueea o?aaeeoe?y, iicia/aia ?iaiaie Iea-oiia,
A??noioaey, Aeaea?oa, Eaioa, Aaaaey, Aonna?ey) iieyaa? o aeya-eaii? ??
?ai?acaioaoeaiiai i?aea?oioy. ?ai?acaioaoe?y iineoue eiioeai-ooaeueiee
oa?aeoa? ? ? oaeei niiniaii i?aai?caoe?? ieneaiiy, eiee aoaeue-yeee eiai
i?iaeoeo aenooia? ?acoeueoaoii i?ioeaaeo?e eia?/iiai iiina?aaeeoaaiiy
/a?ac ni?aa?aeianaiiy c i?aenoaaith-?aeaioe/i?noth. I?aenoaaith iiaea
aooe ?aeaioe/i?noue ieaoii?anueei? ?aea?-ye-iiaeae?, aei-aa?oai?noue ?
iaci?ii?noue Aiaeanoaaiiiai aoooy, noa’?eoeaia ?aeai-oe/i?noue
aeaea?o?anueeiai, eaio?anueeiai aai aona?e?anueeiai oeio.

— Aeyaeaii, ui niaoeeo?ea ?ai?acaioaoeaiiai niiniao ien-eaiiy
aecia/a?oueny nenoaiith iaiaaeaiue. Ana, ui aeeth/a?oueny a i?ino??
?ai?acaioaoe??, a?aeiia?aea? /ioe?ueii iniiaiei aeiiaai: ?aeai-oe/iino?
a eiioeaio?, aiaeia?? a noaeaeaii?, iiiceoe?? a i?aaeeeao? oa noiaeino?
a ni?eeiyoo?. Ca?iaeee an?o /ioe?ueio iiiaio?a i?noyoueny a
ieaoii?anueeiio ?icoi?ii? ?aea?-ye-iiaeae?, ui aeicaiey? oaa?aeeoe i?i
ieaoii?/i? aeoiee ?ai?acaioaoe??. Oa, ui caeeoa?oueny ca iaaeaie
?ai?acaioaoe?? — oea naia a?aei?ii?noue, yea ii/eiath/e c A??noioaey,
noa? eiioeaiooaeueiith a?aei?ii?noth ? ieneeoueny ia i?aenoaa?
?aeai-oe/iino? (?aeaaeueii? aai noa’?eoeaii?) oa ca e?eoa???i noiaeino?.
Noaaeaiiy aei a?aei?iiino? aenooia? aeey o?aioeocueeiai
iinono?oe-oo?ae?cia ?iaeeeaoi?ii ?ai?acaioaoeaiiai (eeane/iiai)
ieneaiiy.

— Iaa?oioiaaii, ui oai?aoe/iei oiniaeaiiyi ?ai?acaioaoe?? a o?einio??
aeey o?aioeocueeiai iinono?oeoo?ae?cio aenooiathoue o?aaeeoe?eia
iaoao?ceea, o?ainoeaiaeaioaeueia o?einio?y oa ineoiaiae?c. Iniiai?
i?iaeaie, c yeeie noeeathoueny oe? iai?yiee (iai?., cogito oa
iaieneeiiai, ratio oa o?ainoeaiaeaioaeueiiai iaiaaeaiiy, eia?/iiai eiea
a iaa?oiooaaii?, iaiiaeeeaino? aee?eoaaoe aacoinoai ? o.?i.) aeieeathoue
aiane?aeie ?ai?acaioaoeaieo iaiaaeaiue aeoiee. Aeine?aeaeaiiy
o?aioeocueeeo iinono?oeoo?ae?no?a aeicaieythoue aeyaeoe ?ai?acaioaoeaio
coiiaeai?noue ia o?eueee iaaieo o?einionueeeo iai?yie?a, aea e
iiai?a?iiaenueeeo iaoe oa nioe?aeueieo i?aeoee.

— Iaa?oioiaaii, ui no?aoaa?y o?aioeocueeiai iinono?oeoo?ae?cio iieyaa?
a iiaeieaii? iaiaaeaiino? ?ai?acaioaoeaii? aeoiee. I?e oeueiio
Aea???aea, Aeaeueic oa Ooei nie?athoueny ia o?aaeeoe?th ieth?aeueiino?
ieneaiiy, i?aaenoaaeaio noi?eaie, Ni?iicith, I?oeoa, E’??eaai?ii,
Aaoo?iei, a oaeiae, aeina?aeii no/anii? na?oiai? e?oa?aoo?e. Oe? coneeey
iathoue ia iao? noai?aiiy iiaiai, iaaeiaiaoe/iiai ia?aco aeoiee, ui ia
i?ioenoi?oue aeeooth, ye niiaeyaeaiiy-ae??, ia eieae?co?oueny a oi?iao
oai?aoe/ieo iiaoaeia iaoee, o?einio?? oa ii?ae? ? ia i?aeei?y?oueny
aeiaei?e oi?i? noa’?eoeaii? ?aeaioe/iino? — cogito, ratio aai
naiina?aeiiino?. Oaea aeoiea, caeeoath/enue ?aoe?iiaeueiith, noa?
a?aee?eoith aeey “a?ai?/ieo” aeina?ae?a aacoinoaa, nia?o? oa aaaeaiiy ?
caeaoiith iiieneeoe aeanio ?noi??th. Eiioeaioe ci?noo oa iiae??
Aeaeueica, aaiaaeia?? aeoiee Ooei oa aeaeiino?oeoe?? Aea???aea
i?aenoiiaothoue iiooee o?aioeocueeiai iinono?oeoo?ae?cio a oeueiio
iai?yieo.

— Iaa?oioiaaii, ui e?eoeea o?aioeocueeei iinono?oeoo?ae?ciii
?ai?acaioaoeaiiai niiniao ieneaiiy ? cae?eniaiiyi i?iaeoo ?iaiaioii?
e?eoeee aeoiee, aea oey e?eoeea iinoa? ye iiiceoe?y
o?ainoeaiaeaioaeuei?e oa ?iaiaioi?e e?eoeoe? Eaioa oa Aaaaey.
I?aenoaaith oe??? iiiceoe?? aenooia? ??cieoey a ?icoi?ii? iiiyooy
o?ainoeaiaeaioaeueiiai oa i?e?iaee aeoiee a eeane/i?e o?einio?? ? o
o?aioeocueeiio iinono?oeoo?ae?ci?. A?aei?ii?noue ?icaeyaea?oueny Ooei oa
Aeaeueicii ye i?eioeei o?ainoeaiaeaioaeueiino? oa ?oo?eia neea aeoiee,
ui ia caiaeeoueny a?eueoa aei aeooo aai ?icoio. E?eoeea ?ai?acaioaoe?? c
iiceoe?? o?einio?? a?aei?iiino?, ui iane?aeo? i?oeoaainueeo aaiaaeia?th,
aeicaiey? aeoioe? caa?iooenue aei nai?o ?noi?e/ieo oa, aiaeii/an,
o?ainoeaiaeaioaeueieo aeoie?a.

Iaoiaeieia?/iith iniiaith aeena?oaoe?eiiai aeine?aeaeaiiy ? iniiai?
i?eioeeie ?noi?eei-o?einionueeiai aiae?co: 1) eiiieaeni?noue i?aeoiae?a;
2) iiaiioa aeine?aeaeaiiy; 3) aiae?c aeoie?a oa aaiace i?iaeai; 4)
ii??aiyeueiee aiae?c ?aeae i?ia?aeieo o?einio?a-iinono?oeoo?ae?no?a; 5)
aiae?c aeeiai?ee ci?i aoai?a oai?/ino? aeine?aeaeoaaieo ieneeoae?a; 6)
aiae?c aca?iieo aieea?a oa ?aoeaioe?e ?ioeo o?einionueeeo a/aiue. Oe?
i?eioeeie ?noi?eei-o?einionueeiai aeine?aeaeaiiy aeicaieeee aeyaeoe
no?eaeiaao o?einionueei-e?eoe/io i?iaeaiaoeeo o o?aioeocueeiio
iinono?oeoo?ae?ci?, yea caaea? oiiae aeey o?ainoi?iaoe?? i?iaeai iiae,
ienueia, ?noi??? oa aeaaee a iiaiio, iao?aaeeoe?eiiio aei???.

A ?iaio? c oaenoaie caaaeueiiiaoiaeieia?/io iniiao neeaaeaee iaaeaaiiy
aa?iaiaaoe/iiai, oaiiiaiieia?/iiai oa nenoaiii-no?oeoo?iiai iaoiae?a.

Ai?iaaoe?y aeine?aeaeaiiy. Aieiai? iai?yiee aeena?oaoe?eiiai
aeine?aeaeaiiy, eiai eiioeaiooaeuei? ?aea? oa iieiaeaiiy aoee i?aaeiaoii
iaaiai?aiiy ia can?aeaii? eaoaae?e ?noi??? o?einio?? oa ia
iaoeiai-oai?aoe/ieo nai?ia?ao aeey ani??aio?a o?einionueeiai oaeoeueoaoo
Ee?anueeiai iaoe?iiaeueiiai oi?aa?neoaoo ?iai? Oa?ana Oaa/aiea.

?iaeeenue aeiiia?ae? ia aeiyo iaoee o?einionueeiai oaeoeueoaoo
Ee?anueeiai oi?aa?neoaoo 1993, 1994 ??. oa ia aeiyo iaoee
Iaoe?iiaeueiiai oi?aa?neoaoo “Ee?ai-Iiaeeyinueea aeaaeai?y” 1999 ?.

No?oeoo?a aeena?oaoe??. ?iaioa neeaaea?oueny ?c anooio, o?ueio
?icae?e?a oa aeniiae?a. Ia?oee ?icae?e i?noeoue aeaa ia?aa?aoe, ae?oaee
oa o?ao?e — ii o?e ia?aa?aoe. Eia?/ia no?oeoo?a ?iaioe aecia/a?oueny
ii?yaeeii ae??oaiiy iinoaaeaieo caaaeaiue. Ia?oee ?icae?e ?ice?eaa?
aaiaco iinono?oeoo?ae?nonueei? i?iaeaiaoeee, iieaco? ?? ?noi?e/io oa
eoeueoo?ii-o?einionueeo coiiaeai?noue; ae?oaee ?icae?e i?enay/aiee
aeyaeaiith e?eoe/iiai i?aea?oioy o?aioeocueeiai iinono?oeoo?ae?cio,
noi?iiaaiiai ?iie?oeeoiei ca’yceii inoaiiueiai c oei, /iio a?i naaa
i?ioenoaaey?; o?ao?e ?icae?e aiae?co? coiiaeai?noue iiceoeaii?
iinono?oeoo?ae?nonueei? i?iaeaiaoeee e?eoe/ieie o?ainoi?iaoe?yie,
cae?eniaieie ia o?e? eeane/ii? iaoao?ceee, o?ainoeaiaeaioaeueii?
o?einio?? oa ineoiaiae?co.

INIIAIEE CI?NO AeENA?OAOe??

O anooi? noaaeoueny i?iaeaia aeine?aeaeaiiy, aecia/a?oueny eiai
i?aaeiao, iaoa, caaaeaiiy ? iaoiaeieia?y, iaa?oioiao?oueny
aeooaeuei?noue oa oai?aoe/ia cia/aiiy oaie aeena?oaoe??.

A ia?oiio ?icae?e? “O?aioeocueeee iinono?oeoo?ae?ci: i?e/eie aeieeiaiiy
oa caaaeueia i?iaeaiaoeea”, yeee eiiiiceoe?eii neeaaea?oueny c aeaio
ia?aa?ao?a, aiae?co?oueny i?iaeaia ni?aa?aeiioaiiy no?oeoo?ae?cio oa
iinono?oeoo?ae?cio c oi/ee ci?o oeo oei?a ieneaiiy, ye? aiie
oiniaeththoue, ? aea?oueny aecia/aiiy iinono?oeoo?ae?ciia? ye
naiie?eoeee no?oeoo?ae?cio. Iiaeeea?noue aei?noeiai ?iciaaeoaaiiy
no?oeoo?ae?cio ? iinono?oeoo?ae?cio, iiaea?io oa iinoiiaea?io
aeaea?oueny aeiaie? i?iaeaiaoe/iith: iinono?oeoo?ae?ci, iinoiiaea?i
iiaea aecia/aoenue eeoa oeiieia?/ii, eeoa a nai?io caaaeueiiio aeaeyae?
ye ni?iaa ae??oaiiy i?iaeai, ui caaaee Iiaea?i (no?oeoo?ae?ci) a aeooee
eoo, ye iaiaaaiiy iiaeieaiiy oiai oeio ieneaiiy, ui coiiaeth? iinoaiiaeo
oeeo i?iaeai, a ia ye aeaui i?eioeeiiai iiaa, ui caia?a/o? oa a?aeeeaea?
aanue iiia?aaei?e eoeueoo?ii-o?einionueeee aeina?ae. Ia aeoieo
aeena?oaioa, iinono?oeoo?ae?ci o?aaa ioe?ithaaoe naia ca ?acoeueoaoii
o?ainoi?iaoe?e o?aaeeoe?eiiai aeey o?einio?? niiniao ieneaiiy, c oi/ee
ci?o oiai, /e iiaeia ieneeoe ii-noa?iio i?ney cnoa?a, cae?eniaieo
iinono?oeoo?ae?ciii ia i?iaeaiiiio iie? eeane/ii? o?einio??. Oae,
noaa?aeaeaiiy AE.Aea???aea i?iaeai iiae oa ienueia ye i?aaeiao?a
o?einionueeiai ieneaiiy ? a?aeiia?aeaeth iinono?oeoo?ae?cio ia
iinoaaeaio o?ainoeaiaeaioaeueiith o?einio??th i?iaeaio i?i iiaeeea?noue
?aoe?iiaeueiino? oa ?? ?noi???; aiae?c I.Ooei aeaaeiiai oa?aeoa?o ciaiiy
? ?acoeueoaoii ?ioeyoe?? eiioeaioe?? iiieeee a eeane/i?e iaoao?ceoe? oa
iaiiaeeeaino? ae??oaiiy a ?aieao o?einio?? noa’?eoo i?iaeai
iana?aeiiiai, ?noi??? aeoiee, a oaeiae cae?eniaiiy ?aaeeeaeueii?
o?einionueei? e?eoeee; aeaeueic?anueea eiinoeoothaaiiy
o?ainoeaiaeaioaeueiiai i?inoi?o aac o?ainoeaiaeaioaeueiiai noa’?eoo ?,
ia iao iiaeyae, aeineoue oni?oiei i?iaeiaaeaiiyi oaiiiaiieia?/ieo
iiooe?a Aonna?ey oa e?eoe/ieo coneeue Oaeaeaaaa?a ? I?oeoa. Oaeei /eiii,
ye i?aee?aneth?oueny a aeena?oaoe??, c?icoi?oe i?ea?iaeuei? eiioeaioe
iinono?oeoo?ae?cio oa eiai ?iiae? aecioe/i? iiaoaeiae iiaeia, eeoa
aeoiaey/e c eiai e?eoe/ii? ni?yiiaaiino? oa iath/e ia oaac?, ui eiai
eiioeaioe caaaeaee i?ioenoaaeythoueny iaaiei no?oeoo?ae?nonueeei,
oaiiiaiieia?/iei, ineoiaiae?oe/iei, iaoao?ce/iei ? o.?i. eiioeaioai.
E?eoeea ? ? nooi?niei ca’yceii iinono?oeoo?ae?cio c oei, /iio a?i naaa
i?ioenoaaey?.

Caaaeueia i?iaeaiaoeea iinono?oeoo?ae?cio aecia/a?oueny iiaeeo?eaoe??th
i?iaeaiiiai iiey no?oeoo?ae?cio, yea cae?enith?oueny a ianooiieo
iniiaieo iai?yieao:

— a?aeaoaa?oueny aeo?ae ca iaae? e?iaa?noe/ii? ?aaeueiino?
no?oeoo?ae?cio a iie?oe/io ?aaeuei?noue (Ooei), oaenoiao ?aaeuei?noue
(Aea???aea), iioieia?/io ?aaeuei?noue Aaaeaiiy (Aeaeueic);

— ciaiith a?aeiiaey?oueny a noaoon? ia’?eoeaiino?, aa?aioii yeiai a
no?oeoo?ae?ci? aenooiaei iiiyooy no?oeoo?e, ca aeiiiiiaith yeiai
Eaa?-No?inn iaiaaaany ae??oeoe i?iaeaio iaa?oiooaaiiy aoiai?oa?iiai
ciaiiy oa c?iaeoe no?oeoo?ae?ci “iaoeith iaoe”;

— ci?ith?oueny ?icoi?iiy iana?aeiiiai — yeui no?oeoo?ae?ci,

?ici?uoth/e ?aoe?iiaeueio oa eia?/ii i?ciaaaio no?oeoo?o a iana?aeiiiio,
ieneea inoaii? ii aiaeia?? ?c na?aeii?noth (Eaa?-No?inn) oa caiaeea eiai
ci?no aei oiai, ui iiaea aooe ae?aaeaiei o iia? (AE.Eaeai), oi
iinono?oeoo?ae?ci ?icaeyaea? iana?aeiia ye o?ainoeaiaeaioaeueia iiea
Aaaeaiiy, yea ? ?aaeueii i?iaeoeoeaiei. Iinono?oeoo?ae?ci a?aeiiee
?aaeeeaeueiith e?eoeeith o?aeae?anueeiai ineoiaiae?co oa eiai
eaeai?anueeiai aa??aioo;

— ia ci?io no?oeoo?ae?nonueeiio a-?noi?ecio i?eoiaeeoue oaaaa Aea???aea
aei iaaieo oei?a ?noi?ecio ? noaa?aeaeaiiy Ooei ?noi?e/iino? ye iniiaii?
oi?ie aoooy aeoiee.

O ae?oaiio ?icae?e? “E?eoeea i?inoi?o “eeane/ii? ?ai?acaioaoe??” a
?iaioao I.Ooei oa AE.Aeaeueica”, yeee eiiiiceoe?eii neeaaea?oueny c
o?ueio ia?aa?ao?a, anoaiiaeth?oueny ni?aa?aeiioaiiy i?ae iiiyooyie
eeane/ii? iaoao?ceee, ?ai?acaioaoe??, aeiaiaeeoueny, ui a Iiaee /an ?o
iiaeia aeei?enoiaoaaoe ye neiii?ie oa aecia/a?oueny (ye ?iaiaioia)
e?eoeea, ui cae?enith?oueny o?aioeocueeeie ieneeoaeyie.

A ia?aa?ao? ia?oiio “Ni?aa?aeiioaiiy ?ai?acaioaoe??, iaoao?ceee oa
o?ainoeaiaeaioaeueii? o?einio??” aea?oueny aecia/aiiy iaoao?ceee ye
o?einionueeiai niiniao ieneaiiy o oai?aoe/i?e oi?i?, ui aeoiaeeoue c
?icae?eaiiy aoooy ?noeiiiai oa ia-?noeiiiai, nooiino? oa ?nioaaiiy ?
anoaiiaeth? i??i?eoao ia?oiai iaae ae?oaei. A oaeiio ?icoi?ii?
iaoao?ceea ?aeaioeo?eo?oueny c ia?oith o?einio??th A??noioaey ?
?icoi??oueny ye iaoea i?i iniiai? i?eioeeie oa ia/aea anueiai nouiai.
Aeena?oaioii aeae?eythoueny oae? ?ene eeane/ii? iaoao?ceee, ye
nenoaiaoe/i?noue, aeao?ieoeai?noue, ni?yiiaai?noue ia o?ainoeaiaeaioia
oa niaeoeyoeai?noue. I?ae ?ai?acaioaoe??th ?icoi??oueny oaea
i?aai?caoe?y ieneaiiy, yea i?iaeoeo? ia oe?e?niee ia?ac i?aaeiaoo, aea
/anoeiaee ia?ac, a yeee aaea aeeth/aii i?aenoaao eiai ?icae?eaiiy ?
niin?a, yeei aiii aoei cae?eniaia. Oiio ?ai?acaioaoe?y — oea caaaeaee
iiaeai?ia i?aaenoaaeaiiy, yea i?noeoue o nia? ia?ac i?aaeiaoo c oi/ee
ci?o iaaiiai eiioeaioo iaeii/anii ?c naiei eiioeaioii. Ia iaoa??ae?
aeine?aeaeaiue I.Ooei “na?oo eeane/ii? ?ai?acaioaoe??” a “Neiaao oa
?a/ao” oa “?noi??? aacoinoaa a eeane/io aeiao” a aeena?oaoe??
aeiaiaeeoueny, ui i?aaenoaaeaiiy (?ai?acaioaoe?y) — oea ia i?inoi
niin?a, yeei i?aaeiao aaiaeeoueny a i?ino?? aeoiee, aea ? niin?a aoooy
oeueiai i?aaeiaoo. Oiio iai?eionoeii ieooaoe i?aaenoaaeaiiy c
ineoieia?/iei oyaeaiiyi.

A aeena?oaoe?? aeiaiaeeoueny, ui a Iiaee /an, eiee i?aenoaaith
?ai?acaioaoe?? noathoue noa’?eoeai? cae?aiino? ethaeeie,
iiina?aaeeoaaiiy noa? iaa?oiooaaiiyi ? c’yaey?oueny iaoiae ye
i?ioeaaeo?a i?aeei?aiiy noa’?eoeai?e ?aeaioe/iino? ia o?eueee ia?aco
ciai?oiueiai na?oo, aea e on?o i?ciaaaeueieo iioaioe?e (iai’yo?,
oyaeaiiy oa ?i.) ye?enue iaei?e, “aeu?e” oi?i? — ?icnoaeeo, ?icoio aai
naiina?aeiiino?. Eaio?anueea e?eoeea o?aaeeoe?eii? iaoao?ceee aeyaey?
iaiaaeaiiy ieneaiiy naia ye ?ai?acaioaoeaiiai ieneaiiy, aea, cai?ithth/e
iaoao?ce/i? Nooiino? aioo??oi?ie no?oeoo?aie noa’?eoeaiino?, aiia aea?
iiaee iiooiao ?icaeoeo ?ai?acaioaoeaii? aeoiee. A o?ainoeaiaeaioaeuei?e
o?einio?? a?ae Eaioa aei Aonna?ey ?ai?acaioaoe?y ia cieea? — iaaiaee,
aiia iaae?a? neeo, aaaaea? Aeaeueic.

A ae?oaiio ia?aa?ao? “I.Ooei. A?oaieia?/iee aiae?c nenoaie eeane/ii?
?ai?acaioaoe??” ?ice?eaathoueny iniiai? iai?yiee e?eoeee o?aioeocueeei
ieneeoaeai eeane/ii? ?aoe?iiae?noe/ii? o?einio??. Oea, ii-ia?oa,
aeaeiino?oeoe?y noa’?eoa, yeo cae?enith? Ooei a “Neiaao oa ?a/ao” — oaia
aio?iiieia?/ii? e?eoeee, a, oaeiae, noaa?aeaeaiiy ai?noai ye ?noi?e/ieo
a priori eoeueoo?e, ui coiiaeththoue eiio?ao?aoe?th i?ciaaaeueiiai
i?inoi?o iaaii? aeiae ?, a oiio /ene?, iiceoe?th ?iaeea?aeo, ui i?cia?;
a “?noi??? aacoinoaa” — oea ?icaeyae oaiiiaio aacoinoaa ye a?aie/iiai
ethaenueeiai aeina?aeo, ui ia aeicaiey? ethaeei? caeeoaoenue iaci?iiith
? oiio i?ae?eaa? ?? naii?aeaioe/i?noue, naiii?ici??noue oa
aacia?a?ai?noue, ui ? eiinoeoooeaieie ?enaie o?ainoeaiaeaioaeueiiai
noa’?eoo. Aea inoaii?e a?ae?a?a? oeaio?aeueio ?ieue o ooieoe?iioaaii?
nenoaie ?ai?acaioaoe??, ni?aa?aeiiny/e ieneaiiy oa aoooy, nooi?noue oa
?nioaaiiy, o?ei oa aeooo ? o.?i. a aacia?a?aiiio i?inoi??
i?aaenoaaeaiiy. Oiio aeaeiino?oeoe?y (aeenioe?aoe?y) noa’?eoa ?,
aiaeii/an, ?oeioaaiiyi ?ai?acaioaoe??.

Ii-ae?oaa, Ooei iieaco?, ui ?ai?acaioaoe?y — oea ia o?eueee noeeue
o?einiooaaiiy, aea nenoaia ieneaiiy, yea oi?io? ia?ac eeane/ii?
iaoeiaino?. ?ai?acaioaoe?y — oea iaaia ianoaiiaa, ui ia eieae?ciaaia a
yeiionue eoeueoo?iiio i?iaeoeo?, a ? i?iaeoeoaaiiyi nenoaie iaiaaeaiue,
ye? aeoiea iiaea ni?eeiaoe ye nai? aeani? (Aeaea?o, Eaio), a iiaea
aeieaoe ?o ?, naia, ia aeanieo ei?aeiiao (I?oeoa, Aaoae, Aeaioi).

Ii-o?ao?, Ooei aeyaey?, ui no/ani? ineo?ao??y oa ineoiaiae?c coiiaeai?
aeaea?o?anueeei ?aoe?iiae?ciii — oea ?oi?e a?oaieia?/iee a?oio. Oiio
i?aoaic?? ineoiaiae?co ia oa, ui a?i ? iiaei niiniaii noaaeaiiy aei
aacoinoaa, ui aaeaeaaoii ?icoi?? oa iiaea coe?ethaaoe eiai, Ooei aaaaea?
aaci?aenoaaiei. A?oaieia?/iee aiae?c, ui aea? aeiaeoe ?aei?noue, oai aea
?ai?oa aa/eee ??cieoeth, aeicaiey? Ooei cae?enieoe a?oioiaio e?eoeeo
ineoiaiae?co, yea aoea i?aeo?eiaia AE.Aeaeueicii.

Ii-/aoaa?oa, aeyaeyth/e ciaeiaee oa?aeoa? eeane/ii? ?ai?aaioaoe??, ui
caaacia/o? aoooy inoaiiuei? ye iiaeai?iiai i?aaeoaaeaiiy, Ooei iieaco?,
ye a?ia?iee eiioeaio ciaeo (ye ?aeiino? icia/ieea/icia/aeueiiai)
?iie?eo? an? ???a?o?/i? iiiceoe?? iaoao?ceee, eiaeia c yeeo ? eeoa
i?ici?ith iaieiieith aeey ae?oai?, aieiaii? (nooi?noue/?nioaaiiy;
noa’?eo/ia’?eo, ii?yaeie/oain; iiaeaiiy/ienueii oa ?i.). Oey aeoiea Ooei
aoea ie?aeii ?icaeiooa AE.Aea???aea, ui aeoeaiooaaa iaaacia/iee oa?aeoa?
ciaeiai? aeoaeueiino? aeey an?o aaeocae, aea canoiniao?oueny oaeee ciae.

?acoeueoaoe, ye? io?eiai? I.Ooei a “Neiaao oa ?a/ao” oa “?noi???
aacoinoaa a eeane/io aeiao” ? iane?aeeii aeei?enoaiiy ieneeoaeai
o?einionueeiai iaoiaeo, yeee nai Ooei iaceaa? a?oaieia?/iei ? yeee
iieyaa? o aeyaeaii? ?noi?e/ieo a priori, coiiaethth/eo ??ci? eoeueoo?i?
aeina?aee, ui ia iaeaaeaoue eiinoeoooe?? o?ainoeaiaeaioaeueiiai
noa’?eoo, aea ? noeoiiinoyie aeeneo?neaieo oa iaaeeneo?neaieo i?aeoee.

A ia?aa?ao? o?aoueiio “E?eoeea AE.Aeaeueicii iaiaaeoth/iai oa?aeoa?o
?ai?acaioaoe?? c iiceoe?? o?einio?? a?aei?iiino?”, i?inoaaeothoueny
aieeae aaiaaeia?? I?oeoa, oaeaeaaaa??anueei? e?eoe/ii? iioieia??,
noi?/ii? o?einio?? noaiiaeaiiy oa eyeai?oeaanueei? ?aea? iiaeeeaeo
na?o?a ia oi?ioaaiiy e?eoe/iiai caaeoio Aeaeueica, a oaeiae,
aiae?cothoueny iai?yiee, a yeeo oeae caaeoi cae?enith?oueny.

Aeaeueic ?icaeyaea? ?ai?acaioaoe?th a aeaio iniiaieo iai?yieao:
ii-ia?oa, ye niin?a ieneaiiy, ui i?aei?ith? i?iaeoeoeaia noaa?aeaeaiiy
?aaeueii? a?aei?iiino? noaiiaeaiiy ii?iaeiueith, iaaeeoo?caeaoiith
aano?aeoe??th “/enoiai” Aoooy, cae?eniaiiai ca aeiiiiiaith iiaea?eiiai
caia?a/aiiy noaiiaeaiiy a aeeoo? oa a aeoioe?. A?aei?ii?noue
?aaeoeo?oueny aei caia?a/aiiy ia i?aenoaa? noaa?aeaeaiiy noiaeino?
(?aeaioe/iino?) ? i?aei?ith?oueny i?ioeeaaei?noth, aiaeia??th oa
iiiceoe??th, ye? noathoue iiaooi?ie ia?aaa?oiyie a?aei?iiino?.

— ii-ae?oaa, ye niin?a iaa?oiooaaiiy i?aoaic?e aeoiee ia
naiiaeinoaoi?noue oa aaoiiiii?noue. A oeueiio nain? iaa?oioiaoaaoe — oea
caaaeaee iaa?oioiaoaaoe ?ai?acaioaoe?th. Aeaeueic aeae?ey? o?e cia/aiiy
iaa?oiooaaiiy: 1) oea iia?aoe?y a?aeianaiiy aei Oiai ae Naiiai; 2) oea
iia?aoe?y iaa?oiooaaiiy ?aeaioe/iino? naiiaeinoaoi?i ?icoiii; 3) oea
iia?aoe?y ia?aaiaeo oaia??oiueiai /ano a ?ai?acaioaoe?th o oi?i? /enoiai
ieioeiai. ?aeaioe/i?noue ye ia?oee nain iaa?oiooaaiiy ? ?
ieaoii?anueeith ?aea?th. C iiyaith ia i?noe? inoaiiuei? noa’?eoeaii?
?aeaioe/iino? (aeaea?o?anueea cogito, aai aaaae?anueea naiina?aeii?noue,
eaio?anueea ratio), ?ai?acaioaoe?y eeoa iaae?a? neeo. Iaa?oiooaaiiy noa?
naiith ?? noooth, c’yaey?oueny iaoiae ye ia eeoa can?a i?aeei?aiiy
aoaeue-yei? a?aei?iiino? ?aeaioe/iino?, aea ? ye can?a i?aeei?aiiy naii?
aeoiee iaai?e noa’?eoeai?e cae?aiino? — caei?iaiio aeocaeo (bon sens),
ye ?aeeiiiiaeeeaiio aeocaeo, aai caaaeueiicia/eiiio naino (sens commun),
ye o?eniaai?e oioiaeiino? o?ainoeaiaeaioaeueiiai noa’?eoo.

Iaeaeaa iai?yiee aeaeueic?anueeiai aiae?co ?ai?acaioaoe??
ia?an?eathoueny, ? oea ia aeeaii, ine?eueee iaoao?ce/ia iaa?oiooaaiiy
i?aoaic?e aeoiee ia naiiaeinoaoi?noue oa oi?aa?naeuei?noue ?, aiaeii/an,
noaa?aeaeaiiyi oeeo ?ethc?e. Aaaeeeaith caneoaith Aeaeueica, ia aeoieo
aeena?oaioa, ? oa, ui a?i aeaaoaeth? oeaia eiei iaoao?ce/iiai aeieaco,
iieacoth/e, ye iaiaaeoth/e iinooeaoe ?ai?acaioaoe?? aenooiathoue
aeaiaioaie aeanieo iaa?oiooaaiue. Ia aeeaii, oaeiae, ui i?noeai ia?aoeio
iaeaeaio iai?yi?a aeine?aeaeaiiy ? ieaoii?anueea ?aeay, ine?eueee,
ca?aeii c Aeaeueicii, ieaoii?ci ?iaeoue iiaeeeaei na?o ?ai?acaioaoe??.
Ooo Aeaeueic cono??/a?oueny c Oaeaeaaaa?ii, yeee oaeiae aecia/a?
iaoao?ceeo /a?ac ieaoii?ci.

Aeaeueic?anueea oa ooe?ainueea e?eoeea, ia a?aei?io a?ae eaio?anueei?
e?eoeee, ? aioenoa’?eoiith ? aiia ia iaiaaeo?oueny aiinaieia?/iith
i?iaeaiaoeeith, aea aeoiaeeoue a ieiueio aeaaeieo a?aeiinei (Ooei) oa
iioieia?/ii? ?aaeueiino? Aaaeaiiy (Aeaeueic). Eaio?anuee? aeoeai?
neioace na?aeiiino? cai?iththoueny o Aeaeueica ianeaieie neioacaie
iana?aeiiiai, a yeiio aei??iaia aeoiea (Ooei). I?aee?aneaiiy ae?eiaiai
oa?aeoa?o ia?ai?acaioaoeaii? aeoiee, ?ice?eooy aeoieith aeanieo iaae oa,
iaiaaaiiy, aiane?aeie oeueiai, ieneeoe ?iaeoa — oea, ia iiaeyae
aeena?oaioa, ii?aeio? i?iaeoe ?iaiaioii? e?eoeee Ooei oa Aeaeueica.

A ?icae?e? o?aoueiio “Iiceoeaiee ci?no e?eoeee”, ui i?noeoue a nia? o?e
ia?aa?aoe, aeiaiaeeoueny, ui a?aee?eooy I.Ooei, AE.Aeaeueicii oa
AE.Aea???aea ?ioiai i?inoi?o o?einiooaaiiy ? iane?aeeii e?eoe/ii?
ni?yiiaaiino? ?oiuei? aeoiee, oa iieaco?oueny, ui oaea ?icoi?iiy
o?einio?? aei??iaia a i?oeoaanuee?e, ?, ua aeeaoa, o eaio?anuee?e
e?eoeoe?. A ia?aa?ao? ia?oiio “O?einio?y Aaaeaiiy AE.Aeaeueica”
aeaoaeueii i?inoaaeothoueny e?eoe/i? aeoiee i?ea?iaeueieo
aeaeueic?anueeeo eiioeaio?a o?ainoeaiaeaioaeueiiai, iana?aeiiiai,
ci?noo, /ano oa ?i. A aeena?oaoe?? i?aee?aneth?oueny, ui o?einio?y
Aaaeaiiy (/e, ye ?? ua iaceaathoue, o?einio?y Noaiiaeaiiy)
o?aioeocueeiai ieneeoaey ? iane?aeeii iiaeieaiiy ?ai?acaioaoea?nonueeeo
eiioeaioe?e aeaaee (Aiaana, Aaaaey, Oiiaiaaoa?a), aea eiioeaio Aaaeaiiy
aenooia? i?yiei iane?aeeii i?oeoaanueei? aie? aei aeaaee, c o??th
??cieoeath, ui caio?th?oueny a aeeaeie iana?aeiiiai; aaaaeaiiy
Aeaeueicii a o?einio?th iiiyooy o?ainoeaiaeaioaeueiiai, iicaaaeaiiai
aoaeue-yeeo oa?aeoa?enoee o?ainoeaiaeaioaeueii? noa’?eoeaiino? ?
ni?iaith iiaeieaiiy ?ai?acaioaoeaii? iaiaaeaiino? o?ainoeaiaeaioaeueii?
o?einio?? a?ae Eaioa aei Aonna?ey, ui ieneeoue o?ainoeaiaeaioaeueia ii
aiaeia?? c aii??e/iei, oa caieea? oiiae ii?iaeaeaiiy ia’?eoo ia
iaoiiaeaiiio; aeaeueic?anueeee i?iaeo oeciaiae?co ? ?acoeueoaoii e?eoeee
ineoiaiae?co, aeyaeaiiy eiai iaoao?ce/ieo canaae oa ni?iaith ?ioiai — ia
?ai?acaioaoeaiiai — ?icoi?iiy iana?aeiiiai.

Aiae?c ?ai?acaioaoeaiiai ieneaiiy, yea iiaea “ai?ciaaaoe” o?eueee
“nai?” a?aei?iiino?, ui ocaiaeaeai? c oi?iith “ss”, oa ni?eeia?
ia-noiae?noue, noaiiaeaiiy ye iaaeeooa?aioe?eiaaiee oain, I?ui,
aeicaiey? Aeaeueicia? aeyaeoe aeeaeiio nii??aeiai?noue o?aaeeoe?eii?
iaoao?ceee oa o?ainoeaiaeaioaeueii? o?einio??. Aeueoa?iaoeaa: aai
nooe?eueiee iio?e noaiiaeaiiy, iicaaaeaiee aoaeue-yei? a?aei?iiino?,
“iiaia aacaeocaey”, aai ?iaeea?aeoae?ciaaia (noaa?aiia ?noioa — Aia) /e
aenieiia?nii?o?eiaaia (a oi?i? ss) a?aei?ii?noue — iacaeieaiia a ?aieao
?ai?acaioaoe?? ? iio?aao? aeoiaeo ieneaiiy a ?ioee i?ino?? — i?ino??
ni?aaaeiuei? o?ainoeaiaeaioaeueiino?, yeee ia noiaeee ia oa, ui a?i
ii?iaeaeo?. Aea/aiiy “?aii?o”, aeania e?eoe/ieo ?ia?o Aeaeueica iiaith
i?ea?iaeo aeicaieeei aeena?oaioia? c?icoi?oe oa iieacaoe aaiaco
iiaeyae?a o?aioeocueeiai ieneeoaey, ui nooo?ai ?icoe?th? ia??? ?icoi?iiy
iiceoeaii? i?ia?aie inoaiiueiai.

Aiae?c iiaeyae?a Ooei, i?aaenoaaeaiee a ae?oaiio ia?aa?ao? “I.Ooei:
i?iaeo aaiaaeia?? ye o?einionueei? e?eoeee”, iaa ia iao? aeyaeaiiy oai,
ui aeieeee ye e?eoe/ia caia?a/aiiy iniiaieo iinooeao?a eeane/ii?
?aoe?iiae?noe/ii? aeoiee, oa, caiaeii, i?ecaaee aei aeieeiaiiy iiaeo
o?einionueeeo iiaoaeia. Ia i?aenoaa? oeueiai e?eoa??th ie aeae?ey?ii a
oai?/ino? Ooei o?e iniiai? oaie.

Ii-ia?oa, oea aiae?c ciaiiy a oa?i?iao aeaaee, ui aeoiaeeoue ?c e?eoeee
iaoao?ce/iiai eiioeaioo ?noeie oa ia? iane?aeeii o?ainoi?iaoe?th iiiyooy
ciaiiy — a iiiyooy aeeneo?no; oyaeaiiy i?i aeaaeo ye ?ai?aneaiee
iaoai?ci — a ?icoi?iiy eiinoeoooeaii?, iiceoeaii? ooieoe?? aeaaee;
iiiyooy ?aeeii? ?noeie ye a?/iiai iieeeeaiiy aeoiee — a iiiyooy
?noi?e/iiai ?aaeeio ae?iaieoeoaa ?noeie eiaeiei noni?euenoaii, aea
ni?aa?aeiioaiiy (?a?e) ?noeiiai oa oeaiiai a?aeia?aaeothoue ia
?acoeueoaoe aiinaieia?/ieo iiooe?a, aea coiiaeai? oe?ieei eieii aeaaeieo
a?aeiinei.

Ii-ae?oaa, oea iine?aeiaia ni?iaa aeanoa’?eoeaaoe?? ciaiiy, aeina?aeo
oa aeaaee.

Ii-o?ao?, oea no?aoaa?y noai?aiiy iiaiai, ia aeiaiaoe/iiai ia?aco
aeoiee. Aiia ii?eaa? ?c i?aeei?aiiyi aeoiee ye?enue iaei?e, “aeu?e”,
oi?i? noa’?eoeaiino? (Cogito aai ratio); ?c “i?aaiaei” ?icoi?iiyi
noinoie?a i?ae ?noeiith oa aeoieith, ca?aeii c yeei ?noeia iaeaaeeoue
aeoioe? ii i?aao; c aaoi?eoaoii iaoiaeo ye oaeiai iaai?o ?aoeaeneaieo
i?ioeaaeo?, ui caaacia/o? aeoioe? aeinyaiaiiy ?noeie; c i?ioenoaaeaiiyi
aeoiee oa aeeooy. Ooei o?nii iia’yco? aeoieo ?c aeanoa’?eoeaiaaiei
aeina?aeii, eiee aoaeue-yeee aeina?ae noa? aeina?aeii ae?th/i? aeoiee, ?
iaceaa? oeae i?eioeei i?eioeeiii ia?aaeoeiaaiino? aeoiee. Aieiaiei, ia
aeoieo aeena?oaioa, aeinyaiaiiyi Ooei ? oa, ui a?i ?icoi?? aeoieo ye
e?eoe/io ae?yeuei?noue ii ia?anooiaiith aoaeue-yei?, ?, a oiio /ene?,
aeanii? iaiaaeaiino?. Iane?aeeii oe??? o?ainoi?iaoe?? noaei aianaiiy a
aeoieo ia?aiao?o ?noi?e/iino?, ine?eueee aeyaeaiiy iaiaaeaiiino?
aoaeue-yeiai ooai?aiiy aeoiee noa?, aiaeii/an, ?noi?e/iei
aeine?aeaeaiiyi. ?noi??y ? o?einio?y o?nii ia?aie?oathoueny a oai?/ino?
Ooei, aea eiai ?noi??y ye aaiaaeia?y ?aaeeeaeueii a?ae??ciy?oueny a?ae
o?aaeeoe?eii? ?noi???, ine?eueee aiia ia ? ?noi???th ia’?eo?a (?aeae,
aai oyaeaiue), aea ?noi???th i?iaeai, i?iaeaiaoecaoe?e, a yeeo ?noi?e/ii
eiinoeooththoueny iaai? aeina?aee aeoiee (aacoinoaa, naenoaeueiino?,
?aoe?iiaeueiino?, noa’?eoeaiino? ? o.?i.). Oaeei /eiii, ye
i?aee?aneth?oueny a aeena?oaoe??, aaiaaeia?/iee i?iaeo Ooei — oea i?iaeo
iaeii/anii e?eoe/iiai oa ?noi?e/iiai aiae?co ooai?aiue aeoiee naiith
aeoieith, ui iaiaaa?oueny aooe ?ioith. Ia i?aenoaa? oeueiai
aeena?oaioia? caea?oueny i?aaii??iei aecia/eoe e?eoeeo Ooei ye ?iaiaioio
e?eoeeo.

A ia?aa?ao? o?aoueiio “AE.Aea???aea: a?ae nai?ieia?? aei a?aiaoieia??”
iaoei caaaeaiiyi aoei ie?aneeoe oa i?iaiae?coaaoe i?aaeiao a?aiaoieia??,
caaaeueiee ci?no oa iai?yiie aeaeiino?oeoea?nonueei? ?iaioe, c?icoi?oe
o?einionueea cia/aiiy a?aiaoieia?? ? aeaeiino?oeoe??. Ia aeoieo
aeena?oaioa, oea caaaeaiiy iiaea aooe caaaeaia aei oiai, uia iieacaoe,
ui aianea o?ainoeaiaeaioaeueia o?einio?y ?, a ia?oo /a?ao, oaiiiaiieia?y
Aonna?ey, a oai??th ciaeo, iini?eyaoe, oei naiei, ia?aoai?aiith
nai?ieia?? a a?aiaoieia?th. A iniia? inoaiiueiai eaaeeoue ia?aeaeue, yeo
?iaeoue Aea???aea i?ae eeane/iith iaoao?ceeith oa eeane/iith oai???th
ciaeo: eeane/ia iaoao?ceea aeoiaeeoue c iiiceoe?? ieneaiiy oa
?aaeueiino?, a eeane/ia oai??y ciaeo — c iiiceoe?? oiiaoe/iiai oa
aaaoeiaiai ienueia. A aaeoc? oai??? ciaeo Aea???aea iaiaaa?oueny c?iaeoe
oa ae naia, ui ?iaeoue Aonna?eue a aaeoc? iaoao?ceee. Aea???aea
a?aeooeo? nai?ieia?/iee aiaeia “/enoi? na?aeiiino?” — o??? noa?e, ui ia
caeaaeeoue i? a?ae ieneaiiy noa’?eoo, i? a?ae i?aaeiaoiiai na?oo, yea,
aeania, ? ?iaeoue iiaeeeaith cono??/ ieneaiiy noa’?eoo c i?aaeiaoaie
ciai?oiueiai na?oo. Oaeei aiaeiaii o Aea???aea ? noa?a ienueia, ui
aenooia? ?aeaaeueiith ia’?eoeai?noth ? o?aeoo?oueny ia ye can?a
ae?aaeaiiy ci?noo (iai?ioeaaao ?ai?acaioaoeai?e eiioeaioe??), a ye oiiaa
eiai ieneaiiy/iiaeaiiy acaaae?. Caa?oath/enue aei oaei? ?iaioe, ye
“Ia/aea aaiiao??? Aonna?ey”, Aea???aea i?ine?aeeiao? oaiiiaiieia?/ia
iaa?oiooaaiiy oiai, ui ienueii, a yeiio eiinoeooththoueny ?aeaaeuei?
ia’?eoeaiino?, ? oiiaith aoaeue-yei? o?aaeeoe?? — o?aaeeoe?? ?noi?e/ii?,
o?aaeeoe?? iaoeiai?.

?acoeueoaoe aeena?oaoe?eiiai aeine?aeaeaiiy iiaeia i?aenoioaaoe o
ianooiieo aeniiaeao:

* o?aioeocuee? o?einioe — I.Ooei, AE.Aeaeueic, AE.Aea???aea —
?icaeyaeathoue iaoao?ceeo, o?ainoeaiaeaioaeueio o?einio?th oa
ineoiaiae?c ye o?einionueea oiniaeaiiy ?ai?acaioaoeaiiai niiniao
ieneaiiy;

* aiie aeyaeythoue, ui ?ai?acaioaoe?y iiaea ooieoe?iioaaoe eeoa ye
nenoaia iaiaaeaiue, ine?eueee aiia ? naiiiaa?oioiaoth/ei
i?aaenoaaeaiiyi, iai?oanoaoe??th ia?a?niiai ci?noo ? a ?? i?ino??
aoiaeeoue eeoa oa, ui ni?aa?aeianaia c i?aenoaaith (?aeaioe/i?noth) ?
aenooia? ye ?? aiaeia?y aai niaoeeo?eaoe?y;

* aacia?a/iith caneoaith AE.Aeaeueica ? aeyaeaiiy iaiaaeoth/eo
iaoai?ci?a ooieoe?iioaaiiy ?ai?acaioaoe??, ye? caaacia/othoue
?aeaioe/i?noue eiioeaioo, aeeo/ath/e a?aei?ii?noue c aeoiee, c
/ooo?aino?, c ?aea? oa c Aoooy oa i?aei?iyth/e ?? ?aeaioe/i?noth,
noiae?noth, caia?a/aiiyi oa aiaeia??th.

AE.Aeaeueic iieaco?, ui ?ai?acaioaoeaia niioai?aiiy i?e?iaee
a?aei?iiino? i?ecaiaeeoue aei aeieeiaiiy aioeiii?e, iacaeieaiieo a
iaaeao iaoao?ce/iiai niiniao ieneaiiy — oea aioeiii?? eiia/iino? oa
iane?i/aiiino?, Cogito oa iaieneeiiai, ratio oa o?ainoeaiaeaioaeueiiai
iaiaaeaiiy oa ?i., ye? ? oe?eeiaeoi aioeiii?yie ?ai?acaioaoe??, ui
noai?ai? i?ioe??//yi i?ae ?? iaiaaeoth/ei oa?aeoa?ii oa i?aaiaiiyi aei
oi?aa?naeueiino?;

* Ae.Aeaeueic aeaaoaeth? oeaia eiei iaoao?ce/iiai aeieaco, eiee
?ai?acaioaoeai? iaiaaeaiiy aenooiathoue i?noeyie “o?ainoeaiaeaioaeueii?
?ethc?? ?ai?acaioaoe??” ? oa, ui iiaeiii iaa?oioiaoaaoe (i?aenoaaa),
aeyaey?oueny caio?aiith o aaci?aenoaai?noue ? ii/eia? ooieoe?iioaaoe ye
aeaiaio aeaniiai iaa?oiooaaiiy (ieaoii?anueea ?aeay-ye-iiaeaeue,
aeaea?o?anueea “ss ieneth…”, eaio?anuee? “oiiae aeina?aeo” ? o.?i.);

* I.Ooei aeyaey? ciaeiaee oa?aeoa? ?ai?acaioaoeaiiai ieneaiiy, a,
oaeiae, ianoaaeio oiai, ui a eeane/i?e (aeeoioii?/i?e) iiaeae? ciaeo
a?aeaeaa?oueny, ye a e?aie? aiaee, an? i?iaeaie iaoao?ce/iiai ieneaiiy.
Iaoao?ce/i? a?ia?i? iiiceoe?? coiiaeththoue ?ai?acaioaoeaiee eiioeaio
ciaeo oa, aiaeii/an, iino?eii a?aeoai?ththoueny inoaii?i. Oey e?i?y
?ica?aeie Ooei aoea ie?aeii ?icaeiooa AE.Aea???aea, yeee, aeciath/e
iayai?noue nooi?niiai ca’yceo i?ae iaoao?ceeith oa nai?ieia??th ?,
a?aeooiaooth/enue a?ae caeiaooe?a oaiiiaiieia?? Aonna?ey, iaiaaaany
ni?eueiith aeaeiino?oeoea?nonueeith no?aoaa??th iiaeieaoe iaeaea?;

* ?iaey/e i?aaeiaoaie nai?? oaaae “aeina?aee-ia-iaae?” (aeina?aee
aacoinoaa, nia?o?, naenoaeueiino? ? o.?i.) Ooei aeanoa’?eoeao? aeina?ae,
ciaiiy, ?aoe?iiaeuei?noue, aeaaeo oa iaiaaa?oueny noai?eoe iiaee ia?ac
aeoiee, ui ? ?aoe?iiaeueiith ?, aiaeii/an, aacnoa’?eoith;

* aeanoa’?eoeaaoe?y iiae, ciaiiy, ?aoe?iiaeueiino? ?, a?aoo?-?aoo,
naiiai oyaeaiiy i?i o?ainoeaiaeaioaeuei?noue ? caaaeueiei ciaiaiieeii
o?einionueeeo no?aoaa?e o?aioeocueeiai iinono?oeoo?ae?cio.
A?aeiiaeyth/enue a?ae noiaeino? oa aiaeia?? ye iniiaieo i?ciaaaeueieo
?ino?oiaio?a ?ai?acaioaoe??, aiie caio?ththoue o?ainoeaiaeaioaeueia a
iana?aeiia, yea iieno?oueny iiaeie iiiyooyie “neiaoey?iino?”, “iiae??”,
“/anoeiaiai ia’?eoo”, “iiiaaee/iiai ?iciiae?eo” ? o.?i.;

* iinono?oeoo?ae?nonueea ?icoi?iiy iana?aeiiiai coiiaeth? iiaee niin?a
noaaeaiiy aei i?iaeaie ii?iaoeaiino? ethaenueeiai ieneaiiy oa
iiaaae?iee, ui aeicaiey? ae?iaeoe iaineoieia?/iee oa iaineo?ao?e/iee
i?aeo?ae aei ineo?/ieo ?iceaae?a. A?aee?eooy noa?e “/enoi? na?aeiiino?”,
ui iiina?aaeeiao? ieney/iai noa’?eoa oa eiai ieneaiiy ? a?aeiiaa a?ae
oyaeaiiy i?i iiaia aeii?ioaaiiy noa’?eoa iaae ieneaiiyi i?ecaiaeeoue aei
?icieaaiiy ei?aeii?a i?ae “i?aaeeueiei” oa “iai?aaeeueiei” ieneaiiyi, ui
aeicaiey? ia?aeoe aei ?aaeueiiai aea/aiiy iana?aeiiiai, yea
i?e??aith?oueny iinono?oeoo?ae?noaie aei o?ainoeaiaeaioaeueiiai;

* iinono?oeoo?ae?nonueea e?eoeea ?ai?acaioaoe?? ? ?iiaiaioiith
e?eoeeith aeoiee naiith aeoieith, i?e/iio inoaiiy ?icoi??oueny ye
ae?th/a, ye oaea, ui iino?eii ieneeoue naith a?aei?ii?noue a?ae oiai,
/ei aiia ia ? ? noaa?aeaeo? oeth a?aei?ii?noue ye iiceoeai?noue. I?e
oeueiio aiia i?aeoiaeeoue aei iaiaaeaiue, cao?eniaaieo a e?eoa??yo
iaoeiaino?, ?icoiiino?, ii?aeueiino? ye aei aeanieo naiiiaiaaeaiue ?
iaiaaa?oueny iino?eii aeieaoe ?o oa iiaeeo?eoaaoe. Iieeeeaiiy o?einio??
Aea???aea, Aeaeueic oa Ooei aaa/athoue o cae?eniaii? e?eoe/ieo
o?ainoi?iaoe?e ei?aeii?a aeoiee o an?o noa?ao, aea aiia aeeaa oa
ooieoe?iio?.

Iniiai? iieiaeaiiy aeena?oaoe?? aeeeaaeai? a ianooiieo ioae?eaoe?yo:

1. E?eoe/i? aeoiee iniiaieo eiioeaio?a o?einio?? AE?ey Aeaeuei-ca //
E,: Ciaiiy, 1998. — 27 n. — 1,65 ae.a.

2. Aei ieoaiiy i?i aeoiee i?iaeaiaoeee iiae oa ienueia o “Anooi?”
AE.Aea???aea ia ia/aea aaiiao??? A.Aonna?ey // I?eaei?i?ianueeee
iaoeiaee a?niee. Aoiai?oa?i? iaoee: o?eieia?y, iaaeaaia?ea, ?noi??y,
o?einio?y. — ? 111 (178), a?oaeaiue 1998 ?. — N. 7-16. —

0,5 ae.a.

3. Aeina?ae aacoinoaa ye i?aaeiao a?oaieia?/iiai aiae?co a eiec? I.Ooei
“?noi??y aacoinoaa a eeane/io aeiao” // I?eaei?i?ianueeee iaoeiaee
a?niee. Aoiai?oa?i? iaoee: ?noi??y, o?einio?y. — ? 109 (176), eenoiiaae
1998 ?. — N. 9-18. — 0,5 ae.a.

Eineiaiei I.I. O?aioeocueeee iinono?oeoo?ae?ci: e?eoe/iee aiae?c
?ai?acaioaoe??.

Aeena?oaoe?y ia caeiaoooy iaoeiaiai nooiaiy eaiaeeaeaoa o?einionueeeo
iaoe ca niaoe?aeuei?noth 09.00.05 — ?noi??y o?einio??. — Iaoe?iiaeueiee
oi?aa?neoao ?iai? Oa?ana Oaa/aiea, Ee?a, 1999.

Aeena?oaoe?th i?enay/aii aeyaeaiith ?ie? oa i?noey eiioeaioe??
?ai?acaioaoe?? a e?eoeoe? eeane/iiai niiniao ieneaiiy o?aioeocueeei
iinono?oeoo?ae?ciii. C’yniao?oueny oa?aeoa? oe??? e?eoeee, aeyaey?oueny
?? aa?enoe/iee iioaioe?ae oa iia? iiaeeeaino?, ui a?aee?eaathoueny aeey
aeoiee, ca?eueiaii? a?ae ?ai?acaioaoeaieo iaiaaeaiue.

Eeth/ia? neiaa: ?ai?acaioaoe?y, a?aei?ii?noue, neiaoey?i?noue, iiae?y,
iiiaaee/i?noue, aaiaaeia?y, a?oaieia?y, aeaeiino?oeoe?y.

Eineiaiei I.I. O?aioeocneee iinono?oeoo?aeeci: e?eoe/aneee aiaeec
?ai?acaioaoeee.

Aeenna?oaoeey ia nieneaiea o/aiie noaiaie eaiaeeaeaoa oeeinioneeo iaoe
ii niaoeeaeueiinoe 09.00.05 — enoi?ey oeeinioee. — Iaoeeiiaeueiue
oieaa?neoao eiaie Oa?ana Oaa/aiei, Eeaa, 1999.

Aeenna?oaoeey iinayuaia auyaeaieth ?iee e ianoa eiioeaioeee
?ai?acaioaoeee a e?eoeea eeanne/aneiai niiniaa iuoeaiey o?aioeocneei
iinono?oeoo?aeeciii. Ii?aaeaeyaony oa?aeoa? yoie e?eoeee, auyaeyaony aa
ya?enoe/aneee iioaioeeae e iiaua aiciiaeiinoe, ioe?uaathueany aeey
iunee, inaiaiaeaeaiiie io ?ai?acaioaoeaiuo ia?aie/aiee. Auae?ay
i?iaeaio ?ai?acaioaoeee a ea/anoaa i?aaeiaoa enneaaeiaaiey, aeenna?oaio
no?aieeny o oiio, /oiau iauoiaoue a oeeinioee iinono?oeoo?aeecia
aaaeouoth, iai?aaeythuoth oaio, ii?aaeaeeoue oi/ee ?? ?ac?uaa n
eeanne/aneei iuoeaieai, auynieoue i?ienoiaeaeaiea iniiaiuo eiioeaioia
iinono?oeoo?aeecia, ninoaaeythueo aai iiceoeaiue iioaioeeae.

A aeenna?oaoeee auyaeyaony niaoeeoeea iinono?oeoo?aeenoneie e?eoeee
eeanne/aneie oeeinioee. Iiae eeanne/aneie oeeinioeae iiieiaaony aeaaiyy
oieaa?neoaoneay o?aaeeoeey, ioia/aiiay eiaiaie Ieaoiia, A?enoioaey,
Aeaea?oa, Eaioa, Aaaaey, Aonna?ey. Oaeie niaoeeoeeie aunooiaao
auaeaeaiea ia?aiao?a ?ai?acaioaoeaiinoe eae iniiau e, iaeiia?aiaiii,
iaoaiecia ooieoeeiie?iaaiey eeanne/aneiai iuoeaiey e oeeinionoaiaaiey.
?ai?acaioaoeey iineo eiioeaiooaeueiue oa?aeoa? e yaeyaony oaeei
niiniaii i?aaiecaoeee iuoeaiey, eiaaea ethaie aai i?iaeoeo aunooiaao
?acoeueoaoii i?ioeaaeo?u eiae/aneiai iiin?aaeiaaiey /a?ac niioianaiea n
iniiaaieai — eaeaioe/iinoueth. A ea/anoaa iniiaaiey iiaeao aunooiaoue
eaeaioe/iinoue ieaoiiianeie eaeae-eae-iiaeaee, niaa?oainoai e
iaeciaiiinoue Aiaeanoaaiiiai auoey, noauaeoeaiay eaeaioe/iinoue
aeaea?oianeiai, eaioianeiai eee aonna?eaaneiai oeia. A aeenna?oaoeee
?anniao?eaaaony oa?aeoa? ?ai?acaioaoeaiiai iuoeaiey, a i?ino?ainoai
eioi?iai aoiaeeo eeoue oi, /oi ioaa/aao /aou?ai iniiaiui o?aaiaaieyi:
eaeaioe/iinoe a eiioeaioa, aiieiaee a noaeaeaiee, iiiiceoeee a
i?aaeeeaoa e noiaenoao a aini?eyoee. Oi, /oi inoaaony ca i?aaeaeaie
?ai?acaioaoeee — yoi naii ?acee/ea, eioi?ia, ia/eiay n A?enoioaey, noa?o
eiioeaiooaeueiui ?acee/eai e iuneeony ia iniiaa eaeaioe/iinoe e a
niioaaonoaee n e?eoa?eai noiaenoaa. Ioiioaiea e ?acee/eth aunooiaao aeey
o?aioeocneiai iinono?oeoo?aeecia eiaeeeaoi?ii ?ai?acaioaoeaiiai
(eeanne/aneiai) iuoeaiey.

Aeenna?oaioii iainiiauaaaony, /oi oeeinioneeie aiieiuaieyie
?ai?acaioaoeee aeey iinono?oeoo?aeenoia aunooiatho eeanne/aneay
iaoaoeceea, o?ainoeaiaeaioaeueiay oeeinioey e ineoiaiaeec. Iniiaiua
i?iaeaiu, n eioi?uie noaeeeaathony yoe oeeinioneea iai?aaeaiey (iai?.,
cogito e iaiuneeiiai,. ratio e o?ainoeaiaeaioaeueiiai ia?aie/aiey,
eiae/aneiai e?oaa a iainiiaaiee, iaaiciiaeiinoe ecea/eoue aacoinoai)
aicieeatho aneaaenoaea ?ai?acaioaoeaiuo ia?aie/aiee iunee. Enneaaeiaaiey
o?aioeocneeo iinono?oeoo?aeenoia iicaieytho auyaeoue ?ai?acaioaoeaiue
oa?aeoa? ia oieueei ii?aaeae?iiuo oeeinioneeo iai?aaeaiee, ii e
iiaiaa?iiaeneeo iaoe e nioeeaeueiuo i?aeoee.

A aeenna?oaoeee iiae/a?eeaaaony, /oi iniiaiay no?aoaaey o?aioeocneiai
iinono?oeoo?aeecia caeeth/aaony a i?aiaeieaiee ia?aie/aiiinoe
?ai?acaioaoeaiiai iuoeaiey. I?e yoii Aea??eaea, Aeaeueic e Ooei
iie?athony ia o?aaeeoeeth ieth?aeueiinoe iuoeaiey, i?aaenoaaeaiioth
noieeaie, Nieiicie, Ieoeoa, Euea?eaaa?ii, Aaooeiui, a, oaeaea, iiuoii
nia?aiaiiie ie?iaie eeoa?aoo?u. Yoe oneiaey iaoeaeaiu ia nicaeaiea
iiaiai, iaaeiaiaoe/aneiai ia?aca iunee, eioi?ay ia eieaeecoaony a
oai?aoe/aneeo iino?iaieyo ii?aee, iaoee e oeeinioee, ia iiae/eiyaony
eaeie-eeai iaeiie oi?ia noauaeoeaiie eaeaioe/iinoe — cogito, ratio eee
naiiniciaieth. Oaeay iuneue, inoaaaynue ?aoeeiiaeueiie, noaiiaeony
ioe?uoie aeey “iia?aie/iuo” iiuoia aacoiey, nia?oe, aeaeaiey e niiniaiie
iiiuneeoue nianoaaiioth enoi?eth. Eiioeaiou niunea e niauoey Aeaeueica,
aaiaaeiaee Ooei e aeaeiino?oeoeee Aea??eaea iiaeuoiaeeaatho iienee
o?aioeocneiai iinono?oeoo?aeecia a yoii iai?aaeaiee.

A aeenna?oaoeee ii?aaeaeyaony oa?aeoa? iinono?oeoo?aeenoneie e?eoeee
eae eiiaiaioiie e?eoeee iunee e aeoeaioe?oaony iiiiceoeeiiiinoue yoie
e?eoeee i?iaeoai o?ainoeaiaeaioaeueiie e eiiaiaioiie e?eoeee Eaioa e
Aaaaey. A iniiaa yoie iiiiceoeee eaaeeo ?acee/ea a iiieiaiee i?e?iaeu
aeoiee e iiiyoey o?ainoeaiaeaioaeueiiai a eeanne/aneie oeeinioee e ai
o?aioeocneii iinono?oeoo?aeecia. ?acee/ea ?anniao?eaaaony Ooei e
Aeaeueicii eae i?eioeei o?ainoeaiaeaioaeueiinoe e aeaeaeouay neea iunee,
eioi?ay ia naiaeeony aieaa e ?acoio eee aeooo. E?eoeea ?ai?acaioaoeee n
iiceoeee oeeinioee ?acee/ey, ianeaaeothuae ieoeoaaineoth aaiaaeiaeth,
iicaieyao iunee ia?aoeoueny e naiei enoi?e/aneei e, iaeiia?aiaiii,
o?ainoeaiaeaioaeueiui enoieai.

Eeth/aaua neiaa: ?ai?acaioaoeey, ?acee/ea, neiaoey?iinoue, niauoea,
iiiaaee/iinoue, aaiaaeiaey, a?oaieiaey, aeaeiino?oeoeey.

Yosypenko Oksana Mukolaivna. French Post-Structuralism: the Critical
Analysis of Representation.

The dissertation thesis for obtaining a scientific degree of Candidate
of Science (degree in Philosophy). Speciality — 09.00.05 — History of
Philosophy.

Kiev National University named after Taras Shevchenko, Kiev, 1999.

The thesis is dedicated to discovering the role and place of the
conception of representation in French Post-structuralism’s criticism of
classical way of thinking. The author examines the character of the
criticism, evaluates its heuristic potential and discusses the new
possibilities that have opened for thought liberated from the
representative restrictions.

Key words: representation, difference, singularity, event, genealogy,
archaeology, nomadity, deconstruction.

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